how to measure public space quality? - walk21...
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How to measure public space quality? Urban form and walkability in Calgary, Canada
francisco alaniz uribe + beverly a. sandalack!
WALK21 2015 - VIENNA
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WALKABILITY RESEARCH
Objectives Determine the qualities of neighbourhood form that either support or hinder walking
Measure and map these qualities considering all Calgary neighbourhoods
Analysis of findings and discussion of the relationship between walkshed qualities and neighbourhood design
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RESEARCH TEAM
Ur Lburban lab
00 10
Francisco Alaniz Uribe! Faculty of Environmental Design
Dr. Alan Shiell Faculty of Medicine
Dr. Tish Doyle-Baker Faculty of Kinesiology
project: Economic Evaluation of Urban Form to Increase Activity - EcoEUFORIA
researchers:
Azadeh Eshghzadeh Zanjani Fraser Blyth
researcher assistants:
Dr. Beverly A. Sandalack! Faculty of Environmental Design
Dr. Gavin McCormack Faculty of Medicine
Dr. Christine Friedenreich Faculty of Medicine
Braden Abrams Reid Matt Knapik
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CALGARY
0300 300 600 900km km
CANADA
YELLOWKNIFE
IQALUIT
EDMONTON
VICTORIA
REGINA
WINNIPEG
TORONTO
OTTAWA
QUÉBEC
CHARLOTTETOWN
FREDERICTON
HALIFAX
ST JOHN’S
WHITEHORSE
$$$
POPULATED PLACESFederal capital
Provincial or Territorial capital
BOUNDARIESInternational
Provincial and TerritorialDividing line (Canada / Kalaallit Nunaat)
200-mile limit (Exclusive Economic Zone)
LIEUX HABITÉSCapitale nationaleCapitale provinciale ou territoriale
FRONTIÈRES ET LIMITESFrontière internationaleLimite provinciale et territorialeLigne de séparation (Canada / Kalaallit Nunaat)Limite de 200 milles (Zone Économique Exclusive)
© 2001. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, Natural Resources Canada. Sa Majesté la Reine du chef du Canada, Ressources naturelles Canada.
CALGARY
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CALGARY
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ERAS OF DEVELOPMENT
Calgary has grown radially
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NEIGHBOURHOOD TYPES
grid
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NEIGHBOURHOOD TYPES
warped grid
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NEIGHBOURHOOD TYPES
curvilinear
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NEIGHBOURHOOD TYPES
grid
warped grid
curvilinear
anomalies
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a physical activity survey was administered to over 2200 subjects
for each subject a walkshed was mapped using the line-buffer network method
NEIGHBOURHOOD TYPES +WALKSHED SIZE
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for each subject a walkshed was mapped using the line-buffer network method
NEIGHBOURHOOD TYPES +WALKSHED SIZE
airline buffer airline buffer
network buffer line-buffer network
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NEIGHBOURHOOD TYPES +WALKSHED SIZE
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U(""63+Q5)9+V#885$" J JDBI JDBI JDBI JDBI
1L5)&')' J BDII BDIF HDOC JDHF
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X6#2")3#N-+'0+K58$5)- F HDOE HDEB HDCJ BDHBX..")+4'(6N+Y'-58 CH JDIF JDEH JDGE JDFJ
Z6*(3N)#58 CC CDOE CDOC GDFB HDFA
GRID WARPED GRID CURVILINEAR
WA
LKS
HE
D S
IZE
(SQ
KM
)
CURVILINEAR0
1
2
3
4
5
6
WARPED GRID0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GRID0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GARRISON WOODS MCKENZIE TOWNE0
1
2
3
4
5
6
LINCOLN PARK0
1
2
3
4
5
6
UPPER MOUNT ROYAL0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
WALKSHED SIZE AND NEIGHBOURHOOD TYPE Sandalack, Alaniz, McCormack et al, Journal of Urbanism 2013
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RUBRIC FOR QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
through the literature and precedent studies the main elements of the public space that impact the quality of the walkshed were identified:
- sidewalks - paths - street trees - open spaces - pedestrian amenities - lighting - safety & security - wayfinding - built environment - street vitality
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RUBRIC FOR QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
Sidewalks
quality
distribution
Pathways
quality
connectivity
Lighting
quality
Street Trees
distribution
quality
Safety
traffic safetysecurity
Amenities
presence
Open Space
access
quality
aesthetic
Built Form
res. frontages
com. frontage
character
maintenance
street definitionfabric build-out
Way-findingorientation
identificationbarriers
Vitality
vitality
Sidewalks
quality
distribution
Pathways
quality
connectivity
Lighting
quality
Street Trees
distribution
quality
Safety
traffic safetysecurity
Amenities
presence
Open Space
access
quality
aesthetic
Built Form
res. frontages
com. frontage
character
maintenance
street definitionfabric build-out
Way-findingorientation
identificationbarriers
Vitality
vitality
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
EcoEUFORIA
Qualitative Assessment
EcoEUFORIA
Qualitative Assessment
Location Code
Location Code
R.A. Initials
R.A. Initials
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or not?
