hopf bifurcation in a synaptically coupled fhn neuron model with two delays
DESCRIPTION
HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS. Liping Zhang College of Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2010/07/30. 什么是生物数学?. 生物数学是生物学与数学之间的边缘学科,用数学方法研究和解决生物学问题,也对与生物学有关的数学方法进行理论研究。 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED
FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS
Liping Zhang
College of Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
2010/07/30
![Page 2: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
什么是生物数学? 生物数学是生物学与数学之间的边缘学科,用数学
方法研究和解决生物学问题,也对与生物学有关的数学方法进行理论研究。
对于今天的生物学者,数学的价值更应该体现在建立在数量化基础上的 " 模型化 " 。通过数学模型的构建,可以将看上去杂乱无章的实验数据整理成有序可循的数学问题,将问题的本质抽象出来。
![Page 3: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
两个最近的事例
SARS 在对 SARS 的研究中,生物数学就发挥了作
用。 2003 年春 SARS 暴发时,在有效的疫苗和抗病毒药物研制出来之前,科学家最关心的是 SARS 流行的特征。两个国际合作的研究小组使用了 "SEIR" 数学模型,对 SARS的传播趋势进行分析和预测,给有关部门提供了参考意见。
![Page 4: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Avian Influenza Bird flu
Avian influenza is a disease of birds caused by influenza viruses closely related to human influenza viruses.
Transmission to humans in close contact with poultry or other birds occurs rarely and only with some strains of avian influenza. The potential for transformation of avian influenza into a form that both causes severe disease in humans and spreads easily from person to person is a great concern for world health.
Avian Influenza Bird flu
![Page 5: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
生物数学几个领域的基本介绍 种群动力学 : 种群的相互作用 生物资源管理和综合害虫控制 流行病动力学 药物动力学 生物数学中的斑图 生物信息学
![Page 6: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
生物数学已有一百年多年的历史:
•1798 年 Malthus 人口增长模型 •1908 年遗传学的 Hardy-Weinbe“ 平衡原
理” •1925 年 Volterra 捕食与被捕食模型 •1927 年 KM 传染病模型 •1973 年许多著名的生物学杂志相继创刊
• 现如今“生物信息学”的诞生是 生物数学发展的里程碑
![Page 7: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
时滞 时滞对生物种群的影响一直是生物学家关心的问题,
时滞经常出现在生物的活动中。例如我们日常生活中遇到的视觉和听觉的时滞现象、动物血液再生原理,森林再生原理等。
考虑到种群密度变化对于增长率的影响都不是瞬间发生的 , 而是与过去的生活状态有关 , 即有时间滞后的,还有动物消化食物也需要一定的时间。在生物数学模型中如果引入时滞,相应的动力系统就变成了带时滞的非线性动力系统。
![Page 8: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
由于时滞生物动力系统的演化不仅依赖于系统的当前状态,还依赖于系统过去某一时刻或若干时刻的状态,其运动方程要用泛函微分方程来描述,和常微分方程系统所描述的系统不同,时滞对系统的动态性质有很大的影响,时滞动力系统一般有无穷多个特征值,解空间是无限维的,其理论分析往往很困难。
![Page 9: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
目前,对于非线性时滞动力系统尚没有针对性特别强的研究方法,讨论非线性常微分方程的方法,大多可以 经过改造用于非线性时滞微分方程的研究。例如研究生物动力系统平衡点存在唯一性方法有:不动点定理、 M-矩阵和重合度理论等;平衡点局部稳定性分析最基本的方法仍是考察特征方程根的变化,例如无害时滞不改变系统正平衡位置的渐近稳定性,所以利用时滞为零时系统的渐近性去研究时滞不为零时系统正平衡位置的局部稳定性,即用线性近似法研究研究平衡点的局部稳定性问题。对小时滞模型用平均法,对常数时滞以及连续时滞模型的全局稳定性主要用 Lyapunov 方法。研究分岔现象的常见方法有:中心流形法、规范形理论、 Lyapunov-Schmidt 方法、摄动法和多尺度法等。
![Page 10: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
1.assumptions
The basic model makes the following assumptions:
(H) The model is given by the following system:
021 bbD 0)()( 21 bbCEBA
0)]()()[( 2121 bbCEBAbbD
![Page 11: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
)1(
).()()(
)),(tanh()()()()(
),()()(
)),(tanh()()()()(
.
