how to: congress

8/11/2019 How to: Congress

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How to: Congress


2/28

Written by:

Jordy Barry; Green Valley HS Class of 2011

Table of Contentsbo!t t"e !t"or##############################################################################################$

%%roa&"ing legislation####################################################################################'

(inding e)iden&e##############################################################################################*

Writing %oints###################################################################################################+

(inal %re%aration###############################################################################################,

S%ee&" str!&t!re################################################################################################-

.resenting a good s%ee&"################################################################################11

Standing o!t####################################################################################################1$

W"at to /now before a to!rnaent################################################################1'

W"at to bring##################################################################################################1*

Constit!tion based arg!ents#########################################################################1+

)iden&e )alidity arg!ents##########################################################################20

Bill )s# resol!tion arg!ents##########################################################################21

ef!ting %oints###############################################################################################2$

Cross e3aination 4!estions#######################################################################2'


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4/28

to do well# T"ey "a)en8t seen national &ir&!it Congress6 and to be 4!ite fran/6

o!r distri&t doesn8t e3a&tly %re%are yo! for doing well on t"e national &ir&!it

in t"is e)ent# 7n fa&t6 w"en 7 ade sei?finals y J!nior year6 and sei?

finals and finals at Ber/eley y Senior year6 7 was t"e only %erson fro

e)ada# @n to% of t"at6 t"e fantasti& &ontenders 7 "ad in t"ose ro!nds were

s!r%rised w"en 7 told t"e t"at 7 went to s&"ool in HendersonDas Vegas6

e)ada6 and not California6 riona6 Te3as6 (lorida6 or anot"er state t"at

e3&els in Congress# T"ey t"en &ontin!ed to say t"at it was t"eir first tie

&o%eting wit" soeone fro e)ada in Congress# T"is absol!tely saddened

e6 w"i&" is w"y 7 "a)e &reated t"is an!al# 7 lo)e Congress wit" all of y

"eart6 and 7 want to do e)eryt"ing in y %ower to start b!ilding !% t"is e)ent

in o!r distri&t# 7 belie)e t"at we all "a)e t"e %otential to do well on a national

le)el6 b!t we need to start /nowing "ow to %rogress to t"at %oint6 as well as

w"at to e3%e&t# T"o!g" 7 will be in &ollege6 %lease feel free to &onta&t e6w"et"er 7 /now yo! or not# 7 want to "el% o!r distri&t be&oe t"e strongest it

&an be in Congressional debate6 so %lease do not "esitate to as/ e any

4!estions# 7 will lea)e y &onta&ts below if yo! &"ose to !tilie t"e# 7 wis"

yo! all of t"e l!&/ in t"e world in yo!r f!t!re Congressional endea)o!rs6 and

7 "o%e yo! find t"is an!al to be of assistan&eA

Eo!rs tr!ly6

Senator Barry

.#S# T"is an!al is aied toward %eo%le w"o already /now t"e basi&s of

Congressional debate# 7f yo! do not6 yo! s"o!ld %robably learn t"e r!les6

terinology6 and "ow to %reside by )isiting t"ese lin/s:"tt%:DDwww#nflonline#orgD!%loadsDbo!t(DCongressF20.arliaentaryF20.ro&ed!ral

F207nstr!&tion#%df

"tt%:DDwww#nflonline#orgD!%loadsDbo!t(DCo%etition)entsG!ide)2#%df

Conta&t 7nforation:

(a&eboo/: www#fa&eboo/#&oD>ordy#barry
http://livepage.apple.com/http://livepage.apple.com/http://www.nflonline.org/uploads/AboutNFL/Competition_Events_Guide_v2.pdfhttp://livepage.apple.com/http://livepage.apple.com/http://www.nflonline.org/uploads/AboutNFL/Competition_Events_Guide_v2.pdf


5/28

Cell %"one: +02= $+*?0*$,

S/y%e: >ordyb-2

%%roa&"ing egislationT"ere8s a few /ey t"ings to loo/ at w"en loo/ing at a %ie&e of legislation#

1#= Eo! need to deterine w"et"er it is a Bill or a esol!tion# @b)io!sly6 bills

will "a)e se&tions6 and resol!tions will "a)e w"ereas &la!ses# How yo!

debate t"ose differently will be dis&!ssed later# J!st /now for now t"at a bill

eans t"at yo! need to "a)e t"e s%e&ifi&ity to be i%leented into so&iety as

it is6 wit"o!t any re)isions# 7t needs to in&l!de t"e date it will be

i%leented6 w"ere f!nding will be a%%ro%riated fro6 w"o will be

enfor&ing t"e %ie&e of legislation6 as well as w"at t"e %lan of a&tion is# 7f itdoes not in&l!de t"ese ites6 or if t"e s%e&ifi&ations are illogi&al t"e wrong

bran&" to be f!nding soet"ing=6 yo! already "a)e a few ideas for t"e

negation side# Too any %eo%le o)er loo/ t"is6 so !se it to yo!r ad)antage#

s for a resol!tion6 we are debating t"e idea of t"is "a%%ening6 and s%e&ifi&s

do not atter !ntil it is %assed and be&oes a bill# 9o not r!n arg!ents t"at

it doesn8t say w"en it will be i%leented6 et T"at does not atter6 and

yo!8ll loo/ 4!ite ignorant to t"e %eo%le t"at !nderstand Congress well#

2#= 9efine any /ey ters# Soe ay be &oon /nowledge6 b!t it &an

definitely &oe in "andy to already "a)e big wordsI and /ey wordsI

defined# 5y senior year at &o!nty6 t"ere was a &ontro)ersy in y ro!nd as to

w"at an estate ta3 really was# &o!%le of /ids t"at did not "a)e it defined

and t"o!g"t it was an in&reased ta3 on all "o!sing# s a res!lt6 t"ey ran

arg!ents as to "ow t"is wo!ld effe&t b!sinesses# Howe)er6 if t"ey "ad done

t"eir resear&"6 and loo/ed !% t"e definition of an estate ta36 t"ey wo!ld "a)e

!nderstood t"at it was really a ta3 on t"e state of a de&eased %erson# Tr!st e6&ited definitions &oe in "andy#

$#= 7f a %ie&e of legislation is in&redibly &o%li&ated6 write a senten&e abo)e

t"e se&tionDw"ereas &la!se si%lifying w"at se&tion is tr!ly saying# T"is way6

if soeone &alls yo! o!t in &ross e3aination abo!t "ow yo! inter%reted a

s%e&ifi& line6 yo! won8t be f!bling aro!nd# Eo!8ll "a)e yo!r e3a&t


6/28

inter%retation rig"t in front of yo!# Eo! don8t want to "a)e to go ba&/ and re?

