how governments use fiscal policy to stimulate the birth rate
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How governments use fiscal policy to stimulate the birth rate. 經濟三乙 95208030 張景勛 經濟三甲 95208069 羅偉哲 經濟三甲 95208031 曹富雅 經濟三乙 95208060 林真安 經濟三乙 95208064 吳溦琦 經濟三乙 95208024 張倚慈 經濟三乙 95208012 陳以珩 經濟三甲 95208013 魏秉誠 歷史四 93103001 賴芊曄 廣電四 94403004 陳柔之. Introduce of Fertility Rate. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
How governments use fiscal policy to stimulate the birth rate
經濟三乙 95208030 張景勛經濟三甲 95208069 羅偉哲經濟三甲 95208031 曹富雅經濟三乙 95208060 林真安經濟三乙 95208064 吳溦琦經濟三乙 95208024 張倚慈經濟三乙 95208012 陳以珩經濟三甲 95208013 魏秉誠歷史四 93103001 賴芊曄廣電四 94403004 陳柔之
Introduce of Fertility Rate
• Crude Birth Rate: The number of births per 1000 people per year
• General fertility rate: The number of births per 1000 women aged 15 to 44 or 49 (varied from country) in a certain year
Introduce of Fertility Rate
• Total Fertility Rate: The mean number of children a woman is expected to bear during her child-bearing years (15 to 49)
Introduce of Fertility Rate
• Replacement Rate: The total fertility rate at which newborn girls would have an average of exactly one daughter over their lifetimes; The replacement fertility rate is roughly 2.1 births per woman for most industrialized countries.
Reasons why birth rate decrease in Taiwan
• Rate of late marriage and non-marriage increases
• The idea of birth control becomes popular• It is getting much more expensive to raise
children• Living pressure is much serious than before• Parents put much emphasis on education
Impacts of low birth rate in Taiwan
• Education institutions will suffer a great loss• The infantile industry will suffer a great loss• Future total labor supply will be expect
insufficient• The population is getting old
• In developed countries, the trends of birth rate are tending to decrease almost in the same direction, such as United States, Canada, Japan, Germany, Taiwan, etc. The reasons that cause reduction of fertility rate are list below, nearly the same all around the world.
Some reasons that cause low birth rate around the world
• 1. The world marriage age has the tremendous change which postpones backward.
• 2. Regardless of the gender, the life of single situation is getting longer.
• 3. The number of adopting birth control is increasing.• 4. In developing countries, more and more people uses
modern contraceptive methods.• 5. Living together relationships, marriage age and the use
of contraceptive drugs have decreased the birth rate immensely.
• 6. In developed countries, birth standards are commonly low. Between 1950’s and 1960’s, althouge most countries have experienced baby high-tide period.
Taiwan’s policy
Taiwan’s policy under other countries’ effect :
• Subsidy for family with more than3 kids for housing• Kids subsidy• Support: institutions provide special offers for family
with kids
Taiwan’s policy
The difference between Taiwan’s policy and the others’ :
• Increasing the supporting part especially on house-caring(babysitters)
• It’s strongly advised that making “babysitter” a mature and reliable system. In the meanwhile, the housing-caring subsidy can also reduce parents’ burden and encourage more babysitters to have professional training first.
• Non-profit “classes after School” system
Taiwan’s policy(income)
Taiwan’s policy under other countries’ effect:
• System set in enterprises for child care• Elastic working hours &Making professional child care
system friendly• Encourage or even praise the enterprises to come up
with new child care plans• The insurance law for the employees• Subsidy for leave without pay• Under military
Policies to stimulate birth rate
• Divide into two kinds: government expenditure, government revenue.
• Analyze the effect of policies• Outcome of some researches in the world.• Whether it is useful or not?
Some assumptions
• Children are normal goods.• The more income you have, you would like to have
more children.• The cost of raising a child is the present value of all
costs related to raise a child.• Income is the only factor that affects the decision of
raising a child.
Government expenditure part
• Child allowance or Family allowance• The government subsidize the family with children
directly.• EX. In Netherland, family with children under 17 can
get €176.62~ €380.77 per child per month.
Non-cash Transfer
• Three different kinds of policies:• The policy of parental leave• Maternity leave for a mother, daddy leave and
parental leave.• The policy of child care• Helps parents to look after their baby through public
policies.• The policy of preschool child welfare
Government revenue part
• Tax benefit• The government reduce the cost of raising a child
through increasing the exemption and reduction of the tax system.
• EX. In UK, each family can get a £545 tax exemption if the income is less than £13,230.
Some experts say…
• Gauthier (2005) concludes a 25 percent increase in family allowances would result in an increase of 0.07 children per woman.
• It is difficult to assess the impact of policies on fertility
• D’Addio and D’Ercole (2005) conclude that total fertility rates are higher in countries with wider childcare availability, lower direct costs of children, higher part-time work availability and longer leaves.
• Policies aimed at achieving higher fertility at a young age may lead to a higher ultimate level of fertility.
• “What may work in one country may not work in another, because of a different social and economic context and family policies in the past.”
Conclusion
• No simple recipe, but policies are likely to have effect.
• Policies may be more successful in accommodating ongoing trends rather than in reversing trends.