walkable?
5
1
Best
Worst
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FIELD SURVEYfield surveys of the built environment of all 233 Calgary neighbourhoods (involved a team of four graduate research assistants), who visited each neighbourhood on bicycle or on foot, and who documented each neighbourhood by various methods of recording
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Amenity Presence
0 2 4 6 81Kilometers
by neighbourhood area
AMENITIES0
1
2
3
4
5
PEDESTRIAN AMENITIES PRESENCE
pedestrian amenities such as water fountains, public toilets, public telephones, garbage bins, ATMs, street vendors and street entertainers are found throughout the area.
many of these pedestrian amenities are found
some of these amenities can be found
there are very few of these amenities
none of these amenities are found
no data
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TREE QUALITY
Street Tree Quality
0 2 4 6 81Kilometers
by neighbourhood area
Tree Quality0
1
2
3
4
5
street trees are consistently large and healthy
street trees are generally large and healthy
street trees are sometimes large and healthy
street trees are generally smaller and less healthy
street trees are very small and/or very unhealthy
no data
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WALKSHED QUALITY INDEX
a walkshed quality index was developed by factoring all the elements of the rubric into one number
CRA
TUS
SIL
EDG
PAN
RIV
LKB
EVE
BOW
CIT
HUNSCE
SDC
DIS
ACA
VAL
SYVH
WIL
SAD
COV
ASP
DOU
CHA
DAL
DOV
WBN
ROY
ARB
CPF
BRI
PIN
MID
EVN
TAR
BRE
DRN NEB
MOR
ING
HAW
HAY
WHI
WIN
MPL
HIL
HIDS
MON
ALB
TEM
MRL
ROC
PKL
RUN
KIL
FAL
HAR
WLD
SIGNSPHE
EVN
OAK
MPK
CGR
RAN
WOO
MCKS
UOC
SOW
ALT
WHL
RIC
SOM
LKP
PEN
PATMAL
OGDL
GLA
CED
ERI
BRA
GBK
MCTS
VARV
SYVK
EPK
VARA
CANN
SYVS
BRDS
FAI
LKV
ABB
SPHW
SAN
KIN
MOP
APP
SOV
COL
SHNW
QLD
VARE
CHW
SIGS
BNF
THOE COR
MCTP
VIS
MCKN
GDL
TUX
CBD
HAMS
CAP
STRE
DRG
MAC
DGN
STA
HPK
CAS
UNI
SHS
HAMN
MALSPR
ALT
PAL
MRTN
WND
UMR
HOU
NGM
GRE
OGDS
RENCWSPNPKD
WGT
SSD
RCK
CFC
HIW
FLNN
WSPW
MLRE
HIDN
BEDW
MRTS
PUM
KEL
COUN
CAM
SOC
RAMFLNS
NHV
CHR
BYV
EYA
RDL
SHGN
STRW
BEDC
BNK
CON
LKVV
CRM
FHTE
MEA
BEDE
WSPS
CHV
RED
CHK
CANS
BRDN
BEL
SCASHGS
SNAN
SHNE
THOW
SIGP
CREE
RUT
WAR
MIS
DIA
PKH
ERL
COUS
ARBC
SPHH
BDO
GRV
DNE
COAW
FHTW
BRT
EAG
CLI
RENEPOI
EAU
RMT
CREW RENW
DOVR
LMR
DNW
MLRW
VICE
RID
MAF
NHU
ROX
WINT
VICW
COAE
MANS
CHN
SSW
CHVL
SNASSNAC
8TH
MANN
INGM
0 3 6 9 121.5Kilometers
Average Score0.0
0.1 - 2.3
2.4 - 2.8
2.9 - 3.1
3.2
3.3 - 3.4
3.5 - 3.6
3.7 - 3.8
3.9 - 4.0
4.1 - 4.4
Qualitative Assessment of Walkabilityin Calgary Neighbourhoods