read t"at "orrible line# J!st e3%lain w"at yo!8)e already written# 78)e fo!nd

t"is in&redibly "el%f!l ore so on t"e national &ir&!it=#

(inding )iden&e7f yo! &an find !ni4!e e)iden&e on to%i&s6 t"is will 9(77TE "el% yo!#

1#= lot of noob debaters will !se websites s!&" as: www#idebate#org6

www#o%%osing)iews#&o6 www#%ro&on#org6 and websites to t"is effe&t#

Be&a!se of t"is6 7 want yo! to %rint off6 or at least read t"e arg!ents on

t"ese websites6 b!t don8t !se any of t"e# ow6 yo! /now w"at t"e a>ority

of an in town &"aber will be r!nning on bot" t"e affirati)e and t"e

negati)e# 7 always %rint off t"ese files to %ree%t t"e arg!ents fro ot"er

senators#2#= Eo! need to find new and !ni4!e e)iden&e# How 7 did t"is was 7 first

wo!ld !se /ey words of y %ie&e of legislation and ty%e in 2011 ew Eor/

Ties afterward6 2011 Was"ington .ost6 2011 Wall Street Jo!rnal6 2011 T"e

&onoist6 2011 T"e Telegra%"6 2011 T"e G!ardian6 and ot"er reliable news

so!r&es# T"at way6 yo! "a)e re&ent e)iden&e# Eo! want it to "a)e at least

been t"is year6 b!t %referably in t"e %ast t"ree ont"s#

$#= 7f it is a foreign to%i&6 yo! do not >!st want an eri&an %ers%e&ti)e# Try

to find international news so!r&es6 s!&" as t"e aforeentioned Telegra%" andG!ardian# 7f yo! are debating soet"ing abo!t C"e&"nya for instan&e6 yo!

want e)iden&e fro C"e&"nya6 Georgia6 !ssia6 and ot"er in)ol)ed nations#

T"at will gi)e yo!r s%ee&" a lot ore legitia&y#

#= 7f it is a doesti& to%i&6 and &o!ld "a)e &onstit!tionality arg!ents6 it8s

always good to "a)e a loo/ at t"e Constit!tion6 and w"at aendents

&onfli&t wit" it# H@WV6 be aware t"at w"en !sing t"ese arg!ents6 t"ey

&an easily be torn down if t"ey /now y se&ret blo&/ against t"e6 w"i&"

will be dis&!ssed later#'#= 7n &ontention to &onstit!tionality arg!ents6 SK.5 C@KT CSS

TH BSTAAA 78 a big fan of t"ese# Ty%e in /ey %arts of t"e legislation

and t"en S!%ree Co!rt &asesI6 and try to find any r!lings t"at %ro)e t"at a

s%e&ifi& se&tion of t"e legislation is !n&onstit!tional# @r6 w"at 7 %ersonally

@V to do6 is if 7 /now t"at any %eo%le are going to r!n t"ings s!&" as 7t

)iolates t"e first aendentAI or 7t )iolates t"e first and t"e fift"
http://www.idebate.org/http://www.opposingviews.com/http://www.procon.org/http://www.idebate.org/http://www.opposingviews.com/http://www.procon.org/


7/28

aendentAI %ro)e t"ro!g" a S!%ree Co!rt &ase t"at it does not )iolate

eit"er aendent# T"is will be dis&!ssed ore !nder t"e Constit!tion based

arg!ents se&tion#

Writing .oints1#= W"at 7 %ersonally li/e to do is a/e s!re t"at 7 "a)e fo!r taglinesD%oints

for t"e affirati)e and for t"e negati)e sides# 7 will end !% only !sing two

%oints in y s%ee&"es6 b!t in &ase one of y %oints "as been to!&"ed on6 7

still "a)e a few ot"er ideas#

2#= 7 wo!ldn8t %re?write %oints or s%ee&"es before ro!nd# 7f yo! do t"is6 yo!

will tend to read off of a %ie&e of %a%er6 w"i&" tr!ly ta/es away fro t"e

%resentation of Congress# T"in/ of Congress as e3te% debate# Lnow yo!re)iden&e6 and /now w"at yo!8re tal/ing abo!t6 and bring !% a few notes#

$#= 9!ring ro!nd6 7 flow a lot w"i&" will be tal/ed abo!t later=# 9!ring

ro!nd6 w"ile 78 fig!ring o!t w"i&" two %oints 7 want to r!n6 7 start to write

st!ff down in regards to y %oints and if 7 want to ention ot"er senators

w"o entioned soet"ing t"at ties in wit" y %oint=6 b!t don8t &o%letely

write a %re?written s%ee&"6 es%e&ially o!t of town or at nationals# Eo! will be

a >o/e if yo! do tr!st e## 7 learned t"is y so%"oore year at ong Bea&"##

it8s "ow e3%erien&ed Congressional debaters deterine w"o t"e noobs are=##= s &li&"M as t"is so!nds6 ens!re t"at yo! e3%lain yo!r %oints# @b)io!sly

yo!r >!dges aren8t st!%id6 b!t %retend t"at t"ey /now not"ing# 3%lain

&o%le3 to%i&s in laest ters# 3%lain t"e &!rrent &ontro)ersy6 and "ow t"is

legislation sol)es or doesn8t sol)e6 and w"y it doesDdoesn8t sol)e# Soeties

we will re&ei)e a %ie&e of legislation in w"i&" we will /now not"ing abo!t

t"e to%i&6 b!t be&a!se /nowledgeable t"ro!g" resear&"# 9on8t ass!e t"e

>!dges /now t"e ba&/gro!nd to e)eryt"ing# .ro)ide "istoryA T"is will gi)e

yo! a gold star in t"e >!dges boo/ a/a t"e ran/ing s"eetA=

'#= Soe %eo%le "a)e great %oint ideas6 b!t aren8t able to e3%lain it &orre&tly

!s!ally be&a!se t"ey do not f!lly !nderstand it t"esel)es=# 7f yo! do not

!nderstand a %oint6 do @T r!n it# T"e e3%lanations are !s!ally s"allow6 and

t"e >!dges won8t be i%ressed#

*#= 7 !s!ally only ran two %oints be&a!se 7 did a lot of ref!tation# 5y ad)i&e

is to not r!n ore t"an t"ree# 78)e seen soeone in town try and &ra si3


8/28

%oints into a t"ree in!te s%ee&"# @/ay6 t"in/ abo!t t"is logi&ally# Eo! want

to go in de%t" in yo!r s%ee&"# How in de%t" are yo! going to be going wit"

