housing in extreme environments

33

The extreme climatic conditions of the North introduce a design paradox for architects. The fragile environmental conditions require incisive designs that respond to irregular loading from strong winds, heavy snowfalls, avalanche risk zones, and extreme cold. These phenomena are often instantaneous, sudden, and unpredictable. Risk of severe weather increases the vulnerability of human habitation to natural surroundings. Housing, in particular, must achieve levels of self-sufficiency in such environments in order to decrease dependency upon external infrastructure networks that can be severed during periods of harsh weather. At the same time, complications in material provision and inaccessible, remote terrain introduce ideas of prefabrication and economy of construction within these very particular contexts. Designing living environments must therefore consolidate solutions to scarcity, inaccessibility, and self-sufficiency with innovation particular to extreme climates. The existing dichotomy between vernacular housing traditions and the latest innovation in building technology establishes an interesting terrain for the design of comfortable living environments in the most harsh weather conditions.

The first part of the studio will investigate architectural solutions and responses within extreme climatic conditions. Students will research traditional building designs that respond to risks associated with avalanches, heavy snowfalls, strong winds, and low temperatures. As an introduction to building in these conditions, the studio will construct several prototypical designs of a smallest-possible habitable unit that will be a temporary living space for mountaineers and hikers. The process will involve structural engineers (for the design of minimal foundations, lightweight structure for simple transportation, wind and avalanche resistance, etc.) and elements of sustainable architecture (intelligent building skins, vernacular building traditions, etc.) to produce a shelter with strict design constraints, minimum energy consumption, minimum envelope exposure, lightweight structure, and adherence to limits of remote transportation (helicopter, etc.). The prototype will be given a real site on the peak of a mountain exposed to the most severe weather conditions.

The studio will transition to larger scale housing designs in a similar harsh climate. Sites will be provided in Juneau, Alaska, where the outward expansion of the small city has caused peripheral development to encroach on the steep slopes of the surrounding mountains. The area faces many challenges in relation to avalanche zones; it is the city with the highest risk of avalanche disaster in the USA. Modes of self-sufficient and structurally integral design will be explored that can adapt to this risk and respond to disasters such as the recent 2008 avalanche in Juneau that destroyed the power supply of the entire municipality. Studio groups will focus on four design topics: a mountaineer village at the peak of Juneau Mountain, visitor housing at the edge of Juneau in close proximity to the cruise ship docks, seasonal housing for workers to the north of the city, and social housing for permanent residents at the foot of Juneau Mountain.

Studio Brief

55

The extreme climatic conditions of the North introduce a design paradox for architects. The fragile environmental conditions require incisive designs that respond to irregular loading from strong winds, heavy snowfalls, avalanche risk zones, and extreme cold. These phenomena are often instantaneous, sudden, and unpredictable. Risk of severe weather increases the vulnerability of human habitation to the natural surroundings. Housing, in particular, must achieve levels of self-sufficiency in such environments in order to decrease dependency upon external infrastructure networks that can be severed during periods of harsh weather. At the same time, complications in material provision and inaccessible, remote terrain introduce ideas of prefabrication and economy of construction within these very particular contexts. Designing living environments must therefore consolidate solutions to scarcity, inaccessibility, and self-sufficiency with innovation particular to extreme climates. The existing dichotomy between vernacular housing traditions and the latest innovation in building technology establishes an interesting terrain for the design of comfortable living environments in the most harsh weather conditions.

Housing

and

climate

66

Within a context of extreme risk to environmental forces, it is important to design buildings within the system that the surrounding natural environment has mandated. Responding to environmental flows is not only a protective measure benefitting future generations in the midst of dramatic climate shifts- it also translates into a matter of immediate life safety for housing existing populations.

In such an extreme environment, the design of living environments must integrate structural, environmental, and planning considerations to consolidate environmental conditions within the chosen architectural language. New cross-disciplinary tools can help to inform comprehensive solutions to a complex design challenge.

Confrontations between manmade systems and environmental systems often result in temporary shortages of essential services for dwellings in the North, for example in the case of power blackouts and severed transportation of necessary material goods. In response to these deficiencies, the design of remote settlements in the North must be constructed in accordance with ideas of self-sufficiency and supplementary, back-up energy systems. Many vernacular building traditions can serve as a reference for designing environments that are self-sufficient and sustainable within the extreme climatic conditions challenging human habitation in the North.

LIVING IN EXTREME

Environments

77

Northern settlements have suffered a history of material destruction as well as death and injury on account of avalanche catastrophes. High-speed cur-rents of snow have blocked access to these settlements, annihilated build-ings, and buried entire communities in their paths. It is important to avoid designing in avalanche high risk zones, but in some areas of development positioned at important trading points or economic centers, it may be difficult to completely avoid building in areas susceptible to some avalanche risk.

In the event of an avalanche, building design must be capable of withstand-ing extreme and concentrated lateral forces. Streamlined designs parallel to these forces as well as reinforced foundation design can reduce a buildings vulnerability to small-scale avalanches. Vernacular building traditions in the North provide references for designing in a similar environmental context today. Traditional building forms, as well as structural design, for example, both address important considerations for construction within avalanche risk zones.

The design of the surrounding site must also consider access to the building in the case of heavy snow and avalanches. Accessibility for buildings can be completely blocked if site planning has not been carefully considered in response to climatic conditions and avalanche risk. Challenges facing both site planning and architectural design must be met with innovative solutions that can protect against often unexpected climatic disasters.

BUILDING IN AVALANCHE

RISK ZONES

99

Avalanches pose a variety of threats to human habitation. Different types of avalanches occur in different terrains and contexts and can be understood as unique reactions to unique environments.

This section will analyze traditional building designs in their response to risks associated with avalanches, heavy snowfalls, strong winds, and extreme cold. Various formal solutions have been developed to respond to avalanche risk- solutions both integrated with building design and solutions that act as separate, isolated structures.

