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Mode of Occurrence of Minerals

1 Marks points to remember

1. The earths crust is made up of different minerals embedded in the rocks.

2. Various metals are extracted from these minerals after proper refinement.3. Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives. Almost everything e use! from

a tiny pin to a toering building or a big ship! all are made from minerals.4. All living things need minerals and life processes cannot occur ithout minerals.

5. The hardest mineral is diamond and the softest is talc.

". #eologists define mineral as a $homogenous! naturally occurring substance itha definable internal structure.%

7. The physical and chemical condition under hich the minerals are formed

makes is so varied.&. Minerals are usually found in $ores%.

'. The term ore is used to describe an accumulation of any mineral mixed ithother elements.

10.The mineral content of the ore must be in sufficient concentration to make its

extraction commercially viable.11.The cost of extraction depends on the type of formation or structure in hich

minerals are found.12.(n north)east the coal mining is done by tribal family members in the form of a

long narro tunnel! knon as *+at)hole mining.

Questions and Answers

,.- escribe the main types of formations in hich the minerals occur.Ans. Minerals generally occur in rocks of these forms/

i. (n igneous and metamorphic rocksminerals occur in the veins and

the lodes. Ma0or metallic minerals like tin! copper! 1inc and lead etc. areobtained from these veins and lodes.

ii. (n sedimentary rocksminerals occur in layers. oal and some forms of

iron ore are found like this. Minerals such as gypsum! potash salt andsodium salt are formed as a result of evaporation especially in aridregions.

iii. (n the decomposed surface rocksa residual mass of eathered

material4 5auxite is formed.iv. (n alluvial depositsor *placer deposits minerals hich are not corroded

by ater are found. 6uch as #old! silver! tin and platinum.v. (n ocean floorvast 7uantities of manganese nodules are found.

ommon salt! magnesium and bromine are largely derived from oceanaters.

S u r y a v e e r S i n g h , S . D . P u b l i c S c h o o l , P i t a m p u r a Page

apter 5 Mineral and Energy Resources


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Distribution of Minerals

1 Marks points to remember1. 8errous minerals account for about three)fourths of the total value of the

production of metallic minerals.2. (ron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development.

3. Magnetite ore has a very high content of iron up to 9: per cent.4. ;ematite iron ore is the largest used iron ore in (ndia.

5. ;ematite ore from 5ailadila hump of ox4 mines are exported to rissa is the largest producer of manganese ores in (ndia.11.The 5alaghat mines in Madhya ?radesh produce more than half of (ndias

copper.12.5auxite is formed by decomposition of rocks! leaving a residual mass of

eathered material.13.5auxite is a clay)like substance from hich aluminium is obtained.

14.>rissa is the largest bauxite producing state in (ndia.

15.Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. Mica sheets can be so

thin that a thousand can be layered into a sheet of a fe centimeters high.16.


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Ferrous Minerals

Iron Ore

,. Bhat are the to types of iron ore found in (ndiaCAns. (ndia is rich in good 7uality iron ores.

i. Magnetite/a. (t is the finest iron ore.

b. (t has a very high content of iron up to 9: per cent.

c. (t has excellent magnetic 7ualities! especially valuable in theelectrical industry.

ii. ;ematite/

a. This ore is the most important industrial iron ore.

b. (t is the largest used iron ore in terms of the 7uantity.

c. (t has slightly loer iron content than magnetite. D:)": per

cent4.

,.D Eame five largest iron ore producing states of (ndia.Ans. The five largest iron producing states are =arnataka! >rissa! hhattisgarh! #oa

and


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,.' escribe the three copper producing regions of (ndia.Ans. opper is very lo reserves and production of copper.

a. Madhya ?radesh is the largest producer of copper in (ndia. The 5alaghatmines in Madhya ?radesh produce D2 per cent of (ndias copper.

b. +a0asthan is the second largest producer of copper. The =hetri mines in+a0asthan are famous.

c.


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d. The natural rate of replenishment is very small in comparison to the

present rates of consumption.e. Mineral resources are finite and non)reneable.

f. Mineral deposits in our country ill get exhausted in the future.

g. ue to decrease in good 7uality and they comes from great depths the

costs of mineral extraction is increasing.

,.-D 6tate ho minerals can be conserved for the future generations.Ans. Mineral conservation can be done by/i. Gse our mineral resources in a planned and sustainable manner.

ii. (mprove technology to allo use of lo grade ores at lo costs.

iii. +ecycle metals.

iv. Gse scrap metals and other substitutes.

**+/0 +*)O+"*)

1 Marks points to remember-. Fnergy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal! petroleum! natural

gas! uranium and from electricity.2. More than 9: per cent energy re7uirement in rural households is met by

fireood and cattle dung cake.3. 8ireood is becoming difficult due to decreasing forest area.

. Gsing dung cake is being discouraged because it consumes most valuablemanure hich could be used in agriculture.

