how the nano “revolution” happened
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How The Nano “Revolution” Happened. 0.000000001. Kasetsart University November, 2004. But first, what is nano?. 1 nm = 1 × 10 -9 m 500 nm Visible Light ( blue-green ) 1 Å = 1 × 10 -10 m typical chemical bond (1.5 Å) 1 Å = 0.1 nm. 1.09 Å. 0.154 nm. C. 1.54 Å. H. C. H. C. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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How The Nano “Revolution” Happened
Kasetsart UniversityNovember, 2004
0.000000001
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But first, what is nano?
1 nm = 1 × 10-9 m500 nm Visible Light (blue-green)1 Å = 1 × 10-10 m typical chemical
bond (1.5 Å)1 Å = 0.1 nm
1.54 Å0.154 nm
C
C
CC H
0.109 nm
H
1.09 Å
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Does the Language of Units Matter?
Body temperature 100oF 37oC = “hot”1 foot = about the size of your foot! No such
simple, physiological reference for the meter (about the length of your leg?)
1000 mL = a lot easier for chemists to imagine than 1 dm3
1 atm = a lot easier to imagine than 101,325 Pa
The discipline of Chemistry often loses the battle of language. The nano revolution is yet another such case, because the natural “unit” of Chemistry is the Angstrom.
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More Syllables
Angstrom = 2 syllablesNanometer = 4 syllables
So….old people, who have learned that no one listens anyway, prefer Angstrom to Nanometers.
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Anyway, something happens at ~1 nm
Technical Interface
Social Impact
Quantum vs. Classical
Molecular View vs. Materials View
Molecule vs. “device”
Learn fundamentals vs. Learn Toolbox
Chemists & Chemical Engineers vs. Materials Scientists & Engineers
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Example: CdSeZnS quantum dots
http://smb.chem.ucla.edu/research/nc.htm
Absorption & emission of 5 different sizes
Dispersed in toluene. These particles have many advantages over conventional fluorophores—not easily bleached, broad excitation spectrum, narrow & tunable emission, long fluorescence lifetimes.
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Gold particles made by alfalfa, a forage crop
http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/research/highlights_archive/alfalfa.htmlGardea-Torresdey UTEP
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A Brief History of Nano
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Richard P. Feynmanhttp://www.feynmanonline.com/The Feynman Lectures on Physics
“There is plenty of room at the bottom.”
December, 1959, exposition of just how much might be achieved by focusing on the enormous gap between the nano world and the big world.
•This talk was a social function—an after dinner talk.•Replication of machines, each smaller than parent.•Information on head of pin and in head of pin.
Who knows the word “pin”?
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1/16”=1.5875 mm= 1,587,500 nm=15,875,000 Å
1/32”=0.79375 mm=793,750 nm=7,937,500 Å
Pin head volume: 1.6 × 1018 Å3
Age of universe in seconds: ~3 x 1017
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Miniaturization at the dawn of the space age is not as we
now imagine.Miniaturization was on everybody’s mind,
following Sputnik – small guidance systems, radios, control systems.
“That’s nothing. That’s the most primitive, halting step in the direction I intend to discuss.”
“Why cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Brittanica on the head of a pin?”
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This requires the text to be reduced by 25,000 times.
Each letter then would then be several tens of atoms large.
“…there is no question that there is enough room on the head of a pin to put all of the Encyclopedia Britannica.”
Visual approach: simply shrink the text.
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Coded approach: dots and dashes, e.g. let A -
Also: the pin has a finite thickness; we can use that,
too. Voxel = 3-D pixel125 atoms
All information in all the world’s 24 million books (in 1959) will now fit into the head of a pin.
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A billion tiny lathes
Feynman raised the idea that a machine could make a replica of itself, only smaller.
Then, the smaller machine could make a replica of itself.
And so on and so on…Feynman allowed that such machines might
one day manipulate just small number of atoms, and he didn’t worry much about thermal vibration—the kT problem.
