hs 5 trusd review guide
TRANSCRIPT
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Natural Selection Natural selection is the
process by which thoseheritable traits that
make it more likely foran organism to surviveand successfullyreproduce become more
common in a populationover successivegenerations.
It is a key mechanism of
evolution.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg -
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-Genetic variation isessential for naturalselection.-The natural geneticvariation within apopulation of
organisms means thatsome individuals willsurvive and reproduce
more successfully than
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-Natural selection actson the phenotype, or
the observablecharacteristics of anorganism, but the
genetic (heritable)basis of any phenotypewhich gives a
reproductiveadvantage will becomemore common in apopulation.
-Over time, this
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The idea that evolution takesplace at one point in time,
followed by a long periodwithout change is ______.
From: Test bank 07-08
A gradualismB punctuated equilibriumC artificial selectionD succession
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Charles Darwin proposed histheory of evolution based onobservations of nature. Which
observation that contributed tohis theory is illustrated by thispopulation of beetles?A.Species produce more offspring
than can survive.B.Populations remain stable overtime.C. Individuals within a populationmay vary widely.D. Environmental resources are
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-Genetic drift, along with naturalselection, mutation, and migration,is one of the basic mechanisms ofevolution.
-In each generation, some individualsmay, just by chance, leave behind afew more descendents (and genes,of course!) than other individuals.
The genes of the next generationwill be the genes of the luckyindividuals, not necessarily thehealthier or better individuals.
G i d if ff h i
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Genetic drift affects the geneticmakeup of the population but,
unlike natural selection, throughan entirely random process. So
although genetic drift is a
mechanism of evolution, it doesntwork to produce adaptations.
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Bottleneck andFounder Effects
-Genetic drift cancause big losses ofgenetic variation forsmall populations.-Populationbottlenecks occurwhen a populationssize is reduced for at
least onegeneration.-A founder effectoccurs when a new
colony is started bya few members of
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Sample Question 3
A small population of chimpanzeeslives in a habitat that undergoesno changes for a long period.
How will genetic drift probablyaffect this population?
A It will accelerate the appearance of newtraits.
B It will promote the survival of chimpanzeeswith beneficial traits.
C It will increase the number of alleles forspecific traits.
D It will decrease enetic variation.
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Sample Question 4Genetic drift is a
______________ process.
A. directed
B. selection-driven
C. random
D. co-evolutionary
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-A species is oftendefined as a groupof individuals that
actually orpotentiallyinterbreed in nature.In this sense, a
species is thebiggest gene poolpossible undernatural conditions.
-Speciation is a
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Causes of Speciation
1. Geographic Isolation
2. Reduction of Gene Flow
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Kinds of Speciation
Allopatric
speciation isjust a fancy
name for
speciation bygeographic
isolation
Sympatric
speciation refersto the formationof two or moredescendantspecies from asingle ancestralspecies all
occupying the
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This diagram illustrates what kind ofspeciation?A Sympatric B Allopatric
C Geographic D Catastrophic
Rive
r
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CladogramA cladogram isa diagram
used to showancestralrelations
betweenorganisms, torepresent the
evolutionary
These are twoidentical
cladograms.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Identical_cladograms.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Identical_cladograms.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Identical_cladograms.svg -
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Analyzing a cladogram1.Which species are most closelyrelated?2.Which is the common ancestor offlies and bees?
3.Which insects share the most
1
2
3
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svg -
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Heres a morecomplicated one
Whatconclusio
ns canyou drawfrom this
tree of
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svg -
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According to the cladogram above, which two
species are most closely-related?A clubmosses and spikemossesB spikemosses and fernsC ferns and flowering plants
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svg -
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Fossil RecordFossils are the preserved remains or
traces of animals, plants, and otherorganisms from the remote past. The
totality of fossils, both discoveredand undiscovered, and theirplacement in fossiliferous (fossil-
containing) rock formations andsedimentary layers (strata) is knownas the fossil record.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cladogram-example1.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Amonite_Cropped.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Amonite_Cropped.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Amonite_Cropped.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Amonite_Cropped.jpg -
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Fossil evidenceindicates that over
time organisms ofincreasing complexityappeared on Earth.Bacteria and blue-
green bacteria are thefirst fossils that werepreserved from thePrecambrian era.
The fossil recordcontains manyexamples that couldbe interpreted to
mean that species
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Sample Question 7
In a section of the GrandCanyon, scientists have foundthe fossil remains of severaldifferent groups of organisms.
The diagram on the leftrepresents the number and ageof the fossils the scientistsfound. The width of eachshaded area in the diagrambelow indicates the relative
number of fossils found.Which of the following statements is supported bythe fossil record?A Group C is the only group that no longer exists for its nowextinct.B Group B was the most numerous organism 10 million yearsago.
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Sample Question 8Which of the following is usually
most helpful in determining theage of the fossils found in rock
strata?Athe size of the fossils
B the color of the fossils
Cthe water content of the rock layerwhere the fossils were located
Dthe depth of the rock layer where thefossils were found
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Sample Question 9Which of the following best explains
how the fossil record providesevidence that evolution hasoccurred?
A It indicates the exact cause of structuraland behavioral adaptations oforganisms.
B It shows that the form and structure of
groups of organisms have changed overtime.
C It shows how the embryos of manydifferent vertebrate species are very
similar.
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Sample Question 10
Orchids were studied to determineif the amount of humidityaffected the flowering of these
plants. Which of these was theindependent variable in thisstudy?
AThe percentage of humidity
BThe length of time required forflowering
CThe amount watered
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Remember
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
-is themanipulatedvariable in
theexperiment.
DEPENDENT
VARIABLE-is the
variablethat ismeasured
at the end