housing is not just houses. part 1

8/14/2019 Housing is not just houses. Part 1

1/32

Housing is not justhouses

An Integrated vision based onrecognition of territory and

negotiation


2/32

2


3/32

3


4/32

4


5/32

Introduction

When Johnny strand, first told me, in front of all

SDD1 group Write a book I thought that he was

teasing me. Then I recalled his particular pedagogy

and the way he makes you accept tough tasks and

long walks in his already famous intense courses and

study visits. In fact so was it, and when he told me

again to do so, I knew that this was a real issue that I

was going to assume.

The text is written in English as this is the originallanguage of the HDM course at Lund and because I

devote it to many men and women from nations and

countries manly from Africa and Asia where

colonization from XV to XX centuries was not able to

leave to most of the people a decent way of living in

harmony with their climate, their resources and their

culture, but this language as its colonization heritage.

Colonisation has not ended with XX century; actually

it looks like it has adopted a new form with the so

called globalization which I found it excellent as it

deals with communication between nations in real

1 SDD stands for Shelter Design and Development, a

Housing Development and Management (HDM) program atLund University, granted by the Swedish InternationalDevelopment Agency (Sida). Johnny strand is also HDMDirector. The particular group is SDD Spring 2007 course.

5


6/32

time, access to products and economies from all over

the world for every body common good.

It seems rather democratic and pretty acceptable that

each person on the face of earth shall have the chance

to experience the excitement of knowledge and

history expertise even at the instant events that aretaking place2. This unique phenomenon in our history,

joined to the huge capacity to backup information,

may be the perfect tools to stop inequity and bring fair

opportunities for all.

The incredible speed of changes has not reached

housing the same way trade and communications have

done. To build, yet, has an opposite connotation from

information or communication, it is done to last. And

with the rest of artistic expressions reveal the cultural

state of a society at each epoch. This particular

heritage of nations becomes the starting point of

identity and many global initiatives pledge for its

conservation and restoration.

Since XIX century, housing in cities became a

quantitative matter. Qualitative aspects were set aside

as well as traditional know-how practices were

dropped favouring the number of shelters for the

2This generation had the chance to see in direct TV the 9-11disaster.

6


7/32

newly raised hand labour class, crucial for

industrialisation. At that time mankind and dwellers

were not quite aware and concerned with pollution or

harmful practices. Nowadays we are aware of it and

as thoughtful and conscious beings we must look for a

healthy and sustainable housing for everyone.

From conservation to health: RSS3, Chagas

disease Santander experience, CINTROP-

UIS4, M.D. Victor Angulo.

In 1997 I knew about some tropical diseases,

particularly malaria and dengue, but I didnt know a

word about Chagas disease5, when I was invited by

Red de Solidaridad Social, RSS to make some

recommendations about a Chagas disease controlstrategy based on housing improvement. I didnt

imagine that this consult was going to turn over my

professional career. The particular case came from a

research study of Dr. Victor Manuel Angulo Silva,

3Red de Solidaridad Social, Colombian Presidential agencyin charge of managing the subsidy programmes of nationcreated at presidential period 1994-1998.4The Centro de Investigaciones en enfermedades tropicalesde la Universidad Industrial de Santander, founded byVctor Manuel Angulo in 1991..

5In 1909, Carlos Chagas discovered and described theaetiology and the vectorial domestic transmission of

American trypanosomiasis. He also called it: The povertydisease.

7


8/32

Director of Cintrop-UIS. The particular study was

essaying four different strategies for Chagas disease

control: three of them based on insecticides and the

fourth dealing with housing improvement. As the

WHO6 funds to finance the essay were not enough to

finance the dwelling improvement, Dr Angulo

involved Santander Governor and six Mayors from

endemic municipalities in addressing their housing

improving subsidised projects, currently administrated

by the presidential office RSS. As Dr Angulos

proposal was rather innovative, RSS charge me to

make some recommendations about Housing

improvement for Chagas disease control, because

current actions of housing contractors were to torn

down rural houses (or worst, to leave them upstanding

in risk conditions able for domiciliation of the vector)

and replace them with the repetition of a typical

design of a two bedroom, one bathroom, a kitchen and

a corridor of about 40 sqm total built area, without

considering the built patrimony of the families, or to

improve the house by adding a new bedroom and

upgrading the bathroom and the kitchen leaving the

rest of the dwelling in risk conditions for Chagas

disease transmission. My former Architectural

Conservation speciality, lead me to find out that over

6WHO, United Nations World Health Organisation

8


9/32

19,000 sqm were going to be torn down, generating a

severe damage to vernacular architecture and the

destruction of cultural roots of places.

