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Natural rubberVersion 1.0.0.05

[German version]

Table of contents

General:

Product information

Packaging

Transport

Container transport

Cargo securing

Risk factors and loss prevention:

Temperature Odor

Humidity/Moisture Contamination

Ventilation Mechanical influences

Biotic activity Toxicity/Hazards to health

Gases Shrinkage/Shortage / Theft

Self-heating/Spontaneous combustion Insect infestation/Diseases

Product information

Product name

German Naturkautschuk

English Natural rubber (NR)

French Caoutchouc naturel

Spanish Caucho natural

CN/HS number * 4001 ff.

(* EU Combined Nomenclature/Harmonized System)

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Product description

Rubber is a collective term for macromolecular substances of natural or synthetic origin (natural

rubber or synthetic rubber).

Natural rubber (abbreviated to NR) primarily comprises polyisoprene and is harvested from the

milky white latex of a number of species of plants which flourish in the tropics, above all from the

Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae). The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) has achieved considerable

commercial importance. The tree is native to the Amazon region and is now cultivated in virtually all

tropical regions of South America, Africa and Asia. 90% of the world's production of natural rubber

is harvested from the rubber tree.

A diagonal incision is made in the bark, allowing the latex to exude. The latex has approximately

the following composition:

Constituents Percentage

Water 55...70

Rubber 30...40

Resins 1.5...2

Protein 1.5...3

Ash 0.5...1

Sugar 1...2

The latex, which is rich in rubber, can be preserved by adding ammonia and for special purposes it

can be transported to the countries in which it is processed as latex concentrate in liquid form. This

is done in barrels or in tank containers. It is far more common to filter the harvested latex, dilute it

with water and then to cause it to coagulate using substances such as acetic acid or formic acid or

by means of electrophoresis. This separates the raw natural rubber from the water, forming a solid

mass (coagulum) that is then further processed. Coagulation can also take place in the form of

auto-coagulation on the tapping panel (tree lace) and the collection cups (shell scrap and cup

lumps). Such coagulum has a greater degree of contamination, and is hence used in the natural

rubber grades which have less stringent requirements with respect to contamination.

A distinction is drawn between the following forms of natural rubber:

Crepes

Pale crepe rubber is among the highest quality crepes. Coagulation of this high-quality naturalrubber is achieved with sodium hydrogen sulfite (NaHSO3). The clean coagulum is washed and

milled. This produces sheets between 1.2 and 1.5 mm thick and 24 cm wide. The washingprocess removes from the coagulum considerable amounts of the serum constituents whichcan cause rotting. The sheets are dried in drying rooms for 2.5 to 4 days at 37°C or air-driedfor 5 to 10 days on drying floors.

Excessive temperatures lead to discolored patches in the sheets as a result of oxidation. Thesheets are packed as bales and marketed as "thin pale crepe".

The 10-mm crepe from Sri Lanka is marketed as "thick pale crepe".

Sheets

Two different types of sheets are distinguished:

ADS (air dried sheets)Air dried sheets are less common. They have an appearance similar to RSS (ribbed smokedsheets), but are more transparent, as they are manufactured in smoke-free rooms.

RSS (ribbed smoked sheets) (see Figure 1)The fresh latex is diluted to a rubber content of 15 - 16% and coagulated in coagulationtanks using formic acid or acetic acid. Lumps of coagulum are formed after the acid hasacted for 3-4 hours. After milling and washing, sheets between 2.5 and 3.5 mm thick, 24 cmwide and 90 or 135 cm in length are produced. The final mill is an embossed mill, whichgives the sheets their ribbed structure. Since these rubber sheets are not washed asintensively as crepes, they contain a higher proportion of serum constituents which

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intensively as crepes, they contain a higher proportion of serum constituents whichencourage mold and rotting. For this reason, the sheets undergo an additional preservationprocess in which they are smoked in smokehouses. The sheets are hung in thesmokehouses and dried for a week at temperatures up to 60°C. The smoke resulting fromburning Hevea (rubber tree) wood and other organic materials such as coconut huskspreserves the sheets. The specific smell of these sheets is caused by the materials used toproduce the smoke. The sheets are pressed into bales and wrapped in protective sheets.The surface is protected from oxidation by application of a bale coating solution and talcum.