423
.
4
.
2124333
.
3
21
.
1
.
2
1312131
.
1
txbtxtx
txCtxtaxtxtx
txbtxtx
txCtxtaxtxtx
![Page 12: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Fan D, Hong L. Hopf bifurcation analysis in a synaptically coupled FHN neuron model with delays.
Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat (2009), doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2009.07.025
![Page 13: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
2.Stability for FHN neuron model with one delay
Obviously, E (0,0,0,0) is an equilibrium of system (1), linear
izing it gives
)2(
).()()(
)),(()()()()(
),()()(
)),(()()()()(
.
423
.
4
.
2124333
.
3
21
.
1
.
2
1312131
.
1
txbtxtx
txCtxtaxtxtx
txbtxtx
txCtxtaxtxtx
![Page 14: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The characteristic equation associated with system (2) is given by
1 2( )4 3 21 2( )( ) 0A B C D E b b e
1 2 2A b b a
21ccE
Where
,
,
2
1 2 1 22 ( ) 2B bb a b b a
abbbabbbaC 22)( 2121212
21212 1 ababbbaD
(3)
![Page 15: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
For and , Eq.(3) becomes 01 02
4 3 21 2( )( ) 0A B C D E b b (4)
By Routh-Hurwitz criterion we know that if (H) is satisfied then all roots of Eq.(3) have negative real parts.
![Page 16: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
3.Bifurcation for FHN neuron model with one delay
Obviously, iv(v>0) is a root of Eq.(4) if and only if
4 3 21 2 1 1( )( )(cos sin ) 0v Av i Bv Cvi D E vi b vi b v i (5)
Separating the real and imaginary parts gives (
.sincos
,cossin3
113
11124
vvbvEvCvAv
vEbvEvDvv
(6)
![Page 17: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Taking square on the both sides of the equations of (6) and summing them up ,and let y=v2 , which leads to:
where
0234 sryqypyy (7)
62 Ap DACq 229 22 6 EDCr 221
2 EbDs
![Page 18: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Denote sryqypyyyh 234)(
Then we have
rqypyyyh 234)( 23'
(8)
(9)
Set
.0234 23 rqypyy
(10)
![Page 19: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Let 4
pyz , then (10) becomes
0113 qzpz (11)
where 2
1 16
3
2p
qp ,
4832
2
1
rpqpq
Define
3121 )3
()2
(pq
2
31
(12)
![Page 20: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Without loss of generality, we assume that Eq.(7) has four positive roots, denoted by ,, and , respectively. Then Eq.(6) has the four positive roots *
kk zv )4,3,2,1( k we have
.)]()[(
)()()()(sin
,)]()[(
)()())((cos
221
221
213
2124
221
221
2132
2124
kk
kkkkkkk
kk
kkkkkkk
vbbvbbE
bbvCvAvbbvDBvvv
vbbvbbE
bbvCvAvvbbDBvvv
(13)
![Page 21: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Denote
,
)]()[(
)()())((
,)]()[(
)()()()(
221
221
2132
2124
*
221
221
213
2124
*
kk
kkkkkk
kk
kkkkkk
vbbvbbE
bbvCvAvvbbDBvvb
vbbvbbE
bbvCvAvbbvDBvva
![Page 22: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
0),2arccos2(1
0),2(arccos1
**
**
ajbv
ajbv
k
kjk
,2,1,0jkivWhere k=1,2,3,4; Then is a pair of purely imaginary roots
of Eq.(4) with 0, 211 jk Similar to the proves of [8] we know that
Eq.(7) has more than one positive roots. Then the stability switch may exist.
Summarizing the above discussions we can ensure the stability interval.
