how to write a research paper
TRANSCRIPT
Overview
What is a Research Paper ? Stages of a research Components of a research paper Title Index Abstract Introduction Methodology or Methods Data Analysis Results Recommendations Conclusion References Application of Computer
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What is a Research Report
In general, a research report a written document or oral presentation based on a written document
It communicates the purpose, scope, objective(s), hypotheses, methodology, findings, limitations and finally, recommendations of a research project to others
It can be:• Scientific• Technical• Empirical• Business Etc.
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Stages of a Research
Hypothesis :Problem Definition
Design : Approach to Problem
Experiment : Field Work
Testing : Data Preparation/analysis
Reporting : Report Preparation
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Research Report
Title Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Data Analysis
Results Discussion
Recommendati
ons
Summary
References
Appendix
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Title & Front Page
Title:
The title is a concise summary of the empirical research report
The title should convey appropriate information about the study or studies presented in the report
Marble Mining and Processing In Southern Rajasthan: an Assessment of the Degradation of the Aravalis
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Title & Front Page
Name of Author/authorsBhomik Shah
AffiliationsPFM 2011Indian Institute of Forest Management Bhopal
Sponsors (If any) & DateOctober 2009
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Index Page
Table of contentsPage distribution and details of all subtopics with page numbers
List of NomenclaturesList of various nomenclatures used in the study, abbreviations, acronyms etc. likeDMGR: Dept. of Mines and Geology Rajasthan
List of FiguresGraphs, diagrams, tables with page numbersTable1.3: List of marble belts Page no. 06
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Index Page
List of FiguresGraphs, diagrams, pictures, tables with page numbers
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up to 1980 1981-85 1986-90 1991-95 1996-00 after 2000
931
199
545
454
336
Figure 1.3: Graph of Increase in Mines Page no.16
Preface & Acknowledgement
Preface and acknowledgment can be added if required
Must thank government departments which has provided basic data and other relevant information. It adds value to the report. Guidance of any senior or colleague, any assistance by any University etc.
Department of Mines & Geology, Rajasthan for providing basic database of all the mine-leases of the study area.
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Abstract
Report It is a brief of the report
Describes the topic, the scope, the principal findings and the conclusions
It reflects the essence of the paper
Word limit 200-250 words
Sometimes determinant to read or not to read the report
Introduction
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The introduction sets the research in a context
It provides the "big picture” The purpose of the introduction is to
lay the groundwork for the more detailed
discussions
It describe the problem, develops the theoretical and empirical background for the research questions, and elaborates a rationale for all parts of the study.
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Introduction
The Aravalis The marble Industry of Rajasthan:
History Contribution in National Production Contextual setting to enter the mind of
the reader Correlation between marble and the
AravalisSetting background to define the
problem/develop hypothesis: Described quantum of the minerals and area covered
Defining the Study Area
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Geographical information Basic statistics of the area Main features of the area Problem scenario in the area:
background If possible provide a map
Defining the Problem
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Excessive mining, geometrical progress, marble processing units
Three decades of mining and background of changes brought
Impact on the tribal and the environment
Methodology
Report The methods section is a description of
how the research was conducted, including who the participants were, the design of the study, what the participants did, and what measures were used
Describing the methods of the survey (adopted)
Sample size Selection of the sample Questionnaire prepared Basic points in the questionnaire
Data Analysis
Report Employment Generation:
Number of people employed at one mine and one gang saw unit
In flow of cash in the local economy Wages being paid Types of labour Difference between local and emigrant
labors
Data Analysis
Report Impact on the environment: degradation
Of the Aravalis: Waste Overburden Geomorphic disequilibrium (picture) Water scarcity and pollution (Data) Impact on agriculture (Comparison) Impact on biodiversity (Secondary data
& sources, literature, experimental) Energy and fuel consumption (state
data, individual data and ratio interpretation)
Results
Report Based on research and application of
Leopold Matrix led to the outcome that the Aravalis has reached to a critical stage of the degradation.
Impact on land, agriculture, water, air and soil are negative to the highest degree of the matrix
Impact on life, income and socio-economic life are positive
Impact on health are negative to middle degree
Discussion
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The discussion section contains the interpretations and implications of the study. It answers : Did your results relate to your objective? Did your study match with other research in the same area? Did result suggest further need of research in specific area? Did result suggest the limitations of the method or approach?
Recommendations & options
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Energy saving methods like VSD should be adopted
Marble slurry should be used for brick-making
Up gradation of technology No new lease should be permitted Maximum depth of pit should be
predefined Laser Scanning of mine Participatory approach Green belt development
Conclusion/Summary
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Brief of the whole paper Important outcome of the research Future course of action Most important recommendation
References & bibliographies
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The references section cites all the literature reported in the article. The reference citations are used to support statements made in the article.
APA format of Paper writing
Department of Mines, Government of Rajasthan. (2002). Marble Policy 2002. Udaipur
Harhill, M., & Mckell, C. M. (1979). Ecology Stability: Is This a Realistic Goal For Arid Land Rehabilitation (Vol. 2). (M. K. Wali, Ed.) New York: Pergamon Press
Appendix Materials
Report Detailed Statistical derivations
Format of the survey questionnaire Supplementary map or diagrams etc.
Application of Computers
Report Times New Roman
Font size 12 Line spacing: double Margin: normal Popular Style: APA
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Thanks