S7< %oints in TH in!tesN Stay wit" twoDt"ree# 7 re&oend two only

be&a!se ref!tation is a 5KST in y boo/#

(inal .re%aration1#= T"e last &o!%le of days before a to!rnaent6 yo! s"o!ld %ra&ti&e

)erbaliing yo!r %oints# t in town to!rnaents6 7 e3te%oraneo!sly

%resented y s%ee&"es besides t"e first one on t"e do&/et >!st in &ase 7 "ad

to go towards t"e beginning and did not "a)e tie to &olle&t y t"o!g"ts=# t

national &ir&!it to!rnaents6 yo! s"o!ld %ra&ti&e saying t"e %oints t"at yo!

do "a)e %re%ared6 >!st in &ase yo! r!n t"e# t t"ese ty%es of to!rnaents6

yo! &annot afford to st!ble in s%ee&"es# @n to% of t"at6 "a)e %oints writtendown is one t"ing6 b!t being able to elo4!ently e3%lain t"e to a gro!% of

%eo%le is anot"er#

2#= Eo! also want to a/e s!re t"at yo! "a)e e)eryt"ing organied# T"at way6

yo! are not f!bling t"ro!g" ass ao!nts of %a%ers in ro!nd; it loo/s

in&redibly !n%rofessional# Ha)e yo!r e)iden&e organied by %ie&e of

legislation6 di)ided by affirati)eDnegati)e6 and any ot"er eans of filing

t"at yo! dee ne&essary# 7 "ad y own syste6 b!t as long as yo! &an find

files in a tiely fas"ion6 yo!8ll be good#$#= 9on8t be %redi&table# (or instan&e6 if yo! always r!n e&onoi& arg!ents6

try &onstit!tionality# 7n y last two years of Senate6 7 was able to easily

%redi&t t"e ty%es of arg!ents y biggest &o%etition "ad# Be&a!se of t"is6

78d literally "a)e %re?flows t"at said: Senator insert nae "ere=: 1#= .oint:

Bla" bla" bla" Blo&/: Bla" bla" bla" and so on# .#S# W"en %eo%le start

be&oing %redi&table6 t"is ay "el% yo!# 7 always do t"is before

to!rnaents=# 5i3 t"ings !%6 and always try new t"ings# 9on8t %lay it safe in

Congress# e)er get &ofortable#

#= Try %re?flowingA @t"er debates do it6 and 78)e ne)er !nderstood w"y

Congress /ids don8t !tilie it ore often# 7 always %re?flow t"e arg!ents 7

a aware of on bot" sides# 7 will t"en n!ber t"e# fterward6 7 will "a)e

&ertain %ie&es of e)iden&e n!bered and filed away !nder a tab for %re?

flowed e)iden&e# T"is way6 in ro!nd6 lets say soeone brings !% t"e fo!rt"

%oint yo! %re?flowed# Eo! re?read t"e blo&/ yo! wrote6 %!ll o!t t"e e)iden&e


9/28

t"at yo! filed t"at &orres%onds wit" yo!r fo!rt" %oint 78ll !s!ally %!t 7 giant

OP at t"e to% of it= so t"at yo! &an &ite and date it &orre&tly6 and B5# Eo!

"a)e an already organised arg!ent against t"e o%%osing side#

S%ee&" Str!&t!re7# ttention grabber#

# T"is &o!ld in&l!de a 4!ote6 fao!s saying6 or s"ort story#

B# )en better6 yo! &o!ld &onden t"e ot"er side ffirati)e Senators

s!&" as nae= and nae= s"o!ld be absol!tely as"aed t"at t"ey are trying

to i%leent a syste in w"i&" a/e it so!nd as terrible as %ossible=# T"is

is w"y 7 stand before yo! today Q##

C# s"ort ref!tation TH7S 7S 5E (V@K7T6 9 S@ G7T 7(E@K 5ST 7T=# #g# Senator soandso6 yo! stated in yo!r s%ee&" t"at

bla"bla"bla"6 b!t w"at yo!6 and ot"er negati)e senators fail to realise is t"at

bla"bla"bla"6 w"i&" is w"y 7 stand before yo! Q##

77# State yo!r side#

# .retty self e3%lanatory# Soet"ing to t"e effe&t of adies and

Gentleen of t"is St!dent Congress6 t"is is %re&isely w"y 7 stand before yo!

today in t"e strongest affirationDnegation on t"e resol!tionDbill Q#leadingto %art 777=#

777# .re)iew stateent#

# ssentially6 yo! s"o!ld "a)e ini tag lines for yo!r %oints# T"is way6

>!dges &an easily follow yo!r s%ee&"6 fellow senators /now w"at %oints yo!

will be a/ing to %re%are t"esel)es6 and it %ro)ides e3&ellent organisation

for yo!r s%ee&"# J!dges ne)er li/e s%ee&"es t"at are all o)er t"e %la&e#

B# .re)iew stateents &an be done as followed: #### for t"e followingtwo areas of analysis6 t"en 7 will o)e on to ref!ting soe of t"e affirati)eD

negati)e arg!ents bro!g"t !% in today8s debate# (irst6 bla"bla"6 and se&ond6

bla"bla"# ow o)ing on to y first area of analysis##I

7V# .oint @ne#

# e%eat yo!r tagline6 e)en t"o!g" yo! >!st said it ten se&onds ago#


10/28

B# 5o)e on to yo!r %oint#

V# .oint Two#

# e%eat %oint two8s tagline#

B# State yo!r %oint#

V7# ef!te ot"er senators#

# 7 will be doing an entire se&tion on "ow yo! &an effe&ti)ely do t"is

in any different fas"ions#

B# ll yo! need to /now for now is t"at yo! s"o!ld ref!te ot"ers at t"e

end# 7t will be t"e strongest6 ost i%a&ting %art of yo!r s%ee&"#

V77# Con&l!ding stateent#

# 5a/e s!re yo! restate w"at side yo! were on#B# 7 %ersonally did not do t"is6 b!t if yo!8re r!nning a bit s"ort on tie

yo! "a)e 20 se&onds to /ill=6 yo! &an 4!i&/ly reiterate yo!r %oints# #g# So

for t"e reasons of first tagline re%"rased= and se&ond tagline re%"rased= 7

stand before yo! today in t"e strongest negation# 7 ne)er did t"is only be&a!se

7 "ad so !&" ref!tation 7 "ad to &ra in#

C# T"e &lassi&: nd it is for t"ese reasons and ore t"at 7 stand in t"e

strongest affiration on t"e bill to bla"bla"= and 7 a now o%en for &ross

e3aination6 and if need6 %oints of &larifi&ation#


11/28

.resenting a good S%ee&"