EXTREME

WEATHER

PROTECTION

1010snow protection:

traditional methods

SNOW DRIFTING

Snow is deposited on the lee (downwind) side of hills or in downwind depressions. Snow drifts form when the flow of wind is interrupted by obsta-cles or barriers. The snow is swept away in areas of high wind speeds and deposited when wind speeds drop, often some distance behind the object. Obstacles and barriers can be in the form of hedges, trees, fences, buildings, and even snow deposited from snow removal processes.19 After time, snow drifting will form a streamlined enclosure and will not build up further so long as the wind direction and flow remains the same and the surface of the snow is lower than surrounding obstacles.

SNOW FENCES

Collector FencesFences must be arranged perpendicular to the direction of the prevailing winds. Winds will slow after passing the fence, causing wind-blown snow to settle before reaching the site. Most of the snow will be deposited behind the fence, so the fence should be positioned a great enough distance to avoid snow accumulation in the area surrounding the building. Fences should be positioned approximately 15 times the fence height from the building volume. A decrease in solid fence area will produce a longer and shallower the drift. Open fences with a density ratio between 40 and 60 percent have maximum collecting capacity. Two rows of fences between 4-6 feet are usually more cost-effective than a higher fence. If space is limited, a more solid collector fence can be placed before the building to cause greater accumulation in front of the fence as opposed to behind. Solid fences require stronger and more expensive foundations and can result in strong winds keeping the area behind the fence clear of snow.

Blower FencesThe wind passing below the fence is accelerated and the snow behind the fence is cleared up to an approximate distance of 20 feet. Blower fences are most often used in preventing snow accumulation behind ridges and depressions. The incline of the fence should be similar to the lee side of the depression, but not less than 30 degrees.

Deflector Fences8-10 feet high fences can deflect the wind to cause accelerated winds behind the fence and the erosion of snow. In the case of changing winds, the po-sitioning of deflector fences should be such that they do not act as collector

fences and deposit snow close to the building.

11

POSITIONING THE BUILDING

The walls facing a descending avalanche must be constructed in the correct form and with adequate strength to resist the applied force of an avalanche. The larger the surface of the resisting wall, the larger the pressure this wall will be exposed to in the event of an avalanche. Therefore, it is ideal to position the building in a way so as to minimize the length of the impact surface. For example, when a wall is perpendicular to the avalanche direction, it must bear the entire kinetic force of this avalanche, while orientating the walls differently lessens the required strength of resistance. Acute angles or curved forms are also capable of splitting the course of a descending avalanche and reducing the applied force.

WEDGE FORMS

Structures with strength equal to the kinetic force of avalanches in the form of dams, walls, galleries, and deflecting walls can deviate, divide, or channel an avalanche. These protective structures can be built against isolated buildings or constructed in their immediate vicinity in order to divide an avalanche and alter its track to avoid the building. A stone wedge positioned on the hill-ward side of a building is a traditional avalanche proofing method with a long history. The interior angle of the wedge should not exceed 60 degrees in order to effectively split the avalanche. The sides of the wedge must be long enough to prevent snow from eddying and engulfing the protected building.

DEVIATING WALLS

Deviating walls are intended to alter the path of an avalanche. Their deviating capacity is relative to their height as well as the gradient of the slope and the angle of deviation. Deviating walls can be most effective when they raise the edges of a natural depression or gully and preventing the avalanche from leaving the already-existing channel. Similar to wedge forms, the angle of deviation should not be greater than 30 degrees. A smaller angle of deviation will reduce the applied force of the avalanche that the deviating structure must resist.

PARTIALLY BELOW-GRADE CONSTRUCTION

Another long-established method for protecting living spaces from avalanches is to build houses that are embedded into the hillside. In semi-subterranean construction, roofs are traditionally flat or follow the sloping angle of the terrain, allowing the avalanche to flow over the building without causing great damage to the building. In this case, the roof and the wall structure must be reinforced in order to bear the weight of the snow. Vernacular traditions of partially below-grade construction can be reinterpreted in various ways in contemporary design.

fORMAL

sOLUTIONS11

13

Explorations of prototypical designs of a smallest-possible habitable unit explore modern translations of traditional construction strategies in the extreme North. The shelter will be programmed for mountaineers and hikers seeking shelter in remote locations and at high altitudes and it is designed to withstand harsh winter conditions.

The prototype will be given a real site in the Kamnik-Savinja Alps, Slovenia, a location that faces severe winter weather. The alpine shelter will be accessed primarily in the summer months. However, the design must be also be accessible during the winter months. The building must be self-sufficient, independent from external energy sources, for example, which may fail in harsh winter weather.

site

information

1414project

introduction

PURPOSE

The prototypical design will investigate architectural solutions in extreme climatic conditions as well as traditional building designs that respond to risks associated with avalanches, heavy snowfalls, strong winds, and extreme cold. The shelter will be given a real site on the peak of a mountain exposed to the harshest climatic conditions.

FUNCTIONALITY

The prototype unit will accommodate up to 8 people, offering space for sleeping and cooking, and designed as a smallest-possible-habitable unit. Even in extreme weather conditions, it will provide a safe shelter for mountaineers and hikers for durations of one to three days. The unit should be self-sufficient without the need for external electrical and heating supply networks and it must minimize future maintenance costs. It can make use of both primitive or vernacular building practices as well as advanced technology to achieve designs with full self-sufficiency and zero site impact.

DESIGN CONSTRAINTS

The process will involve structural engineers and elements of sustainable architecture (intelligent building skins, etc) to produce a shelter with strict design constraints.

