5/21/2013

1

How Stars__________________?

• How do_____________________________?

– Stars shine because they burn ________________….so stars are made up of gas

•Our _____________is a Star, it is the closest star to______________, remember the distance from the Earth to the sun is about 93 million miles, or 1 AU. •Stars work because they go through a process_____________________________________________

Stars….What are they ________________Of?

• Most stars have an assortment of elements but ______________________star has _______________________and _____________________.

• Why? • Well because _____________________________is the answer.

– ________________Hydrogen atoms fuse to form ____ Helium atom – ______Helium atom has slightly less mass then the 4 Hydrogen

atoms. – The fusion of 4 __________________________atoms into one

Helium atom release energy according to Einstein’s famous formula E=MC2

– This is how a Star shines and why it is made up of ___________________and Helium.

– Our Sun is doing this in extreme amounts – And it has a supply to last more than_________________ billion

years.

So Now We Know What They Are Made Of____________________________….?

• All stars start their lives as _________________________of ____________________________and dust ( interstellar matter) called a__________________________________.

5/21/2013

2

What Next? • Stars begin with a slow

_____________________________of gas a dust.

• ______________________pulls the matter together to make the nebula denser and denser, shaping it into a sphere. This is called a__________________.

• A Protostar’s_______________________ comes from the gravitational collapse. This contraction causes the temperature and pressure to slowly____________________________.

• The star starts to heat up. A ______________________________________can start to form around the protostar.

And…… • As gravity continues to

_____________________________ the protostar, temperatures continue to rise creating greater energy for collisions between particles. Once temperatures get ___________________enough to overcome the repulsion of Hydrogen Nuclei, __________________________________________

• Planets can continue to form around stars.

• This is when the star is “____________________” The temperature in which a star is “turned on” is about ___________________________million degrees C in the star….this ignites fusion.

So What’s Next? • After the_______________________ stage, the star

evolves to a _______________________________________….this is what the Sun is right now!!!

• Hydrogen is continually being converted to__________________________. And the energy being released from the gas is enough to prevent gravitational collapse.

• How long a star will do this is dependant upon the temperature of the star…..how much ____________________________they consume.

OKAY, What Happens When A Star Consumes All Of Its________________?

• Then a star will evolve into the ___________________________Phase of its life.

• Here, the _____________________is used up, leaving a _______________________core. NO MORE _________________ IS GOING ON HERE!!

• Thus, no source of energy leads to the core not having enough pressure to support itself.

• The core starts to_________________________.

5/21/2013

3

_________________________ • The _________________of the core actually

increases the temperature of the star as gravitational energy is converted to___________.

• Some of the energy is radiated outwards causing the outer part of the star to________________.

• As the star starts to___________________________, the outer portion of the star will cool, which explains the color of the star…..______________________.

____________________________ • A constellation is a group of stars that, when seen from

Earth, form a___________________________________.

• In _______________________the International Astronomical Union defined the __________________constellations that are today recognized as the "official" constellations.

• Includes the_______________________________________.

• “_______________________________________" is the name we give to seeming patterns of stars in the night sky. "Stella" is the Latin word for star and a constellation is a grouping of stars. In general, the stars in these groups are not actually close to each other in space, they just appear to be close when viewed from Earth.

The ____________________

• The Zodiac is a family of constellations that lie along the ecliptic (the plane in which most of our Solar System lies). Usually, ___________ constellations are listed in the Zodiac, but there is actually a thirteenth constellation that crosses the ecliptic, Ophiuchus (between Scorpio and Sagittarius).

The 12 Constellations of the Zodiac

• Aquarius, the water bearer Aries, the ram Cancer, the crab Capricorn, the goat Gemini, the twins Leo, the lion Libra, the scales Pisces, the fish Sagittarius, the archer Scorpius, the scorpion Taurus, the bull Virgo, the virgin

5/21/2013

4

Constellations

• Depending on what hemisphere you live, you will only see certain constellations. Meaning you will see different constellations if you lived in the Southern Hemisphere compared to the Northern Hemisphere.