Figure 1: Manufacture of ribbed smoked sheets

Technically specified natural rubber (TSR) - Standard rubber

TSRs are divided into a number of grades which are laid down in technical specificationsdrafted by ISO and are manufactured using new processing techniques. Depending on theTSR quality, different forms of coagulum are used: latex coagulated naturally in the collectingcups (cup lumps), rubber sheets or latex coagulated by adding acid.

Different methods are used to produce TSRs, e.g. the Heveacrumb or Dynat processes.

In the Heveacrumb process, rubber coagulum is passed through creping rolls set at frictionspeed and the shear forces involved tear the coagulum into small pieces. This process isdescribed as crumbling.

The Dynat process primarily uses cup lumps. After natural coagulation or acid coagulation, therubber is granulated by means of a rotary knife cutter. After granulation, the crumb is washedand dried at elevated temperature up to 140ºC. Then the crumbs are compressed into blocksof about 33 1/3 kg, wrapped in synthetic plastic sheeting (high-quality polyethylene bags) andpackaged in wooden or steel chests. [69]

The advantages of Technically Specified Rubbers over the conventional sheet and crepegrades of rubbers are as follows:

Since it is available in a limited number of well defined grades, correct choice of gradesaccording to requirements by the consumers is rather easy.

Since it is possible to assess the actual content of foreign and volatile matter, mistakes canbe avoided in deciding the actual worth of the material.

Since it is marketed as compact, polyethylene wrapped bales, degradation of the rubberon storage, handling and transportation can be reduced.

Since sizes have been standardized and the bales are compact, considerable savings canbe made in transport through mechanized handling and containerization.

Preserved latex concentrates

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Preserved latex concentrates

Ammonia is added to the latex to keep it liquid, and this is concentrated either by creaming orcentrifuging. The resulting concentrate can be transported as a liquid. Depending on thequantity of ammonia added, a distinction is made between high-ammonia latex (HA) with 0.60- 0.80 % ammonia and low-ammonia latex (LA) with 0.20 - 0.29 % ammonia.

Latex can be processed to make other raw rubber products:

Skim rubber

Skim rubber is produced from skim latex. Skim latex is produced as a byproduct during thepreparation of latex concentrate. It has a dry rubber content of only 3 to 7%. However, it alsohas a very low dirt content. Coagulation of skim latex can be either spontaneous or by acidtreatment. It is important that the ammonia content is kept as low as possible. Furtherprocessing is the same as for smoked sheet. [69]

Rubber powder

In order to reduce transportation costs, the latex can be converted to a fine rubber powderinstead of transporting it in the form of latex concentrates. This is done by atomizing the latexand drying it with hot air. This form of rubber can be kept for long periods and is particularlyresilient.

Quality/Duration of storage

Crepes

In addition to the high quality thick and thin pale crepes, there are further categories which aremade from high-grade rubber scrap (field coagulum), e.g.:

Estae brown crepe

Thin brown crepe (remills)

Thick blanket crepe (ambers)

Flat bark crepe

Smoked blanket crepe

Sheets

Ribbed smoked sheets are graded on the basis of visual assessments (RSS IX, RSS 1, RSS 2,RSS 3, RSS 4 and RSS 5). The grades have been described in the Green Book, published bythe International Rubber Quality and Packing Conference.

Prior to grading, the sheets are separated and inspected. Oxidized spots or streaks, weak,heated, under-cured, oversmoked, opaque and burnt sheets are not permissible.

