how climate change is affecting living...
TRANSCRIPT
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How Climate Change Is
Affecting Living Things
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• Organisms can only survive, grow, and
reproduce in a limited range of
environmental conditions
• No two species will react the same to
climate change
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• Scientists use
observational studies,
experiments, and
modeling to measure
the effects of climate
change on living things
and to predict future
effects.
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Free-Air C02
Enrichment experiments
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HOW HAVE BIOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS CHANGED?
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Physiology and Morphology
• Climate change can affect the physiology
and morphology (life processes and body
form) of some organisms.
• When exposed to stress, some organisms
may acclimatize within days or weeks,
undergo genetic change over many
generations, or go extinct.
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• The effects can be positive or negative.
– Ex. Some species may grow more quickly and
get bigger, such as lizards (ectothermic =
“cold-blooded”)
– whereas other species may sicken and die
because of heat or drought.
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• Temperature sensitivity
will increase the effects
– Ex. Most sea turtles
undergo temperature
dependent sex
determination (above 29
degrees = mostly
female, below = mostly
males)
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Phenology • Climate change can change the timing, or
phenology, of some life processes,
including flowering, ripening, migration,
reproduction, and hibernation.
– Ex. In some tree species, buds can open
earlier in the spring and leaves can drop later
in the fall.
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• Trophic mismatches
may arise (the
phenology of one
species no longer
matches that of its
food source)
Ex. Songbirds and their
caterpillar prey
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Abundance and Distribution
• Climate change can affect where
populations live (range) and how many
individuals there are in each population
(abundance).
• As the Earth warms, scientists expect
organisms to move to higher altitudes and
pole ward to higher latitudes
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• A population’s range (the area in which it
lives) can expand, contract, or shift to a
new area.
– Ex. Some tree species, such as hemlock,
white pine, maple, and beech are migrating
hundreds of meters per year
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• The size of a population may increase or
decrease.
– Ex. Aldabra banded snail went extinct around
2000. It was found on only a few island in the
Indian Ocean
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• Populations with small ranges, low
populations, narrow climate tolerances,
and lack of alternative habitats will be
more at risk for extinction
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Ecosystem Structure and Function
• Climate change can
affect whole
ecosystems.
• Systems that grow
and adapt slowly are
especially vulnerable
– Ex. Coral reefs are
under stress from
rapid ocean warming
Coral bleaching
(expulsion of
symbiotic algae) is a
serious concern
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• It can cause native species to be lost from
one area and be replaced by non-native
species that don’t belong in that area.
• It can create novel ecosystems where
combinations of species that haven’t
previously co-existed form
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• Climate change also can alter the
productivity of plants and how organisms
in a food web interact with one another.
• Scientists unsure the effects on ecosystem
services important to humans ( ex. Clean
drinking water, pollination of crop plants,
medicines and foods, etc.)
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Evolution
• Some populations may be able to evolve
in response to climate change,
• More likely when the populations are large
and the individuals in the population have
a short life spans.
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• Ex. Northern Canada red squirrel – evolved
earlier reproduction times in response to warmer
springs in just 10 years.
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• Ex: modern three-toed skinks in Australia -
in warm low lying areas they lay eggs, but
some in colder higher altitudes have
started giving birth to live young. May
eventually form two separate species
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• However, widespread rapid evolution is
not common and is unlikely to provide a
biological solution to climate change.
• Evolution normally requires long periods
of time