This first experience and the particular success of my

proposals for changes for an integral vision for

actions from government, academic and communityactors; intra and peri domicile analysis of dwellings;

total upgrading instead of partial interventions and to

make increase the amount of housing subsidy, from

USD 1,200 to 1,800 for each dwelling (512 units in

six municipalities). Then the following nomination of

this experience by Colombian Health Ministry to Best

Practices contest at Dubai in 19997; the following

edition of an integrating protocol of the National

Chagas Disease Control Programme and the NationalRural Subsidy Housing Programme for INS8in 2000;

convinced me about the creation of Cesos Corporation

as a Non-for profit organisation, on September 25,

2003 with the following social mission: To promote

health and general welfare of communities in

harmony with environment, by means of the study,

promotion and execution of investigations and

projects in the fields of Physical Sciences, Human

7http://www.bestpractices.org/database/bp_display_best_practice.php?best_practice_id=9548 INS: Instituto Nacional de Salud, National Health Institute

9


10/32

Sciences and Arts. Then as a new NGO, Cesos

developed for the INS in 2004 a social participatory

strategy for Dengue disease sustainable control,

involving new approaches leading to an efficient

social an environmental management system for

municipalities. We have also prepared and held

conferences and congresses, presented lectures,

supported small women rural organizations and

solved consulting on Social Housing Quality. This

expertise is Cesos main strength as well as its board

and closer volunteer collaborators. The corporation

integrates working teams depending on the purpose of

the project to be executed from a large Data Base of

professionals. Each project has a Responsible director

and an Administrative manager that become vocals at

the Board.

From health to housing: Casanare, Ministry

of Housing, Environment and Territory,

SDD.

The former activity brought me some popularity

among Health functionaries. I was invited by Dr Juan

Manuel Naranjo, who was occupying the Public

Health Direction for Casanare department invitedCesos to organize a congress about housing

improvement for Chagas disease control.

10


11/32

Casanare is a large department (44.640 sqkm) located

at the east of the country in the Orinochean natural

region with huge oil and natural gas reserves, its

population in 2005 Census was of 133.226 inhabitants

that compared with 1993 Census figure of 161.440

shows us the general emigrational phenomena to

larger cities. Two percent of population is native and

live in 10 reserved areas that occupy 3,3% of territory

with dramatic livelihood conditions due to

acculturation from a nomad way of living in their

extended vernacular territory of the Orinochean plains

to a restricted territory where they are pushed to

become farmers instead of semi-nomad hunters

gatherers, forced to live in colonisation dwelling

schemes offered by the government agencies, that are

neglected as they dont respond, for example, to their

traditional separation of sanitary services from the

cooking utility, or to the use of zinc metal tiles that

doesnt offer bioclimatic protection to shelter

compared to traditional palm roofs, much less

expensive as they are easy available in the region and

incredibly efficient to keep comfortable temperatures

inside dwellings in hot tropical climates.

Then, I was invited to develop part of a consultationfor the Ministry of Housing, Environment and

11


12/32

Territory9, about shelter quality standards. This

allowed me to visit several social housing projects

across the country verifying sadly the extremely bad

quality of urbanism, building and habitability

conditions in most of the cases. I could corroborate

the lack of participation of the final user in the

planning and execution of these projects, not even in

the recognition of the family composition to

determinate the size and characteristics of the

dwelling, much less in the adaptation to biological,

cultural or climatic local conditions. In our diverse

country it appeared as we have reached an ideal

unique prototype present in all climates, cultures and

local conditions.

With this precedent information I was accepted toShelter Design & Development course at HDM in

Lund University where I could develop and present

the project: Healthy and Sustainable Habitat in

Colombia. Integrated Housing in Rural and Urban

Areas of Small Municipalities. This is a

demonstrative project of a protocol to create The

National Health and Sustainable Habitat Programme

in Colombia. It justifies and describes a process that

9 Consultora para la formulacin de guas de asistenciatcnica a entidades territoriales para proyectos de Viviendade Inters Social-VIS y sobre estndares de calidad de VIS

12


13/32

starts developing a Geographical Information System

(GIS) tool by which the municipal authorities and the

communities, with support of academic institutions

are able to recognize their identity, their territory and

establish agreements to address urban land, wealth

and development in the small municipalities

throughout the country.