.resentation in Congress is absol!tely i%erati)e for s!&&ess# 5ost %eo%le

generally stand be"ind a le&ternD %odi! or >!st stand in %la&e# @ne of y

strategies in Congress was to a/e s!re 7 wor/ed t"e roo# 7t /ee%s %eo%le8s

attention6 s"ows &oand of t"e &"aber6 &onfiden&e6 and it also loo/s

%olis"ed on&e yo! aster it# ssentially6 t"is is w"at 7 did:

W"en 7 was doing y 7ntro6 7 wo!ld be in t"e iddle of t"e &"aber:

T"en 78d slowly wal/ to t"e rig"t as 7 introd!&ed y first area of analysis:

T"en slowly wal/ to t"e left as 7 introd!&ed y se&ond area of analysis:

W"en ref!ting6 78d literally wal/ to t"at %erson8s side of t"e roo6 gest!re tot"e6 and loo/ t"e dire&tly in t"e eye# (or instan&e6 lets say 7 was ref!ting

Senator Sit"# 78d wal/ o)er to Senator Sit"8s side of t"e roo to address

and ref!te "is %oints#


12/28

T"en 78d want to ref!te6 say6 Senator Jo"nson# 78d t"en wal/ fro Senator

Sit"8s side of t"e roo to w"ere)er Senator Jo"nson sits#

e%eat as needed for "owe)er any Senators yo! are %lanning to ref!te#

fterward6 ret!rn to t"e iddle %art of t"e roo slowly w"ere yo! %resented

yo!r introd!&tion= to do yo!r &on&l!sion#

7t doesn8t end t"ere# 9!ring Cross 3aination6 %resentation is >!st as

i%ortant# J!dges still ta/e into &onsideration yo!r &ross e3aination

res%onses6 so reeber t"at %resentation is also i%ortant "ere# W"en t"e

.residing @ffi&er "as &alled on a fellow Senator to as/ yo! a &ross

e3aination 4!estion6 wal/ o)er to t"at %erson8s side of t"e roo6 listen6 and

gi)e t"e eye &onta&t not only w"ile t"ey are as/ing t"e 4!estion6 b!t as yo!are answering t"eirs# 9o t"is for e)ery &ross e3aination 4!estion t"at is

as/ed to yo!# Eo! really &oand t"e roo doing t"is#


13/28

Standing @!t

T"ere are any different ways to stand o!t fro t"e ot"er twenty or so

senators in yo!r roo# T"e only t"ing t"at yo! want to be &aref!l of is t"at

yo! are not &alling negati)e attention to yo!rself6 or being annoying# 7f yo!

do t"is6 >!dges6 as well as %otential allies 7 et a lot of good friends in

CongressA= will not en>oy yo!r %resen&e6 and )iew yo! in a negati)e lig"t#

1#= Ta/e &ontrol# W"en yo! first arri)e to yo!r ro!nd and t"ere are no >!dges

yet6 e)eryone is !s!ally a little !n&ertain as to w"at t"ey8re s!%%osed to do#@n to% of t"at6 e)eryone is !s!ally e3treely ner)o!s# Kse t"is to yo!r

ad)antage# Set yo!r st!ff down6 and say soet"ing to t"e effe&t of Hey

g!ysA 7n order to sa)e tie6 w"y don8t we do o!r .#@# le&tions nowN T"at

way6 we8ll be able to get in ore debate tieAI )eryone will agree6 and yo!

&an %ro&eed to &all for t"ose wis"ing to %reside6 gi)e t"e t"e $0 se&ond

s%ee&"es6 et W"en yo!8re t"e one &o!nting t"e )otes as t"e >!dgeDs &oe in6

t"e first i%ression t"ey "a)e of yo! will be yo! in front of t"e roo ta/ing

&"arge# T"ey /now t"at E@K /now w"at yo!8re doing#

2#= Be o)er %re%ared# Soeties6 t"e >!dges will not "a)e a &o%y of t"e

legislation# Ha)e a s%are &o%yA @r two##or t"ree##or fo!r### "a"a"a# 7f yo!8re

t"e one t"at is able to "el% o!t t"e >!dge if t"ey need it6 t"ey8ll a%%re&iate t"e

fa&t t"at yo! are trying to a/e it as easy as %ossible for t"e#

$#= @ffer to tie# 7f yo! are t"e tier of a ro!nd6 yo! are &onstantly

intera&ting wit" t"e >!dge by stating t"e tie of a s%ee&" after ea&" s%ee&"6 as

well as indi&ating t"e end of C


14/28

"a)ing a little bl!e6 %!r%le6 red6 et &an "el% yo! be eorable in t"e >!dges

"ead# Eo!8re in a roo filled wit" /ids# Eo! need to be reebered in order

to be ran/ed# Soeties "a)ing soet"ing a bit different abo!t yo! will "el%

yo! >!st a little bit# 78)e seen words on y ballots s!&" as blondeI tallI

a&&entI a&&ent %!r%le sweaterI blonde red s"irtI and t"ings to t"at effe&t#

7t8s "ard for >!dges to /ee% tra&/ of !s allA

'#= Be s!%er &o!rteo!s# Eo! want to be li/eableA 5a/e s!re t"at yo! are

%olite to e)eryone in t"e ro!nd6 w"et"er t"ey are re&i%ro&ating t"e %oliteness

or not# (or instan&e6 after t"e %residing offi&er "as &alled on s%ee&"es6 7

always say 7 t"an/ t"e &"airAI nd on y way towards wal/ing to t"e front

of t"e roo6 7 try to a/e t"ings easy for t"e >!dge by saying (or t"e >!dges

referen&e6 7 a Senator Barry6 s%ea/ing for t"e first6 se&ond6 t"ird= tie in

t"is session on t"e affirationDnegation=# t t"e leis!re of y >!dges6 >!stgi)e e a nod w"en yo!8re readyI# fter re&ei)ing nods fro all >!dges6 7

