HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE

-APOORVA -MAITREYI-MRUNALI-SHRADDHA-SOMREETA

AN ANALYSIS

SYNOPSIS

• FACTORS INFLUENCING CLIMATE• TROPICAL CLIMATE• CHARACTERISTICS OF HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE• AREAS INFLUENCED BY HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE• TEMPERATURE VARIATION THROUGHOUT INDIA• ELUCIDATION OF HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE IN SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE COUNTRY• THERMAL COMFORT• BIOCLIMATIC CHART• APPLICATION OF CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATIC DESIGN PROCESS IN ARCHITECTURE

FACTORS INFLUENCING CLIMATE???

• AIR TEMPERATURE• WIND (VELOCITY & DIRECTION)• HUMIDITY• PRECIPITATION (AS RAIN,FROST HAIL,

SNOW, FOG)• SOLAR RADIATION

MAP SHOWING PRINCIPLE CLIMATES OF THE WORLD

EQUATORHUMID SEMI HUMID

TROPIC OF CANCERTROPIC OFCAPRICON

CHARACTERISTICS OF HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE

• TEMPERATURE RANGES FROM MAXIMUM TEMP. 27°C – 32°C MINIMUM TEMP.21°C – 27°C IN SUMMERS • IN WINTERS, LITTLE SEASONAL VARIATIONS BOTH ANNUAL AND

DIURNAL RANGES OF TEMPERATURE IS VERY NARROW.• HUMIDITY REMAINS HIGH AROUND 75% BUT VARIES FROM

55% - 100%.

CHARACTERISTICS OF HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE

• PRECIPITATION 2000 TO 5000 mm OF RAINFALL• WIND TYPICALLY LOW WIND VELOCITIES. STRONG WIND WITH TORRENTIAL RAINS.• SOLAR RADIATION THE INTENSITY OF SOLAR RADIATION IS HIGH

DURING SUMMERS AND MODERATE DURING WINTERS.

AREAS INFLUENCED BY THIS CLIMATE COASTAL PLAINS OF PENINSULAR INDIA

• GOA• MUMBAI (MAHARASHTRA)• VISHAKHAPATNAM (AP)• THIRUVANANTHAPURAM (KERALA)• CHENNAI (TAMIL NADU)• KOLKATA (WEST BENGAL)• PURI (ORISSA)• TRIPURA• KOZHIKODE• GULF OF KUTCHH

THIS TYPE OF CLIMATE IS ALMOST PERENNIAL AND DOMINANT IN THESE REGIONS.

TEMP. VARIATIONS THROUGHOUT INDIA

CITY SUMMER DAY

SUMMER NIGHT

WINTERDAY

WINTERNIGHT

CHENNAI 37.3 27.6 28.2 21

KOLKATA 34.1 26.7 27 14

MUMBAI 31.9 26.3 30.9 20.8

PURI 31.7 27.4 27.2 17.7

TRIVANDRUM 29.4 23.6 30.9 22.5

TRIPURA 36.2 20.5 27.1 7

GOA 30 20 25 15

The climate of Goa is equable and humid throughout the year. It is very pleasant and temperate from October to May. It is wet only during the monsoon or rainy season, from June to September.

Rainfall-

The monsoon bursts over the territory in the beginning of June and withdraws from it by early October. The annual rainfall is 350 cm.

Temperature-

Temperature variations through the seasons are mild. May is the warmest month when the temperature is around 30 deg. Celsius and January the coolest with a mean daily temperature of 25 deg. Celsius.

Humidity-

Due to the proximity of the sea, the territory is generally humid. Even during the summer months it is generally above 60 %.

Cloudiness-

Skies are clear to lightly clouded from November to May. There is a sharp increase in cloudiness with the advance and onset of the monsoons

GOA

GOA

MUMBAI MONTH MAX .TEMP. MIN. TEMP. HUMIDITY PRECIPITATION

JANUARY 27 15 61-73 FOG

FEBRUARY 29-30 17 SMOG↑

MARCH 30 – 33 18 – 22 95 SMOG AFFECTS CITY

APRIL 35 24

MAY 37 27 67 - 77

JUNE 32 27 PRE MONSOON

JULY 30 25 MAX. RAINFALL OF 944 mm.

AUGUST 30 25-24 LESSER RAIN

SEPTEMBER & OCTOBER

30 25 NON-CONTINUOUS

NOVEMBER & DECEMBER

28 18-12 LOW NO PRECIPITATION

COLABA

SANTACRUZ

THERMAL COMFORT• Comfort has been defined as the condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the environment.

BIOCLIMATIC CHARTBioclimatic charts

facilitate the analysis of the climate characteristics of a given location from the viewpoint of human comfort, as they present, on a psychrometric chart, the concurrent combination of temperature and humidity at any given time.

They can also specify building design guidelines to maximize indoor comfort conditions when the building’s interior is not mechanically conditioned.

CLIMATE AND ARCHITECTURE

• Since beginning, climate has its effects on man, surroundings and architecture

• Weather elements forced man to look for shelters • A climate responsive architecture takes advantage of the free

energy in the form of heat and light.• An adaptive thermal comfort design is essential.

