how to use the harvard style of referencing

7/31/2019 How to Use the Harvard Style of Referencing

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How to Use the Harvard Styleof Referencing

Norman Creaney


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Referencing - how, what, why?

In scientific andtechnical report writingyou will often want torefer to other work thatis somehow related toyour own.

Failure to properlyacknowledge yoursources may leave youopen to accusations ofplagiarism.

There are a number of ways ofreferencing other peoples work, butthey all share some features. A citationis inserted at the

appropriate point in your text toindicate the existence of relatedwork.

A full referenceis given separately

for each citation, to enable thereader to trace the correspondingwork.


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Harvard - how, what, why?

The HarvardReferencing Systemis an agreed standard.It ensures thatreferences are clearand unambiguous.There are otherstandards but Harvardis widely used.

Main TextGoogle's search engine uses the concept of PageRank(Brin, S., Page, L. 1998) to assign a value to eachindividual web page. This enables it to identify the mostimportant pages that match a user's query.... ...Reference ListBrin, S. & Page, L., 1998. The Anatomy of a Large-ScaleHypertextual Web Search Engine. In: Seventh

International conference on World-Wide Web (WWW1998), April 14-18, 1998, Brisbane, Australia.

... ...


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How to Reference a Book

Author's surname followed by a comma. Author's initials in capitals, with full-stop after each - and a final comma. Year of publication followed by full-stop. Full title of book in italics with capitalization of first word and proper nouns

only - followed by full-stop unless there is a sub-title - follow by full-stop. Edition number followed by the abbreviation "ed." - followed by full-stop. Place of publication: Town or city, follow by colon. Publisher - company name followed by full-stop.

Russell, D.E. & Norvig, P., 2009.Artificial Intelligence: a modernapproach, 3rd ed., Prentice-Hall.


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How to Reference a Journal Article

Author's surname followed by a comma. Author's initials in capitals, with full-stop after each - and a final comma. Year of publication followed by full-stop. Full title of the article - not in italics - with capitalization of first word and

proper nouns only - followed by full-stop unless there is a sub-title.

Full title of journal, in italics, with capitalization of key words - followed bycomma. Volume number Issue/Part number in brackets, followed by comma. Page range preceded by "pp."

Knuth, D.E. & Moore, R.W., 1975. An Analysis of Alpha-Beta Pruning,Artificial Intelligence 6(4), pp. 293-326.


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How to Reference a Conference Paper

Author's surname followed by a comma. Author's initials in capitals, with full-stop after each - and a final comma. Year of publication followed by full-stop. Full title of conference paper - not in italics - with capitalization of first

word and proper nouns only - followed by full-stop. Full title of conference, in italics - followed by comma. Location followed by a comma. Date followed by a comma. Publisher (company name) followed by colon. Place of publication (town or city name) follow by full-stop.

Brin, S. & Page, L., 1998. The Anatomy of a Large-Scale HypertextualWeb Search Engine. In:Seventh International conference on World-Wide Web (WWW 1998), April 14-18, 1998, Brisbane, Australia.


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How to Reference a Website

Authorship or Source - followed by comma Year - followed by full-stop. Title of web document or web page - in italics - followed by "[Online]" Date of most recent update - within round brackets. Available at - followed by the URL (underlined) Date of most recent access - in square brackets - followed by full-stop

Creaney, N., 2008. Legal Issues for IT Professionals [Online](Updated 26 September 2008) Available at:http://knol.google.com/k/-/-/1hzaxtdr9c09g/7# [Accessed 30 January2009].


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How to Reference an UnpublishedWork

If a work has been accepted for publication but not yet published,then the reference is structured as follows:Creaney, N., (inpress)Dummies Guide to Professional Ethics. O'ReallyIf a work is circulated informally but not published, then the reference isstructured as follows:Creaney, N., 2009. Lecture Notes on Professional Ehics. [Leaflet]University of Ulster.


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References with IncompleteInformation

199- the decade is the 1990s but the year is not known199? the decade is thought to be the 1990s1993 the year is thought to be 1993

Anon the author is not knowns.l. the place of publication is not knowns.n. the name of the publisher is not known


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Whether you are quoting, paraphrasing or extendingsomeone elses work, it is essential that you acknowledgeyour sources.

The Harvard Referencing System is a collection of rules andconventions that help you to do this clearly, consistentlyand unambiguously.

o Citations are in parentheses in the main text and includeauthor name and publication year.

o Referencesare listed at the end of the report and are

sorted by author name, then publication date. For more information ...


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