will state J!dgesN C"aberN .residing @ffi&erN ets beginI nd t"en go

into y s%ee&"# 7t8s good to ens!re t"at e)eryone is ready for yo! to begin6

w"ile also being %!t toget"er#


15/28

W"at to /now before a

to!rnaentT"ere are a few %ie&es of inforation t"at yo! s"o!ld be aware of before

&o%eting at a to!rnaent# 5ost &o%etitors don8t bot"er to /now t"is6 or

analye tie to t"eir ad)antage6 so if yo! are aware of e)eryt"ing t"at8s

"a%%ening6 it &an really "el% in Congress#

1#= Tie# #= T"ere will !s!ally be si3 "o!rs of debate at an in town

to!rnaent besides &o!nty and state=# ets say t"at a ro!nd was s!%%osed tobegin at -a6 b!t t"e >!dges do not arri)e till -#$0a# ow yo! will be able

to anno!n&e to t"e &"aber t"at we "a)e to go "alf an "o!r longer6 w"ile

soe %eo%le ay not be aware of t"e initial tie# B#= 7f yo! are gi)en a large

ao!nt of legislation and t"e do&/et "as been set for yo!6 oftenties yo! do

not need to intensely %re% on t"e last few %ie&es of legislation# 7 ean6

always find e)iden&e6 "a)e soe %oints written down6 et b!t if tie does

not allow yo! to get to t"ose %ie&es of legislation6 t"en yo! &an fo&!s on t"e

ones t"at yo! /now yo! will# Be&a!se yo! "a)e to s%end a ini! of t"irty

in!tes on ea&" %ie&e of legislation6 and yo! "a)e si3 "o!rs6 yo! /now t"at

yo! will rea&" a a3i! of twel)e %ie&es of legislation# 7f yo! "a)e

eig"teen %ie&es6 t"en yo! do not need to really worry abo!t t"irteen t"ro!g"

eig"teen# ote: @!t of town to!rnaents ty%i&ally do not assign do&/ets

besides Ber/eley= so yo! s"o!ld be e4!ally %re%ared for e)eryt"ing at t"is

to!rnaent#

2#= Lnow if t"ere is a do&/et# 7f it is set6 t"en Tie S!bse&tion B abo)e will

a%%ly to yo!# 7f t"ere is no do&/et6 t"en yo! /now t"at yo! s"o!ld bring a

%ro%osed do&/et wit" yo! to t"e to!rnaent6 as well as be e4!ally %re%aredon any gi)en %ie&e of legislation#

$#= Congressional debate to%i&s are ty%i&ally &!rrent e)ents# Be&a!se of t"is6

yo! s"o!ld wat&" t"e news religio!sly# 7f t"e news bores yo!6 t"en at least

wat&" it on&e a day t"e two wee/s before a forensi&s to!rnaent# T"ere "a)e

been &o!ntless ties in w"i&" 78d write down fa&ts gi)en fro t"e news6 and

t"en sear&" it online later to find a &itation and date# T"is will "el% yo! "a)e


16/28

t"e ost re&ent e)iden&e and %oints %ossible#

W"at to bring

t a to!rnaent6 yo! s"o!ld definitely bring t"e following ites:# 3%andosD binders W"ate)er way yo! find ost &on)enient to bring

yo!r e)iden&e in# Ha)e it organised so t"at yo! &an find yo!r inforation

4!i&/ly and easily# J!dges will see yo! in ro!nd6 so if yo! "a)e all of yo!r

st!ff s%read o!t e)eryw"ere in a big ess6 it won8t loo/ )ery %rofessional#

B# egal %ad 78 a strong %ro%onent of t"e legal %ad to flow on# 7t is

&on)enient and easy to !se in ro!nd6 and it loo/s ore %rofessional to bring

!% in front of t"e &"aber t"an a noteboo/ or >!st a rando %ie&e of %a%er#

C# Bla&/ folder Eo! don8t "a)e to o%en t"e bla&/ folder at all# J!st %la&e it

!nderneat" yo!r %a%ers and legal %ad to gi)e yo! a ore %olis"ed loo/ w"engi)ing s%ee&"es# 7t is !&" ore &lassy t"an >!st "olding %a%ers#

9# (low %ensD "ig"lig"ters T"is s"o!ld be a gi)en# 7 only write in bla&/

be&a!se 7 find it easier to read6 b!t w"ate)er wor/s for yo! is good#

Hig"lig"ters are an absol!te lifesa)er in Congress# ot only will a "ig"lig"t

e)iden&e t"at 7 need w"en gi)ing s%ee&"es6 b!t 7 also "a)e a s%e&ifi& &olo!r

for e)eryt"ing# (or instan&e6 if 7 %lan on ref!ting %eo%le6 7 will bo3 t"eir

arg!ent on y flow6 as well as y arg!ent against t"eirs in one &olo!r6

say bl!e# T"en w"en 7 o)e on to t"e ne3t %erson 7 wis" to ref!te6 78ll bo3t"eir inforation in anot"er &olo!r# 7t >!st a/es t"ings a lot easier w"en

yo!8re in t"e iddle of %resenting a s%ee&"#

# tierA s entioned earlier6 if yo! &an tie t"e ro!nd6 it will really "el%

yo! get noti&ed# 7t s"ows t"e fa&t t"at not only are yo! %re%ared eno!g" to

bring a tier6 b!t yo!8re also %arti&i%ating a little bit e3tra in t"e ro!nd by

gi)ing ties to a >!dge#

(# ga)el# 7f yo! wis" to %reside6 a ga)el is a !st# T"at way6 yo! are able to

a&&oodate to t"ose t"at wis" to re&ei)e ga)el signals and t"ose t"at wanttie signals# ote: 7f yo! are t"e %residing offi&er6 %olitely as/ ea&" s%ea/er

to state w"i&" ty%e of signals t"ey want before t"eir s%ee&"#

G# Bring two or t"ree bottles of waterA Eo! wo!ldn8t want to as/ for %oint of

%ersonal %ri)ilege be&a!se yo! need ore water before yo! gi)e a s%ee&"#

H# T"is is going to so!nd ridi&!lo!s6 b!t w"et"er yo! are a g!y or a girl6

bring a &obDbr!s" and li% balDli% gloss# Before yo! gi)e a s%ee&"6 a/e


17/28


18/28

Co!rt &ase ba&/ing t"at !%6 and sin&e t"e KS Congress does not inter%ret

&onstit!tionality6 t"e S!%ree Co!rt does6 it "as no bearing on today8s debate#

How to arg!e for &onstit!tionality:

7f t"e %ie&e of legislation is abo!t soet"ing being !n&onstit!tional6 %eo%le

on t"e affirati)e will %robably &ite aendents t"at &ontradi&t t"e to%i

Howe)er6 if yo! "a)e a S!%ree Co!rt Case %ro)ing t"at it 7S &onstit!tional6

or if t"ere "as been no r!ling by t"e S!%ree Co!rt on w"et"er it is

&onstit!tional or not6 t"en yo! &an !se t"at to %ro)e t"at t"e affirati)e "as

no gro!nds to a/e t"at %oint6 be&a!se again6 t"e KS Congress doesn8t

deterine &onstit!tionality#

"ot to%i& to bring !% in Congress is t"at a s%e&ifi& %ie&e of legislation

)iolates states rig"ts# 7f yo! are debating a %ie&e of legislation at t"e nationalle)el in w"i&" t"e federal go)ernent wo!ld not "a)e t"e >!risdi&tion to

i%leent6 t"en yo! s"o!ld definitely &all &onstit!tionality#

How to arg!e against %assing laws at t"e federal le)el: 7n Se&tion , .owers of

Congress6 it lists w"at areas t"e Congress &an and &annot %ass laws in regards

to# T"is ranges fro t"ings s!&" as war6 iigration6 t"e %ostal syste6 and

t"ings of t"is nat!re# ow"ere in Se&tion , does it allow t"e Congress to

a/e laws regarding w"ate)er to%i& yo!8re debating=# s a res!lt6 t"e federalgo)ernent doesn8t "a)e t"e >!risdi&tion to e)en &onsider %assing said

legislation#

How to arg!e for %assing laws at t"e federal le)el: 7n Jo"n o&/e8s So&ial

Contra&t6 it e3%lains "ow &itiens in a res%e&ti)e nation gi)e !% soe of t"eir

rig"ts in order to be f!lly %rote&ted !nder t"e go)ernent# Be&a!se states

"a)e not been res%onsible6 nor "a)e ta/en a&&o!ntability for t"eir a&tions6 t"e

federal go)ernent is for&ed to ste% in# Be&a!se it is in t"e best interest of t"e

&onstit!ten&y6 it is needed; "en&e6 >!stifiable in so&iety# 7f anyone &ross?38s

yo!6 yo! &o!ld e)en &o%are it to "ow t"e federal go)ernent was for&ed to

ste% into ed!&ation wit" t"e o C"ild eft Be"ind &t6 "ow t"e federal

go)ernent was for&ed into inter)ening wit" "ealt" &are be&a!se t"e states

were not %roa&ti)ely ta/ing t"e ste%s needed in order to f!n&tion wit"

effi&ien&y and e4!ity6 et


19/28

7f yo! don8t /now too !&" abo!t Jo"n o&/e8s So&ial Contra&t and its role

in t"e &reation of t"e Constit!tion6 "ere is a little bit of ba&/gro!nd:

5any ais of t"e Constit!tion were to fi3 t"e fail!res of t"e rti&les of

Confederation# T"e 9e&laration of 7nde%enden&e addresses t"e ab!ses t"at

o&&!r fro bad go)ernent leaders"i%# T"e list !ses %"iloso%"i&al arg!ents

fro any %"iloso%"ers6 b!t ainly Jo"n o&/e# 7t essentially en!erates

w"at freedos t"at t"e go)ernent !st %ro)ide for its &itiens6 as well as

"ow t"e &itiens s"o!ld &ontrol t"e go)ernent# Jefferson e)en !sed Jo"n

o&/e8s Se&ond Treatise of Ci)il Go)ernentI %!blis"ed in 1*-0 to

e%"asie t"e go)ernent8s role of foring a so&ial &ontra&t between t"e

leaders of a state and its &itiens# T"oas Jefferson !sed o&/e8s %"rase:

life6 liberty6 and %!rs!it of %ro%ertyI to e3%lain t"e goal of t"e &o!ntry8s

go)ernent infrastr!&t!re#

HintA

W"en 7 was a Senior6 7 too/ 7B Go)ernent in s&"ool# Knfort!nately6 it

&o)ers !ro%ean and atin eri&an go)ernent6 not KS Go)ernent# lso6

s&"ools ty%i&ally "a)e st!dents ta/e . KS Go)ernent and .oliti&s as a

Senior# So "ere is a %ie&e of ad)i&e# 9o w"at 7 did6 and read a re)iew boo/6

w"et"er it be a .rin&eton e)iew or a La%lan boo/# 7t gi)es yo! a lot ofinsig"t6 and &an be an absol!te lifesa)erA


20/28

)iden&e )alidity arg!ents

Too any Senators a/e t"e fatal ista/e to as/ abo!t e)iden&e )alidity in

&ross e3aination# T"is in&l!des so!r&es6 dates6 and t"e reliability of so!r&es#7 &an g!arantee to yo! t"at t"is is a T@T WST @( T75# s/ a &ross?3

4!estion t"at will a&t!ally be of ad)antage to yo! in yo!r s%ee&" w"i&" will

be e3%lained later on in t"e an!al=# 7f yo! !st6 bring !% e)iden&e )alidity

in s%ee&"es#

7 %ersonally belie)e t"at e)iden&e )alidity is /ind of a %etty arg!ent# 7f

soeone is &iting Wi/i%edia6 or "as no e)iden&e at all6 78 %retty s!re t"at t"e

>!dge will %i&/ !% on t"at as o%%osed to yo! t"at will "a)e any %retty little

&itations :9=# Howe)er6 if yo! really want to reiterate t"e fa&t t"at yo!r side"as by far !&" ore s!bstantial gro!nds6 "ere is "ow 7 wo!ld go abo!t it:

.oint o!t in yo!r s%ee&" ot"er Senators on yo!r side w"o "a)e &ited S!%ree

Co!rt &ases6 e&onoi& st!dies6 4!otes fro Senators6 ew Eor/ Ties

e)iden&e fro last wee/6 et T"en yo! &an literally say t"at t"e o%%osing

side "as %ro)ided no e%iri&al or s!bstantial e)iden&e to %ro)e any of t"eir

&lais# T"at t"ey "a)e &ited no reso!r&es6 w"i&" &o%letely dis&redits t"eir

arg!ents# T"en yo! &an %oint o!t t"e fa&t t"at yo! "a)e %ro)ided a st!dyfro t"e Cato 7nstit!te6 an &onoist arti&le6 and a re%ort fro t"e Wall