• In addition you will see different constellations with the seasons, meaning there are Summer, Fall, Winter and Spring Constellations.

Circumpolar Constellations

• These are constellations that we can see in the Northern Hemisphere year round and rotate around the North Pole.

• Cassiopeia Cepheus Draco ( my favorite circumpolar constellation) Ursa Major Ursa Minor

Summer Constellations in the Northern Hemisphere.

• Aquila Cygnus Hercules Lyra Ophiuchus Sagittarius Scorpius

Northern Winter Constellations

• Canis Major

Cetus Eridanus Gemini Lynx Orion Perseus Taurus

5/21/2013

5

Orion • Orion, the Hunter, is by far the most famous seasonal

constellation. No other is more distinct or bright as this northern winter constellation. The famous Orion's Belt makes the hunter easy to find in the night sky.

• First, you should spot Orion's Belt, which is made of three bright stars in a straight line. One of Orion's legs is represented by the bright star Rigel, one of the brightest stars in the night sky. His two shoulders are made of the stars Bellatrix and Betelgeuse. You can see Betelgeuse's reddish color without a telescope.

The Big Dipper

• Ursa Major is probably the most famous constellation, with the exception of Orion.

• The body and tail of the bear make up what is known as the Big Dipper

• Most of the constellation is circumpolar, which means it can be viewed all year long. However, parts of the legs will disappear from the sky in the fall and reappear in the winter.

Ursa Major

• Ursa Major is full of unique celestial objects. Two of the stars, Dubhe and Merak, are pointer stars. If you are looking at the Big Dipper, the outer edge stars that make up the "bowl" of the dipper are the two stars, with Merak being the one on top. Connect a line between the two, and extend it north a distance about five times the distance between them. It will connect with the North Star, Polaris.

Those Two Pointer Stars in Ursa Major leads to Polaris and then

to…. • Ursa Minor, also called the Little Dipper, is a

circumpolar constellation. This means it never sets in the northern sky.

5/21/2013

6

Cassiopeia

• Cassiopeia is a Queen in her chair.

• Remember it is a circumpolar constellation.

• The constellation Cassiopeia lies right smack in the middle of the Milky Way.

• Cassiopeia was named for Cassiopeia, the mother of Andromeda (and the wife of Cephus) in Greek mythology.

Draco…The Dragon

• Draco the dragon is a circumpolar constellation, which means it revolves around the North pole. It can be seen all year round. Draco is only present in the Northern Hemisphere, so those living in the Southern Hemisphere will never see this long constellation.

Cepheus

• Cepheus was king of a land called Ethiopia in Greek myth. He had a wife named Cassiopeia and a daughter, Andromeda.

• Cepheus looks like a house. It is a circumpolar constellation; it never dips under the horizon in the Northern hemisphere.

The Solar System

Our Planets

5/21/2013

7

What is A Year…For Any Planet?

• A year on any planet is the time for that planet to orbit around the sun ________time.

• Our year is ____________earth days makes up 1 earth year.

• On Venus, a year is ____________days. But one day on Venus is ____________Earth days.

• So what is the difference between a day and a year?

Day vs. Year

• A day is the time it takes a planet to rotate on its axis once. For Earth it is __________Hours.

• For Venus, it is _______________Earth days.

• So which rotates faster, Earth or Venus?

How Do We Measure Stuff in Space?

Astronomical distances are often measured in astronomical units, or light-years

• •_______________________________________ (AU) • –One AU is the average distance between Earth and the

Sun • –1.496 X 108km or 92.96 million miles • •__________________________________________ (ly) • –One light year is the distance light can travel in one year

at a speed of about 3 x 105km/s or 186,000 miles/s • –9.46 X 1012km or 63,240 AU

The Solar System consists of:

• ___________________

• ___________________

• ___________________

• ___________________

5/21/2013

8

PLANETS A ___________________________is a large, round heavenly body that orbits a _____________________and shines with light reflected from the________________. We know of___________________________ planets that orbit the sun in our solar system. Plus, a planet must have its own __________________pattern, meaning it must not cross the orbit of another planet.