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WALKSHED QUALITY + NEIGHBOURHOOD TYPE
we found there was a relationship between the neighbourhood type and the quality of the walkshed
curvilinear neighbourhoods
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warped grid neighbourhoods
WALKSHED QUALITY + NEIGHBOURHOOD TYPE
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grid neighbourhoods
WALKSHED QUALITY + NEIGHBOURHOOD TYPE
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NEIGHBOURHOOD COMPARISON
CRA
TUS
SIL
EDG
PAN
RIV
LKB
EVE
BOW
CIT
HUNSCE
SDC
DIS
ACA
VAL
SYVH
WIL
SAD
COV
ASP
DOU
CHA
DAL
DOV
WBN
ROY
ARB
CPF
BRI
PIN
MID
EVN
TAR
BRE
DRN NEB
MOR
ING
HAW
HAY
WHI
WIN
MPL
HIL
HIDS
MON
ALB
TEM
MRL
ROC
PKL
RUN
KIL
FAL
HAR
WLD
SIGNSPHE
EVN
OAK
MPK
CGR
RAN
WOO
MCKS
UOC
SOW
ALT
WHL
RIC
SOM
LKP
PEN
PATMAL
OGDL
GLA
CED
ERI
BRA
GBK
MCTS
VARV
SYVK
EPK
VARA
CANN
SYVS
BRDS
FAI
LKV
ABB
SPHW
SAN
KIN
MOP
APP
SOV
COL
SHNW
QLD
VARE
CHW
SIGS
BNF
THOE COR
MCTP
VIS
MCKN
GDL
TUX
CBD
HAMS
CAP
STRE
DRG
MAC
DGN
STA
HPK
CAS
UNI
SHS
HAMN
MALSPR
ALT
PAL
MRTN
WND
UMR
HOU
NGM
GRE
OGDS
RENCWSPNPKD
WGT
SSD
RCK
CFC
HIW
FLNN
WSPW
MLRE
HIDN
BEDW
MRTS
PUM
KEL
COUN
CAM
SOC
RAMFLNS
NHV
CHR
BYV
EYA
RDL
SHGN
STRW
BEDC
BNK
CON
LKVV
CRM
FHTE
MEA
BEDE
WSPS
CHV
RED
CHK
CANS
BRDN
BEL
SCASHGS
SNAN
SHNE
THOW
SIGP
CREE
RUT
WAR
MIS
DIA
PKH
ERL
COUS
ARBC
SPHH
BDO
GRV
DNE
COAW
FHTW
BRT
EAG
CLI
RENEPOI
EAU
RMT
CREW RENW
DOVR
LMR
DNW
MLRW
VICE
RID
MAF
NHU
ROX
WINT
VICW
COAE
MANS
CHN
SSW
CHVL
SNASSNAC
8TH
MANN
INGM
0 3 6 9 121.5Kilometers
Average Score0.0
0.1 - 2.3
2.4 - 2.8
2.9 - 3.1
3.2
3.3 - 3.4
3.5 - 3.6
3.7 - 3.8
3.9 - 4.0
4.1 - 4.4
Qualitative Assessment of Walkabilityin Calgary Neighbourhoods
neighbourhood types walkshed size walkshed quality
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Reconvergence of Public Health and Urban Design
The form of our cities and neighbourhoods directly and profoundly affects our quality of life and our way of life
…….it is not irrelevant - Morphology is Destiny
CONCLUSIONS
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CONCLUSIONSthe research methods allowed us to measure both walkshed size and walkshed quality with great accuracy (all methods were tested and verified)
walkability and the quality of the public realm correspond to the development patterns and practices in place at the times, and both have declined with more recent neighbourhood design practices and standards
pre-1960s post-1960s
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CONCLUSIONSretrofitting is highly costly and unfeasible, therefore it is important to design it right from the beginning
or not?