Street Jo!rnal6 all dated wit"in a ont"#

Ba# Wit"o!t wasting a %etty &ross?3 4!estion s!&" as W"ere did yo! find

yo!r e)iden&eNI W"at is yo!r e)iden&e datedNI or 9o yo! "a)e any

e)iden&e to &ite for t"e n!bers yo! %ro)idedNI Eo! don8t e)en gi)e t"ose

s%ea/ers t"e o%%ort!nity to &ite t"eir so!r&es if t"ey forgot6 or loo/ r!de for

as/ing t"e for e)iden&e if t"ey ob)io!sly "ad none# 7n yo!r s%ee&"6 yo! >!stdis&redit t"ose s%ea/ers as a w"ole by saying t"at yo!r side "as ore gro!nds

fro %ro)iding real n!bers and st!dies#

7n regards to bias6 again6 e3%lain w"y (o3 ews is biased in yo!r s%ee&" if

yo! !st# 9on8t waste &ross?3 tie on it# 78 not t"e biggest fan of %ointing

o!t bias6 be&a!se yo! s"o!ld be fo&!sing on ref!ting t"e a&t!al arg!ents# :=


21/28

Bill )s# resol!tion arg!ents7n &ase yo! didn8t /now6 78ll briefly e3%lain t"e basi& differen&e between a bill

and a resol!tion# bill is a %ie&e of legislation t"at s"o!ld be s%e&ifi 7t

needs to %ro)ide all of t"e sti%!lations in order to be effe&ti)ely ena&ted into

so&iety# T"is in&l!des w"en it s"o!ld be i%leented6 w"o is enfor&ing it6

w"ere t"e f!nding is &oing for6 and t"ings of t"is nat!re# resol!tion is a

%ie&e of legislation in w"i&" yo! wo!ld be debating t"e idea of said

legislation# 7t does not need to %ro)ide s%e&ifi& inforation# Eo!8re si%ly

debating w"et"er it wo!ld be benefi&ial or not in so&iety# (or instan&e6 if yo!

are debating a resol!tion to i%leent gay arriage6 yo! &o!ld say it was a

great idea; t"at it %ro)ides e4!ality6 et 7f yo! were debating a bill to

i%leent gay arriage6 yo!8d t"en be able to debate "ow yo! &an8t instit!tet"e legislation as it is be&a!se it )iolates Se&tion , .owers of Congress as

aforeentioned6 it )iolates t"e %owers of t"e KS Congress6 "as to be done at

t"e state le)el=#

esol!tion arg!ents are %retty self e3%lanatory# 9ebate t"e as %er !s!al6

b!t if yo! are on t"e negati)e side6 yo! &annot arg!e t"at it is not s%e&ifi&

eno!g" t"at it doesn8t in&l!de t"ings s!&" as a tie frae6 f!nding6 et= 7t

"as no to%i&ality6 and yo! will loo/ li/e a noob w"o "as no idea "ow to doCongress#

7f yo! are debating a bill6 and yo! stand on t"e negati)e side6 yo! s"o!ld

definitely !se t"e flaws in t"e bill to yo!r ad)antage# @n !lti%le debate

ballots6 >!dges "a)e &oented on "ow t"ey li/e y line?by?line

dis&rediting of t"e bill itself# iterally e3%lain w"y t"e sti%!lations are

illogi&al#

Tie frae: ets say for instan&e yo!8re debating instit!ting a state lottery6

and t"e legislation wis"es it to be ena&ted iediately !%on %assage#

U!estion if t"is is eno!g" tie to draft r!les and reg!lations6 "ire wor/ers6

&reate t"e a&t!al infrastr!&t!re itself6 et

nfor&eent: 5a/e s!re it is t"e de%artentDs wit"in t"e go)ernent

enfor&ingA 7f not6 definitely &all t"at o!tA 7f it "as no eans of enfor&eent6

t"en e3%lain "ow t"e bill wo!ld not be effe&ti)e be&a!se t"ere is no


22/28

a&&o!ntability#

9efinitions: 7f %ro)ided6 a/e s!re t"ey are &orre&tA 7f t"ey aren8t6 &all it o!t

in yo!r s%ee&"A

WS 7 C@(7CT: T"is is o)erloo/ed S@ 5KCH# @ne of y !ltra

se&rets was to loo/ !% siilar laws and see if t"ey were in &onfli&t# (or

instan&e6 7 don8t reeber t"e s%e&ifi& to%i&6 b!t 7 debating soet"ing t"at

wanted to eliinate a s%e&ifi& se&tion of t"e ta3 &ode# Howe)er6 w"at @

@ S 7 TH @K9 noti&ed was t"at in t"at sae se&tion6 it

reg!lated so&ial se&!rity6 f!nds in federal ele&tions6 edi&areDedi&aid6 and

t"ings to t"at effe&t# 7f yo! &an find laws in &onfli&t6 it will definitely a/e

yo!r s%ee&" !ni4!e6 eorable6 b!t ost i%ortantly6 irref!table ;=#


23/28

ef!ting %oints

s entioned earlier in t"is an!al6 ref!tation is a 5KST in y boo/#

Be&a!se of t"is6 a/e s!re yo! dedi&ate at least a in!te of yo!r s%ee&"towards addressing ot"er Senators# 9!ring ro!nd6 t"ere are a &o!%le of /ey

t"ings t"at yo! need to reeber:

1#= Lee% tra&/ of Senator8s last naes# W"ile >!dges are getting set !%6 yo!

&o!ld e)en go aro!nd and as/ %eo%le8s last naes if yo! aren8t s!re in town

only6 o!t of town t"ey ty%i&ally a/e a T?&"art on t"e board to write down

last naes=# T"is way6 d!ring t"e ro!nd6 yo! are able to &all indi)id!al %eo%le

o!t in yo!r s%ee&"# T"is &o!ld be fro a s%ee&"6 or e)en a Senator as/ing a

&ross?e3aination 4!estion#

2#= 5a/e it %ersonable# 9on8t do t"e generi& Soe affirati)e s%ea/ers said

t"at bla"bla"bla"I# iterally &all %eo%le o!t# fter y se&ond area of

analysis6 78d o)e on to ref!ting senators# So literally wal/ to t"at senator8s

side of t"e roo6 gest!re to t"e6 and gi)e t"e eye &onta&t# Kse t"e

%rono!n yo!I#

#g# Senator Sit"6 7 !nderstand w"ere yo! are &oing fro in saying t"at

bla"bla"bla"6 "owe)er w"at yo! fail to realise is bla"bla"bla"#

$#= Kse &ross?e3aination 4!estions to yo!r ad)antage# )en if t"ey weren8t

&ross?3 4!estions t"at yo! s%e&ifi&ally as/ed6 !se it to strengt"en yo!r side# 7t

will deonstrate t"e fa&t t"at yo! "a)e been a&ti)ely listening to bot" sides6

b!t yo! are ad)o&ating for soet"ing t"at yo! tr!ly belie)e in#

#g# Senator 5artine6 yo! stated in yo!r s%ee&" t"at bla"bla"bla"6 and

Senator Willias arg!ed t"is sae %oint; "owe)er6 "e &on&eded in &ross?

