Citing and Referencing

in APA Style(American Psychological Association )

This presentation is based on the description of APA found in this book:

(available in the library, shelfmark JJE)

Citing vs Referencing

in-text citations

Citing vs Referencing

references

In-Text Citations in APA

CITING in-text: the basics

The basic citation that you will use most of the time:

Recent research in herbology(Longbottom, 2013) has shown that…

(Surname, YEAR)

… as shown in its annual report (Ministry of Magic, 2016) …

CITING in-text : the basics

If you have used the name of the author within the sentence, take it out of the brackets:

(YEAR) In his recent article, Neville Longbottom (2013) found that…

… as the Ministry of Magic’s annual report showed (2016) …

CITING in-text : the basics

Conversely, if you have used the year within the sentence, you can take it out of the brackets:

(Surname)In this 2013 article (Longbottom), it was noted that…

… as the 2016 annual report showed (Ministry of Magic) …

Citing Multiple Authors

For words with one or two authors, include all names in every in-text citation:

(Surname1, YEAR)

Recent research in herbology(Longbottom, 2013) has shown…

(Surname1 & Surname2, YEAR)

This important discovery (Weasley& Potter, 1999) was done…

Citing Multiple Authors

For works with three to five authors, include all names in the first in-text citations but used et al. for subsequent citations:

(Surname1, Surname2 & Surname3, YEAR)

This survey (Bones et al., 1992) was later the basis of…

Then: (Surname1 et al., YEAR)

In a ground breaking survey (Bones, Crouch, & Bagman, 1992)…

Citing Multiple Authors

For works with six or more authors, abbreviate to the first author name for all in-text citations:

This demonstrated something new (Flamel et al., 1992).

(Surname1 et al., YEAR)

The earliest report (Snape, n.d.) showed that…

(Surname, n.d.)

No date available

If you don’t know the year of publication, you can write n.d. (for “no date”) instead.

In text:

Reference List:Snape, S. (n.d.). School report. Hogsmeade: Hogswart Press.

Quotations

Short quotations are enclosed in quotation marks.

Grubby-Plank (2014, p. 587) states that ‘a good blast-ended skrewt is a dead blast-ended skrewt’.

Quotations

Longer quotations are separated from the text.

Scamander (2001, p. 35) in discussing the Common Welsh Green states that

This dragon blends well with the lush grass of its homeland, though it nests in the higher mountains, where a reservation has been established for its preservation.

Quotations

If you quote something directly, or if you paraphrase a specific page of a text, then

you have to mention the page number the quote is from.

Adding Page Numbers

Here is how to add a page number or a range of pages to your citation:

(Surname, YEAR, p. XX)

In a recent study Sinistra (2015, pp. 26-29) argued that…

… which proved this obscure point definitively (Bagshot, 1986, p. 867).

(Surname, YEAR, pp. XX-XX)

Adding Page Numbers

If pagination details are unavailable (i.e. on an eBook), use the chapter, section, and paragraph numbers…

(Surname, YEAR, Chapter X, Section Y, para. Z)

… which proved this obscure point definitively (Bagshot, 1986, Chapter 8, Section 12, para. 8).

Her study of the refereeing process (Weasley, 2012a) proved an important point. However this other case study (Weasley, 2012b) is also interesting.

Distinguishing Identical Citations

If several citations could be mixed up (same surname, same year), distinguish them by allocating lower case letters in alphabetical order after the publication date.

In text:

Reference List:Weasley, G. (2012a). The refereeing process in Quidditch. London: Leaky Cauldron Press.Weasley, R. (2012b). Chudley Cannons vs. Referrees of the world: a study. London: Leaky Cauldron Press.

Secondary Reference

To cite a document cited in another one, use the phrase “as cited in” and give the page number.

There was further evidence to support researchers’ views on genetic abnormalities in frogs through Kettleburn’s work (as cited in Hagrid, 2007, p.82).

Referencing in APA

Referencing a book

Referencing a book

Surname, I. (YEAR). Title of the book. Town: Publisher.

Burbage, C. (2002). Non-Magical populations of the UK. London: Leaky Cauldron Press.

Department of Mysteries (2008). Of the lasting preservation of prophecies. London: Ministry for Magic.

Authors’ names

You have to write every authors’ names up to seven.

Black, P., Dippet, A., Derwent, D., & Everard, P. (1978). Headmasters’ Secrets. London: Flourish & Blotts.

Authors’ names

If you have more than seven authors, use an ellipsis between the 6th and the last names.

Malfoy, D., Malfoy, L., Rookwood, A., Carrow, A., Macnair, W., Lestrange, R. … Dolohov, A.(2015). Death Eaters: Real life tales of darker times. London: Flourish & Blotts.

If the book has an editor, use her name + (Ed.) or (Eds.) for plural instead of the author.

Bogrod, G. (Ed.). (1994). International Wizarding Banking Strategies. London: Gringotts Press.

Editors’ names

Figg, A. and Filch, A. (Eds.). (2003) They should have been wizards: a history of forgotten squibs. Hogsmeade: Scrivenschaft’s.

If this is not a first edition, add the edition number.

Different Editions

Bagshot, B. (1937). A History of Magic (3rd ed.). Godric’s Hollow: Godric’s Press.

For eBooks, mention the DOI or URL you downloaded the eBook from:

About eBooks

Cresswell, D. (1994). Liaising with goblins. Retrived from http://www.ministryofmagic.co.uk/BeastsBeingsSpirits/54/Goblins/

Referencing a Book Chapter

Referencing a Book Chapter

SurnameAuthor, I. (YEAR). Title of the chapter. In I. SurnameEditor (Ed.) Title of the book (pp. XX-XX). Town: Publisher.

Bagshot, B. (1937). The Goblins’ rebellion In A History of Magic (3rd ed., pp. 364-412). Godric’sHollow: Godric’s Press.

Weasley, P. (1997). New standards for cauldron thickness. In B. Crouch (Ed.) International Magical Cooperation: the basics (pp. 112-117). London: Ministry of Magic.

A Paper in a Collection

NameAuthor, I. (YEARpaper). Title of the paper. In I. NameEditor (Ed.) Title of the book (pp. XX-XX). Town: Publisher, YEARbook.

Freud, S. (1920). Beyond the pleasure principle. In The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud.Vol.18 (pp. 3-64). London: Hogarth Press, 1955.

Referencing an article

Referencing an article

Surname, I. (YEAR). Title of the article. Name of the Journal, Volume(Issue), xx-xx.

Dumbledore, A. (1943). Twelve uses of dragon blood. International Journal of Transfiguration, 135(2), 22-47.

Referencing an article

You can also add the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) at the end of the reference.

Horch, E.P. and Zhou, J. (2012). Charge-coupled device speckle observations of binary stars. Astronomical Journal, 136, 312-322. doi: 10.1088/0004-6256/136/1/312

Referencing a Web Page

Surname, I. (YEAR) Title of the web page. Retrieved from URL.

Referencing a Web Page

Rowling, J.K. (n.d.) How the wizarding world works. Retrieved from https://www.pottermore.com/ collection/jk-rowling-how-the-wizarding-world-works

Surname, I. (YEAR) Title of the blog post [Blog post]. Retrieved from URL.

Referencing a Web Page

Storie, C. (2016). A very happy belated birthday to Rebeus Hagrid [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2016/12/07/a-very-happy-belated-birthday-to-rubeus-Hagrid/

Good luck with your referencing!

For more information, have a look at the information skills

Moodle page!

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