The shelter must be designed for easy transportation, low maintenance, and harsh weather conditions. The volume must weigh less than 1800 kg to be transported via helicopter to the destination site. If it is heavier, it can be transported as a series of smaller parts that can be easily assembled on site. Designs must enable low maintenance throughout the shelters lifespan since the unit will be isolated from any other man-made construction and will not have access to electricity or heating. The shelter will also be built in an area susceptible to harsh weather conditions. It must be resilient in the case of avalanches, heavy snowfalls, rainfalls, and ice storms and have the capacity to carry heavy snow loads.

15site

CONDITIONS

LOCATION

The site is a destination center for hikers and climbers in all seasons. The present site with the existing shelter is located under the Skuta Mountain in Kamnike Alpe, Slovenia at an elevation of 2070 meters. It sits on the karst plateau of Mali Podi along an unmarked trail leading to the summit of Skuta with an altitude of 2532 meters.31 Each year a few hundred mountaineers and hikers stop at the existing shelter, some for the night, some only for a brief break. This particular site is valued for its spectacular views of the surrounding mountains and the valley of Kamnika Bistrica.

EXISTING ALPINE SHELTER

The existing shelter provides 12 sleeping places (6 bunk beds) with blankets, a table, and a bench. The shelter is open all year round, though it is very rarely used between December and May. The most crowded months are July, August and September. The first shelter in this location was built in 1946. In 1981, The Mountaineering and climbing club Ljubljana-Matica built the present shelter that was larger and better protected from the weather than the previous one.

CLIMATE

Winter climatic conditions are very harsh at the altitude of the site location. Snow cover exists for more than half of the year. In winter, the depth of snow cover in the area may reach several meters. The average temperature of the year is close to 0 C. In summer, the average temperature rises close to 8-10 C and in winter drops to -6 C, but colder days may reach temperatures less than -20 C.

15

1616minimum living

space design

Minimum space design is characteristic of a variety of living spaces - for boats, motor caravans, trains, etc., where available space is limited. This design approach can also be advantageous for economic or functional reasons. Minimum space design has also developed a kind of minimalist design aesthetic that both reinforces and is derived from economic and functional efficiency.

At the beginning of the 20th century, spatial efficiency became an increasingly important topic of discussion in relation to the housing question. Immediate demand for housing in the post-war period led to economy of design and a scientific approach to architecture as a means to determine the minimum requirements of life. Particularly at the end of the 1920s, the social and economic situation led many architects to think about the question of Existenzminimum; while designing minimal and standardized apartments for the working class. Existenzminimum was defined in terms of the minimal acceptable floor space, density, fresh air, access to green space, access to transit, etc. required to support life and create a habitable dwelling. During the same period, the aspiration for a more simple, rational, and efficient living model was expressed in Le Corbusiers house as a machine for living.

Continued reflection on minimum living spaces has been developed by various architects throughout the past half century. Efforts in making living environments more functional, for example, have led to the evolution of ergonomics as a new scientific field in order to maximize spatial efficiency and well-being. With continued densification of contemporary cities, multi-functional designs have also led to a reduction in necessary allocation of

space.

train cabin

petit cabanon

capsule tower, kikusha kurokawa

boat house

17SHELTER

STRUCTURE

TRANSPORTATION

Structural design must be lightweight in order to facilitate easy transportation to remote locations that may not have automobile access. Transport by helicopter is common practice where other vehicular modes of transportation are not possible or hazardous. In these cases, transportation and construction must occur outside of winter months, when weather conditions are more favorable for flying.

Structural systems must also be consolidated within the buildings volume where possible to allow compact movement and transportation. A higher degree of prefabrication and reduced on-site assembly will also reduce the complications associated with building on steep and uneven terrain. This also reduces the necessary transportation of construction workers, materials, and tools for assembly.

Shelters can be transported as a whole or in numerous parts. However, increasing the number of parts will also increase the on-site construction and expense of the building. Prefabrication allows greater quality control outside of a hazardous and an uneven construction site.

AFFIXMENT

Small buildings can be raised off of a steep slope or embedded within it. When a foundation wall is embedded within a hillside, it is important to provide sufficient anchorage, reinforcement, backfill, and drainage to prevent the wall from collapsing or toppling over.

The most secure foundations will fix the building to bedrock whether at the ground surface or below loose rock or soil. If grade conditions are susceptible to freeze-thaw action, it is important to fix the building to a more secure and stable ground layer.

If footings and foundations are designed with enough strength and security, large cantilevers are possible. However, designs must determine and consider extreme and maximum wind and/or snow loads. In the case of strong winds and lateral forces, buildings can also be tied down with cables or structural steel to provide additional lateral stability.

Traditional construction is sometimes built above grade using a stone foundation. However, if the foundation is not tied to bedrock below, the form of the building and site positioning must be carefully considered so as not to expose the building to extreme lateral forces applied by strong winds or avalanches.

17

19

STEP CASEFred Kim, Katie MacDonald, & Erin Pellegrino

TWIN HOUSEZheng Cui

Extreme AdaptabilityOliver Bucklin

Harmonika RewindTianghang Ren

InterlockElizabeth Wu

CUBEXin Su

The WindLauren McClellan

POP HOUSEFred Kim, Katie MacDonald, & Erin Pellegrino

ROTATEMyrna Ayoub

ARK I REVISITEDNadia Perlepe

LEDGE HOUSEElizabeth Pipal

TREE/HOUSEMike Meo

21STEP CASE

Fred Kim, Katie MacDonald, & Erin Pellegrino

Step Case is an economical, single-unit shelter that can exist both as a solitary unit and as an assembly, conglomerating in a variety of configurations to adapt to various alpine slopes. Shaped by the human form, the shelter accommodates sleeping, sitting, and standing. A slide-out table and fold-out chair double as additional seating and shelving devices, providing a combination of pragmatism and flexible social space. With its stepped form, the roof becomes an extension of the mountain topography, allowing mountaineers to scale the building as well as gather and socialize in the warmer months.