The__________ Planets In Order

From The Sun

• _________________

• _________________

• _________________

• _________________

• _________________

• _________________

• _________________

• _________________

How The Solar System _______Arranged.

The__________________ and __________________ planets are divided by an __________________belt.

The belt is located between __________________and Jupiter

Mercury to Mars=__________________Planets ( Rocky Planets)

Jupiter to Neptune= Outer Planets ( _______________ Planets)

What do you think the difference is between a gas and a rocky planet is?

________________ Planets

The rocky planets- Planets that are composed of ___________________________material ( Planets that we can walk on). Planets that have surfaces similar to Earth’s. These are also known as _________________________ planets. ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

5/21/2013

9

___________________ Planets There are _________ planets- These planets are huge

________________________ balls. We ______________________ not walk on them. There is no hard surface, we would just keep on falling into the center of that planet.

–_______________________________ –_______________________________ –_______________________________ –_______________________________

____________________

Mercury is the planet _____________________to the Sun in our Solar System. Small, rocky planet has almost no atmosphere.

Mercury is about 3,031 miles in diameter. It is the ____________ planet in our Solar System.

Mercury is only slightly larger than the Earth's___________________.

Mercury also revolves around the sun the _____________________. It has the ____________________ year off all of the planets.

Mercury __________________ have any moons.

______________________

____________________is the ____________________planet from the sun in our solar system. It is the ________________planet in our Solar System. Because of its extreme ________________________effect.

This planet is covered with fast-moving ___________________________acid clouds ( H2SO4) which trap heat from the Sun. Its thick atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide( CO2).

Venus___________________

This is a planet on which a person would _____________________________in the poisonous atmosphere, be cooked in the extremely high heat, and be crushed by the enormous atmospheric pressure.

Clouds move up to 220 miles per hour. The clouds rotate ______________times faster than the planet rotates. The clouds circle Venus in four Earth days.

Venus has ____________________moons.

5/21/2013

10

_______________-Our Home

The ___________is the_________________ planet from the Sun.

The Earth is the ____________________-largest planet in our Solar System.

The Earth's axis is tilted from perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic by ___________________°. Remember, that is what gives us our______________________.

The Earth has a_______________________.

The______________________

• No, the moon is NOT made up of Cheeze!!!

• It is made up of_______________________!!

• The moon is very important to Earth, the moon plays a role in our__________________ fluxuations and in the ___________________that the Earth rotates on its axis.

• So, how did we get a_____________________? Because not all planets have moons, like Venus and Mercury.

Giant Impact Theory • This theory suggests that the Earth got its moon

___________________the Earth was formed. During Earth’s infancy, there was a massive _____________________body that slammed into Earth.

• Thus blowing out a lot of _______________into space.

• As the debris went into space,_________________ brought the pieces of debris together and then started to orbit the Earth-----that is the _______________of our moon.

Moon Phases……Why?

• If you observe the night sky, you will notice through the _______________________that the moon will look different.

• That is correct, the moon goes through phases as it ___________________around the Earth.

• You may also ask, why is it that we only see one side of the moon….the nearside and not the darkside?

5/21/2013

11

Moon Phases

• Well, the moon _______________________ and _____________________around the Earth, it just happens that one rotation of the moon is___________________ to one revolution around the Earth, thus that is why we just see the nearside of the moon…..not the_______________________________.

So Lets Go Through The Phases

• We will start at _________________________…. Here you cannot see the moon, this is because the sun is not shining on the moon, so we do not see the reflection of the___________________.

• But remember that the moon ____________________around the Earth, as it does so, the moon will go into the light of the sun, and starts to get lit up, this is the ________________________stages.

Waxing Crescent State

• This is the stage that you see that looks like a_________________________. On the waxing stage you will see that the _______________________ side is lit up.

________________________Moon

• Here, _______________________ of the moon is lit up. On the _____________________ side….because it is_____________________, receiving light from the sun as it is revolving around the Earth.

