7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

1/92

FISIOLOGI

HORMON

OLEH

ERKADIUS

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS

PADANG, 2008

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

2/92

ii

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

3/92

DAFTAR ISI

DAFTAR ISI..................................................................................................................................III

DAFTAR TABEL.........................................................................................................................IV

DAFTAR GAMBAR......................................................................................................................V

I. PRINSIP UMUM........................................................................................................................ .1

A. PENDAHULUAN.............................................................................................................1B. PRODUKSI DAN SEKRESI HORMON................................................... ................ ......... 5C. CARA KERJA..................................................................................................................9D. KELENJAR DAN HORMON UTAMA......................................................... ............... ...11

II. HIPOTALAMUS DAN HIPOFISIS.......................................................................................13

A. HIPOTALAMUS............................................................................................................13B. HORMONHORMON HIPOFISIS POSTERIOR............. .... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... ..15C. HORMONHORMON HIPOFISIS ANTERIOR............................... ............... ................ 21

III. HORMON PANKREAS............................................................................................ .......... ..35

A. INSULIN........................................................................................................................3!B. GLUKAGON DAN HORMON PANKREAS LAINN"A.............. ....... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...#0C. GANGGUAN PENGATURAN KADAR GULA DARAH........... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..#2

IV. HORMON-HORMON TIROID...................................................................................... .....45

A. PEMBENTUKAN DAN SEKRESI............................... ............... ............... ................ ....#5

B. FUNGSI HORMON TIROID DI JARINGAN............... ....... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... .#$C. PEN"AKITPEN"AKIT KELENJAR TIROID....................... ................ ............... ........#9

V. METABOLISME KALSIUMDAN FOSFAT.................................................................................................................................52

A. KALSIUM, FOSFAT, DAN DINAMIKA TULANG.......... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... ..52B. VITAMIN D...................................................................................................................55C. HORMON PARATIROID %PTH&............................................................. ................ ........ 5$D. KALSITONIN................................................................................................................58E. GANGGUAN KALSIUM DAN FOSFAT................................................... ............... ......59

VI. KORTEKS ADRENAL..........................................................................................................63

A. GLUKOKORTIKOID.....................................................................................................!#

B. MINERALOKORTIKOID....................................................... ............... ................ ......... !8C. ANDROGEN ADRENAL.................................................. ............... ................ .............. $3D. GANGGUAN SEKRESI KORTEKS ADRENAL............. ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .$3

VII. REPRODUKSI......................................................................................................................76

A. HORMON REPRODUKSI PRIA............................................................. ................ ........ $!B. HORMON REPRODUKSI 'ANITA........................................ ............... ................ ....... $8C. HORMON PLASENTA DAN LAKTASI................................. ............... ................ ........ 83

DAFTAR BACAAN......................................................................................................................86

DAFTAR INDEKS........................................................................................................................87

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

4/92

DAFTAR TABEL

TABEL 1. NAMA-NAMA KELENAR DAN HORMON !ANG DIHASILKANN!A........11

TABEL 2. HORMON HIPOTALAMUS !ANG TERKAIT DENGAN HIPOFISISANTERIOR.....................................................................................................................................14

TABEL 3. SEL-SEL DAN HORMON HIPOFISIS ANTERIOR.............................................21

TABEL 4. POTENSI GLUKOKORTIKOID DAN MINERALOKORTIKOID....................64

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

5/92

DAFTAR GAMBAR

GAMBAR 1. BENTUK-BENTUK KOMUNIKASI ANTAR SEL.............................................2

GAMBAR 2. FEEDBACK NEGATIF BERDASARKAN PENURUNAN PRODUKSIHORMON.........................................................................................................................................7

GAMBAR 3. FEEDBACK NEGATIF BERDASARKAN PENURUNAN PRODUKSIORGAN TARGET...........................................................................................................................7

GAMBAR 4. LETAK RESEPTOR UNTUK BERBAGAI ENIS KIMIA"I HORMON.. .1#

GAMBAR 5. KURVE KADAR-RESPONS HORMON............................................................11

GAMBAR 6. HIPOFISIS$ HIPOTALAMUS$ SEL BESAR DAN SEL KECIL.....................14

GAMBAR 7. PENGATURAN SEKRESI HORMON PERTUMBUHAN...............................24

GAMBAR 8. EFEK BIOLOGIS HORMON PERTUMBUHAN.............................................25

GAMBAR %. PENGATURAN SEKRESI HORMON PERTUMBUHAN DAN INSULIN. . .26

GAMBAR 1#. PENGATURAN SEKRESI GONADOTROPIN...............................................3#

GAMBAR 11. PERTUKARAN KALSIUM HARIAN. .............................................................53

GAMBAR 12. PERTUKARAN FOSFAT HARIAN. ................................................................54

GAMBAR 13. RESPONS KOMPENSASI TERHADAP KEKURANGAN KALSIUM........6#

GAMBAR 14. RESPONS KOMPENSASI TERHADAP KEKURANGAN FOSFAT...........61

GAMBAR 15. HUBUNGAN SODIUM PLASMA$ TEKANAN DARAH DAN SISTEMRAA..................................................................................................................................................7#

GAMBAR 16. EFEK PENARIKAN NA DI GINAL TERHADAP TEKANAN DARAH.. .72

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

6/92

I. PRINSIP UMUM

A. PENDAHULUAN

K()*+-/ + // -+ ))4-+ +6*7 + )-,

+6 /+:*+ 4+6*7 * 7 :+6+, (6+ + //) *4*7.

I+-/ + )*-+ 46+ +6 /+6 ++6 ) ))7+-+

-/4+ - ;;

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

7/92

G)4 1. B+*-4+*- -()*+-/ + /.