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The Two Feynman Prizes
“And I want to offer another prize…of (a thousand dollars) to the first guy who makes an operating electric motor – a rotating electric motor which can be controlled from the outside and, not counting the lead-in wires, is only 1/64th inch cube.”
1/64th inch = 0.4 mm = 400 m = 400,000 nm
The first was for reducing information on a page by 25,000 times, so it could be read by an electron microscope.
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William McClellan’s award-winning motor…but it broke no new ground. It is just a conventional motor, made very small using galvanometer wire and assembled under a microscope.
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K. Eric Drexler, “author, theoretical researcher, and policy advocate focused on emerging technologies and their consequences for the future.” -- The Foresight Institute
http://www.foresight.org/FI/Drexler.html
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About Drexler• Almost my age.• Spent part of his youth in Denver, my home
town.• Obviously, having a career of higher impact! • I do not know how much science he has
actually done. He clearly thinks about science a lot.
• Maybe compare to Leo Szilard of a previous generation? (Szilard thought about nuclear weapons and their social implications.)
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Anyway, the point is…• Drexler was interested in space colonization during his
MIT years (1970’s).• Began to think of ways to make machines that
manipulate matter – e.g., why not a nanomachine that converts grass to meat to replace this “machine” in the “big world”?
• In the 1970’s the best manipulators of molecules were the biotech people, so why not imagine proteins—maybe synthetic—that would follow codes—maybe like DNA—to do what we want?
• Drexler’s ideas were independent of Feynman, whose 1959 banquet speech was, by that time, largely forgotten.
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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 78, No. 9, pp. 5275-5278, September 1981
Chemistry section
Molecular engineering: An approach to the development of general capabilities for molecular manipulation
KEY WORDS: molecular machinery/protein design/synthetic chemistry/computation/tissue characterization
K. Eric Drexler
Space Systems Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
Communicated by Arthur Kantrowitz, June 4, 1981
ABSTRACT: Development of the ability to design protein molecules will open a path to the fabrication of devices to complex atomic specifications, thus sidestepping obstacles facing
conventional microtechnology . This path will involve construction of molecular machinery able to position reactive groups to atomic precision. It could lead to great advances in computational
devices and in the ability to manipulate biological materials. The existence of this path has implications for the present.
“it seems difficult to maintain that nonprotein machine components cannot be built and assembled”
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Big world Function Bio/nano world
Struts, beams
Transmit force, hold positions
Microtubules, cellulose
Cables Transmit tension
Collagen, silk
Motors Convert energy to motion
Flagella
Containers Hold things Vesicles, cells
Programmed control
Store & read programs
Genetic system
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Clinton/Gore
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What did Feynman think of Drexler?
“That’s simple stuff. It’s obvious. Why doesn’t he work on something difficult?”
*according to author Ed Regis, Feynman was a guest at a Drexler party, and was asked what he thought by another guest, who was unaware that he was that Richard
Feynman.
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US Government Studies1995It is unclear which fabrication method will best
succeed… Areas that are important…include:
• Macromolecular design and folding• Self-assembly methods• Catalysis• Dendrimers, fullerenes and other novel
structures• Bioenergetics, nanobatteries, and
ultrasound-driven chemistry• Semiconductoro-organic/biological interfaces• Miniaturization and massive parallelization of
(surface force microscopy)• Molecular modeling tools
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1995• “Demonstration of assembly, control of
chemistry and practical component and integration are important.”
• Produce material parts at nanoscale• Process the parts into components• Order the components and interconnect• Control massive collection of miniature
parts and systems• Provide power
How to coordinate such an effort among NSF, NIH, DARPA, NIST, Industry?
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Dangers
• Lethal and specific poisons• Potent drugs/new forms of drug
abuse• Uncontrollable viruses• Sabotage by miniature robotic
attackers• Competition with superior artificial
intelligence
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2001 Report: A broader technology report, with a more realistic, limited approach with benefits in the short
term • Clothes that respond to weather, interface
with information systems, monitor health and deliver medicines, protect wounds.
