how did classical knowledge of the ancient greeks and romans foster humanism in the italian...
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How did classical knowledge of the ancient Greeks and Romans foster humanism in the
Italian Renaissance?
Humanism
• Celebrated the individual
• Stimulated the study of Greek and Roman literature and culture
• Was supported by wealthy patrons
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Humanism
•Movement away from life centered on the Catholic church and religion
•Focuses more on material objects, enjoying life, and other worldly subjects
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Erasmus Dutch humanist
Desiderius Erasmus
Pushed for a Vernacular form of the Bible
“I disagree very much with those who are unwilling that Holy Scripture, translated into the vernacular, be read by the uneducated . . . As if the strength of the Christian religion consisted in the ignorance of it”
The Praise of Folly
Used humor to show the immoral and ignorant behavior of people, including the clergy. He felt people would be open minded and be kind to others.
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Erasmus
•Spoke out against corruption of Catholic Church during the Renaissance
•Worked to spread the use of common languages in religious and scholarly works.
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PetrarchSonnets, humanist
scholarshipFrancesco Petrarch
1304-1374
Assembled Greek and Roman writings.
Wrote
Sonnets to Laura,
love poems in the Vernacular
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PetrarchFrancesco Petrarch 1304-
1374
Considered “Father of
Humanism”
His research on Greek and
Roman books inspired others to read these
books
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The Renaissance was a time of renewal
Renaissance means rebirth and Europe was recovering from the Dark ages ideas from Greece and Rome.
People had lost their faith in the church because of the tragedy of the Black Plague and began to put more
focus on human beings.
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• One cause of the RenaissanceBlack Plague
The tragedy of the Black Plague convinced people of the need to focus on worldly
pursuits rather than religious ideas
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Another Cause of the Renaissance
Invention of the Printing press spreading ideas from Greek and
Roman books
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Printing Press
Invented by Jahann Gutenberg
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Printing Press
First book ever created by printing press - Bible
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Printing PressInvented in 1452 500th Anniversary 1952
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Printing Press
Helped to quickly spread ideas of the Renaissance
and the Protestant Reformation
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Note 6 - Ideas of the Renaissance
•Greek ideas about art, philosophy, and science.
• Roman ideas about government, construction, and art.
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ClassicismClassicism
� Greco-Roman influence.
� Secularism.
� Humanism.
� Individualism free standing figures.
� Symmetry/BalanceThe The “Classical Pose”“Classical Pose”
Medici “Venus” (1c)Medici “Venus” (1c)
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PerspectivePerspective
Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!
Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!
First use First use of linear of linear
perspective!perspective!
Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!
� The The TrinityTrinity
� MasaccioMasaccio
� 14271427
What you What you are, I once are, I once was; what I was; what I am, you will am, you will
become.become.
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Note 7 - Focus of the Renaissance
•Life on Earth, improving life and society on earth
• Fascination with Greek and Roman art, literature and ideas
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Realism & Realism & ExpressionExpression
� Expulsion Expulsion fromfromthe Gardenthe Garden
� MasaccioMasaccio
� 14271427
� First nudes First nudes sincesinceclassical classical timestimes..
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Emphasis on IndividualismEmphasis on Individualism� Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre: Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre:
The Duke & Dutchess of UrbinoThe Duke & Dutchess of Urbino
� Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466.Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466.
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Major Italian Cities.
1.Many independent city-states emerged in northern and central Italy that played an important role in Italian politics and art.
MilanMilan VeniceVenice
FlorenceFlorence
Genoa
2. Similar to Greek city-states, Italian city-states were independent but were governed as republics
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Major Italian Cities
MilanMilan VeniceVenice
FlorenceFlorence
Genoa
Northern Italian cities:
1.Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern markets
2.Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern Europe
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Major Italian Cities
MilanMilan VeniceVenice
FlorenceFlorence
Milan
One of the richest cities, it controls trade
through the Alps.
Venice
Sitting on the Adriatic, it attracts trade from all over
the world.
Genoa
Genoa
Had Access to Trade Routes
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Florence = Florence = RenaissanceRenaissance
The Wool FactoryThe Wool Factoryby Mirabello Cavalori, 1570by Mirabello Cavalori, 1570 1252 – first gold 1252 – first gold
florins mintedflorins minted
Florentine lion:Florentine lion:symbol of St. symbol of St.