Towards a systemic and holistic vision.

The task then is to introduce a new way to harmonise

housing to environment through a systemic and

holistic integrated way to approach to territories and

communities, which is the reason of this book that I

wish to present to people involved in social housing.

13


14/32

PART ONE

1. Identity

Perhaps you may have found yourself in the middle of

a crowd where you dont know anybody, but you feel

safe because people are like you somehow. Certainly,you will share some interest about the meeting, or you

might dress similarly, probably you speak the same

language, and many people are alike you. Identity is a

security factor that allows you to act freely and

comfortably, opposite to a different situation where

you do not recognize elements from your background.

On this other pole, when you walk through a

neighbourhood where the buildings are so similar that

you may say they are all identical, you will not onlybe insecure, you will get lost. This can certainly

happen to you in any of the official social housing

neighbourhoods built in the last decades in Manila,

Mexico, Lima, Bogot, or many other cities with a

large growing rate.

This is the heritage that ideal Renaissance cities and

modern mass housing production left to the actual

city. An urbanism that doesnt replicate landscape

accidents denies topography and fills up waterways. It

struggles against land and gives priority to the straight

14


15/32

line over organic shapes. Flying across the USA you

can appreciate this, and curiously the organic way

some roads around oil fields are traced, or how rice

terraces were built two thousand years ago, see

pictures 1, 2 and 3.

Picture 1. Rice terraces, Bantad, Philipines

Picture 2. Over Arizona or New Mexico, USA

15


16/32

Picture 3. Oil drilling, Texas, USA

I dont want to suggest that land cannot be managed,

what I want to emphasize is that we must not scarf the

planet. The consequences of the non-identification

with terrain are well known and are a cause of many

of the wrongly called natural disasters. So, to builda terrain-comprehensive urban environment is a first

clue to have friendly neighbourhoods humanized

cities and harmonious livelihoods.

The former huge step does not come alone. To reachthis civilized target, deep changes have to be

accomplished, starting by individual ones. It is an

identity recovery issue on individuals that will lead

society to a better urban rich world. This change must

be supported by the current formal educational system

for coming generations, and bred from a non formal

16


17/32

pedagogic approach for adults and populations that

live in deprived conditions all over the world. Here

urbanism and education touch each other in a

sentence that a young Philippinean from Ifugao told

me, walking through the old rice terraces, they

have given us education, but it was not focused

There stands all the matter: focuses. And then, some

questions arise: Is it a global focus, or an international

one, or a national one, a regional, or a local one? The

answer is yes, to all of them, but within priorities.

Focus shall be defined at first instance individually

then locally, and gradually or concentrically to the

other levels.

There is where education for new generations shall

assume its role to raise kids focused within

themselves and their territories. In the first order the

body and the closest surround, in farther ones the

natural, economical, social, and political environment.

A compulsory Territory Cathedra must be

implemented into formal educational systems from

nursery school to the highest educational levels. But

lets leave this immediate task for future generations

to specialists activity: to introduce changes in

educational national curriculum.; as we have to be

concerned with millions of people all over the world

17


18/32

living today in jeopardize, on a high degree of

unsatisfactory environment, full of inequity,

segregation, discrimination, degradation, injustice,

lack of secure tenure, among many other inhuman

conditions.

To brake down these unfair conditions it is not only

necessary to teach values, but to deeply inculcate

them in the interior of individuals, in their emotional

feelings to get a truly non rational or automatic

attitude in accordance with them. Thoughts and

actions shall become consciously right, to live

joyfully and well being in common good.

Human rights are written, even officially recognized

by country bylaws but they are not yet culturally

performed. Formative-pedagogic-cultural processes in

informal educational activities of action learning by

creating shall impact for changes on individuals

behaviour for a civil society change leading to a

happy and richer world.

Culture is something particular to each individual and

tacit agreements are done to build it up from personal

and local surround, to global levels. As the

constitutive unit of culture is a personal one,

coherence between what we think or desire, what we

18


19/32

say and what we do, consents to the consolidation of

collective cultural levels. It is practically impossible

to be happy not being coherent or doing what we

know that is wrong, living in a constant interior

struggle. A clue to evaluate coherence in our lives is

our behaviour towards morals and law. We are

remembered for our acts, words are gone with the

wind, and it is about time to put them in deeds.