• Personal identification & security.• Buildings and cars that adjust to weather. • Integration of chemical, fluidic, optical
and mechanical systems with biological functions and computer logic.
• Artificial tissue growth for heart, blood vessels.
• Functional materials—e.g., polypeptides.
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2001 – broader impacts
• Accelerating pace of technology—lifelong learning. • Increasing interdisciplinarity. • Competition—e.g., with EU (in 1995, the concern
seemed to be Japan). • Reduced privacy.• Too much knowledge: if nanosensors of brain
function teach us how we form false memories, will we have to know the mental state of a witness in a murder trial?
• Nanorobots--”…it seems unlikely that macro-scale objects could be constructed using molecular manufacturing within the 2015 timeframe.”
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Some Impressions of Nano
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STM image of DNA
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Nanowires from electrodeless reduction of Ag onto DNA. The wires get thicker with
each exposure to the AgNO3 solution.
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We’re a long way from self-replicating, reducing machines.
Top-down, lithography,epitaxy, etc.
Bottom-up,chemical assembly
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Should it win a Feynman Prize ?
IBM spelled out using 35 atoms of Xe
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Another Classic Nanophoto from IBM
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Nanotechnology viewpoints
• Nanoscience may viewed in many ways.
• Some people think it is all hype!• Some people think it distracts from
the fundamental studies that got us this far.
• Some people don’t care—just want a job!
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My provisional viewpoint
• Some of Nano is definitely hype. • So what? Take the money and have fun!• Science has always oscillated between
opportunistic exploration and fundamental studies. That the pendulum has swung towards exploration and away from basics science is no cause for alarm.
• Students should still learn fundamentals so they can be ready for the next trend (and not make idiots of themselves during this trend cycle).
• The emergence of Nano probably is a symptom of the aging of Chemistry—or maybe Chemistry remaking itself.
I am still not sure!
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Chemistry as we know it
Needs periodic table!
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Many new Nano alphabets?
• Dendrimergenerations
• Fullerenes: C60, C70, etc. • Even silica particles of different
sizes???• Various nano-rods• DNA parts with complementary
“glue”ATGCTACG
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We Hobbits can ride the great shoulders of the ents.
http://fan.theonering.net/middleearthtours/ents.html
While it is helpful to know as much as possible of the past, perhaps the immediate future belongs to visionaries who know how to put together capabilities.
This is a new approach. It seems to underlie much of nanotechnology—application of old facts, with rather less attention paid to fundamentals.
Treebeard
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OriginsWe can thank
colloid chemists and polymer chemists, like these Nobel prize winners, for establishing some of the language and methods for studying material on the nanometer scale.
Often it has been macromolecular greatness that contributes to nanotech.
Ruska, Binnig, Rohrer
Onsager
Heeger, Shirakawa, McDiarmid
De Gennes
Svedberg
Flory
Debye
Staudinger
Rayleigh
Langmuir Merrifield
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Confession and Caveat
I am a physically-inclined macromolecular scientist, not a nanotechnologist.
Already the nano field is very large, so even the most best nano expert would not be able to cover all of it.
Let’s just have fun with some of the nano possibilities.
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Nano Centers
UCLA/UCSB: CNSI http://www.cnsi.ucla.edu/news.html
Institute for Nanosoldier Technologies
Rice CBM2
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References
Nano, by E. Regis. Little, Brown & Co. Boston, 1995 (T174.7 R44)
Nanocosm, by W.I. Atkinson, Amacom, New York, 2003 (T174.7 A88)
The Global Technology Revolution, Bio/Nano/Materials Trends and their Synergies with Information Technology by 2015, prepared for the National Intelligence Council, by P. S. Anton, R. Silberglitt, J. Schneider, Rand Corporation, National Defense Research Institute, Santa Monica, 2001 (T173.8 A58)
The Potential of Nanotechnology for Molecular Manufacturing, by M. Nelson, C. Shipbaugh, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, 1995 (T174.7 N45)