Done By: Rowell Tan (1O2)

HOW DOES A KIDNEY FILTER BLOOD?

a pair of vital organs that perform many functions to keep the blood clean and chemically balanced

organs which remove waste from the normal breakdown of active tissues and food

THE KIDNEYS ARE…

In kidneys, there are many tiny units called nephrons. In the nephron….. 1. a glomerulus (capillary) intertwining with a urine-collecting tube called a tubule.2. The glomerulus acts as a filtering unit, and keeps normal proteins and cells in the bloodstream, allowing extra fluid and wastes to pass through to the urinary system via a chemical exchange.

HOW DOES IT WORK???

1. The tubules receive a combination of waste materials and chemicals the body can still use.

2. The kidneys measure out chemicals like sodium, phosphorus, and potassium and release them back to the blood back to the body.

3. The kidneys regulate the body's level of these substances which is necessary for life.

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THE PROCESS

comprises of…a) Glomerulus- filtration occurs here!b) Bowman's capsule- surrounds glomerulus, collects filtratec) Proximal convoluted tubuled) Loop of Henlee) Distal convoluted tubulef) Collecting duct- adjusts volume & concentration of urine

NEPHRON

takes place in the glomerulusabout 20% of the plasma gets filtered into the

nephron

FILTRATION

Filtration is driven by the hydrostatic pressure of the blood, and causes water and small molecules to be filtered, while blood cells and large molecules like proteins do not pass through the filter.

 Reabsorption and secretion require a large amount of energy which results in the kidney being one of the most metabolically active organs in the body.

FILTRATION

ProcessesGlomerular FiltrationTubular ReabsorptionTubular Secretion

BLOOD CLEANING

Fact: The kidney is as important as the heart.

Blood enters the kidney via the renal artery, eventually forming many afferent arterioles. The diameter of the afferent(incoming)arteriole is greater than the diameter of the efferent arteriole(by which the blood leaves). The pressure of the blood inside the glomerulus is increased due to the difference in diameter of the incoming and out-going arterioles. Most of the water, salts, glucose and urea are filtered whereas blood and plasma are not.

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

99% of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood via Osmosis, Diffusion and Active Transport.

Firstly, it is reabsorbed into the proximal convoluted tube, which absorb sodium ions to facilitate passage through its membrane. Water is also reabsorbed by osmosis.

Next, they go into the Loop of Henle. The different permeability properties of the two limbs of the Loop of Henle, together with their counterflow arrangement to generate a high solute concentrations in the tissue fluid.

TUBULAR REABSORPTION

Lastly, the blood will go to the distal convoluted tube which reacts to anti-diuretic hormone. The more there is, the more water will be reabsorbed.

TUBULAR REABSORPTION

Substances are added to the fluid in this process, such as potassium ions, hydrogen ions, ammonium ions, creatinine, urea and some hormones and drugs, which helps to keep blood pH at its normal level.

TUBULAR SECRETION

Urine formed via the three processes trickles into the kidney pelvis. At this final stage only approx. 1% of the originally filtered volume.

FINALLY….

1. The kidneys have a higher blood flow than even the brain, liver or heart.2.The kidneys reabsorb and redistribute 99% of the blood volume and only 0.1% of the blood filtered becomes urine.3.Kidney stones are an accumulation of mineral salts and mostly combined with calcium which can lodge anywhere along the course of the urinary tract.4.Refined carbohydrates and sugar help the body make kidney stones.

MORE INFO!

5. Sugar will stimulate the pancreas to release insulin. This causes extra calcium to be excreted in the urine, which creates, kidney stones.6. An excess of milk or antacids may cause kidney stones.7. Each kidney is about 4 ½ inches long.8. Each kidney weighs approximately 4 to 6 ounces.9. The kidneys of a newborn baby are about 3X larger in proportion to body weight as in the adult.10. The volume of urine excreted daily varies from 1000 to 2000 ml (averaging 1500 ml). 1000 ml (millileters) = 1 liter.

MORE INFO!

Drink more water. SEE THE DOCTOR!!Your doctor may ask you to eat more of some foods and to cut back on other foods. calcium struvite uric acid cystine

KIDNEY STONES!

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National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC)

http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/yourkidneys/#infoKid’s Healthhttp://kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/kidneys.html#HowStuffWorks?http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/human-biology/kidney2.htmFiltration: The Kidneyshttp://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/Projects00/memfilt/kidneys.htm

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Blood Cleaning by the Kidneyshttp://www.ivy-rose.co.uk/HumanBody/Urinary/Urinary_System_Kidneys_Actions.phpFun Facts about Kidneyshttp://www.drstandley.com/facts_kidneys.shtml

BIBLIOGRAPHY