how do we think about the french revolution? how did the french jacobins use state power to achieve...
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How Do We Think About the French Revolution?
• How did the French Jacobins use state power to achieve revolutionary goals during the Terror (1793-1794)?
– What were their goals?– Why did extraordinary state power seem
critical to attaining these goals?
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Issues: Whose Tyranny is Worse?
• Moderates: Girondins, Feuillants—fear tyranny of mob, crowds, people– Must do what can to preserve order, even if it
means compromise with King
• Radicals: Jacobins, The Paris Commune—fear tyranny of the state, monarchy, emigres– Must do what can to keep them from ending
revolution
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The Terror in The French Revolution: Contrasting Images
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The Terror as Desperate Measure to deal with Crisis
• During Terror:– Universal Manhood
Suffrage (women’s clubs)– Radical Constitution of
1793– Abolished Serfdom– Abolished Slavery– Attempted Land Reform
• But:– At war with most of Europe– In serious civil war with
uprisings in the Vendée, major cities (Caen, Bordeaux, Marseille, Lyon)
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Key Problem: Sovereignty
• Who are the sovereign people and how do they exercise sovereignty?
• Why had they not resolved the question between 1789 and1793?
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First Hint at Potential of Popular Violence
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• Key Questions:
– How much would popular violence influence rational political debate?
– --Violence—Whose Violence?
– Is popular sovereignty possible?
– How do you incorporate working class Parisians, peasants, and women into the polity? Do you want to? Why? Why not?
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Flight to Varennes Changes Everything
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Clubs and Press Explode
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Girondins
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Jacobin Club
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Champs de Mars Massacre, July 17, 1791
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Louis XVI Accepts Constitution, September 13, 1791
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France Declares War on Austria, April 20, 1792
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August 10, 1792 – Attack on King in Tuileries
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September Massacres (September 2-6, 1792)
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Princesse de Lamballe Attacked
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The Terror as Genocide/Totalitarianism
• 250,000 Insurgents killed in Vendée Fighting Alone -15% population– But 200,000 Revolutionary
troops killed too• Victims of Vendée describe
the Terror as a Genocide of the Catholic Western France
• Probably 40,000 officially executed in all of France
• Others described coercion, the Jacobin Dictatorship, the price controls, and levée en masse (universal draft of all citizens) an example of early Totalitarianism • Drowning Prisoners – The Vendée
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Valmy (September 22, 1792)
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