(14)
![Page 23: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Theorem 3.1 Suppose that (H) is satisfied and
1. If the conditions (a) (b) , , and △(c) , , and there exists a △
such that and are not satisfied, then the zero solutions of system ( 1) is asymptotically stable for all .
2. If one of the conditions (a),(b) and (c) of (1) is satisfied, then the zero solution of system (1) is asymptotically stable when
3. If one of the conditions (a),(b) and (c) of (1) is satisfied,and , then the system (1) undergos a Hopf bifurcation at (0,0,0,0) when
02
0r 0r 00r 0 321
* ,, yyyy
0* y 0)( * yh
01
],0[ 01
0)( *' kyh
).,2,1,0(,11 jjk
![Page 24: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
4.Stability and Hopf bifurcation for FHN neuron model with two delay
Now let ,*11 ,02 )0( wiw be a root of Eq.(2) Then we get
.0sincos
,0sincos
21223
222124
wEFwEFCwAw
wEFwEFDBww (16)
Where ],sin)(cos)[( *
121*121
21 wwbbwbbwF
].sin)(cos)[( *121
2*1212 wbbwwwbbF
![Page 25: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Taking square on the both sides of the equations of (14), we get (15)
02)22()2( 22
221
2222342628 FEFEDwCBDwwACDBwBAw(15)
![Page 26: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
If Eq.(15) has positive root, without loss of generality , we assume Eq.(15) has N positive roots, denoted by 。 Notice Eq.( 12) we get
2,1,0,
0sin),2)arccos(cos2(1
0sin),2)s(arccos(co1
22
22
2
j
wjww
wjww
iiiii
iiiiij
i
(16)
![Page 27: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Define .Let be the root of Eq.(4) Satisfying . By computation, we get
}{min )0(2
},...2,1{
)0(2
02 i
Nii
00 i )()()( 222 iv
iji
ji ww )(,0)( 221
![Page 28: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
120
22
20
21
40
02
*10021
302121
5021
02
*10
202121
402121
602
)(21
02
)(21
23
)(210
2'
)2(
)(sin]3)(2[)](43[
)(cos)](2[]42)(3[4
)))(()2(234
))((Re()(
02
*1
02
*1
02
*1
Ewbwbw
wwbCbwCbAbbbBwbbA
wwbbCbBbwbbBbbAw
ebbEebbECBA
ebbE
![Page 29: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Where Summarizing the discussions above, we hav
e the following conclusions.
0)(,0])([ 02
'20
22
21
40
22
21
602 wbbwbbwE
![Page 30: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Theorem 4.1 Suppose that (H), hold and Eq.(14) has positive roots. and have the same meaning as last definition. We get
(1) All root of Eq.(4) have negative real parts for and the equilibrium of syste
m (2) is asymptotically stable for . (2) If hold , then system (2) undergos a H
opf bifurcation at the equilibrium E, when .
I *11
02 )( 0
2'
),0( 022 )0,0,0,0(E
0)( 02
' 022
![Page 31: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
5.Stability and direction of the Hopf bifurcation
In the previous section, we obtained conditions for Hopf bifurcation to occur when
. In this section we study the direction of the Hopf bifurcation and the stability
of the bifurcation periodic solutions when , using techniques from normal form and center manifold theory.
022
022
![Page 32: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
We assume 02
*1 Letting R ,0
22
and dropping the bars for simplification
),(dt
)(d tt XFXLtX
( 17)
![Page 33: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Where CtXX t )()( and 3: RCL
3: RCRF
),()()0( 022
*111 tttt XBXBXAXL
(18) Wher
e TT
tttt txtxtxtxxxxx ))(),(),(),(())(),(),(),(( 43214321
![Page 34: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
.
0
)(3
)0(
0
)(3
)0(
0
)(3
)(
0
)(3
)(
),(
,
0000
000
0000
0000
,
0000
0000
0000
000
,
100
100
001
001
231
233
*1
33
131
231
233
*1
33
131
22
1
1
2
11
tt
tt
t
xc
x
xc
x
txc
tx
txc
tx
XF
cB
c
B
b
a
b
a
A
![Page 35: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
From the discussion in Section 2, we know that system (10) undergos a Hopf bifurcation at (0,0,0) when , and the associated characteristic equation of system (10) with
has a pair of simple imaginary roots .
