The Harvard system

How to Reference

Harvard System

• Simple• Easy for reader to use• Everyone uses it

Direct Quotations

If you quote directly from someone’s work or cite figures or statistics, include the relevant page number in the publication from where you obtained the information (i.e. last name of author / date of publication : page number)

e.g. The Money Culture, a hilarious, exaggerated account of the new ways of working on Wall Street and in the City, wherefast talking and cut-throat action by corporate raiders and traders who saw themselvesas “romantic guerrillas in the corporate jungle” (Lewis 1991: page 10)

Referencing web pages

Simply insert within the body of your essay the name of the web page’s author and year in which the page was last modified. For example: (Oxfam 2006).

Do insert the URL of the web page. This will be detailed in the list of references

Points to note

• In the case of three or fewer authors to a source, list all the names.

e.g. (Lee and Wills 1997)

• In the case of four or more authors to a source, use the name of the first author followed by et al.

e.g. (Johnston et al. 2000)

The Bibliography

The List of References appears at the end of your work, is organised alphabetically and is evidence of the literature and other sources you have cited in your research.

For books: Author’s last name / author’s initials / (year of publication) / title of book in Italics / (edition, if multiple editions exist) / city of publication /: / name of publisher.

e.g. Dicken, P (1998) Global Shift: Transforming the World Economy. London: PCP.

If information on the identity of the author is not available, then cite the newspaper as the author:

e.g.The Economist (2000) Stock exchanges: The battle for efficient markets, June 17th, p.99-105.

Electronic sources in the Bibliography

To cite Internet sources use the document‟s URL (Internet) address. Addresses tend to be long, so need careful checking. If the citation is longer than one line the URL should only be split after a forward slash (i.e. after /) in the address.Internet Sites: Author or editor / (year) / title in italics / [on-line] / (edition) / place of publication /: / publisher (if ascertainable) / URL / accessed date.

e.g. Friends of the Earth (1997) Chemical Release Inventory of England and Wales, [on- line], UK: Friends of the Earth. Accessed 10 January 1999.

When the electronic publication date is not stated write “no date”.