5. oal is the most abundantly available and used fossil fuel.

". oal is formed due the compression of plant material over millions of years.7. (n (ndia coal occurs in rock series of to main geological ages! namely

#ondana 2:: million years in age4 and in tertiary deposits DD million

years old4.

&. oal is a bulky material! hich loses eight on use as it is reduced to ash.;ence! heavy industries and thermal poer station are located on or nearthe coalfields.

'. Assam is the oldest oil producing state of (ndia.-:.Eatural gas is used as a source of energy as ell as an industrial ra

material in the petrochemical industry.--.The -9:: km long ;a1ira)5i0aipur)


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-'.The largest ind farm cluster is located in Tamil Eadu from Eagarcoil toMadurai.

20.The plants using cattle dung are knon as *#obar gas plants in rural (ndia.

These provide tin benefits to the farmer in the form of energy andimproved 7uality of manure.

21.>ceanic tides can be used to generate electricity hich is knon as Tidal

energy.22.(n (ndia! the #ulf of =uchchh! provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal

energy.23.#eothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the

heat from the interior of the Farth.

Questions and Answers,.-" ifferentiate beteen conventional and non)conventional sources of energy.Ans. Fnergy resources can be classified as conventional and non)conventional

sources.a. onventional sources of energy are in use form the past hereas the non)

conventional sources are in use from recent times.b. onventional sources are mostly polluting in nature hereas non)

conventional sources are eco)friendly.c. onventional sources include/ fireood! cattle dung cake! coal! petroleum!

natural gas and electricity both hydel and thermal4 hereas non)conventional sources include solar! ind! tidal! geothermal! biogas and

atomic energy.

"onventional )ources of *nergy

"oal2

,.-9 Bhat is the importance of coal in (ndiaCAns. oal is an important fossil fuel of (ndia.

a. (t provides about &:I of the nations energy needs.

b. (t is used for poer generation.

c. (t is used to supply energy to industry as ell as for domestic needs.

d. (ndia is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energyre7uirements.

,.-& escribe the four different types of coal found in (ndia.Ans. oal is found in a variety of forms.

a. 3eat/ ecaying plants in samps produce peat. (t has a lo carbon and high

moisture contents and lo heating capacity.b. .igniteis a lo grade bron coal! hich is soft ith high moisture content. The

principal lignite reserves are in Eeyveli in Tamil Eadu and are used forgeneration of electricity.c. #ituminouscoal is buried deep and sub0ected to increased temperatures. (t is

the most popular coal in commercial use.d. Metallurgical coalis high grade bituminous coal hich has a special value for

smelting iron in blast furnaces.e. Anthraciteis the highest 7uality hard coal.



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,.-' Mention to types of coal reserves found in (ndia.Ans. oal in (ndia is found in to geological structures/

i. /ondwana coal/ hich are metallurgical coal! are located in amodar

valley Best 5engal)


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)olar *nergy

,.2 Bhy our country has large potential of using solar energyCAns. (ndia is a tropical country. (t receives abundant sunshine through out the yearith little cloud cover. Therefore! it has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy.

,.2D Bhat are the immediate benefits of using solar energy in our countryCAns. The benefits are/

i. 6olar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas.ii. 6olar energy is used to sterlise milk cans.

iii. Gse of solar energy ill be able to minimise the dependence of rural

households on fireood and dung cakes!iv. 6olar energy thus ill contribute to environmental conservation and ade7uate

supply of manure in agriculture.

#iogas

,.2" Bhat is biogas energyC

Ans. 5io gas is produced from shrubs! farm aste! animal and human astes. (t ismostly used for domestic consumption in rural areas. ecomposition of organicmatter yields gas! hich has higher thermal efficiency in comparison tokerosene! dung cake and charcoal.

,.29 Bhat are the benefits of using biogas in rural areas of our countryCAns. #obargas and biogas provide many benefits to the farmer/i. They provide energy to household.

ii. They provide good 7uality of manure.

iii. 5iogas is by far the most efficient use of cattle dung.iv. (t also prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of fuel ood and

co dung cakes.

"onservation of *nergy +esources

,.2& Fxplain hy there is urgent need to conserve energy resources in (ndia.Ans. Fnergy resources are very essential for the economic development of (ndia.

a. Fvery sector of the national economy J agriculture! industry! transport!commercial and domestic J needs inputs of energy.

b. The success of economic development plans depend on energy

resources.c. onsumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the

country.

d. (ndia is presently one of the least energy efficient countries in the orld.,.2' Mention steps to conserve energy resources in (ndia.Ans. Fnergy resources must be 0udiciously used because our energy resources are

limited.a. Be must use public transport systems instead of individual vehiclesH

b. 6itching off electricity hen not in use!

c. Gsing poer)saving devices and

d. Gsing non)conventional sources of energy.


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