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grid $21,284,831.43 $540,552.73
warped grid $24,439,610.77 $1,456,538.82
curvilinear $39,124,930.61 $3,243,316.41
$3,349,911.85 $794,374.59 $25,969,670.6
$40,707,429.96 $0 $66,603,579.55
$67,303,272.15 $0 $114,543,592.12
walkability res-comm. zoning block pattern open space TOTAL
Average Economic Cost of Improving Urban Form calculations for 14 neighbourhoods of 3 types
CONCLUSIONS
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grid $21,284,831.43 $540,552.73
warped grid $24,439,610.77 $1,456,538.82
curvilinear $39,124,930.61 $3,243,316.41
$3,349,911.85 $794,374.59 $25,969,670.6
$40,707,429.96 $0 $66,603,579.55
$67,303,272.15 $0 $114,543,592.12
walkability res-comm. zoning block pattern open space TOTAL
Average Economic Cost of Improving Urban Form calculations for 14 neighbourhoods of 3 types
CONCLUSIONS
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grid $21,284,831.43 $540,552.73
warped grid $24,439,610.77 $1,456,538.82
curvilinear $39,124,930.61 $3,243,316.41
$3,349,911.85 $794,374.59 $25,969,670.6
$40,707,429.96 $0 $66,603,579.55
$67,303,272.15 $0 $114,543,592.12
walkability res-comm. zoning block pattern open space TOTAL
Average Economic Cost of Improving Urban Form calculations for 14 neighbourhoods of 3 types
CONCLUSIONS
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grid $21,284,831.43 $540,552.73
warped grid $24,439,610.77 $1,456,538.82
curvilinear $39,124,930.61 $3,243,316.41
$3,349,911.85 $794,374.59 $25,969,670.6
$40,707,429.96 $0 $66,603,579.55
$67,303,272.15 $0 $114,543,592.12
walkability res-comm. zoning block pattern open space TOTAL
Average Economic Cost of Improving Urban Form calculations for 14 neighbourhoods of 3 types
CONCLUSIONS
$21,284,831.43 $540,552.73
$24,439,610.77 $1,456,538.82
$39,124,930.61 $3,243,316.41
$3,349,911.85 $794,374.59
$40,707,429.96 $0
$67,303,272.15 $0
walkability res-comm. zoning block pattern open space
It Costs a Lot to Fix!!!so get it right the first time $1,456,538.82so get it right the first time $1,456,538.82 $40,707,429.96so get it right the first time
$40,707,429.96
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CONCLUSIONSwalkshed quality may be even more important than the size of the walkshed available to a pedestrian - if the walking experience is pleasant, safe and interesting, it is more likely that one will walk for recreation and for errands
retrofitting is highly costly and unfeasible, therefore it is important to design it right from the beginning
this research provides a basis for recommendations for changes in city planning and design practices, and it also informs our graduate programs in architecture, landscape architecture and planning
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DANKE SEHR / THANK YOU
Ur Lburban lab
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Francisco Alaniz Uribe B.Sc.Arch / MPDU / MEDes-Urban Design / RPP MCIP Assistant Professor Co-Director The Urban Lab Faculty of Environmental Design University of Calgary
Beverly A. Sandalack PhD FCSLA MCIP RPP Associate Dean (Academic) Landscape + Planning and Professor Director The Urban Lab Faculty of Environmental Design University of Calgary
www.ucalgary.ca/urbanlab
some of this research has been published in the Journal of Urbanism, Journal of Physical Activity and Health, Public Health and Health and Place