how to get the most valid data from hard-to-reach populations miriam boeri, david gibson, craig...
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How to Get the Most Valid Data from Hard-to-Reach Populations
Miriam Boeri, David Gibson, Craig Rafuse, Ben Tyndall Kennesaw State University
Suburban Conference 2010Funding for this research was provided by the National Institute on Drug Abuse
1R21DA025298-01A1
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University of Pennsylvania Arts and Sciences. 2009. “Next Door But Invisible: The World of Homelessness and Drug Addiction.” YouTube Web site. Retrieved April 23, 2010. (http://www.youtube.com/v/lT1PjDvL6cs).
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Study
Maturing Out Theory
Study on Older Drug Users
© 2009 Focus 12 “Old Junkies” ad campaign http://www.focus12.co.uk/oldjunkies
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Methods
Ethnographic fieldwork
Face to face interviews
Quality control
Keith Richards
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Sample
100 older adults 45 and older in 2010
Sampling– Convenience – Snowball– Theoretical
IRB approved
Certificate of Confidentiality
Consent
2-5 hour interview
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The Team
Miriam Boeri, PhD
Craig Rafuse
Ben TyndallDavid Gibson
© Bill Waterson
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Recruiting Hard to Reach and Hidden Populations
Primary Recruitment - Researcher Initiated
Secondary Recruitment - Referral
Tertiary Recruitment - Passive
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Networks
Family
Friends
Coworkers
Former Users
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Gatekeepers
Individuals who grant access to a larger network of users
William S. Burroughs
1914-1997
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Streets, Clubs, and Pubs
Gain acceptance of manager, owner, or promoter
TALK TO EVERYONE
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Fliers
Must be IRB approved
Approval of the property owner or manager
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Community Outreach, Ministries, and Harm Reduction Centers
Methadone Clinics
Atlanta Harm Reduction Center – “The Bluff”
Must Ministries – Marietta
Homeless Shelters
Needle Exchanges
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Screening
How old are you?
How did you hear about the survey?
What is/was your drug of choice?
When was the last time you used a substance?
What year were you born?
“Fluff questions” or misdirecting questions
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Gaining the Confidence of Respondents
Professional/academic association
Certificate of confidentiality
Secure storage of data
Street cred
Dress down
Alfonso Ribeiro as Carlton Banks. The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. © NBC Productions.
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The Interview Process: Juggling Time, Energy and Research Goals
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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High Energy ^ ^Time > > > > > > > > > Research goals ^ ^ Low Energy
What We Juggle
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© R. Crumb
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Tuning In
Cordial Atmosphere
Respectful Attitude and
Tone of Voice
Soliciting Their Consent
Putting Them in the
Driver’s Seat
Setting the Stage
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Turning Points Matrix
Letting It Happen or Strict Guidance?
Use Confrontation Carefully
Not An Interrogation
The Qualitative Discussion
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What, Why, Where, How and When
Cloning Years
Keeping Them Focused
Collaboration
The Quantitative Survey
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Gift Exchange
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Management and Quality Control of the Data
Data management– Survey creation and revision– Technology
Quality control– Survey data– Interview recordings and transcripts
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Original Survey
Long-form survey covered every year– Every year or missing data?– Cumbersome and time consuming
Shorter survey still needs to capture entire life
Started smoking
cigarettes
Started injecting heroin
Married
First child
Residential treatment
Relapse
Clean
Born 12 Step
Divorce
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Yearly Survey
Advantages:New survey for every year
Skip forward and backward
Speed of survey tends to outweigh disadvantages
1968
1975
1987
1993
2009
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Survey Development
Mandatory responses
Question revisions
Survey has some fluidity
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Technology
Netbooks
Encrypted USB drives
Recorders
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Quality Control - Survey
“Create Notes”
Some problems
Quality control
Review interviews
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Quality Control - Survey
Export data to SPSS
Visualize drug/life history
Check for mistakes/inconsistencies
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Quality Control - SurveyData triangulation
INTERVIEWER NOTES
RECORDINGSURVEY DATA
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Quality Control - Transcription
Transcribers have a tough job
Interviewer listens to recording and follows along with transcript
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Final Thoughts on Quality Control
Relive/re-experience interviews
Rigorous triangulation
Strengthens team skills
Protects our investment of time, energy and money in each interview
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Conclusion
Targeted recruitment for different types of users
Finding a balance between quantitative and qualitative
Time, space, and emotions
Validity and reliability
Keeping it organized
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QUESTIONS?