23STEP CASE

WEIGHT................................................2000 KGDIMENSIONS..........2.5m x 2.5m x .8m/moduleMATERIALS.........................alucobond & woodOCCUPANCY...........................1 person/module

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2000 KG - 2.5m x 2.5m - 4 TRIPS TO SITE


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Fig. 2. Slope Types & Hazards


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Fig. 3. Modular Assemblies


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Fig. 5. Stepping Module1m1:40

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Fig. 6. Podium Module1m

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Fig. 7. Module Assembly

35

Extruded metal panels, as used in airplanes, serve as a lightweight structural system for the stepped module. The generic geometries of hexagon, circle, or triangle extrusions can be densified to protect

against lateral wind loads and vertical loads on the feet.

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Fig. 8. Material Detail

Hexcel Fiberlam Panel

Connection Magnet

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Wood Veneer

Hexcel Fiberlam Insulation Layer

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Fig. 9. Animated Sections of Stepping Module1m1:40

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Fig. 10. Animated Sections of Podum Module1m

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39Harmonika Rewind

Tianghang Ren

The shelter design is essentially an organic combination of rotation and folding structure. Instead of being static, the shelter derives from the perspectives of industrial design. By rotating two walls around the axis with beds attached to them, the shelter pushes the limits of materality and space. It, as well, maximizes its versatility by changing the volume of interior space and multiple combinations with several units. The envelope of the shelter is inspired by the concertina, which surprisingly resonates with the slovenian traditional instrument Harmonika. The concept of the envelope is functionally and culturally in the sync with Slovenian context.

41Harmonika Rewind

Specifications

DIMENSIONS......................4.8m x 3.0m x 1.4mMATERIALS............................Gore-tex & woodOCCUPANCY....................4 persons per module

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Fig. 2 Module Assembly

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Fig. 3 Section1m1:40

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51cube

Xin Su

The CUBE is a compact shelter including two levels, each of which contains four beds, arranged according to the Pinwheel pattern. It not only maximize the efficiency of space, but also make space transferable between private and social. The structure is consistent with the logic of spatial elements. The detail, which is designed to adapt to the installation procedure, is carefully treated, so that all the components could be prefabricated in the factory, transported to the site and easily assembled there.

53cube

WEIGHT................................................3500 KGDIMENSIONS.................................3.2m x 3.3mMATERIALS..................cross laminated timberOCCUPANCY.........................8 people per cube

Specifications

54


3500 Kg - 3.2M X 3.3M - 2 Trips To Site

3500 Kg - 3.2M X 3.3M - 6~8 Trips To Site

3500 Kg - 3.2M X 3.3M - 1 Trip To Site

55

1 BED x 8 = 4 BEDS x 2 PINWHEEL

SLEEPING - PRIVATE

LYING

PARTITION

CHATTING - SOCIAL

SITTING & STANDING

1m1:30Fig. 2. Arrangement and Scale

With the Pinwheel pattern, two goals are achieved:1. To make the 8-beds-shelter as compact as possible.

2. To create private and social space and make it transferable by the ways people use it. The central square is used as common area for climbing up and down.

Considering the heavy snow in the winter, except for the door, there is another entrance on the top of the shelter.

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Fig. 2. Floor Plan1m

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Fig. 5. Installation Steps

Stand bar - fixed to level adjustable foundation (pre-installed and attached to the ground)

Step 1 Main Structure

Step 0 Foundation

Step 2 Lower Window & Enclosure Panel

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Fig. 6. Installation Steps

To better perform the shelter and further simplified the installation, wooden joints are considered preferentially, for they could be assembled without complicated tools. Especially when in the extreme cold weather, operation of some device can be very difficult.

Step 4 Partition Panel

Step 5 Roof

Step 3 Upper Window & Enclosure Panel

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1m1:40 Fig. 7. Axonometric

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Furthermore, the possibility to adapt to variant terrains is also considered. Based on types of structure. This cubic shelter could be located in different places of the mountain.

65LEDGE HOUSE

Elizabeth Pipal

Ledge House is an eight person shelter that seeks to distill the joy of the climbing experience while providing a brief respite from its sometimes too harsh reality. It hangs from a cliff, minimizing its impact on the natural landscape while simultaneously allowing spectacular views from within. Its seeming precariousness alludes to the adrenaline of mountaineering. It is a warm home for a moment of contemplation, before the climber forges on.

67ledge house

WEIGHT.................................................2500 kgDIMENSIONS.................................5.5m x 5.5mMATERIALS....wood, structural aerogel panels OCCUPANCY........................................8 people

Specifications

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Fig. 4. Portaledge

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Fig. 11. View of Approach Under Snowy Conditions

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Fig. 13. Detail of Floor and Cable Connections

structural panel

structural panel

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aerogel insulation

interior finishes

spacer

waterproof insulation

steel platesteel support

steel bearing plate

moisture barrier

moisture barrier

high strength grout

thermal break (wood poss.)

cables

Fig. 12. Detail of Hanging Connection Between Cliff and Bivak

79pop house

Pop Haus is a climbable, modular shelter that adapts to various alpine sites. Deployed by helicopter as a planar assembly, the shelter folds open on site to become a three dimensional space. The structures modular system allows for units to be placed along slopes of varying heights. Wooden joints are moved into place and secured with dowels. Inside, beds fold out to accommodate both sleeping and socializing.

Fred Kim, Katie MacDonald, & Erin Pellegrino

81POP HOUSE

Specifications

WEIGHT..................................1000 KG/moduleDIMENSIONS.................................2.5m x 2.5mMATERIALS............................................LVL OCCUPANCY.......................1-4 people/module

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4000 KG - 5m x 2.5m - 1 TRIPS TO SITE

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Fig. 3. Panel pops openFig. 2. Flat panel arrives on site Fig. 4. Assembly is secured

Fig. 6. Sloped site module assemblyFig. 5. Flat site module assembly Fig. 7. Steep site module assembly

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Fig. 8. Elevation & Section1m1:40

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Fig. 9. Connection details

Level adjustable foundation

1m1:40

86

Fig. 10. Planometric views1m1:40

87

1m1:40Fig. 11. Sectional views1m

1:40

88

Fig. 12. Occupancy diagrams1m1:80

89

Fig. 13. Cladding assemblies Fig. 14. Switchback roof profiles1m

1:80

93TREE/HOUSE

Mike Meo

The Tree/House is an ultralight, vertical safe haven for the hiker that loves to climb. The scheme organizes sleeping and storage spaces around a central circulation atrium. The pinwheel allows for the minimization of the interior volume while simul-taneously maximizing the hikers personal space. The hiker can experience both connectivity with the other hikers occupying the Tree/House while still being able to retreat to their own unique level and viewport within the tower. Each L bed unit has one leg for sleeping and another for storage of the hikers personal gear. The outer form reflects the inner tectonic. A simple triangulated arm rotates in tandem with the beds.

The Tree/House is light in its material composition. A tight weather-proof fabric stretches between the aluminum structural elements. The textile membrane decreases the shelters thermal mass and exterior surface area. With the lowered thermal mass, heat generated by bodies can quickly warm the vertical volume.

A welcomed surprise, the Tree/House provides the hiker with a sheltering tree well above the treeline.

95TREE/HOUSE

WEIGHT.......................................................2000 KGDIMENSIONS.....................................3mx3mx5mMATERIALS...........................aluminum or wooden structure, wood platform, tent membraneOCCUPANCY......................................8-10 people

Specifications

96

Transportation to site1m1:40



4000 KG - 5m x 2.5m - 1 TRIPS TO SITE

97

Construction sequence

The Tree/House is composed of two interwoven structural elements: four main posts, and one repeated triangulated space frame module. These provide for an open central area and a rigid, cross-braced periphery. Unlike a tree, the Tree/Houses structural integrity is more dependent on its periphery than its core.

98

1m1:40

99

Cross bracing between the four vertical members occurs at the periphery of the shell, allowing the central circulation atrium to be free of diagonal members. The hiker can freely pass the central core to their bed surface.

The pinwheel plans allows for a compressed vertical space above the feet and generous open space from the knees to the head. The hiker can layout, sit up, and stretch without feeling the crowding typical in bunk beds.

1m1:40

100

Early iteration compose of wood module and steel structural module, rotated about a central atrium.

104

Fig. 1. Rendering

105THE WIND

Lauren McClellan

wind \wind\ 1a: to weave; 1c: to introduce sinuously or stealthily; 2a: to encircle or cover with something pliable; 2b: to turn completely or repeatedly about an object- coil, twine; 2e: to raise to a high level (as of excitement or tension)- usually used with up; 3a: to cause to move in a curving line or path.

The Wind is a shelter composed of modules - or the smallest possible inhabitable unit -that stack and turn about a central social space. Each module is a planar ring that thickens on one side to accomodate sleeping, sitting, standing, eating and circulating. The stacking aggregation both defines the spiraling circulation and gives the surfaces their dynamic character through their relationship to one another.

The following pages illustrate different site and material tectonic realizations of the shelter. One programmatic appointment of The Wind is inspired by Slovenian bivaks and engenders a hiking shelter. The round form and diagrid structure bear extreme climatic loading (snow and wind).

107

WEIGHT................................................2000 KGDIMENSIONS.................................3.6m x 3.6mMATERIALS.................................................TBDOCCUPANCY......................1 person per module

Specifications

THE WIND

108


PRO

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BY

AN

AU

TOD

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CT


PRO

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BY A

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DESK

EDU

CA

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UC

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2000 KG - 3.6m diameter - 1 TRIP TO SITE

500 KG - 3.6m diameter - 4 TRIPS TO SITE

2000 KG - 3.6m diameter - 1 TRIP TO SITE


109

Fig. 8. Construction Detail

110

605 cm

360 cm

1m1:40 Fig. 1. Side Elevation

111

1m1:40Fig. 2. Front Elevation

605 cm

360 cm

112

605

cm

50 c

m

1m1:40 Fig. 5. Unrolled Structural Skin

113

605

cm

50 c

m

1m1:40Fig. 6. Section

114

Fig. 3. Plan1m1:40

605 cm

360 cm

115

Fig. 4. Module Stack Exploded1m

1:40

117

1m1:40

125interlock

Elizabeth Wu

Interlock is a modular unit that takes the traditional box-cut joint for wood-house construction to an extreme. The construction explores how cross-laminated timber can be both a structural and thermal regulator while expressing the funtionality through the facade. The units are compact in floor area and are flexible enough to adapt to various inclines and topographies.

127interlock

WEIGHT................................................3500 KGDIMENSIONS.................................3.0m x 3.0mMATERIALS..................cross-laminated timber

& polycarbonateOCCUPANCY......................8 people per module

Specifications

128

Fig. 4. Concept Diagrams

alternate stacking of beds to provide personal space

shared space at ends of beds for storage and food prep

EXISTING BIVAK PROPOSED BIVAK

SURFACE AREAEnvelope: 48 m2

Floor: 16 m2 + 14.4 m2

Roof: 16 m2

TOTAL: 94.4 m2

FLOOR WEIGHT~2000kgSTRUCTURE HEIGHT3.0m

SURFACE AREAEnvelope: 40.8 m2

Floor: 7.5 m2 + 14.4 m2

Roof: 7.5 m2

TOTAL: 70.2m2

FLOOR WEIGHT1500kg

STRUCTURE HEIGHT4.4m

TIMBER JOINT CONNECTIONS

minimize footprint of sleeping area

increase height of sleeping area

129

max panel width 295.0 cm

max

pan

el h

eigh

t16

50.0

cm

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

R1

R2

A

B

C

DE

FG

R1R2

+ oor plate


Pre-assembly: minimize material storage space

Assembly: construct module in [2] parts off-site

Production: minimize material usage (16.5 m x 2.4 m panels)

Assembly: 3000kg 3.0m x 3.0 m 2 TRIPS TO INSTALL

130

206.0 cm

12 c

m42

0.0

cm10

cm

285.0 cm

206.0 cm 79.0 cm

116.2 m

100.