B/-+ )+ 4-:, 7()(+ 46 / 7()(+ +6 4-:

/

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

8/92

H()(+ +6 4-: /

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

9/92

2. H*4*+6+ @/((6 7()(+ + /@

P +/+, //) 7()(+ ))- /)+ @*+6/ +6+ //)

/@+. M- )*-+ //) +6)+ /+ +6 4-: / /

-(+/ +6/+6+ + +66+. K* //) + :*6 )+6)-+ /+ +6

4/ 4-: /

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

10/92

//) /@ /)/ +6 )+67/-+ 7()(+ +(+@+, + ++6-+

/-/ 446 7()(+ 7()*/, *) :+*+6, )* +, -(-/

+, + 6+:. S)*+ -+ 4-: // 6 )4**7 7

+ 6+: *+*- )+6)4-+ 7 - (*) /)*.

B. PRODUKSI DAN SEKRESI HORMON

H) /)* 7()(+ )*-+ ; -) :+/ (+ * ,

)/+ 7()(+ *)4*7+, +/*+, -(-((+, (-+, (-/(/+, +

/46+. H()(+ ++ )*-+ :+/ /( +6 )*-+ **++

-7(/(, )/+ -(/( + (/(+ +6 7/-+ (7 -(-/ +,

/(6+, (6/(+, + /(/(+ -+: / %(*) + //&, +

)+ D +6 7/-+ (7 (7 -:/) 446 (6+. H()(+ +6

)*-+ **++ /) )+( (/+ 7 7()(+ +6 4/ -+:

( %(-/+ + (((++&, + --()+ +6 4/ )*

+ %+@+ + +(+@+&..

1. P(*-/.

U)*)+ 7()(+ 4+*- ) / + /-/ / /4*.

A-+ )4+*-+ 7()(+ 4/ )4-+ 446 / + :+6+ +6

)+ 4:*7+.

H()(+7()(+ ( + --()+ 4+*- )* *47+ /)

)+( (/+. K*+ 4+*- ) /(/) )* -/-/ +6

)+66*+-+ +;). H()(+ ( /)+ ) 4+*- -+ +6+ )(-*

(6(4*+ /) /+ -*-+. K-()+, * +) 4/) *+*-

+@+ + +(+@+ /)+ ) 6+*6+* /-/.

H()(+ /( +6+ )*7 4+*- -7(/( +6

) -*(-*( /(/). K7(/( / + 4+- +6 4/

/), /)+6 +6 4* (7 / * /+. M- - /)+ )

/, -+ /6 4@@*/ -* /7 4+*-

H()(+ + (+ 4+*- ) -**) +(/) -/

/46)+ )4+*-+ (+ *)*)+. B+*- +6 7/-+ 7

(7()(+ +6 -)*+ (7 )+: (7()(+ (7 */ G(6, +

5

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

11/92

) 6+* /-/ *47 )+: 7()(+. M- /)+ ) /-

/- /-/ /) /+ 4 *+*- -*-+.

P)4+*-+ 7()(+ +6 47 *) )/+ 7 *47+

+(6+ +6 7/-+ (*) )+: /(6+, * *47+ +(6+

+6 7/-+ -+: + )+: /(6+ (7 7. C(+(7 + 7

)4+*-+ )+ D +6 ))*-+ -:/) + -*, 7 + 6+:,

+ )4+*-+ +6(+/+ II +6 )4-+ 6+:, 7, + +( )4**7

7 **.

2. P+6*+ /-/

&'. K0* F(()&9 N(:&0/ &0&; P,/0/.

Pengaturan kerja hormon melalui prinsip feedback negatif

merupakan hal yang paling umum dan bekerja membatasi hasil

akhir produksi hormon. Contoh paling sederhana adalah hormon

yang merangsang produksi organ target seperti pada Gambar 3.

K* (*-/ 6 7 )47 :*)7 +6 +6+-+, )- -47+

(*-/ -+ )+67)4 /-/ -+:, /7+66 +6/+6+ *+*- (*-/

(6+ 6 -+ 4-*+6 *. K* (*-/ (6+ 6 7 **+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

12/92

G)4 2. F4

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

13/92

C(+(7+ 7 +6/+6+ 7(@// +( 4* 7()(+

+6/+6 @(- %FSH, @(

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

14/92

3. T+/( 7()(+

S7 /-/, 7()(+ *)*)+ ))/*- /) + 4 /46

)(-* 44/ * - (+ )4? //@-. K-()+ +

7) /)* 7()(+ (+ * 4 /

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

15/92

+/ +6 //*+66*7+. P-/++ -:+ 7()(+ 4/ 4+6/*+6 )

44 )+, :) * 7.

G)4 #. L- /( *+*- 446 :+/ -)? 7()(+

J*)7 /( / - /) / 7, -+ )- /+6

)+6) (// +-/ * -/, + +67+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

16/92

100%

50%Penurunankesensitifan

Penurunanresponsivitas

KADAR HORMON

RESPONS

G)4 5. K* -/(+/ 7()(+

P+**++ /(+/ )-/)*) /44-+ (7 +**++ :*)7 /

6, :*)7 /(, - +;), * - ; +6 * *+*- ))4*

(*-. K+ + :*6 : -* +74( +(+-()@

7 7()(+ /4*. P+**++ -/+/@+ /44-+ +**++

:*)7 * @@+/ /(, 4*47+ - -(@-( ) /, )++6-+

-

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

17/92

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

18/92

II. HIPOTALAMUS DAN HIPOFISIS

G4*+6+ 7()*/ + 7(@// )*-+ 46+ //) +(-+

+6 +6 -()-/ + ()++. H()(+ +6 7/-++ )+6* @*+6/

-+: (, +, + (*-/, /)+6 :*6 )+6(+( *)4*7+

4+, (*-/ + /-/ /*/*, + )4(/) . B+-+ -(+(

*4*7 +6 -*-+ )* -// 7()*/7(@// + )+*+:*--+ 47?

(- ))- ++ ++6 ) +6(+(+ 446 @*+6/ *4*7, -

7+ )* @*+6/ /@.

A. HIPOTALAMUS

S**7 // +67/ 7()(+ 7()*/ 7 / /@,

/ +*(+ 4/ %)6+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

19/92

G)4 !. H(@//, 7()*/, / 4/ + / -

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

20/92

H()(+ )44/ 6(+((+ %G+RH, 6(+((+ /+6 7()(+&

+6 /4* :*6 7()(+ )44/ *+;+6 7()(+ %LHRH, *+;+6

7()(+ /+6 7()(+& -+ 4-: *+*- )+6/+6 6(+((+ +6

))- -()(++ *+;+6 7()(+ %LH& + @(

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

21/92

&'. E( 0(*&&+ :/=&

ADH 4@*+6/ *+*- )+- *:*+6 *4* / + *-*/

-(6+/ 6+: - ) *4*7 /7+66

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

22/92

)'. E( 0(*&&+ +();; &*&

P+**++ (*) 7 )*-+ /)**/ +6 -* *+*- (*-/

ADH. P+**++ /) 1525 )+44-+ /-/ ADH )++6- /) 50

- +() K ADH +6 +66 + ))- @- )+)-+ )4**7

7 /**7 *4*7 /7+66 -++ 7 )++6-. O7 -+ * ADH

/4* :*6 /46 /(//+ %=7()(+ +: )4**7 7>&.,.

D) -+ +(), 6+6+ *) :+*+6 + -++

/( -++ %4(/(& )4**7 7 -(, (, +

*)(+/ -+ )+6)-+ /+ - 7()*/ *+*- )+67)4 /-/

ADH. P+**++ (*) 7 )+44-+ 4-*+6+ +6/+ *) +

**++ -++ 7 )4**7 4/, 4-*+6+ /+ +67)4 -7()*/, + )++6-+ /-/ ADH.

J ++6-+ ADH /+ +6/+6 (7 ++6-+ --+

/), :*6 /44-+ (7 +**++ (*) 7 + +**++ -++

7. P+-+ 6+: -+ ))4+* )+6)4-+ (*) 7 +

-++ 7 - 7 +(). S4-+ (*-/ ADH 4-*+6

+6+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

23/92

K47+ /-/ ADH /44-+ (7 +- * *) //)

/@ */, /-(//, *)( +67/ ADH, * (4(4+. K+ +

)+44-+ ++ 6+: )++6-, :*)7

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

24/92

K 4/ (-/(/+ -- + )*+ /), +)*+ @*+6/

+6 :/ -- )/7 4*) -7*.Pada wanita, oksitosin disekresi

dalam jumlah besar setelah regangan serviks dan vagina sewaktu melahirkan

sehingga membantu dalam persalinan dan penghentian perdarahan kemudian.

19

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

25/92

Penghisapan papilla mammae juga merupakan stimulus utama sekresi oksitosin

dan memudahkan keluarnya air susu ibu (ASI). Impuls syaraf dibawa dari

/( di servix dan vagina, serta dari papilla mammae ke )* /+/,

talamus dan diteruskan keN-. P+-dan Nk. Supraoptikus di hipotalamus.

Impuls yang tiba nukleus (kumpulan sel syaraf sejenis di sistem syaraf pusat) ini

merangsang produksi oksitosin, dan impuls yang berjalan di sepanjang akson

menyebabkan pembebasan oksitosin di ujung akson yang berada di hipofisis

posterior. Oksitosin akan beredar di dalam darah dalam bentuk 44/ +6+

?-* *7 35 )+. A-/(+ N-. P+- :*6 -)-+ - 446

46+ (- + 4-: +*(+ + /46 +*(+/).

A /*/* 4* %ASI& (*-/ -+: ))) + -*-+ )*

/*++ )+*:* ))). M- /)+ ) ( -+:

+6 ))- // )(, * +6 ))* 4-(+-/. O-/(/+

)+44-+ -(+-/ // )( /7+66 ASI +6 7 )

( )+6 )/*- - ) /*+ ASI, 464*+6 +6+ /*+ ++

+ 4-*)* *+6+ +6*)* - . D /+ ASI -*-+

)* +-++ ( + +(+ (7 4. E@- (-/(/+

) -(+-/ )( ( -* (7 /(6+, +)*+ 7)4 (7

--()+.

O-/(/+ :*6 ))- @- +6 -* 7 (( ((/ **/,

*) - II + - III /++. K II 7 )/ /:- )4*-+

/--/ +6- /) +- 7, + - III 7 )/ /7 +- 7

/) /+ 7. P/+ (-/(/+ / )+*/*-+ )+44-+

-(+-/ +6+ +)*+ )+)4*-+ / + /) )+66*)+66* )

)+*/*-+. S + 4+ +6+ 7) +6 4 ) 7

/*4+(*/, * 4*) -)4 - *-*+ +() + -7)+.

K(+-/ )()*) * +6/+6 (7 )4+ (-/(/+

) (// +6 /+6 +7, +6 )+**+-+ )4+6 (// ((

/-. P++6-+ (// )+44-+ +**++ )4+6 (// +6 47

4/ /7+66 4/ )4* -(+-/ +*/. A-+ /++ 7()(+

+ 7+ )*-+ @-( )4+*, -+ ++6-+ -+ -

47*4*+6+ +6+ -):*+ /++. P++ ++6 (-/(/+ 7 /7

)7-+, * ))7+-+ -(+-/ **/ + )+67+-+ 7+

20

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

26/92

/7 /+ -*-+. B+*- /+/ 7()(+ + - (4/

*+*- +*-/ /++ ?+ +6 /

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

27/92

&'. E( 0(*&&+ (0&)/,(.

Hormon pertumbuhan)++6--+ /+// (+ /**7 / *4*7,

)++6--+ )(4// /) )- :+6+ (/*) + +66*++

)- /46 +:, / )+**+-+ +66*++ 6*-(/ /**7 *4*7.

S

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

28/92

(*-/ // /4*, + @- //@-+ )+6*47 / -(+(/ )+:

/ (/(6+-.

P*)4*7+ *+6 )4-+ * )-+/), * *:*+6 +

)*-+ 4+6+. P )-+/) ), *+6 +:+6 *)4*7

?+ 4/+ @// +6+ @//. D/+ ?+ 4* *)*- +

*47 )+: *+6 /7+66 @// /)-+ +:+6. D -7 *4/ ?+

+ /*7 - /)* + @// -+ )+* +6+ @//, /7+66

)47+ +:+6 *+6 47+. S7 *4/, GH - ))* 6

))+:+6 *+6 -+ @// /*7 )+* +6+ 4+6. P

)-+/) ) +, GH 4-: )+6/+6 *)4*7+ ?+ @// +

+:+6+ 4+6 *+6.M-+/) -* 7 )4*+ *+6 4* )*-+ *+6 +6

) (7 (/(4/ +6 (/*) + (+66 *+6. P /

+6 /) (/(-/ ) *+6 -+ ))4*+6 // ) *+6 /4*.

Hormon pertumbuhan )+6/+6 (/(4/ +6+ -*, /7+66 *+6

*/ )+*/ )+: 4/. C(+(7 +6 /+6 : 7 7+6 4?7

+6 )+44-+ + 66 4?7 )+(+:(, + *+6 +6-(- +6

)+44-+ (+:(+(+:(+ *+6 /- ).

E@- 7 *)4*7+ ?+ -/+-+ (7 /()()+,

7/-+ (7 7 / +6/+6+ hormon pertumbuhan. S()()+ /4*

:*6 +/*+- 6(?7 @

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

29/92

merangsang sekresi /()()+. GHRH bisa menghambat sekresinya sendiri di

hipotalamus, sedangkan hormon pertumbuhan dihambat oleh /()(/+ dan

/()()+. S()()+ + hormon pertumbuhan * )+67)4

/-/ hormon pertumbuhan )* +6/+6+ /()(/+ /

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

30/92

-+ +6 ), - + 4/ )+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

31/92

D) -+ */, -* 7()(+ + 4-*+6 /7+66 +)++ -(

4-*+6 + )(4//+ 4)47, / +6+ +**++ /+// (+

+ *)4*7+.

Makan protein

Insulin

Somatomedin

GH

Sintesis proteinPertumbuhan

Penyimpanankalori

Puasa

Insulin

Somatomedin

GH

Sintesis proteinPertumbuhan

Penyimpanankalori

Makankarbohidrat

Insulin

GH

Somatomedin Penyimpanan

kaloriSintesis proteinPertumbuhan

G)4 9. P+6*+ /-/ hormon pertumbuhan dan insulin

'. G&::;& ;:,/ hormon pertumbuhan

Kekurangan hormon pertumbuhan pada masa kanak-kanak dapat

disebabkan oleh 6+66*+ @*+6/hipotalamus, *)(hipofisis, molekul hormon

pertumbuhan yang secara biologis - -()+, -66+ )4+*-+

somatomedin, dan 4-*+6+ /(. Akibatnya adalah tubuh yang pendek

dan pematangan tulang yang terlambat (?@/)&. B6* :*6 + -+

/- 6)*- + *4/+ )4. P ?/, - -+ +

26

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

32/92

--*+6+ hormon pertumbuhan +6 :/, + 6+(// 7+ -+

+6+ )+*+:*--+ - hormon pertumbuhan + /()()+ /) +6

+7. P+6(4+ +6+ )4+ hormon pertumbuhan -+ )+44-+

:+ +/ +(6+, ++6-+ + 4( )//, + +**++ )//

)- -+--+- )++6--+ -

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

33/92

)+44-+ + ))4*+6-*-. B6* :*6 :+6+ *+- / 7,

7, + 6+:, )+: /+6 4/.

2. G(+((+ %LH FSH&.

LH %*+;+6 7()(+& + FSH %@(

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

34/92

)'. P(:&0;*& S(*(,/ ,(9&*& F(()&9.

S-/ 6(+((+ * (7 7/ /-/ 6(+ /

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

35/92

HIPOTALAMUS

'$&%-N

EN'$!1-N

ADENOHIPOFISIS

GONAD

"E,"$,"E!$N

2 E,"!'-$L

STIMULASI

INHIBISI

1,#

L#!#

C"-3-N

-N#-.-N

N$!E&-NE1!-N

L#

G)4 10. P+6*+ /-/ 6(+((+

K7*/*/ ?+ @- @4

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

36/92

3. P(-+.

P(-+ 7 7()(+ (+ +6 4-: )+6/+6 -)4+6+

))) + (*-/ ASI. S/ )))((@ +6 )+6/ 1025 (*/

7(@// +(, -+ )++6- :*)7+ ?-* -7)+, -/, +

(7 )4+ /(6+. K +() (-+ -- + )*+

/), * 10 +6) +6+ ?-**7 20 )+.

&'. S(*(,/ P*&0/

P(-+ )* /-/ +6+ - +6 )-+ )++6- /:-

-7)+ 5 )+66* /) 7+ 4, * 1020 - - 4*-+7).

K+ + 4-)*+6-++ 4+* (7 ++6-+ /(6+ +6

)+44-+ 7/ // +67/ (-+ + )+6/+6 +/-/

6+ *+*- /+// 7()(+ /4*. E/(6+ - /

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

37/92

)'. E( B/:/, P*&0/

P(-+ 4++ ) *)4*7+ ? :+6+ ))) +

7/ 47 +:* ?-* 7). S?-* ):, (-+ 4/)

+6+ /(6+, (6/(+, -(/(, + hormon pertumbuhan, )+6/+6

(@/ +

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

38/92

)* /:- 1012 )+66* ) -+*+6+, 44 / /4*) *)4*7+

-(-/ + )*. ACTH 4+*- )

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

39/92

/-/+ /

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

40/92

III. HORMON PANKREAS

Pulau-pulau pankreas (Langerhans) menghasilkan dua hormon utama,

yaitu +/*+ + 6*-6(+yang merupakan pengatur metabolisme yang kuat dan

bekerja cepat. Mereka bersama-sama mengatur 6*-(/, /) )- 44/, /)

)+(, dan )(-*)(-* /*4/lainnya untuk memastikan bahwa kebutuhan

enerji dapat dipenuhi dalam keadaan basal dan pada waktu berkuat (exercise).

Fungsi-fungsi ini terutama dilakukan dengan bekerja pada 7, )// ((, + :

+6+ )-. P(*- + // ** / )+, +-/+, /()(/+,

+ ( +-/, 4-)*+6-++ ))+-+ + )4+* )

+6*+ )4(/).

P +-/ /- /* :* **** -

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

41/92

A. INSULIN

I+/*+ )*-+ 7()(+ ) +6 /(/ 4++6 *+*-

6*+-+ ) +6(4+ +6+ @- +)+ :? +6 )/. I

)*-+ 7()(+ ) +6 /*/*++ /) )+(+ -7*, + 7()(+

) +6 4* +6+ 4(/+/ )* -+((6 -()4+/ DNA.

1. S-/ I+/*+

S:*)7 4/ @-( )+6/+6 * )+67)4 /-/ +/*+.

S

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

42/92

50 )6, /(+/ /-/ )-/)*) -*-+ - 6*-(/ 7

300 )6, + /(+/ 50 : - 6*-(/ 7 150 )6.

R/(+/ +/*+ 7 )4+ 6*-(/ ))- * @/. I+@*/

6*-(/ -+ )+44-+ +/*+ )++6- +6+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

43/92

R+6/+6+ /)/ ))- @- -)4 7 /-/ +/*+. E@-

+6 */-+ )* /( +6- -+ )+6/+6 /-/ +/*+,

@- )* +6- -+ )+67)4+. A-@/ /)/ )*

N. V6*/ )+6/+6 )44/+ +/*+, + )*+6-+ 4@*+6/ )

@/ /@-, * ++6-+ /-/ +/*+ )+:+6 )/*-+ )-++ -

) /*+ +

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

44/92

:*6 )+6/+6 )4+*-+ 6-(6+ G!P, + (// *47+ G!P

)+: * * - ) (// )

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

45/92

9'. M(0&)/,( +*0(/.

I+/*+ 7 7()(+ +4(- +6 4-: )++6--+ +/( /)

)+( - ) // (( + *47+ /) )+( /4* ) /

)+: (+. P(// ((// * )

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

46/92

-* (7 /-/ /*+ +

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

47/92

+6/+6 (7 ++6-+ 6* 7, ++6-+ /) )+(, ++6-+

/) )-, + ++6-+ 446 7()(+ +

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

48/92

T+66+ - 6* 7 -+ )+44-+ 6*-(/ +6 ((/

6()**/ - *4* 47 4+- -))*+ ++ *4*

-4+ 6*-(/ -+ -+ ) *+. G*-(/ *4* )+44-+

4)47+ +-+ - ) *4* /7+66 :*)7 *+ )++6-

%(*&, + :+ 7/ +6 -* (7 /+6 )+*) %(/&.

D7/ )+44-+ +**++ (*) 7 +6+ -4 -66+ /-*/

+ +*/*+ *-*+ /, )+44-+ 6+66*+ @*+6/ /@ +6

)+44-+ -)+.

K 6* 7 +6 +66 -+ )+-

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

49/92

NIDDM 8090 DM, 4/+ )*+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

50/92

IV. HORMON-HORMON TIROID

K+: ( +6 4?7 +6/ --++ + -

)+67/-+ * 7()(+ ++6, * (-/+ %T#& + (((++ %T3& +6

))- @- -* ) )++6--+ )4(/) *4*7. K+: + :*6

)+67/-+ -/(++ +6 4 ) )4(/) -/*). T+ 7()(+

(, )4(/) -+ **+ )+: #050 4?7 +(), /+6-+

-47++ +6 -/) -+ )++6--+ )4(/) /) !0100

/ +(). S-/ 7()(+ + -(+( (7 TSH %7(/)*+6 7()(+&

+6 7/-+ (7 7()*/.

A. PEMBENTUKAN DAN SEKRESI

K+: ( @(- +6+ ) 100300 +6 4/

-((, +6+ ++6+ // ( -*4(. K(( 4/

6-((+ (6(4*+ +6 7/-+ // @(- + /-/ - /+. P

)(-* (6(4*+ +(+:(+ $0 /) )+( (/+ +6 )*-+

/*4/ *) *+*- 464*+6 +6+ (*) ) +6- )4+*-+

7()(+ (.

