how genes impact plant propagation lecture - clark 2012 - plant...how genes impact plant propagation...
TRANSCRIPT
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How Genes Impact Plant Propagation
Dr. David G. Clark, Professor
UF Environmental Horticulture
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Genes
Provide the physical mechanism for reproduction of
traits
Provide information for controlling
expression of traits
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Pre-Mendel
Accounting for species diversity
Carolus Linnaeus
• (17th C.) systematic hierarchy for classifying living things (taxonomy)
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Pre-Mendel
Species Diversity
Charles Darwin –
• Origin of Species (1859)
• Theory of evolution, survival of the fittest, adaptive change
• Visual inspection and Mass Selection
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Then came Mendel…
Mendelian Genetics marked the start of an era in which selection became based on hereditary principles
Predictability
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Mendelian Genetics
How are traits passed from one generation to the next?
• Experiments in Plant Hybridization
• was the first to relate the outward appearance of an organism (phenotype) to its inner genetic constitution (genotype)
Mendel (1866)
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Mendelian Genetics
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Mendel’s Garden
Brno, Czech Republic
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DNA-based Genetics
What is the structure of a DNA molecule?
Watson and Crick
• DNA structure = function
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DNA-based Genetics
• Published a paper in Nature solving the structure of DNA
• This structure was the key to unlocking the technology of life
• It is perhaps the most important biological discovery of the 20th century - this was the start of the biotechnology era
April 2, 1953 - Watson and Crick
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Watson and Crick’s Double Helix
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Implications of Watson & Crick
DNA embodied the organizing thesis of molecular biology
Understanding the structure of a molecule gives clues to its biological function
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After Watson & Crick
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After Watson & Crick
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What is a gene?
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What is a gene?
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Regulation of Genes
Cell differentiation is a function of regulated gene expression
• every cell has the genetic potential to regenerate into a fully differentiated plant
Plant cells are totipotent
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How do different cell types occur?
Not all genes are active in all cells at all times
• Regulated by development and environment
• Controlled at many levels
Gene expression
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Regulation of genes
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Regulation of genes
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After Watson & Crick
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Why is this important?
Enzymes are proteins
Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions
Biochemical reactions determine how plants respond to external and internal stimuli
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Biotechnology
• Cell and Tissue Culture
• Recombinant DNA technology
How we actually use all of this knowledge to make a difference
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Cell and Tissue Culture
Micropropagation - aseptic
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Recombinant DNA Technology Cloning
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Recombinant DNA Technology Transgenic Plants
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Bright Futures
We are just now seeing the tip of the iceberg in plant biotechnology
The next decade will prove to be a time of biotechnology applications to new crops
We need to know how to efficiently propagate new biotech plants: sexually and asexually
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Why is this important to me now?
• Seed Propagation
Lots of genetic variability exists
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Why is this important to me now?
• Vegetative Propagation
Lots of genetic variability exists
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The take-home point
• Control of seed germination
• Control of root formation
• Different varieties perform differently
• TIMING is everything!
Genetic variability can be utilized
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Understanding Genetics
• Understanding physiology
• Making plants do what we want, when we want
Essential for: