how did we make this chart? multicellular animals myxozoansprotozoans tracheophytes bryophytes true...
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![Page 1: How Did We Make This Chart? Multicellular Animals MyxozoansProtozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081419/5515153a550346c77d8b4cc3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
How Did We Make This Chart?
Mult
icellu
lar
Animals
Myx
ozoa
ns
Proto
zoan
s
Trach
eoph
ytes
Bryop
hyte
s
True
Fungi
Slime
Mold
s
Red a
lgae
Brown
Algae
Green
Alga
e
Chrys
ophy
tes
Euglen
oids
Arche
zoan
s
Archa
ea
Bacte
ria
Original Cell
Extant
Extinct
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
0.5
1
2
3
4 BYBPOrigin of Life
Cyanobacterial Oxygen
First Eukaryotes
Multicellular
PlantsLand!
cyanobacterial endosymbiosis
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unique flagellum, phycoplast
open spindle, phragmoplast
-eyespotoogamy, archegonium, plasmodesmataembryo, cuticle, apical growth
stomata
protovascular, aerial sporophyte, wind spores
true vascular, branching
true root, true leaf
heterospory
monopodial branching
pollen, 1 megaspore/megasporangium, seeds
vessels
reduced gametophyteflowers, fruits
-flagella
heterospory
Chlorophyta—green algae
Hepaticophyta—liverworts
Anthocerotophyta—hornworts
Bryophyta—mosses
Lycophyta—club mosses
Sphenophyta—horsetails
Pterophyta—ferns
Cycadophyta—cycads
Ginkgophyta—ginkgo
Coniferophyta—conifers
Gnetophyta—welwitschia etc.
Anthophyta—flowering plants
heterospory
The Plant Kingdom Clade
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How do we know the Evolution Pathway?
Phylogenetic Systematics
Inferences from comparison of extant organismsCharacters-Attributes of the organism
»Anatomy»Morphology»Development»Physiology»Macromolecule Sequences
Polarizing Character States•Plesiomorphies-Ancient, shared by descendants•Apomorphies-More-recent derivatives
»Synapomorphy-Shared among related organisms»Autapomorphy-Found only in one organism
•Use of outgroup to compare to ingroup
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OG A
B
C
D E
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals
2. Petals
3. Petals
4. Petals
5. Sepals
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
![Page 5: How Did We Make This Chart? Multicellular Animals MyxozoansProtozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081419/5515153a550346c77d8b4cc3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
OG A
B
C
D E
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals Gray
2. Petals Six
3. Petals Pointed
4. Petals Long
5. Sepals Present
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
Total
3
5
1
4
2
![Page 6: How Did We Make This Chart? Multicellular Animals MyxozoansProtozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081419/5515153a550346c77d8b4cc3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
OG A
B
C D E
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals Gray
2. Petals Six
3. Petals Pointed
4. Petals Long
5. Sepals Present
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
Total
3
5
1
4
2
ABCDE
2
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OG A
B
C D E
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals Gray
2. Petals Six
3. Petals Pointed
4. Petals Long
5. Sepals Present
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
Total
3
5
1
4
2
BCDE
2
4
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OG A
B
C D E
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals Gray
2. Petals Six
3. Petals Pointed
4. Petals Long
5. Sepals Present
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
Total
3
5
1
4
2
CDE
2
4
1
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OG A
B
C D E
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals Gray
2. Petals Six
3. Petals Pointed
4. Petals Long
5. Sepals Present
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
Total
3
5
1
4
2
CDE
2
4
1
Problem: Sepals would be naturally next, but this will not resolve easily!
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OG A
B
C D E
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals Gray
2. Petals Six
3. Petals Pointed
4. Petals Long
5. Sepals Present
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
Total
3
5
1
4
2
DE
2
4
1
Solution 1: Could evolve sepals twice on lines to B and C… a homoplasy!
*5
*5
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OG A
B
C D E
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals Gray
2. Petals Six
3. Petals Pointed
4. Petals Long
5. Sepals Present
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
Total
3
5
1
4
2
DE
24
1
Solution 2: Could evolve sepals once before B and reverse it after C… a more biological parsimonious homoplasy!
5*
5R*
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OG A
B
C D E
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals Gray
2. Petals Six
3. Petals Pointed
4. Petals Long
5. Sepals Present
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
Total
3
5
1
4
2
24
15*
5R*
autapomorphy
3
Problem: Taxa are not arranged by complexity
![Page 13: How Did We Make This Chart? Multicellular Animals MyxozoansProtozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081419/5515153a550346c77d8b4cc3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
OG A
B
C DE
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals Gray
2. Petals Six
3. Petals Pointed
4. Petals Long
5. Sepals Present
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
Total
3
5
1
4
2
24
15*
5R*
autapomorphy
3
Problem: It is more parsimonious if homoplasy is for a simple character.
![Page 14: How Did We Make This Chart? Multicellular Animals MyxozoansProtozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081419/5515153a550346c77d8b4cc3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
OG A
B
CDE
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals Gray
2. Petals Six
3. Petals Pointed
4. Petals Long
5. Sepals Present
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
Total
3
5
1
4
2
24 1*
5
1R*
autapomorphy
3
Solution: Look to make homoplasy in pigmentation or a growth character.
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OG A E D C B
1 GrayR*
5 Sepals Present
3 Pointed Petals
1 Gray Petals*
4 Long Petals
2 Six Petals
This cladogram has six steps and one reversal homoplasy in a simple character
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OG A
B
C D E
Character: Apomorphic State
1. Petals Gray
2. Petals Six
3. Petals Pointed
4. Petals Long
5. Sepals Present
Phylogeny Flowers:OG A B C D E
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
1* 1*1*2* 2* 2* 2*2*
34*4*4* 4*
5*5*
This cladogram has fifteen steps and ten homoplasies!
Special creation is not parsimonious.