HOW ANIMALS MOVE

HOW ANIMALS MOVE

• DIVERSE MEANS OF ANIMAL LOCOMOTION HAVE EVOLVED– LOCOMOTION• ACTIVE TRAVEL FROM PLACE TO PLACE• SWIMMING

– WATER SUPPORTS WEIGHT, BUT INCREASE IN FRICTION• LOCOMOTION ON LAND

– HOPPING, WALKING, RUNNING, AND CRAWLING• FLYING

– ACCOMPLISHED BY WINGS AND LIFT

HOW ANIMALS MOVE

• LOCOMOTION ON LAND– EARTHWORMS HAVE

TINY BRISTLES (SETAE) THAT ANCHOR IT TO GROUND, PROVIDE TRACTION WHILE EXPANDING AND CONTRACTING

HOW ANIMALS MOVE

• SKELETONGS FUNCTION IN SUPPORT, MOVEMENT, AND PROTECTION– HYDROSTATIC SKELETON

• FLUID HELD UNDER PRESSURE IN A CLOSED BODY COMPARTMENT

– EXOSKELETON• RIGID, EXTERNAL SKELETON; *DOES NOT GROW WITH

ORGANISM*– ENDOSKELETON

• CONSISTS OF HARD OR LEATHERY SUPPORTING ELEMENTS SITUATED AMONG THE SOFT TISSUES OF THE ANIMAL

HOW ANIMALS MOVE

• THE HUMAN SKELETON IS A UNIQUE VARIATION ON AN ANCIENT THEME– AXIAL SKELETON• CONSISTS OF THE SKULL, THE

BACKBONE, AND A RIBCAGE– APPENDICULAR SKELETON• MADE OF THE BONES OF THE

FORELIMBS AND HIND LIMBS, THE SHOULDER GIRDLE, ANDTHE PELVIC GIRDLE

HOW ANIMALS MOVE

• 3 TYPES OF JOINTS– BALL-AND-SOCKET– HINGE– PIVOT

HOW ANIMALS MOVE

• SKELETAL DISORDERS AFFLICT MILLIONS– ARTHRITIS

• INFLAMMATION OF THE JOINTS– OSTEOPOROSIS

• WEAK BONES

• BONES ARE COMPLEX LIVING ORGANS– YELLOW BONE MARROW

• STORED FAT– RED BONE MARROW

• PRODUCE RED BLOOD CELLS

HOW ANIMALS MOVE

• BROKEN BONES CAN HEAL THEMSELVES– TREATMENT INVOLVES TWO STEPS• SETTING THE BONE BACK IN PLACE• IMMOBILIZING IT SO IT HEALS CORRECTLY

HOW ANIMALS MOVE

• THE SKELETON AND MUSCLES INTERACT IN MOVEMENT– TENDONS

• CONNECTIVE TISSUE BETWEEN BONES AND MUSCLES

– MUSCLES MUST EXIST INANTAGONISTICPAIRS

HOW ANIMALS MOVE

• EACH MUSCLE CELL HAS ITS OWN CONTRACTILE APPARATUS– SKELETAL MUSCLE

• ATTACHED TO SKELETON AND PRODUCES MOVEMENT

• MYOFIBRILS– BUDLE OF FIBERS THAT MAKE UP SKELETAL

MUSCLE• SARCOMERES

– MAKE UP MYOFIBRILS– MADE UP OF 2 PIECES

» THIN FILAMENT (ACTIN)» THICK FILAMENT (MYOSIN)

HOW ANIMALS MOVE

• A MUSCLE CONTRACTS WHEN THIN FILAMENTS SLIDE ACROSS THICK FILAMENTS

HOW ANIMALS MOVE

• MOTOR NEURONS STIMULATE MUSCLE CONTRACTION– NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION• SYNAPSE BETWEEN THE

MOTOR NEURON AND THE MUSCLE FIBERS

HOW ANIMALS MOVE

• THE STRUCTURE-FUNCTION THEME UNDERLIES ALL THE PARTS AND ACTIVITIES OF AN ANIMAL

HOW ANIMALS MOVE

• ONLY ONE CHAPTER/TOPIC LEFT!!!!• THE PLANTS THAT KEEP US ALL ALIVE!!