RSS IX is the top grade. The rubber must be provided by the producer in an excellent dryingquality. The rubber must be dry, clean, strong, sound and evenly smoked and free fromblemishes, specks, rust, blisters, sand, dirty packing and any other foreign matter. Thepackaging must be clean. Small pinhead bubbles if scattered, will not be objected to.

The remaining grades RSS 1 through RSS 5 represent a sequential lifting of theserequirements.

Under-cured rubber displays patches which have not been dried sufficiently during smoking ordrying.

Technically specified natural rubber (TSR) - Standard rubber

The International Standards Organisation (ISO) first published the draft TechnicalSpecifications for Natural Rubber during 1964. Based on these specifications, Malaysiaintroduced their Standard Malaysian Rubber (SMR) scheme in 1965 and since then all thenatural-rubber-producing countries have started producing and marketing NR as TechnicallySpecified Rubbers. This resulted in the introduction of further national standards in addition toSMR:

Standard Malaysian Rubber SMR

Standard Indonesian Rubber SIR

Standard Sri Lanka Rubber SSR

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Standard Sri Lanka Rubber SSR

Standard Vietnam Rubber SVR

Indian Standard Natural Rubber ISNR

Standard Thai Rubber STR

These quality standards lay down the maximum permissible content of dirt, ash, nitrogen andvolatile substances. The following table shows some SMR values: [69]

ParametersDirt content(max. %)

Ash content(max. %)

Nitrogen content(max. %)

Volatilematter(max.%)

Colorcoding

SMR 5 (seeFigure 2)

0.05 0.60 0.60 0.80palegreen

SMR 10 0.08 0.75 0.60 0.80 brown

SMR 20 0.16 1.00 0.60 0.80 red

Figure 2

SMR 10, SMR 20 and SMR 50 are general-purpose grades, with SMR 10 being a high grade,SMR 20 a medium grade and SMR 50 a lower grade.

If finer distinctions between different categories of rubber are required, it is recommended thatthe purchaser and seller agree on the quality of the rubber on the basis of a sample.

Aging of natural rubber

Rubber aging processes, particularly as a result of atmospheric conditions, may start as early as

the transportation phase, and negatively impact the quality of the rubber: The effects of oxygen,

heat and light are the primary causes of aging symptoms, with oxidation processes leading to the

formation of hydroxides. These in turn react either by splitting molecules or establishing new cross-

linkages. The result is softening or hardening: oxidized rubber.

Hardening of natural rubber during transport and storage can be prevented by adding chemical

substances (hydroylamine hydrochloride) to achieve a constant viscosity. [69]

Recommended storage duration for natural rubber [72]

Initial storage 5 years

Extended storage 2 years

Recommended storage temperature for natural rubber [73]

Optimum storage temperature 15 - 30°C

Storage of latex concentrates [71]

Max. duration of storage 6 - 12 months

Storage and transport temperature 5 - 35°C

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Intended use

There are a huge variety of applications for natural rubber across the world. The unique

combination of properties found in natural rubber cannot be fully duplicated synthetically. However,

each individual property can be improved on by (synthetic rubber).

Processing of natural rubber to form rubber products

Natural rubber is mixed with various additives designed to give the end product the required

properties, shaped and then vulcanized (see Figure 3).

Figure 3: Diagram showing the processing of rubber [70]

Mastication is a preliminary stage to processing the raw rubber. This process involves the use of

special mechanical equipment and additives (e.g. aromatic mercaptans - sulfur-containing

compounds) at low temperatures to shred the rubber molecules into smaller units. This improves

the plasticity and reduces the viscosity.

After mastication, the rubber is mixed together with fillers, plasticizers and rubber chemicals to

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After mastication, the rubber is mixed together with fillers, plasticizers and rubber chemicals to

form a homogeneous mass in mills or closed kneaders.

The subsequent end product is preformed by compression molding, injection molding or

calendering. Compression molding machines, for example, are used to produce car tires, soles and

heels for shoes, and bungs. Thin, seamless rubber products, for example, are produced by dipping.