P)4+*-+ 7()(+ ( ) :*)7 +() ))*-+ 50 )6

( / 7*+ ) )-++, * /- 1 )6)+66*. P+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

51/92

/* (, * (((/+ %DIT& +6+ * (. P+664*+6+ + 4+*

(7 +;) (+/ +6 : ?-* (6(4*+ /-/ 4+

4+ G(6 - /(/) / @(-, * -- /-/ / @(- -

) -((. D ) -(( -+ : +664*+6+ MIT +6+ DIT

))4+*- (((++ %T3&, + +664*+6+ * DIT )+:

(((++ %(-/+, T#&. D ) -(( + 7()(+7()(+ /4* -

(6(4*+, + / )(-* (6(4*+ 4/ 13 T#, + /*

T3*+*- / 1# T#. P+)++ 7()(+ ( ) -((

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

52/92

)+-/-+ 7()(+7()(++, /7+66 7-+ - 7()(+ /4*

-)4 +().

S- 93 7()(+ ( +6 4 7 (-/+ %T#& + $

(((++ %T3&. H) /)*+ 4-+ +6+ (+ /), *)

+6+ 7(+4++6 6(4*+ %TBG& + /46+ -

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

53/92

/ *+*- 6*+-+ ) + ) )4+*-+ (+ 4*, * *47

)+: +6.

2. E@-@- *)*) *4*7.E@- +6 +6 + 7 ++6-+ -(+/*)/ (-/6+ +

)4+6-+ +/ %)(6+//&. P-:+ + /**7 :+6+

-

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

54/92

P++6-+ )4(/), (*-/ +/, +* :+*+6, -@/

)((-, + +6/+6+ //) /@ */, :*6 /44-+ (7

--()+ +6- / +@+ + +(+@+. H()(+ ( -

)+44-+ ++6-+ --()+ * *+ 7/ )4(/)+ 7,

*+, * :+6+. S+6/) + --()+ + 7()(+ ( )*+6-+

4**7-+ *+*- ))4-+ @- )-/)*) (*-/ +/, (//,

6-(6+(//, + 6*-(+(6+//.

3. E@- *)4*7+ + -)4+6+

H()(+ ( ))- @- *)4*7+ *) +-+-.

P 4++6, 7()(+ ( 4*- 4+ ) )+6 ( %+-

--& )+: -- ?/. H((/) )+44-+ *)4*7+

7+6, /+6-+ 7( )- *)4*7 +66 +6+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

55/92

4/ -+ 7()(+ +6 4 -+ )+-+ /-/ ((+ /

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

56/92

9'. C/*/-9/*/ H/+0/*/

G:+ 7(( + + /+ )+6+*- /7+66 * 4/

)+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

57/92

V. METABOLISME KALSIUM

DAN FOSFAT

A. KALSIUM, FOSFAT, DAN DINAMIKA TULANG

U/7 *+*- ))7+-+ 7()(/// -/*) + @(/@ /+6

++6 ) ))7 446 (// )4(/) / + -(+-/ ((.

K/4+ - )- 6+*+6 ++ 6a sistim) yaitu /*+

+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

58/92

/-/-+ - ) */*/ )47 +6+ +6 4*+6 )* *+. K/*)

+ -* + )/*- )*

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

59/92

250 )6 +6 -)-+ - *+6 6+ +6+ :*)7 +6 /) +6 4/

++ *+6. P+6*+ - @(/@ /) 6+*+6

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

60/92

/+:*+ (// ++ -+ )47 (// )4+*-+, + )//

*+6 7+7+ )+**+.

P(// *47+ *+6 ?/ /4* /46 (// )(+6,

+ )*-+ /* + )-+/) *) 7()(/// -/*). S 7*+

/- 15 )// *+6 4*47 (7 (// +. T6 // *) ) *+6

7 (/(4/, (/(/, + (/(-/.

P)4+*-+ *+6 -*-+ (7 (/(4/ +6 ))4* +

)+6+-+ -(6+ - (+66 -// -, /*/* (7 )+//.

S7 * // + -@/+ )+**+ + 4*47 )+: (/(/ +(.

P(// )+// ))*-+ - -/*) + @(/@ /) +6 +() +

6+*+6 )+ D.P(// ++ *+6 (7 (/(-/ - /: )+ -/*),

:*6 )+67+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

61/92

P+++ 47 +:* -+ )+44-+ 6/+ )+: (*- +6 -

-@, : )7 :*6 )+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

62/92

C. HORMON PARATIROID 2PTH3

K+: ( )+67/-+ 7()(+ ( %PTH& +6

)*-+ +6* *) )4(/) -/*). E@-+ +6 *) 7

+ -/*) *+6, *4* 6+:, + /+// 1,25%OH&2D3. E@- PTH

) +67)4+ 4/(/ @(/@ 6+: )+44-+ - @(/@

4-*+6.

T # -+: ( +6 4-)4+6 /:- -7)+ 51#

)+66*. B ( ?/ /- 130 )6 +6+ 4 )/+6)/+6+

+ 3050 )6. S *), /

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

63/92

&'. P(*&& / T;&:

PTH ))

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

64/92

/). S-/ -/(++ :*6 )++6- ?-* )-+ ?* *+ -

-/*) - )++6-, -+ + +6/+6 (7 7()(+ +

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

65/92

G)4 13. R/(+/ -()+// 7 --*+6+ -/*)

K-*+6+ @(/@ )* 7(@(/@) -+ )+6/+6 (*-/

1,25%OH&2D3, +6 -+ )++6--+ @(/@ /) )* ++6-+

+++ */*/ + +6+ )+6/+6 ++ *+6 %G)4 1#&.