0 cm

102.

0 cm

52.0

cm

285.

0 cm

Fig. 3. Plan_Attachment Option 011m1:40

Section X-X

5-layer cross laminated timber


3-layer polycarbonate glazing

lateral struts anchored to rock-face

Plan at +170cm

Detail Sequence 01

131

425.0 cm

444.

0 cm

285.0

cm

285.0 cm

Fig. 4. Plan_Attachment Option 021m

1:40

Detail Sequence 02

Section Y-Y


3-layer polycarbonate glazing

Plan at +170cm Plan at +350cm

132

Fig. 5 Suggested Manudfacturer Details1m1:10

KLH Cross Laminated Timber Panels

Roof to Wallangle clips+ screws

Polycarbonate Panels

PaneliteClearlite

double layer

PaneliteClearlite

triple layer

Polygaleextruded triple-cell

+aluminum

top and rail

Interior Wallgrooves and cut-outs for electrical + plumbing

Wall-Floorangle clips + screws

133

Fig. 6. Customized Connections1m

1:10

DETAIL SEQUENCE 01Outside Corner

DETAIL SEQUENCE 02Interior Corner

1. Foundation

2. Set Panel A

3. Slide andlock Panel B, provide sealing tape

4. Panel A

5. Slide polycarbonate panes

6. Adjust and seal polycar-bonate frame in place

7. Align and lock roof panels to wall notches, additional fasteners as required

1. Slide and align Panels D & E

2. Snap-fit and lock in place

3. Bed platforms slide from above

Panel D

Panel E

134

Fig. 7. Section X-X

206.0 cm

12 c

m42

0.0

cm10

cm

285.0 cm

206.0 cm 79.0 cm

116.2 m

100.

0 cm

102.

0 cm

52.0

cm

285.

0 cm

1m1:40

135

Fig. 8. Section Y-Y

425.0 cm

444.

0 cm

285.0

cm

285.0 cm

1m1:40

136

Fig. 1. Rendering

8% SLOPE 120% SLOPE2% SLOPE

SOLAR (23O)

WIND

SNOW

CLUSTER

LINEAR MIRROR

LINEAR

SPIRAL

139rOtate

Myrna Ayoub

The main goal of this project was to create a multi-functional and easily changeable space for all mountaineers seeking shelter. The concept of the prototype is inspired by the farmers plow and its rotational mechanism. The interior space is organized through a module that rotates to become a seat, bed, storage and counter space. The skin is fabricated from a series of ribs that mold to the rotation modules in cross section and is covered in transluscent fiberglass textile coated in teflon. The facade and modules are held by the vierendeeel truss structure which allows the prototype to cantaliever from the mountain.

Fig. #1. Day Perspective

141rotate

WEIGHT................................................2000 KGDIMENSIONS......................5.5m x 3.2m x 3.5mMATERIALS..............aluminum, textile & woodOCCUPANCY........................................8 people

Specifications

142


2000 KG - 5.5m x 3.2m - 1TRIP TO SITE


Fig. #1. Deployment Strategies


2000 KG - 5.5m x 3.2m - 1TRIP TO SITE


Fig. #3. Deployment Strategies

143

Wooden filler ribs protect against lateral wind loads and vertical loads on the feet. While giving the interior space a warmer feeling.

Aluminum ribbed facade shapes around the rotating furniture modules in cross section creating porousness throughout the shelter. The soft curves of the form adapt to the mountain topography.

A vierendeel cantaliever structure carries the ribbed facade and furniture elements of the shelter. These pipes are piled into the mountain. The cantaliever allows for snow build up in extreme weather conditions while keeping the entrance and view open for the mountaineers.

Transclucent fiberglass textile coated in teflon covers the ribbed facade, shielding the shelter from rain and snow while allowing sunlight to enter the shelter.

Fig. #4. Exploded Axonometric

144

Fig. #5. Module Diagrams

100

50

100

58

100

50

100

50

SIT

SLEEP

STORE USE

145

Fig. #6. Module Diagrams

146

Fig. #7. Interior Perspectives

147

Fig. #8. Interior Perspectives

148

Fig. #9. Planometric views1m1:40

555

325

325

100

100

100

204 64 204 9 6410

149

Fig. #10. Sectional views1m

1:40

100

280

80

300

360

555

267

150

Fig. #11. Facade Ribs Diagram

71

1

2 3

4

5

11 12

7

8 9

10

13

14

16

17 18

19

20 21

22

23 24

25

26 27

28

29 30

31

32

33

34

35 36

37

38 39

40

41 42

43

44 45

46

47 48

49

5051

52

53 54

55

56 57

58

59 60

61

62 63

64

65

66

67

68 69

70

72

7374 75

76

77 78

79

80 81

8283

84

0

57

89

11 1214

15

15 17 18 20 21

23 24 26 27 29 30 32

33 35 36 38 39 41 42

44 45 47 48 50 51 53 54

56 5960 62 63 65

66 68 69 71 72 74 75

77 78 80 81 83 84

5

6

62 3

-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -4 -3 -2 -1-5

85

9192

93

94 9596

97

8687

8889 90

0

-1-6 -4-9-10 -7 -3

89 90 96959392

86 87

151

Fig. #12. Ribs Construction Diagram

154

Fig. 1. Rendering

155ark | revisited

Nadia Perlepe

ALPINE SHELTER or NOAHS ARK This shelter is a solid, compact structure with the ability to sustain life in the most extreme of environments, not unlike an ark. This ark provides a safe haven during night or extreme environmental conditions. INTERIORThis shelter is conceived as a lifeboat, anchored on a mountain. Its amphitheatric interior has a dual function. First, it is a social space, where hikers sleep, store their belongings, eat and socialise. Second, it is a window- a viewing point, and observation deck, that opens up to nature and offers views both towards the mountain and towards the sky.