In the final processing step, the molded rubber mixture is vulcanized. The most important

vulcanization medium is sulfur, which is added to the rubber mixture before this is heated.

The tire-manufacturing industry is the world's largest consumer of natural rubber. Tires for cars,

bicycles and aircraft as well as many other kinds of rubber products such as seals, hoses, drive

belts, floor coverings, conveyor belts, molded articles, foam rubber, impregnation substances, and

medical equipment are all made from natural rubber.

Figures

(Click on the individual Figures to enlarge them.)

Figure 4 Figure 5

Countries of origin

Europe

AfricaIvory Coast, Ghana, Cameroon, Liberia, Nigeria, other West African coastalcountries

AsiaChina, India, Indonesia, Cambodia, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka,Thailand,Vietnam

America Brazil

Australia

This Table shows only a selection of the most important countries of origin and should not be

thought of as exhaustive.

South-East Asia produces some 80% of the world's natural rubber. The remainder is split between

South-West Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Back to beginning

Packaging

Crepes

Pale crepe rubber is either packed in a double-layered bag (plastic sheeting inside, paperoutside) or the bales are wrapped in plastic sheeting and packed in wooden crates. Thickercrepes can also be packed in sacking. The entire surface of the bale should be covered withsufficient talcum to prevent the fibers from adhering to the rubber.

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sufficient talcum to prevent the fibers from adhering to the rubber.

Sheets

Rubber sheets are folded to form bales (e.g. 60 cm x 60 cm and 100 - 113 kg per bale),compressed and wrapped in protective sheets. A protective coating and talcum are applied tothe surface to protect against oxidation and to prevent the sheets from sticking to each other.These form a background for stenciling the shipping marks. Bales are transported in crates orloose in containers (see Figure 6). Skim rubber should not be used as protective sheets.

Figure 6

Sheets can also be simply folded and packed in plastic bags in the form of 35 kg bales. 36bales together form a load unit of 1260 kg per pallet. These are unitized using shrink-wrapsheeting or a shroud of plastic film. Metal crates can also be used.

Technically specified natural rubber (TSR) - Standard rubber

TSRs are wrapped individually in plastic sheeting (polyethylene) and stacked on pallets. Theseare unitized using shrink-wrap sheeting or a shroud of plastic film and are also attached to thepallet with plastic strapping (see Figure 7). A labeling strip must be attached to each load unit.

Figure 7

Alternatively, TSRs can be packed in wooden or steel crates and secured to pallets (see Figure3). The crates are unitized by being attached to the pallet with steel straps.

Figure 8

TSRs are generally packaged as 33 1/3 kg bales. Generally, 36 bales are loaded on a pallet.

Latex concentrate

Latex concentrates are packed in tanks, barrels and small containers. The capacity of a barrelis generally 205 kg. [69]

When wooden packaging containers or cargo securing materials are used, it may, under certain

circumstances, be necessary to comply with the quarantine regulations of the country of destination

(Import regulations for packaging containers made from solid wood - IPPC standard) and a

phytosanitary certificate may have to be enclosed with the shipping documents. Information may be

obtained from the phytosanitary authorities of the countries concerned.

Marking of packages

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Keep dry Use no hooks Keep awayfrom heat

(solar radiation)

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Transport

Symbols

General cargo

Liquid cargo(latex concentrates)

Fire hazard(flammable solids)

Class 4.1 IMDG Code(applies to rubber scrap

and residue)

Means of transport

Ship, truck, railroad

Container transport

Standard containers should be used subject to compliance with limits for water content of goods and

packaging. Ideal conditions would be provided by insulated containers or open-sided containers in

well ventilated lower holds (protection from solar radiation and temperature variations).

Tank containers for rubber in liquid form.

Cargo handling

The cargo should not be handled if it is raining or snowing.