5/21/2013

12

Waxing____________________

• I call this _________________quarters, its about ______________________lit up, but not quite, it is still all on the__________________ side. You can also say that the crescent looks dark, the dark portion looks like a ___________________.

________________________Moon

• This is were it is claimed that the crazies come out….. The full moon. The ___________________of the moon is fully lit up.

Now…The Moon is Going To Get_______ Light…called___________________

• Now…as the moon travels around the Earth, at this point, the moon will start to receive _________________light, thus it is__________________. So after _______________ moon, you get ___________________gibbous, 3 quarters of the moon is lit up and the lit up portion is on the______________________ side.

_________________Quarter

• The 3rd Quarter moon is_____________________________, on the ___________________________side.

5/21/2013

13

_________________Crescent

• The moon is now receiving very _____________direct sunlight, and now just a small portion of the moon(______________________________________) is being lit up.

_____________________Moon

• _______________________________……after about 29.5 days, it starts all ______________________________

Well The Moon Is Also Import in__________________________.

• What is an ___________________?? An eclipse is defined as an astronomical event that occurs when one __________________ object moves into the_________________ of another, partially or fully obscuring it from view.

• Okay…..real terms… there are 2 types of eclipses…._______________________________.

Lunar Eclipse

• Lunar eclipses are special events that only occur when certain conditions are met. First of all, the Moon must be in_____________________. Secondly, the __________________________and Moon must be in a perfectly straight line. If both of these are met, then the Earth's shadow can block the Sun's light from hitting the Moon.

5/21/2013

14

Solar Eclipse

• An eclipse of the Sun occurs when the ________________passes through the Moon's shadow. A total eclipse of the Sun takes place only during a ________________moon, when the Moon is directly between the Sun and the Earth.

• When a total eclipse does occur, the Moon's shadow covers only a ______________________portion of the Earth, where the eclipse is visible. As the Moon moves in its orbit, the position of the shadow changes, so total solar eclipses usually only last a _______________________or two in a given location.

Well the Moon Also Effects Earth’s____________________!!!

• See, there is ________________________ attraction among the Earth, moon and the sun.

• Please remember that _______________________l attraction decreases with distance, so the sun does not play a huge role in tides, it is primarily the moon.

• But, because of the sun’s size, it does play a minor role in tidal______________________.

Starwars The Imperial March (Darth Vader's Theme) - Star Wars - The Empire Strikes Back Original Soundtrack - 01.mp3

Hmmm, What Are Tides?

• ____________________are periodic rises and falls of large bodies of water.

• The gravitational attraction of the ____________________causes the oceans to bulge out in the direction of the moon. Another bulge occurs on the opposite side, since the Earth is also being pulled toward the moon (and away from the water on the far side). Since the earth is rotating while this is happening, ________________ tides occur each day.

__________________ TIDE

• _____________________tide occurs when the sun, earth and moon are aligned __________________________to each other, basically forming _________________angles.

5/21/2013

15

Neap Tides

• Neap tides are especially ___________________ tides. They occur when the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun are perpendicular to one another (with respect to the Earth). Neap tides occur during____________________ moons.

• Neap tides have low ________________tides, but _______________low tides, the difference between the tides are small.

___________________Tides • ________________________are especially strong

tides (they do not have anything to do with the season Spring). They occur when the Earth, the Sun, and the Moon are in a line. The gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun both contribute to the tides. Spring tides occur during the __________________moon and the new moon.

• At these times, the _____________________tides are very high and the low tides are very low

________________

"The Red Planet"

Mars, the red planet, is the_______________planet from the sun and the most Earth-like planet in our solar system.

It is about half the size of Earth and has a dry, rocky surface and a very thin_______________________________.

MARS

• Mars, was once ________________________ active. Mars has the largest known volcano in the Solar System…. ______________________

• Mars also has a canyon so big, that it would run across the whole length of the USA, called______________________________________________. This would be the “Grand Canyon” of the world.