REQUIREMENTS IN A HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE

• Minimization of the high day temp. • Avoidance of direct exposure of facades to solar

radiations• Reduction in the humidity levels• Continuous air circulation to reduce heat and relief

from stickiness!• To create a temp. difference between the inside and

outside environments to facilitate evaporation and heat dissipation.

To define climatic design process according to comfort zone, it could be divided to four main parts:

A. Study of the design subject (climate-activities-clothing-etc.) Designer should be able to fully understand the climate and comfort needs as well as all

architectural issues related to the project.

B. Defining the comfort zone (monthly-daily) The monthly or daily comfort zone should be defined

C.Gathering the climatic design advices (shading-thermal mass-evaporative cooling-thermal insulation- suitable orientation.)

Clear design advices could be derived from previous studies to give directions for each issue in building such as site design, form, ventilation, solar gains, window sizing, thermal mass, passive heating and cooling, materials

D. Designing the project (a climatic building) Architect is able to form a climatic building.

CLIMATIC DESIGN PROCEDURE

•Larger windows for ventilation.

INFLUENCE ON ARCHITECTURE

FENESTRATION

•Semi – open spaces for light and air movement

FACADE ARTICULATION

•Max. ventilation•Orientation of smaller side of structure along east-west •North-south orientation for max. air movement•High density of façade that is open and yet shaded.•Faint/pale colours on outer surfaces•Building materials with insulating/reflecting properties that resist heat transfer.

ROOFING PATTERN

Voids in roof and courtyards provide max. light and cross ventilation Houses are tall with large openings to catch breeze Light colors and reflective surfaces on roofs will deflect solar radiations and keep the building cool.Light materials such as timber are used in construction

Sloping roof is a characteristic of these regions as it drains off rain water. Barrel-vaulted roof can also be seen.Dense growth of plantations in the outdoors

KERALA: ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE AND ARCHITECTUREWIND: • In most parts of the State flow of wind is mainly governed by differential heating of land and water mass together with mountain winds. • Winds have westerly component during the day and easterly components during the night throughout the year. • In general, winds are quite strong during daytime when thermal circulation is best developed and weak during night.

HUMIDITY:• Relative humidity ranges from 53% to 72% during the hot weather season.• It is about 85% or above during the monsoon season.

AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL:• Receives an average annual rainfall of 3300mm.

Stations 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Trivandrum city

23.5 23.4 23.3 23.5 24.1 23.4 23.5 23.5 23.5 23.1

Kozhikode city

24.0 24.3 24.2 24.5 24.9 24.2 24.2 24.4 24.5 24.7

Punalur dna 22.2 22.1 22.1 23.0 22.3 21.9 22.0 22.1 22.1

Trivandrum (AP)

23.8 23.9 23.7 24.0 24.1 23.9 24.2 23.8 23.4 24.1

Kottayam 22.9 23.6 23.3 23.5 23.6 22.8 21.4 22.7 22.8 22.9

Kannur 23.4 23.5 23.4 23.7 24.1 23.5 23.5 23.4 23.7 23.7

Palakkad 22.7 23.4 23.6 23.6 24.1 23.4 dna dna dna dna

Kochi (AP) 24.2 24.4 24.4 24.3 24.7 24.4 24.1 24.5 24.7 24.1

Alappuzha 24.1 24.3 24.1 24.3 24.6 23.9 23.9 23.6 23.3 22.6

Karipur 23.4 23.6 23.4 23.7 24.2 23.6 23.4 23.5 23.3 23.5

Vellanikkara dna 22.5 23.2 33.7 23.1 23 23.1 23.4 23.3 23.5

MEAN MINIMUM TEMPERATURE

KERALA

Stations 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Trivandrum city

31.6 31.9 31.5 31.9 31.8 31.5 32 31.7 32 32.5

Kozhikode city

31.2 31.4 31.3 32.1 32.3 31.3 31.5 31.4 32 32.2

Punalur 33.2 33.4 33.4 32.9 33.1 31.9 33.1 33 33.6 34.1

Trivandrum (AP)

31.3 31.4 30.9 31.6 31.7 31 31.3 30.9 31.3 31.6

Kottayam 31.9 32.2 32.4 33 32 31.8 31.7 31.7 32 32.3

Kannur 31.7 32.3 32.1 32.6 32.3 31.8 31.9 31.9 32.7 32.8

Pallakkad 32.1 32 31.4 31.1 31.2 30.9 32.6 Dna dna Dna

Kochi (AP) 31.1 31.3 31.1 31.4 31.3 31 30.9 30.9 31.1 31.5

Allappuzha 31.6 31.8 31.6 32.2 32.2 31.4 30.3 31.6 31.6 31.9

Karipur (AP)

31.6 31.8 31.7 32.2 31.9 31.4 31.6 31.5 32 32.2

Vellanikara Dna 32.1 31.8 33.7 32.1 31.6 31.9 31.8 31.3 32.3

MEAN MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE

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