Stowage factor

Pale crepe rubber in bales, unpacked 1.55 m3/t

Pale crepe rubber in wooden crates 1.10 m3/t

Pale crepe rubber in two-layer sacks 1.50 m3/t

Ribbed smoked sheet rubber in bales 1.25 m3/t

Standard Indonesian rubber block on flat pallet 1.31 m3/t

Stowage space requirements

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For maritime transport, natural rubber should preferably be stowed below deck. The

holds/containers must be dry, clean and dust-free. Do not stow near heat sources.

Segregation

Fiber rope, thin fiber nets or markings are used for segregation purposes.

Cargo securing

Because of its considerable impact- and pressure-sensitivity, packages of this cargo must be

secured in such a way that they are prevented from damaging each other. Spaces between

packages or pallets must be filled, to prevent slippage or tipping. By selecting the correct packaging

size or cargo unit (area module or area module multiple), holds can be tightly loaded (without

spaces).

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Risk factors and loss prevention

RF Temperature

Natural rubber requires particular temperature, humidity/moisture and possibly ventilation

conditions (SC VI) (storage climate conditions).

Term Temperature range Source

Favorable travel temperature range 5 - 25°C [1]

Optimum travel temperature 20°C [1]

Temperatures greater than 30°C and exposure to sunlight, even for periods of a few hours, result

in activation of the rot-causing bacteria, especially in conjunction with moisture and proteins. In

addition, oxidation and the associated molecular breakdown are encouraged, and the rubber

develops soft patches, stickiness and becomes deformed (oxidized rubber).

If the destination is in a colder climate, the bales jam as a result of the drop in temperature and this

makes the job of unloading the container or means of transport more difficult. Figures 9 and 10

illustrate the typical temperature conditions during a voyage from Singapore to Europe. In this

case, the highest temperatures are recorded in the Gulf of Aden and in the Red Sea. Since the

travel temperature of 30°C should not be exceeded (critical travel temperature), the containers

should be stowed below deck where possible. The optimum travel temperature for rubber is 20°C.

A temperature of 25°C should be maintained virtually constantly over a long period. This value was

recorded as the upper travel temperature limit in Figures 6 and 7.

Figure 9 Figure 10

Rubber starts to melt at approx. 180°C.

The lower limit is 5 - 6°C, as there is a risk of hardening as a result of crystallization. This can

cause difficulties unloading the container or means of transport because the jammed bales tear.

Latex concentrates also should be protected against extreme temperatures during transport and

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Latex concentrates also should be protected against extreme temperatures during transport and

storage. If barrel loads are exposed to direct sunlight in tropical and subtropical climates, the high

temperatures can result in a drop in quality.

At temperatures below 4°C, the latex concentrates tend to coagulate, which is an irreversible

process. This results in difficulties when unloading, damage and additional costs. [74]

Back to beginning

RF Humidity/Moisture

Natural rubber requires particular temperature, humidity/moisture and possibly ventilation

conditions (SC VI) (storage climate conditions).

Term Humidity/water content Source

Relative humidity 70...75 % [1]

Water content 1.08 % [1]

Maximum equilibrium moisture content 75% [1]

The water content of rubber is 1.08 %, and with its low water content, rubber thus belongs to water

content class 1 (WCC 1)(water content classes).

Moisture due to rain, seawater or condensation water must be strictly avoided, as it can lead to rot,

mold, mildew stains and discoloration. Rubber which has become wet and absorbed too much

moisture is termed bleached rubber.

Natural rubber is not hygroscopic. The poor thermal conductivity of rubber may lead to

condensation on the surface from capillary water, which in turn leads to mold and rot.

Since mold and mildew stains can occur in the middle of the cargo block, it is not possible to detect

damage when the consignment is accepted. This can only be detected when the container or means

of transport is unloaded.

Moisture damage is accompanied by unpleasant or penetrating odors.