5/21/2013

16

THE ________________OF MARS

Mars has two_____________________, _______________________and Demos

They are both small moons; Photos is 13.8 miles (22.2 km) across and Demos is only 7.8 miles (12.6 km)

What’s Next?

• The ______________________that separates the inner and the outer planets.

• The _________________contains many asteroids.

• _________________________are pieces of rock that is left over from the initial formation of the solar system.

____________________________

• The reason that these pieces of______________________ were never incorporated into a planet, it because of Jupiter's very strong gravitational pull.

• Thus these rocks now, formed into a belt that circulates around the sun and separate the ________________________ and __________________planets.

__________________________ Jupiter is the __________________and

_____________________planet in our solar system.

This gas giant has a ____________atmosphere, and has many moons.

Jupiter is composed mostly of______________.

___________________________is the biggest moon of Solar System-belongs to Jupiter.

5/21/2013

17

_______________________AND ______________________ON JUPITER

Is __________________________times the mass of the Earth, the gravity on Jupiter is only ________________________of the gravity on Earth.

A ______________________-pound person would weigh

254 pounds on Jupiter.

JUPITER'S MOONS

___________________________________________and dozens of smaller ones (there are 39 moons known

so far). More moons are being found all the time.

Four Largest Moons Called the __________

___________________________

___________________________

____________________________

_____________________________

THE ____________________SPOT Jupiter's Great Red Spot is a huge, long-lasting

_______________________in the atmosphere of the ___________________________Hemisphere of Jupiter

It is an anti-cyclonic (___________________________) storm, much like a gargantuan_________________________. Its color is actually pink to orange.

This whirlwind varies in size and color from year to year. It is about 17,000 miles (28,000 km) long and 9,000 miles (14,000 km) wide; it is the biggest storm in this______________________________. It is so big that the______________________________ Earths would fit in it with room to spare.

_____________________

Saturn is the___________________________ planet from the sun in our solar system.

It has beautiful rings that are made mostly of _________________________________chunks (and some rock).

5/21/2013

18

____________________________

• Uranus is the _____________________planet from the sun in our solar system.

• This huge, icy planet is covered with clouds and is encircled by a belt of _____________________rings and 22 known moons.

• Uranus' blue color is caused by the _____________________________(CH4) in its atmosphere; this molecule absorbs______________________________ light.

.

__________________________

• Neptune is the ______________________________planet from the sun in our solar system.

• This giant, frigid planet has a hazy atmosphere and strong___________________________.

• Neptune's blue color is caused by the ________________________________(CH4) in its atmosphere; this molecule absorbs red light.

GREAT _________________SPOT

• Neptune's Great Dark Spot is an_______________________________________ hurricane in the thick methane atmosphere of Neptune.

• The storm spins ______________________________.

• Horrendous winds near the spot were measured by Voyager 2 to be about 1,500 miles per hour. These are the _____________________________________ recorded winds in our solar system.

____________________________ • Pluto is no_____________________ a planet. Pluto

is now considered a _______________________ planet because it does not retain the qualities of a true planet.

• The main reason why Pluto _____________________________________off the island is because Pluto does not have its true own orbital plane….meaning it intersects ________________________________orbit…. And a planet cannot intersect another planets orbit.

• So that is why it is a Dwarf planet.

5/21/2013

19

Pluto and Beyond. • Pluto does have a

satellite…____________________________. • Pluto is now considered to be a

____________________________Belt object. • The Kuiper Belt extends just beyond

___________________________and this is were _________________________period comets come from.

• Beyond Pluto’s orbit is the ______________________Cloud, more comets come from here, but these _____________________________________________period comets.

___________________________ • Comets are considered

“____________________________________” they are composed of ice, small debris and water.

• A comet has a nucleus that contains the _____________________________ and debris,

• A gaseous ___________________________(water vapor, CO2, and other gases) and a____________________________________ (made of dust and ionized gases.

• When we see a comet, we can see all of these features when they enter and____________________________________ up as they pass in our atmosphere.