e3aination to Senator Jo"n by e3%laining t"at bla"bla"bla"# T"erefore6 yo!r%oint does not "a)e any gro!nds in today8s debate#

#= Be di%loati 7n Congress6 it is not wise to be &o%letely one sided# Kse

%"rases s!&" as 7 !nderstand w"ere t"e negati)e is &oing fro in saying

t"at bla"bla"bla"; "owe)er6 w"at yo! f!ndaentally "a)e to realise is t"at

bla"bla"bla"#I e)er be r!de to ot"er Senators# 3%lain t"at t"o!g" t"e


24/28

affirati)e does "a)e t"e best of intentions6 t"ey go abo!t fi3ing t"is %roble

in t"e wrong annerI or soet"ing to t"at effe&t#

'#= KS C@5.@57S# 7f yo! &an aster t"is strategy6 it will gi)e yo!

s!&" an ad)antage bot" in and o!t of town# ssentially "ow yo! do t"is is by

ad)o&ating one s%e&ifi& %ie&e of legislation6 w"ile letting t"e o%%osing side

"a)e t"eir way in t"e f!t!re# (or instan&e6 e3%lain t"at t"ere definitely needs

to be a %lan of a&tion towards &obating Ow"ate)er %robleP6 b!t &annot be

%assed rig"t now d!e to t"e fa&t t"at Ot"e bill doesn8t a%%ro%riate f!nding6

t"ere8s no enfor&eent6 wo!ld not be effe&ti)e rig"t now d!e to bla"bla"6 we

need to &reate infrastr!&t!re in order to ens!re it wo!ld be effe&ti)e6 and t"e

legislation does not &reate t"at6 et


25/28

Cross e3aination 4!estions

W"en as/ing &ross?3 4!estions6 a/e s!re t"at t"ey "a)e a %!r%ose# 9o not

stand for t"e sa/e of standing6 b!t a/e s!re t"at t"ey will strategi&ally "el%yo! in yo!r s%ee&"# 7n order to do t"is6 yo! need to as/ &ross?e3aination

4!estions in a s%e&ifi& anner in order to a/e s!re t"at t"e s%ea/er answers

it in t"e way t"at yo! want t"e to# T"at way6 yo! &an ani%!late t"e

answers t"at t"ey %ro)ide#

7 &an8t e3%li&itly tell yo! "ow to as/ ea&" and e)ery single &ross e3aination

4!estion t"at yo! as/# Howe)er6 7 &an gi)e yo! a few %ointers as to "ow to

a/e t"e ore %olis"ed6 and "el% yo! stand o!t:

1#= Gest!re to t"e s%ea/er d!ring t"e &ross?e3aination 4!estion# Gi)e t"e

eye &onta&t6 and tr!ly address t"e# 7t "onestly does "el% yo! stand o!t#

2#= s/ 4!estions t"at tr!ly atta&/ t"eir %oints# 9on8t as/ abo!t w"ere t"ey got

t"eir e)iden&e or to re%"rase t"eir %oint6 et T"at way6 yo! &an address t"at

&ross?e3aination 4!estion in yo!r s%ee&" #

$#= 9on8t as/ a 4!estion abo!t soet"ing t"at t"ey didn8t address in t"eirs%ee&"# 7t a/es it a%%ear as if yo! weren8t a&t!ally listening to t"eir &ontent#

@b)io!sly &ross?e3aination is i%ortant# Eo! want to stand o!t in ro!nd as

well as s"ow&ase yo!r brilliant debating s/ills# .arti&i%ation is &r!&ial in

Congress# T"is is w"y 7 "a)e t"is strategy:

ffirati)e egati)e

Barry Sit"

Walters Jo"nson

S&"idt Willia

ets %retend t"at yo! are Senator Barry# Eo! "a%%en to gi)e t"e first s%ee&"


26/28

on t"is to%i Eo! t"en &ross?e3ained Senator Sit"# Eo! now "a)e lower

&3 %riorityD re&en&y6 so yo! do not stand to &ross?e3aine Senator Walters#

Be&a!se t"ey are on t"e sae side6 it is not i%erati)e t"at yo! as/ t"at

senator a 4!estion# lso6 if yo! "a%%en to be &alled on6 yo! will not be able to

&ross?e3aine t"e ne3t negati)e s%ea/er6 Senator Jo"nson# So 9@ @T stand

for t"e ne3t %erson w"o gi)es a s%ee&" on t"e sae side as yo! V# T"is

way6 yo! "a)e &3 %riorityDre&en&y to as/ Senator Jo"nson a 4!estion# Eo! &an

t"en stand and "a)e a 4!estion %re%ared for Senator S&"idt6 b!t &"an&es are

t"at yo! won8t be able to as/ yo!r 4!estion# T"en yo! will stand to as/

Senator Willia a 4!estion6 and yo! will ost li/ely be able to t"is tie#

T"is strategy "el%s yo! &ross?e3aine t"e o%%osing side t"at will !ltiately

benefit yo! in t"e long r!n d!ring t"is ro!nd# :=


27/28

5ain otions to /now

T"ere are two ain t"ings yo! s"o!ld /now abo!t ain otions:

1#= TH @ SKS.97G TH KS# @ ority# Ees#

ise to a %oint

of orderD

%arliaentary%ro&ed!re#

Corre&t a

%arliaentar

y error oras/ a

4!estion tot"e &"air#

o# o# o# 9e&ision of

t"e &"air#

Ees#

9i)ision oft"e &"aber#

Verify a)oi&e )ote#

o# o# o# 9e&ision oft"e &"air#

Ees#
http://www.nflonline.org/http://www.nflonline.org/


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es&ind# e%eal a

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.re)io!s

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b!siness tot"e &"aber#

Ees# Ees# Ees# 5a>ority# o#

how to: congress

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