In any instance of damage, the question must always be raised as to whether the rubber was damp

from the start, i.e. is it a case of precarriage damage, which is the responsibility of the producer, or

did the damage occur during transportation as a result of rain, condensation water or seawater (in

the case of containers which are not watertight being loaded on deck). The microbiological product

analysis as described by Professor Stantschew (see Moisture damage with natural rubber - German

only) can be used to identify the time at which the moisture arose. Three aspects are taken into

account:

Observation of the stages of mold growth

Temperature requirements of the mold

Oxygen requirements of the microorganisms

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RF Ventilation

Natural rubber requires particular temperature, humidity/moisture and possibly ventilation

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conditions (SC VI) (storage climate conditions).

If the rubber is dry for shipment or container dry, there is no need for ventilation.

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RF Biotic activity

Natural rubber displays 3rd order biotic activity.

It belongs to the class of goods in which respiration processes are suspended, but in which

biochemical, microbial and other decomposition processes still proceed.

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RF Gases

Chemical decomposition and the evolution of gas during processing lead to cavities on or in the

rubber sheets (blisters and bubbles). The inner surfaces of the blisters are often sticky, whereas

those of the bubbles are dry and not sticky.

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RF Self-heating/Spontaneous combustion

Smoking must be prohibited when loading the containers and in the warehouses, as natural rubber

is readily combustible due to its high hydrocarbon content. When natural rubber combusts, it

generates considerable heat (temperatures up to 1,200°C) and smoke. A large quantity of gaseous

products and unburned solid particles in the form of thick, black smoke are released, which make

access to the seat of the fire more difficult. Burning rubber produces sputtering, burning drops of

resin, which can cause the fire to spread.

Natural rubber scrap and residue is assigned to Class 4.1 of the IMDG Code (Flammable solids).

If there is a risk of fire, the firefighting personnel should wear automatic breathing apparatus and

protective clothing.

Foam, CO2 , dry chemicals or sprayed water can be used to extinguish the fire. [72]

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RF Odor

Bales of rubber emit a strong odor of rubber which can become a penetrating odor in the event of

damage.

Activebehavior

Unpleasant smell, so do not stow in the vicinity of foodstuffs, semiluxuryitems and animal feedstuffs. Sour and foul odors: These are due to rottingrubber.

Passivebehavior

Non-odor-sensitive.

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Back to beginning

RF Contamination

Activebehavior

None.

Passivebehavior

Rubber is very sensitive to contamination. The thermoplastic properties ofrubber mean that foreign bodies are absorbed either by penetration orsticking. Splinters become embedded in the rubber bales. This also applies torubber packed in thin plywood crates. These can splinter even under lowloads, and are hence also known as "dirty packing".

Depending on the degree to which the contamination has penetrated, it canbe removed by peeling.

The warehouses and containers must be kept absolutely clean, as anycontamination such as grass, pipe splinters, paper, textile scraps, graphite,coal, ore dust, cement, copper crumbs from cathode copper plates, sulfur,copper sulfate, and manganese residue will break down the rubber. Thiswould cause holes to be formed during the production of rubber gloves, forinstance.

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RF Mechanical influences

Rubber should be stowed in such a way as to avoid the risk of crushing.

The fragile wooden crates can splinter even under normal load conditions. Holes in the rubber

caused by wood splinters can adversely affect the value.

Strong rubber: Rubber which is resistant to deformation, i.e. resistant to tension and compression.

Weak rubber: Ribbed smoked sheets which tear easily or part when sudden tension is applied.

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RF Toxicity/Hazards to health

This risk factor has no major influence on transportation of this product.

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RF Shrinkage/Shortage/Theft

It is recommended that loading and unloading should be supervised.

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RF Insect infestation/Diseases

When wooden packaging containers or cargo securing materials are used, it may, under certain

circumstances, be necessary to comply with the quarantine regulations of the country of destination

(Import regulations for packaging containers made from solid wood - IPPC standard) and a

phytosanitary certificate may have to be enclosed with the shipping documents. Information may be

obtained from the phytosanitary authorities of the countries concerned.

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