156

THE ARK

ARK ANCHORED ARK | REVISITED

ALPINE SHELTER ARK | revisited

+

CONCEPT TO ARCHITECTURE

AMPHITHEATER AS VARIATIONS ON A PLAN

AMPHITHEATER

OBSERVATION DECK SOCIAL SPACE

CONCEPT

concept diagrams

157ark | revisited

Specifications

WEIGHT........................................................>3000 KGDIMENSIONS...............................................6m x 2.5mMATERIALS........steel frame, charred wood, plywoodOCCUPANCY....................................................8 adults

158

1m1:40 Transportation Diagram

159

1m1:40

VARIATIONS on a PLANaxonometric

Plan Variations

160

Material Variations

charred wood

plywood panels

grey cement wood boards

black stained timber finish

CHARRED WOOD

CHARRED WOOD CHARRED WOOD

BLACK STAINED TIMBER FINISH

GREY CEMENTWOOD BOARD


FRIBRE C

FIBRE C PLYWOOD

MATERIALS | EXTERIOR

MATERIALS | AXONOMETRICS

MATERIALS | FACADE VARIATIONS

MATERIALS | INTERIOR

CHARRED WOOD





FRIBRE C

FIBRE C PLYWOOD





CHARRED WOOD





FRIBRE C

FIBRE C PLYWOOD





CHARRED WOOD





FRIBRE C

FIBRE C PLYWOOD





161

Exterior Cladding Variations2m

1:40

CHARRED WOOD





FRIBRE C

FIBRE C PLYWOOD





CHARRED WOOD





FRIBRE C

FIBRE C PLYWOOD





162

Plans & Sections

1.9

2.8

1.9

6.6

2.4

0.5

0.24

0 1 2

1m1:40

163

Elevations & Sections

1.9

2.4

0 1 2

1m1:40

164

EXPLODED PERSPECTIVEstructure

Exploded Perspective | Structure

165

Interior Views

167Extreme AdaptabilityOliver Bucklin

Through folding, this shelter transforms from a compact, stackable, easy to ship package to a fully inhabitable shelter in miinutes. The built in legs adapt to almost any slope, and the volume of the shleter almost triples in deplyment.

169

Specifications

Extreme Adaptability

WEIGHT..................................................................................2000 KGDIMENSIONS(folded)...............................4m(l) x 2.4m(w) x 1.25m(h)DIMENSIONS(deployed).........................5.8m(l) x 2.4m(w) x 2.5m(h)MATERIALS.............................................plastic, foam, aluminumOCCUPANCY.........................................................................8 people

170

2000 KG - 2.5m x 1.5m x 2.4m

2000 KG - 2.5m x 1.5m x 2.4m

4 units /standard shipping container


OD

UC

ED B

Y A

N A

UTO

DES

K E

DU

CA

TIO

NA

L PR

OD

UC


PRO

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BY A

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DESK

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171

Deployment of Legs Deployment of Shelter

172

Transverse Section of Folded Module

Transverse Section of Deployed Module

Scale 1:40

173

Longitudinal Section of Folded Module

Longitudinal Section of Deployed Module

Plan of Deployed Module

174

Main frame that holds leg mechanism Primary rack slides to adjust longitudinal elevation change

175

Secondary rack slides to adjust to transverse eleva-tion change

Primary and secondary racks slide in conjunction to adjust to diagonal elevation change

177

Zheng Cui

TWIN HOUSE

TWIN HOUSE is a shelter comprised by two module units. Each module works by itself with the minimum space and fold-able furniture for a group of 4 people standing, sitting, eating, socializing and sleeping. Each module unit can be placed as 3 different positions, creating 9 configurations in total for the module assembly which allows the shelter to adapt to various alpine locations. In the booklet, 5 configurations have been tested. Each configuration has a unique indoor and outdoor space character, different mountaineer groups could choose different configurations for their use. Two-module system also makes a single module easier for vehicle and helicopter to carry to the designated location.

179TWIN HOUSE

Zheng Cui

WEIGHT......................................... 1000 KG per moduleDIMENSIONS.........L2.0m x W2.0mx H3.0m per moduleMATERIALS......................................alucobond & woodOCCUPANCY.................................. 4 person per module

180

Fig. 32.Transportation

181

a 1mX1m wood/alucobond panel will be cut into 2 or 4 triangle pieces, these pieces can be either facade material attached to the triangle structure elements and being assembled in the factory or the facade material is infilled into the triangle structure element as one piece, and these pieces can be carried by the helicopter/truck to the site and being assembled on site

imber Structrure System-Cage

Fig. 31.Structure System and Facade

structure with attached facade panels

Module A Elevation Module B Elevation

1 2

3 4

5 6 7

98

15

1617 18

19

20 21 22 23

24 25

1011 12

13 14

1 2

3 4

6 7

9

8

18 19 20

21 22 2423

25

11 12 13 14

5

10

15 16

17

each traigle panel contains sturcture and fa-cade elements,no extra structure and facade materials are needed after the assembly