K/*) +6 -* / -+ )+-+ /-/ PTH, /7+66 (// 4/(/

@(/@ 6+: )++6-, + -47+ -/*) -*-+. S7 - @(/@

/) -)4 +(), 2#,25%OH&2D3 -+ )++6-, )4+*-+ 7()(+

1,25%OH&2D3)+**+, + (// + 47+.

KALSIUM PLASMA

$,0/-2OH30-D

$,0/-2OH30-D

FOSFAT PLASMA

KALSITONIN

FOSFAT URIN

SEKRESI PTH

KALSIUM PLASMA

PENYERAPAN DI USUS

PENYERAPAN DI TULANG

FOSFAT GINJAL

FOSFAT PLASMA

SEKRESI PTH

0+,0/-2OH30-D

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

66/92

G)4 1#. R/(+/ -()+// 7 --*+6+ @(/@

2. P+- -+: ( + *+6

&'. H/++&*&0/*//,(

T+ /-/ 7()(+ ( +6

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

67/92

&enderita juga memiliki tendensi untuk mendapatkan batu

ginjal.

9'. R/9(0,/&

P+- + *) +-+- +6 - )+-+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

68/92

VI. KORTEKS ADRENAL

K+: + )*-+ (6+ +(-+ +6 -()-/ +

)*@*+6/, +6 /+6 ++6 *+*- -7*+. A(@ + 4/

)+44-+ /- 4, /+6-+ )4*+6++ )+44-+ -)+.

S -+: + )*-+ 64*+6+ * -()(- +6 44. B6+

*, -(-/ + +6 )+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

69/92

P4++6+ +6+ 446 ; + +6 ))- -* (+/ )

7 T4 #. K(-(/(+ ))- (+/ 6*-(-(-( /+67

-(/(, + (+/ )+(-(-(+ 0,003 (/(+. D)7/(+,

/** 6*-(-(-( /+-, ))- (+/ 6*-(-(-( 30 - -(/( +

(+/ )+(-(-( -

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

70/92

+ /7+66 /-/ -(/( +- +6+ /. P++6-+ -(+- ACTH +

:*6 )+6/+6 ++6-+ :*)7 )(-(+, + ))4+- :*)7

/( ACTH %*6*/& -(-/ +.

S)* @-( +6 ))+6*7 /-/ ACTH -+ ))+6*7

/-/ -(/(. K(/( ))- /-*/ *+ / ACTH, +6+ *+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

71/92

&'. M(0&)/,( K&*)/*&0

E@- )4(- +6 +6 -+ -(/( 7 +6/+6+

6*-(+(6+//, * )4+*-+ -4(7 (+ + ; + (7 7.

E@- + -/+-+ +6+ )++6--+ - /)* +;) +6 * *+*-

)+6*47 /) )+( )+: 6*-(/ + +6+ )+6/+6 )(4// /)

)+( )) +)+++, *) ((. S* + 7/

6*-(+(6+// 7 )++6-+ +)++ -4(7 /46 6-(6+

7 /)+6 +-+ - 6* 7.

K(/( :*6 )+**+-+ +66*++ 6*-(/ (7 / /**7 *4*7,

/7+66 )+44-+ )++6-+ - 6* 7 + ++6+ 6*-(/

6()**/. T+66+ - 6*-(/ +6 ((/ 6()**/ )+44-+)*+ +6- 4/(4/ 6*-(/ *4* (-/) 6+:, + ((/+

6*-(/ - *+. E@- +6 -+ /46 4/ + + ) +6+

4/ * +6 /44-+ (7 ++6-+ /-/ 7()(+ *)4*7+

%/()((+&. P 4/ + )4+ +/*+ )+**+-+ -

6* 7 /

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

72/92

9'. M(0&)/,( L(&

K(/( :*6 )+((+6 )(4// /) )- :+6+ (/*)

/7+66 )++6--+ - /) )- 44/ ) 7 +

+66*+++ /46 +6. K(/( :*6 )++6--+ (-// /) )-

//. P++6-+ )(4// /) )- + (-//+ )+44-+

46/+ +66*++ 6*-(/ )+: +66*++ )- *+*- +6.

M4/) )- (7 -(/( + ))*-+ ?-* 4:):) /4*)

4-)4+6 +*7, + - /

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

73/92

+44 +6, +

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

74/92

&'. S(*(,/ A,0(* & S/,0( R(/-A:/0(,/-A,0(*

F-(@-( *) +6 4 ) +6*+ /-/ (/(+

7 ++6-+ - (+ (//*) )

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

75/92

G)4 15. H*4*+6+ /(*) /), -++ 7 + //) RAA.

ACE +6(+/+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

76/92

P+-+ /(*) (7 (/(+ - -+ )+44-+ ++6-+

- /(*) /) -+ -+ -* (7 +-+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

77/92

G)4 1!. E@- +-+ N 6+: 7 -++ 7

K47+ (/(+ * )+44-+ (//*) 4*+6 - )

*+ ) :*)7 +6 47 4+-, -4+ - +() (//*) #,5 5,5

)EL 4/ **+ )+: 12 )EL. K+ 7(-) +

)+44-+ :+ -)7+ (( +6 4. S4-+ --*+6+

(/(+ -+ )+44-+ ++6-+ - (//*) /), +6 -*

)+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

78/92

)+- /7+66 4-*)* -((+ + )+)4*-+ . -4

/+:*+ 7 /)-+ 7+6+ /(*) *4*7.

C. ANDROGEN ADRENAL

P+7** /( /-/ -+: 4* *) ) ;(+ -*/

+6+ (*- +(6+- *) 7 7(+(/(+ %DHEA& +

+(/+(+. A+(6+ +6 )7 + -+ *47 )+: /(/(+ +6

47 -* :+6+ @. K4**7+ +(6+ + -- -

46* ++6 -+ /*7 /-+ (7 /(/(+ /*7 47 -*, +)*+

)*+ )- ++6 ) ++ 50!0 @- +(6+-.

P*47+ +(6+ )+: /(6+, * *47+ /(/(+ )+:

/(, + +(/+(+ )+: /(+, - 46* 4 46 )*+

/) (*) 47+ 4@*+6/ )+(*/.

A+(6+ + )+: ++6 ) -+ +6 /4* /+()

+(6+. K+ + /44-+ (7 *)( +6 )+67/-+ +(6+

) :*)7 4/ /7+66 : )/-*+// +6 -* /**7 *4*7. P

?+ -+ + -+ )+)4*-+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

79/92

)+(-(-( (/(+ )+44-+ 4/(4/ /(*) /+6 +7

/7+66 (+ N, C, + -* ) *+ ) :*)7 4/. A-4+

(*)

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

80/92

S**

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

81/92

VII. REPRODUKSI

A. HORMON REPRODUKSI PRIA

1. T/(/(+ + 7()(+ /-/ ++

T// )+6*-+ 446 7()(+ /-/ +6 /

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

82/92

:*6 )+44-+ 4-*+6+ *)4*7+ )4* *+. L-- /: - /* )+: 4(- -+ :*6 +6*7

6+- 7 -)4+6+ 4(-, /)+6 4+-+ :*)7 +(6+.

'+ +6 ))- 4-+6 4(- /

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

83/92

(// /)(6+//. S+- +6+ *, /(/(+ // L6 :*6

))4 @- *)4*7+ 46 /)(6+//.

K66+ )4+*-+ /) )+44-+ /-/ FSH )++6-

+6+ //, /4-+ -* /)(6+// 4+6/*+6 +6+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

84/92

+**++ -@/ (/(4/ /+6 )+44-+ (/(((// -+ +**++

)-/ *+6 + 4-*+6+ +*)*-+ -/*) + @(/@.

E/(6+ )+44-+ -* )+: )4*, +)*+ 47 4 -+

+*)*-+ )- +6 47 4+- 4?7 -*. V/-*// :*6 47

4+- /7+66 -* 47 7+6 +)*+ :*6 47 )*7 *-.

2. P(6/(+

F*+6/ (6/(+ +6 +6 ++6 7 ) )+((+6

++6-+ /-/ -+: +()*) /) /+67 -7 /-*/

)+/*/, * /7 (*/. F*+6/ + ++6 ) /+ **/ *+*-

)+) )+/. P++6-+ /-/ :*6 : // *4, +6

46*+ *+*- +*/ 46 (*) +6 7-+ -+ )?+ /7

(*/. C+ *4 +6 )++6-, 4/)+ +6+ */ +6 )4*-+

(7 6-+ /, -+ ))*7-+ (*) *+*- 4+7 )* *4

)+*:* - **/.

T7 ))), (6/(+ )+((+6 -)4+6+ (4* +

( /7+66 // ( ))4+- , ))4/, + 4/@

/-(. P-)4+6+ (4* + (, + -4 ++6-+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

85/92

&'. P(*;)&& H*

M+:+6 -7 @/ **), - FSH + LH )+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

86/92

/) #8 :). K+ + )+44-+ -@/ @(- G@ )+: /+6

+66 + )+44-+ (*) /. F(- 4*47 )+: -(*/ **),

/7+66 )4+*-+ /( )+**+ +6+ :), /+6-+ +**++

/(+ + +(6+ : 47 7+. P @/ (*/ + -(*/ **)

)* ))4+*- (6/(+ /7+66 -+ )* )++6-.

P @/ **) +6 )* /7 (*/, /-/ (6/(+

-(*/ **) )++6- /) 10 - . K(*/ **) :*6 )+67/-+

/(, /(+ + +74+, /7+66 - )- )++6- -)4, +)*+

/-/ +(6+ */ )+**+. B-*+6+ ((+6+ LHRH, +

)++6-+ @4

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

87/92

S7 (*/ :, ++6-+ (6/(+ +6 +6 -(*/

**) )+44-+ (@/ +()*) 4-*+6, + 4+ )+**+

)+: 5! )). K+: +()*) 47 -@ + /*++ )+:

44(-4(-. G-(6+ -*)*-+ -*( / +()*), +6

-)*+ 4+7 - )*-+. V-*( + +6 7 4/ 6-(6+ + :*6

- (7 6-((+ + 6-( +6 7-+ )+(-(+6

-7+ 7/ )4*7+. S() +()*) )+: /)44 (7

++6-+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

88/92

C. HORMON PLASENTA DAN LAKTASI

1. H*)+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

89/92

H()(+ 7CG /-/-+ / /+/((@(4/ - + 7 4* +

/+:*+ 4 /**7 *4*7. K 7()(+ + *-* ) -

) 7 /7 89 7 /7 (*/, * /6 /7 4/(-/

+) ) +()*). S-/ -)*+ )++6- +6+

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

90/92

P(6/(+ /+ 4-: )+6/+6 *)4*7+ // /*

*+*- +*/ )4( )*, )+6*+6 -(+-/ **/, )++6--+

/-/ *4, + ))/-+ ))) *+*- -/.

3. H()(+ -/

S 7 4

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

91/92

DAFTAR BACAAN

1. B+, R(4 M., + L, M7? N., PH"SIOLOG", T7 E(+,

M(/4 " B((-, S. L(*/, 1993.

2. G+(+6, ') F., REVIE' OF MEDICAL PH"SIOLOG", S++7

E(+, A(+ L+6, N(?-, C(++

7/22/2019 Hormon 2008

92/92

DAFTAR INDEKS

gap junction....................................35