Besides its incidence in development, how

convergence of Law, Mores and Culture, influence

housing?

In a convergent situation corruption does not prevail,

the right thing is to build real nice, happy and

healthy dwellings. Actual situation is opposite, as

housing is also a business, forcedly generating profit,

it doesnt matter to act wrong, facilitating

corruption and producing an unhealthy housing

environment with very low living quality.

How can we change this historical gap? For the

change I will propose forward a methodology to

implement communitarian processes towards building

better neighbourhoods and cities where people

identify themselves in a commune by thinking and

acting consciously of each step they take.

19


20/32

2. The Triple R

An integral comprehension of the Triple R strategy

must be fulfilled because it is the basis of a conscious

behaviour in pro of a healthy and wealthy

environment. This tripod has a logical staging.

In first place conscience is arising about benefits and

urgency ofReduction by opposition of unlimited

growing10. Humankind is getting aware that our

splendid planet is limited to a very fragile spot in the

middle of the cosmos and that many resources are not

being used properly to get a better living for

everybody and that we must reduce or definitively

avoid the use of many products that are harming the

environment and consequently putting in dangerhuman life. As many of these products harmful and

not harmful are still being produced we shall use them

until their last stand, while future industry re

accommodates to pro-life standards.

The second logical step is Reusing which is a practice

that also forwards to diminish the manufacture of

short-life products. To reuse you might need to do

10 Industrialization and post industrialization vowed for

development based on growing. After 1992s earth summitof Rio sustainability concept emerged, nowadays harmony

between parts is prevailing in response to ethics andaesthetics congruity.

20


21/32

some reparations to keep in function the utility, by

opposition of throwing it away and getting a brand

new one. You can apply this principle even in

housing; as a matter of fact in Chagas disease control

program in Santander, Colombia, we avoid the

demolition of many vernacular houses from poor

people at countryside that were beneficiated with a

housing subsidy for building a new mini house of

40sqm with poor bioclimatic conditions. We got that

government approved that family could use the

subsidys money improving their old house to healthy

conditions, using local and traditional materials in a

typical reusing process.

The third one refers to all the products that dont stand

any other use, these shall get going into a Recycling

process that recovers the raw materials and make

them able to be used in the production of new

products, hopefully pro-life ones.

As there is still a lot of garbage making, recycling has

become a very profitable business in this decade.

Actually the objective is not to recycle or to favour

this new business, but to manufacture only useful

products with a very long profitable life for the raw

materials as they are made out of biodegradable

material.

21


22/32

2.1. Re-creation

To reinvent and redesign to be able for RRR

To put in deeds RRR, a great creative effort must be

done. It is a diametrical position to change from a

culture of waste towards a systemic, complex and

open economy11. Cultural appropriation of new pro

life habits will overcome in a democratic society in

the measure that new actions entail new benefits. The

reinvention and redesigning of strategies, processes

and products is impositive to politicians,

entrepreneurs, industrial designers, architects, among

all social actors. There are already many conscious

actors. that have introduced into their social mission

the zero emissions concept12. They are pioneers of

this new century task and they envision it as a green

opportunity for business. So, major scientific

developments, based on ethical principles for life

preservation will give common people decent options

for a new way of living far different from waste, as

we will only get or buy what we really need, and

clean production will predominate over dirty one13. It

11 Gunter Pauli, Volver a Adam Smith, Innovar 14, p. 12

12Ibidem, founder and director of Zeri foundation, 1994:Zero emissions Research and Initiatives.13 Sylvain Darnil, Matieu Le Roux, 80 hommes pourchanger le monde, 2005

22


23/32

is a new economical scope where prevails a practical

logic for life preservation. Artists are also involved,

since the beginning of XX century, Duchamps avant-

garde rhythms of his time with his provoking ready-

mades, questioned the absolutism of crafting, or

Chaplins critical movies to machinism and

Taylorism14in its bad consequence ofusing time and

motion studies simply to extract more work from

employees at less pay.

Contemporary, there are already several artists that

with his constant provoking way to show beyond

reality and question society, shall be our allies to get

to communities. I met a Tarija, Bolivia a wonderful

puppet man, Federico Rocha who has developed a

series of plays engaged with health improvement and

environmental conservation. By his Pedrito and

Mara puppet play for Chagas disease control with

housing improvement, adults while laughing were

shown in the mirror of theatre how irrational was their

domestic behaviour while kids would be able to recall

to their parents about good house holding habits in

14 Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), FrederickWinslow Taylor devised a system he called scientific

management, a form of industrial engineering thatestablished the organization of work as in Ford's assemblyline. He moved management theory from early time-and-motion studies to the latest total quality control ideas.

23


24/32

their familiar milieu. Artists can support our task in a

lot of manners; Chris Jordans Picture 315 has already

undertaken it.

Picture 3. Chris Jordan, Cell phones #2. Atlanta

2005, 44 x 90

His images are invaluable tools for pedagogical

purposes about raising consciousness among

communities, and to question whether we have to

focus on a number of changes in our consumption

habits and to start a cultural process to reinvent and

redesign.

15Intolerable Beauty: Portraits of American MassConsumption: As an American consumer myself, I am inno position to finger wag; but I do know that when wereflect on a difficult question in the absence of an answer,our attention can turn inward, and in that space may existthe possibility of some evolution of thought or action. So

my hope is that these photographs can serve as portals to akind of cultural self-inquiry. It may not be the mostcomfortable terrain, but I have heard it said that in riskingself-awareness, at least we know that we are awake.

24


25/32

Changing habits, braking paradigms is a cultural

process based on education through pedagogical

process of learning while doing in a focused way

into the milieu that has not yet been incorporated in

formal educational programs. There is a simple

practice that I propose to pupils in my walking

courses, to explain RRR, the most vivid one is about

the use of paper: If you write or print on the two faces

of the paper instead of one (it is bad seen to present

a homework with the two faces of the sheet printed),

you are reducing in 50% the use of paper, thus half of

the trees needed to make paper will not be felt down.

It is also profitable to keep the paper that has one of

its faces not used, to profit it for a rough draft. This

habit has taken root amply but the concept of what

you are doing is often confused with recycling instead

of simply the reusing one.

2.2. The Balance

Back in year 1999 I recall the day I read Gunter

Paulis enlightening article Volver a Adam Smith16

when I understood thoroughly the RRR strategy. I

hope that, when you read this, most of the world has

done it also. Paulis point, based on Adam Smith 1767theory, is the zero emissions vision. Nowadays, some

16 Gunter Pauli is founder an director of Zeri foundation

25


26/32

companies have adopted this statement in their

institutional mission17. This is another clue to make

safer and pleasant environments, and above all to

preserve the world for the benefit of future

generations.

Beyond the reduction of garbage, new entrepreneurs

generations ought to be aware that a balanced

behaviour is essentially the only way to avoid global

warming, but they will find out that balance is also a

great deal, economically rewarding, environmentally

friendly and socially accepted. Simultaneous and

numerous actions in this direction can become into

the braking point for preserving future life on our

planet.

As Pauli states, economical science contradicting

Adam Smiths theory, keeps its practice improving

micro economical aspects about management but

leaves aside the fundamentals about the more efficient

17 Herman Miller: Our sustainability goals by the year2020: Zero landfill Zero hazardous waste generation Zero air emissions (VOCs) Zero process water use

100 percent green electrical energy use Company buildings constructed to a minimumLEED Silver certification 100 percent of sales from DfE approved products

26


27/32

combination of the three economical components

stated by Adams in IIXX century: capital, labour force

and raw materials18. Currently, emphasis is made only

on the first two, neglecting the incorporation of the

last in the equation. As a direct consequence of this

nonsense, a great amount of raw materials become

environmental polluters.

So, a balanced re-creation, where the full use of raw

materials, the proportional valuation of labour hand

with a minimum risk for capital loss, had to be done

in a contemporary conservative thought contrasting to

the theory of endless growing equivalent to

development. The new production and consumption

model to recreate should be able to respond to the

alleviation of the critical conditions of thousands of

millions of people that live overwhelmed by poverty,

lacking elementary resources as clean water, food,

health services, shelter, energy and productive

occupation all over the world.

2.2.1.Capital

Richard S. Fuld jr, former president of Lehman

Brothers declare to the U.S. congress commission that

18 Adam Smiths theory: Nature and Causes of theWealth of Nations, published 1776

27


28/32

one of the causes of companys bankruptcy was the

simultaneity of virtual transactions, what put in

evidence that, in fact, there is a large amount of

capital that doesnt really exist. This remind me about

a play game where there is a number of chairs with

one chair less than those of the number of players

who dance around them until music stops and each

one must take a chair obviously leaving one of them

standing. Lehman Bros. didnt have liquidity when

the music stopped. Why? Because that money doesnt

exist as it matches to a speculation of the capital

gambling.

Capital became a purpose instead of an instrument,

new interchange media will arise and in Antanas

Mockus19words: In XXIII century money will exist,

but only in the Museums. So, a truth dimension of

capital function to get sustain of life in the planet

must take place, finding its place as mere tool to

create value for welfare, health and happiness of

mankind.

2.2.2.Labour force

To produce more with less (hand labour), this

popular economical paradigm of XX century has

19 Bogotas Mayor in two period.

28


29/32

conducted manhood to the unequal situation that 80%

of resources are consumed by 20% of population. It

also has permitted that 20% of people owns 80% of

global wealth. This distorted vision has favoured

increasing productivity and growth as the modern

economical ideal, in disregard of human free and

creative occupation. It has generated added value to

products and returned it to the capital in detriment of

the labourers incomes. This coarse and unbalanced

situation not only uses full employment as an

unreachable task, but it is the main cause of the

existence of such a pollutant and wasteful society. The

industrialized city from its beginnings in IXX century

legitimate the furnishing of sufficient and cheap

labour hand that has been recurrently packed in

shanty towns all over the world20 as an

ineluctable need of having a large inventory of

labourers disposed to work more for less (pay).

Added value to products by account of hand labour is

currently easy to figure out, so that a proportional

welfare of mankind is set up, and in a further appraise

of interchange means, different than money, hopefully

equity will arise. Meanwhile, an intensive use in

20 Term used for the first time around 1953 to designsquatters in Moroq

29


30/32

complete production cycles of raw materials may

generate plenty of occupation for many people.

2.2.3.Raw materials

Finally, due to climate change, the use of the third

component of the equation is driving to collapse thewhole system, the irrational use and abuse of natural

raw materials. Our mother earth is been exhausted by

the unconscious exploitation of natural resources over

the last two centuries. To waste them as if they were

unlimited is carrying us to a self destruction in a very

short term. There are still running all over the planet

many industrial processes that merely 10% of raw

material is spent while the remaining 90% is wasted

to the sewers or directly poured into the waterstreams21. It is about time to reconsider these shaming

activities that harsh environment and replacing them

through systemic processes able to use the residual

materials from one industry as raw material for

another one. Human activities are boosting carbon

dioxide and other greenhouse gases concentrations

in the atmosphere to dangerous levels. The result is

rising global temperatures and an unstable climate

that threatens humans, economies, and ecosystems.

21Gunter Pauli, ibidem p. 31

30


31/32

3. More urban, more rich

Parodying Gran Tannerfeldt and Per Ljung book:

More urban less poor (an introduction to urban

development and management) my proposal leads

about how people can become richer instead of just

less poor. I strongly oppose to the ineluctability of this

sad human condition of poverty. It is overwhelming to

listen to the reports that 60.000 million tons of food is

thrown to the garbage just in the United States of

America, additional 6.000 thousand tons in GreatBritain have the same destiny annually. This shows us

that hunger reasons far differ from poverty or lack of

food and recall us the unbalanced and non

proportional conditions of urban development, which

follows the wicked system that nowadays prevails.

The concentration off huge populations in few urban

cities only favours massive consumption industries

whose enormous benefits grow proportionally to the

inutility and futility of what it is produced and to thefact that free hand labour mobility is restricted to

these gigantic centres, contradicting the angular stone

of free market as Adam Smith quoted.

Megalopolis at service of the accumulation of capital

are perhaps the worst historical human mistake that is

jeopardizing life on earth by its effects on

31


32/32

environment as the main source of greenhouse gases

and its expected impacts on an unstable climate22

The urgency of Mitigation: Policies and behaviours

designed to reduce greenhouse gases and increase

carbon sinks.

To end poverty by the creation of value, aXXI century global goal.

22 Climate Change Reference Guide, WorldwatchInstitute ,2009

housing is not just houses. part 1

Documents