182

A0

TWIN HOUSE A0B0

A0 A0

A0

A0

B0

B90B90

B180B180

MODULE ASSEMBLY OPTION 1

TWIN HOUSE A0B0

A0

B0


Fig. 5. Module Assembly Options


TWIN HOUSE A90B0

183


TWIN HOUSE A90B90

B0B0

B90B90

B180B180

A90A90

A90A90

A90

A90

TWIN HOUSE A90B0

TWIN HOUSE A90B90



MODULE ASSEMBLY OPTION 4 MODULE ASSEMBLY OPTION 5

TWIN HOUSE A180B0 TWIN HOUSE A180B90

B0B0

B90B90

B180B180

A180

A180

A180

A180

A180A180



TWIN HOUSE A180B0

TWIN HOUSE A180B90

184

Fig. 1. Module and Module Assembly Concept

MODULE CONCEPT 2 Dimension : L2m,W2m,H3m

Minimum Space of 4 people standing,sitting and sleeping, with storage space

1000

1000

500

3000

2000

5005002000

1000 500

1000

2000

1000

Ladder

1000

1000

500

3000

2000

5005002000

1000 500

1000

2000

1000

Ladder

2.0m

3.0m

2.0

1.0

1.0

1.0 0.50.5

2.0m

1.0 0.50.5

2.0m

185

1m1:60

B0 B90 B180

Vertical 0o Horizontal 90o Vertical 180o

A90 A180

Horizontal 90o Vertical 180o

A0o A90o A180o

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE

3000

1000

500

500

1000

3000

500 5001000

2000

2000

1000

500

500

1000500 5001000

B0o B90o B180o

STORAGE STORAGE

STORAGE

Section 1-1 Section 2-2

STORAGE

STORAGE

500

3000

500

1000

500

1000

1400 1800

2000

1000 500500

1000

500

500

1000

3000

2000

500 1000

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE

2000

500

1000

500

3000

1000 500 1000 500

2000

5001000500

3000

1000

500

1000

500

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE

2000

500

1000

500

3000

1000 500 1000 500

2000

5001000500

3000

1000

500

1000

500

STORAGE STORAGE

STORAGE


STORAGE

STORAGE

500

3000

500

1000

500

1000

1400 1800

2000

1000 500500

1000

500

500

1000

3000

2000

500 1000

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE

3000

1000

500

500

1000

3000

500 5001000

2000

2000

1000

500

500

1000500 5001000

Position 10o

Position 10o

Position 2Rotating 90o




Module A Rotation Possibilities

Module B Rotation Possibilities

Fig. 2. Module A&B Rotation Possibilities

A0

Vertical 0o

186

Daytime Relaxing Eating/Meeting

Going up through ladder Sleeping

Fig. 3. Module A Interior Activity Scenarios

187

Daytime Relaxing Group Meeting

Eating Sleeping

Fig. 4. Module B Interior Activity Scenarios

188

Daytime Relaxing

Dining

Meeitng/Entertaining

Sleeping

Fig. 9. Interior Activity Scenarios of Option 1

189

Section 3-3

Floor Plan

1m1:40Fig. 8. Assembly Option 1 Floor Plan & Section

2

1

2

Plan

3 3

1

Ladder

+2,00 +0.500.00

+1.70 +1.20 +1.70

1.0

2.0

1.00.5 0.5

1.52.0

1.00.5

3.0

STORAGE

STORAGE

Section 3-3

LADDER

STORAGE

STORAGESTORAGE

+0.50

+2,00

+1.70

+1.20

+4.20

1800

0.00

1.2

0.5

1400

1.0

3.0

0.5

0.5

0.50.5 1.0

1.0

2.0

1.0

1.5

4.2

1.0

0.5

0.5

1.0

190

Daytime Relaxing

Dining



191

Section 2-2

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE

Section 1-1

STORAGE

STORAGE

0.5

2.0

1.0

3.0

0.5

2.0

1.0 1.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

1.0

0.5

1800

0.5 1.0

3.0

1.0

0.5


1m1:40Fig. 13. Assembly Option 2 Floor Plan & Sections

Plan

2

3

1

3

2

1

1.0

0.5

2.0

2.0

0.00

2000

2.0

500

1.5

1500

+0.50

+0.50+0.50

+0.50

0.00

Floor Plan

192

Daytime Relaxing

Dining


193

2

3

2

1

Plan

3

1

+0.50

+0.50

0.00 0.00

+0.50

+0.50

2.0

2.0

1.0

0.5

3.0

1.5

0.5

1.0

3.0

1.5

Section 2-2

STORAGE

Section 1-1

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE

1.00.5

0.5

1.0

1.0 0.5 1.0

2.0

0.5

4.0

1.0

1.0

4.0

0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0

0.5

0.5

2.0

Section 2-2

STORAGE

Section 1-1

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE

1.00.5

0.5

1.0

1.0 0.5 1.0

2.0

0.5

4.0

1.0

1.0

4.0

0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0

0.5

0.5

2.0

Section 1-1

Floor Plan

Section 2-21m

1:40Fig. 18. Assembly Option 3 Floor Plan & Sections

194

Daytime Relaxing

Dining


Sleeping


195

2

Plan

1

1

3

2

3

-1.00

-0.50

0.00

+0.50

2.0

+0.50

2.0 2.0

1.5

0.5

Fig. 23.Assembly Option 4 loor Plan & Sections 1m

1:40


Floor Plan

STORAGE

STORAGE

STORAGE STORAGE

Section 1-1

STORAGE

Section 2-2

1800

1.00.5

0.5

0.5

3.0

1.0

2.0

1.00.5 0.5

1.0

0.5

0.5

1.0

3.0

1.0

2.0

0.5

196

Daytime Relaxing

Dining


Sleeping


197

Section 2-2

STORAGE

Section 1-1

STORAGE

STORAGE

2.0

3.0

3.0

0.5

0.5

2.0

1.0 0.5

1.0

0.5

1.0

0.51.0 1.0 0.5

0.5

1.0

0.5

Fig. 27. Assembly Option 5 Floor Plan & Sections

1m1:40


Floor Plan1

3

1

2

1

3

Plan

2

+0.50

0.00

+0.50

3.0

-0.50

-1.00

2.0

1.5

0.5

2.0

2.0

1.0

1.5

0.5