MarkMark
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Note 8 – Medici Family and Florence
Wealthy Italians – Medici family
•Bankers / Merchants
•Supported the arts by paying for statues, buildings, murals, and paintings
Most important/richest people in Italy and in Florence
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Lorenzo Lorenzo the Magnificentthe Magnificent
1478 - 15211478 - 1521
Cosimo de Cosimo de MediciMedici
1517 - 15741517 - 1574
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Florence Under the Florence Under the MediciMedici
Medici ChapelMedici Chapel
The Medici PalaceThe Medici Palace
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Major Italian Cities
MilanMilan VeniceVenice
FlorenceFlorence
Note 9 - Florence
•from Florence flowed
Renaissance ideas and art
styles that were copied by other
Italian city-states and the rest of Europe
Genoa
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Niccolò MachiavelliThe Prince
Machiavelli believed:
“One can make this generalization about men: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit”
Machiavelli observed city-state rulers of his day and produced guidelines for the acquisition and maintenance of power by absolute rule.
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Note 10 - Political Ideas of the Renaissance
Niccolò Machiavelli
The Prince
He felt that a ruler should be willing to do anything to maintain control without worrying about conscience.
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• Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved
• Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision making
• Ruler keeps power by any means necessary• The end justifies the means
• Be good when possible, and evil when necessary
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The Renaissance produced new ideas that were reflected in the arts, philosophy, and literature.
Patrons, wealthy from newly expanded trade, sponsored works which glorified city-states in northern Italy.
Education became increasingly secular.
Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation
Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly matters, along with Christianity.
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Note 11 – Reflected ideas of Humanism
•Painted and wrote about individuals
•Painted Ancient Greek and Roman Gods
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Artists as Artists as Personalities/CelebritiesPersonalities/Celebrities
� Lives of the Lives of the Most Most Excellent Excellent Painters, Painters, Sculptors, andSculptors, andArchitectsArchitects
� Giorgio VasariGiorgio Vasari
� 15501550
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Note 12 – Medieval Art vs. Renaissance Art
Medieval Art
•Focus on religious themes•Flat 2 dimensional / symbolic•Purpose to glorify God
Renaissance Art
•Imitated Greek/Roman Art•Use of perspective / realistic•Purpose to glorify humanity
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Dante•Famous works – Divine Comedy and Inferno•Example of Medieval literature themes such as the After life/heaven & hell or religious ideas
Medieval Literature
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Note 13 – Medieval Literature Vs. Renaissance Literature
Medieval Literature
•Dante •Focus on God and religious subjects•Purpose religious understanding of God’s will
Renaissance Literature
•Focus on worldly subjects•Purpose understand humanity
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Renaissance Artists embraced some of the ideals of Greece and Rome in their art
They wanted their subjects to be realistic and focused on humanity and emotion
New Techniques also emerged
Frescos: Painting done on wet plaster became popular because it gave depth to the paintings
Sculpture emphasized realism and the human form
Architecture reached new heights of design
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Born in 1475 in a small town near Florence, is considered to be one of the
most inspired men who ever lived
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David
Michelangelo created
his masterpiece David in
1504.
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Sistine ChapelAbout a year after
creating David, Pope Julius II summoned
Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most famous project, the ceiling of the Sistine
Chapel.
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Creation of Eve Creation of Adam
Separation of Light and Darkness
The Last Judgment
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La Pieta 1499Marble Sculpture
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Moses
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Note 14 – Michelangelo•Considered one of the greatest Renaissance artists •Most famous works – David & painted ceiling of the Sistene Chapel
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1452-1519
Painter, Sculptor, Architect, Engineer
Genius!
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Self-Portrait Self-Portrait -- da Vinci, -- da Vinci, 15121512
1452 - 15191452 - 1519
� Artist
� Sculptor
� Architect
� Scientist
� Engineer
� Inventor
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Mona Lisa
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Leonardo, the SculptorLeonardo, the Sculptor
� An An Equestrian Equestrian StatueStatue
� 1516-15181516-1518
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Leonardo, the Architect:Leonardo, the Architect:Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook
� Study of a Study of a central central church.church.
� 14881488
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Leonardo, the Scientist Leonardo, the Scientist (Biology):(Biology):Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook
� An example of An example of the humanist the humanist desire to desire to unlock the unlock the secrets of secrets of nature.nature.
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Leonardo, the Leonardo, the Inventor:Inventor:
Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook
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Da Vinci’s Flying Da Vinci’s Flying MachineMachine
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A study of siege A study of siege defenses.defenses.
Studies of water-lifting Studies of water-lifting devices.devices.
Leonardo, the Engineer: Leonardo, the Engineer: Pages from his Pages from his
NotebookNotebook
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The Renaissance “Man”The Renaissance “Man”
� Broad knowledge about many things in different fields.
� Deep knowledge/skill in one area.� Able to link information from
different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge.
� The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was at the heart of Renaissance education.
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Note 15 – because of his
achievements in many fields Da
Vinci was considered a
Renaissance
Man