0
0
0i
![Page 36: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Result
Based on the above analysis, we can see that each gij can be determined by the parameters. Thus we compute the following quantities:
).33(2
,0020
*10
*
22
12*
21
021120
iwiw ecceccccccDg
ggg
![Page 37: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
(29)
2)
32(
2)0( 21
2
022
1120110
1
ggggg
iC
.))(Im())0(Im(
)),0(Re(2
,))(Re(
))0(Re(
0
02
'21
2
12
02
'1
2
CT
C
C
![Page 38: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Theorem 5.1. In (29), determines the direction of Hopf bifurcation; if , then the Hopf bifurcation is supercritical (subcritical) and the bifurcation periodic solution exist for ; determines the stability of the bifurcation period solution; bifurcating periodic solution are stable(unstable) if ;and determines the period of the bifurcating solution: the period increases (decreases) if .
22 20( 0)
)( 022
022 2
2 0( 0)
2 20( 0)T T
![Page 39: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
normal form and central manifold theory Numerical examples
2.0,1.0,48.0,47.0,33.0 2121 ccbba
)9916,17,0969.14()3808.11,9932.6()7700.4,0[1
![Page 40: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
t
x3
-0.5
0
0.5
-0.5
0
0.5-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
x1x2
x4
021 )( 2,0..5,0.4,0.30
![Page 41: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
t
x1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
t
x2
-0.5
0
0.5
-0.5
0
0.5-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
x1x2
x3
![Page 42: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
0,5 21 )( 2,0..5,0.4,0.30
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
t
x1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
t
x2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
t
x3
-0.4-0.2
00.2
0.40.6
-0.5
0
0.5
1-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
x1x2
x3
-0.4-0.2
00.2
0.40.6
-0.5
0
0.5
1-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
x1x2
x4
![Page 43: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
0,10 21 )( 2,0..5,0.4,0.30
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
t
x1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
t
x2 -0.4
-0.20
0.20.4
0.6
-0.5
0
0.5
1-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
x1x2
x3
-0.4-0.2
00.2
0.40.6
-0.5
0
0.5
1-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
x1x2
x4
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
t
x3
![Page 44: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
)9916,17,0969.14()3808.11,9932.6()7700.4,0[1
3*11
)9916.14,0969.11()3808.8,9932.3()7700.1,0[2
7700.102
![Page 45: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
1,3 21 )( 2,0..5,0.4,0.30
-0.4-0.2
00.2
0.40.6
-0.5
0
0.5
1-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
x1x2
x3
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
t
x1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
t
x2
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
t
x3
-0.4-0.2
00.2
0.40.6
-0.5
0
0.5
1-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
x1x2
x4
![Page 46: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
2,3 21 )( 2,0..5,0.4,0.30
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
t
x1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
t
x2 -0.4
-0.20
0.20.4
0.6
-0.5
0
0.5
1-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
x1x2
x3
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
t
x3
-0.4-0.2
00.2
0.40.6
-0.5
0
0.5
1-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
x1x2
x4
![Page 47: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
1,10 21
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
t
x1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
t
x2
-0.4-0.2
00.2
0.40.6
-0.5
0
0.5
1-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
x1x2
x3
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
t
x3
-0.4-0.2
00.2
0.40.6
-0.5
0
0.5
1-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
x1x2
x4
![Page 48: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
2,10 21
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
t
x1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
t
x2
-0.4-0.2
00.2
0.40.6
-0.5
0
0.5
1-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
x1x2
x3
![Page 49: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Future work
The synchronization of fractional-order Coupled HR neuron systems
Auastasio T j 1994 Bio.cybern. 72 67
![Page 50: HOPF BIFURCATION IN A SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED FHN NEURON MODEL WITH TWO DELAYS](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081420/5681507a550346895dbe79f4/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)