how does mental energy develop? copyright © 2007 allyn & bacon mayers personality: a systems...

Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion

How Does Mental Energy Develop?

Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach


Theme and Variation on

Topic 4. Motivation and Emotion

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The Lecture and the Book…• Chapter 4: Motivation

and Emotion 1. What are Motives?*

2. How are Motives Expressed?

3. What Are Emotions and Why Are They Important?

4. What Are Emotional Traits and How Are They Expressed?

5. What Are Happy People Like?

• Lecture 4: How Does Mental Energy Develop?1. Key terms

2. Projective and other measures

3. Key motives

4. Motives and emotions together

5. Why emotions?

6. Emotions and personality




What Are Motives, Instincts, Needs? • Motives – Basic biologically-based needs of the

organism to behave in a particular way. • Henry Murray Developed a long list of 20 or so.

– Inanimate objects n Acquisition, n Order– Ambition n Achievement, n Recognition– Superiority: n Inviolacy, n Defendance– Sado-Masochism: n Aggression, n Abasement– Affection: n Affliation, n Rejection




The Issues of Honesty and Self Knowledge

• Issues of Self-Judgments… – How well do people know their motives?– Will they honestly report them?

• Even if true, would you feel comfortable saying…– …you are motivated by revenge? – …you are interested in having sexual

relations whenever you can?




Thematic (Projective) Measures of Motives

• Thematic (Projective) Measures – The presence of an ambiguous stimulus to which an individual must respond.

• Example: The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)– A person constructs a story to the stimulus,– Portions of his or her style of thinking can be

measured.




Projective Testing: The TAT

• Tell a story…• What happened to

bring this about?• What is going on

now?• What will happen

next?




Projective Testing: The TAT




(Informally) Score Your Own TAT!

N. Achievement•Meeting standards of excellence•Unique attainments •Commitment to goals

N. Power•Controlling others•Attempts to heighten their influence•Protection of others

N. Affiliation•Maintaining positive relationships with others•Repairing relationships




Motivation: What Does It Influence?N for Achievement N for Power N for Affiliation

Prefer tasks of moderate difficulty

Direct behavior of others: executives, psychologists, teachers, journalists, clergy

Spend more time with others; write more letters

Get higher grades only in courses relevant to goals

Express extreme opinions on matters to get visibility; obtain desired possessions

Sympathetic and accommodating

More involved in occupations and upwardly mobile

Build alliances; but not necessarily well-liked

If intimacy, more popular, better adjusted




Self-Report of Motives

• Measure: Jackson Personality Inventory (based on 20 of Murray’s needs)

• Factor analyses identified needs for:– Achievement vs play– Social leadership– Dependence– Self-protection– Aesthetic & intellectual achievement




Enhancing Self-Report• Can people be “forced” to be honest?• In forced choice, test-takers must choose two

alternatives matched for social desirability

Sample item (choose one):

A. Do you prefer to be lazy sometimes, and just do nothing?

B. Would you describe yourself as seeking revenge against those who injure you?




Shift Focus to Emotions

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From Motives to Emotion

• There can be direct connections: e.g., anger often accompanies aggression

• Happiness and joining others

• Emotion can amplify motives: e.g., happiness can amplify altruism. (Silvan Tomkins)




From Motives to Emotion

Robert Plutchik’s Emotion-Motive Connections

Motive Amplified or triggered by…

Emotion Function

Escaping Fear Protection

Attacking Anger Destruction

Mating Joy Reproduction




Emotions as Evolved Signal System• Darwin & the evolution of

emotions• Saw commonalities in

facial and other emotional expressions across species

• Harbor Seals and Chimpanzees mouth feeding




Emotions as Evolved Signal System• Darwin & the evolution of

emotions• Saw commonalities in

facial and other emotional expressions across species

• Anger in the cat and dog




Emotions as Evolved Signal System

The brain is designed to connect basic emotions with basic facial expressions




Universality of Facial ExpressionsPercent Agreement as to Facial Expression in Developed Nations

Japan Brazil Chile U.S.

Happiness 87 97 90 97

Fear 71 77 78 88

Surprise 87 82 88 91

Anger 63 82 76 69

Disgust 82 86 85 82

Sadness 74 82 90 73




Universality of Facial Expressions

Emerging, pre-literate societies

• Tell a story: “She is sitting in a house with no axe, or bow. A pig is standing in the door looking at her and won’t move…”

• Agreement equally high as in Western nations




Measuring Emotional States

• Self report is king!

• Psychophysiology secondary

• Mood and emotion are often used synonymously for emotional experience




Background on Measurement

• Mood (or Emotion) scales often involve lists of emotion adjectives– Vincent Nowlis – drug company research

• Using a contemporary approach, there are two dimensions of mood/emotion




Background on Measuring EmotionRussell’s Mood Circumplex




Background on Measuring Emotions

• Emotions are momentary…or are they?

• Emotions and relation to personality…




Background on Measuring Personality

• Hans Eysenck • Developed psychological scales• Was among the first to apply factor analysis• Sample questions

– “I prefer making friends to being alone”– “I often feel anxious.”





• Eysenck’s 2-dimensional model of personality is based on factor analysis

• Personality traits are arranged amidst the two dimensions

Active

Aggressive

Touchy

Pessimistic

Sober

Moody

Peaceful

Thoughtful

Reliable

Lively

Talkative

Sociable

ExtravertedIntroverted

Neurotic

Stable





• Remember the ancient division of personality into four types?– Sanguine– Choleric– Melancholic– Phlegmatic

…Is there a connection?

Active

Aggressive

Touchy

Pessimistic

Sober

Moody

Peaceful

Thoughtful

Reliable

Lively

Talkative

Sociable


Neurotic

Stable




Comparison of States and Traits

Active

Aggressive

Touchy

Pessimistic

Sober

Moody

Peaceful

Thoughtful

Reliable

Lively

Talkative

Sociable


Neurotic

Stable




Conclusions

• Many traditional “personality traits” reflect a two dimensional structure.

• Many moods reflect a two dimensional structure• The personality traits and the mood traits

correspond, when they are rotated– Extroversion = arousal– Introversion = calmness– Neuroticism = unpleasantness– Emotional Stability = pleasantness




A Study of the Happiest Students

• Diener and Seligman screened 222 college stduents

• Only the 24 happiest students were selected• They scored highest on measures of well-being• They had consistently happy moods over a 51

day period• They had low “negative” moods over the same

period




Results from the Study

The same as others...• Perceived money they

had• Their grades• Conscientiousness• Objective physical

appearance• Time spent in various

activities (TV, religious observance)

Different from others…• Highly satisfied with lives• Nearly never thought

about suicide• Recall many more happy

events• Experienced more happy

events every day• Had good quality

relationships with family and friends




~ end ~

how does mental energy develop? copyright © 2007 allyn & bacon mayers personality: a systems...

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allyn bacon mayers personality

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