hookah - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

7/30/2019 Hookah - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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Hookah - Wikipedia, thef r eeencyclopedia

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An Egyptian hookah (shisha).

HookahFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The homophone hookacan refer to surface-supplied underwater diving.

A hookah (hukk orhuqqah)[1][2] also known as a waterpipe,[3]

arghile, orqalyn is a single ormulti-stemmed instrument for smoking

flavored tobacco called Muassel in which the smoke is passed through awater basin (often glass based) before inhalation. The origin of the

hookah is in India[4][5][6] and Persia,[6][7][8][9] or at a transition point

between the two.[6][10] The word hookah is a derivative of "huqqa",

which is what the Indians used to call it.[11][12] According to author CyrilElgood (pp. 41, 110), who does not mention his source, it was Abul-Fath Gilani (d. 1588), a Persian physician at the Indian court of theMughal emperor Akbar, who "first passed the smoke of tobacco througha small bowl of water to purify and cool the smoke and thus invented the

hubble-bubble or hookah."

[13]

Nevertheless, a quatrain of Ahli Shirazi (d.1535) refers to the use of the alyn in Safavid Iran.[14] (Falsaf, II,p. 277; Semsr, 1963, p. 15). Smoking the hookah has gainedpopularity outside of its native region, in India, Iran, Pakistan and theMiddle East, and is gaining popularity in North America, South America,Europe, Australia, Southeast Asia, Tanzania and South Africa.

Contents

1 Names and etymology2 History3 Culture

3.1 Middle East3.2 Saudi Arabia

3.2.1 Syria3.3 South Asia

3.3.1 Pakistan3.3.2 India

3.4 Nepal3.5 Bangladesh3.6 Southeast Asia3.7 South Africa3.8 United States and Canada

4 Structure and operation4.1 Components

4.1.1 Bowl4.1.2 Windscreen4.1.3 Hose
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoookah.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Windscreenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Componentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Componentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#United_States_and_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#United_States_and_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#United_States_and_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#United_States_and_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#United_States_and_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#United_States_and_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Nepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Names_and_etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoookah.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoookah.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Elgoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Elgoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-Wealth-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-common-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobaccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E2%80%98asselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Hosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Windscreenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Bowlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Componentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Structure_and_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#United_States_and_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Nepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Names_and_etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Elgoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-Hookah_India_Chapman-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-The_colors_of_India-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-common-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-common-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-common-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-Wealth-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E2%80%98asselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobaccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-who-ad-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-Encyclop.C3.A6dia_Britannica-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoookah.jpg


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A small hookah/argileh

4.1.4 Purge valve4.1.5 Water jar4.1.6 Plate4.1.7 Grommets4.1.8 Diffuser

4.2 Operation5 Health effects

6 See also7 References8 External links

Names and etymology

Nargile (but sometimes pronouncedArgileh orArgilee) is the namemost commonly used in Syria, Turkey, Italy, Greece, Cyprus,

Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Israel.Nargilederives from the Persianword nrghile, meaning coconut, which in turn isfrom the Sanskrit word nrikela (), suggesting that earlyhookahs were hewn from coconut shells.[15][16]

In Albania, the hookah is called "lula" or "lulava" in Romani, meaning

"pipe"; the word "Tub" refers to the actual bottle piece. [citation needed]

In Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Macedoniaand Bulgaria, na[r]gile ([]; from Turkish nargile) is used to

refer to the pipe. ia () refers to the tobacco that is smoked init.[citation needed] The pipes there often have one or two mouth pieces.The flavored tobacco, created by marinating cuts of [s placed above thewater and covered by pierced foil with hot coals placed on top, and thesmoke is drawn through cold water to cool and filter it.

"Narguile",[17] is the common word in Spain used to refer to the pipe,

although "cachimba"[18] is also used, along with "shisha" by Moroccan immigrants in Spain.

Sheesha ( ), from the Persian wordshshe ) ), meaning glass, is the common term for the hookah in EgyptSudan and the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf (including Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, UAE, and Saudi

Arabia), and in Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Somalia and Yemen.[citation needed]

In Iran, hookah is called "Qalyn" (Persian:Qalyn). Persian qalyan is included in the earliest European compendiuon tobacco, the tobacolgia written by Johan Neander and published in Dutch in 1622. It seems that over timewater pipes acquired an Iranian connotation as in eighteenth-century Egypt the most fashionable pipes were called

Karim Khan after the Iranian ruler of the day.[19] This is also the name used in Ukraine, Russia andBelarus.[citation needed]

In Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, a hookah is called chillim.[20]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Health_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Diffuserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Grommetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Water_jarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#Purge_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Small_Argileh.jpg


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Smoking The Hookah

In India and Pakistan the name most similar to the English hookah is used: huqqa (/21].( ]

In Maldives, hookah is called "Gudugudaa".[22]

The hookah pipe is also known as the "Marra pipe" in the UK, especially in the North East, where it is used for

recreational purposes.[citation needed]

The widespread use of the Indian word "hookah" in the English language is a result of the British Raj, the British

dominion of India (18581947), when large numbers of expatriate Britons first sampled the water pipe. WilliamHickey, shortly after arriving in Kolkata, India, in 1775, wrote in hisMemoirs:

The most highly-dressed and splendid hookah was prepared for me. I tried it, but did not like iAs after several trials I still found it disagreeable, I with much gravity requested to knowwhether it was indispensably necessary that I should become a smoker, which was answeredwith equal gravity, "Undoubtedly it is, for you might as well be out of the world as out of the

fashion. Here everybody uses a hookah, and it is impossible to get on without ...[I] havefrequently heard men declare they would much rather be deprived of their dinner than their

hookah.[23]

History

Initial traces of hookah smoking have been found in the North Western

provinces of India in the states of Rajasthan and Gujarat.[citation needed]

In North India, it is a great tradition followed by Gurjars, Jats, Bishnois,

Rajputs, etc.[citation needed] According to Cyril Elgood (PP.41, 110) itwas in India where the physician Hakim Abul-Fath Gilani (d. 1588), atthe court of the Mughal emperor Akbar I (1542 - 1605 AD) invented

the idea.[24][25][26] Following the European introduction of tobacco toPersia and India, Hakim Abul-Fath Gilani, who came from Gilan, a

province in the north of Iran, migrated to India. He later became aphysician in the Mughal court and raised health concerns after smokingtobacco became popular among Indian noblemen. He subsequentlyenvisaged a system which allowed smoke to be passed through water in

order to be 'purified'.[24] Gilani introduced the alyn after Asad Beg,the ambassador of Bijapur, encouraged Akbar I to take up smoking.[24]

Following popularity among noblemen, this new device for smoking soon

became a status symbol for the Indian aristocracy and gentry.

[24][26]

However, a quatrain of Ahl Shirazi (d. 1535), a Persian poet, refers tothe use of the alyn (Falsaf, II, p. 277; Semsr, 1963, p. 15), thusdating its use at least as early as the time of the Shah ahmsp I. Itseems, therefore, that Abul-Fath Gilani should be credited with theintroduction of the alyn, already in use in Persia, into India.

Culture

Middle East
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahmasp_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-RousseletLouis-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-Sivaramakrishnan4-5-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-Sivaramakrishnan4-5-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adil_Shahihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-Sivaramakrishnan4-5-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilan_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobaccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-RousseletLouis-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-Blechynden215-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-Sivaramakrishnan4-5-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajputshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishnoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurjarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hickey_(memoirist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ernst_Rudolf_Smoking_The_Hookah.jpg


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Bedouin smoking hookah, locally called nargileh, ina coffeehouse in Deir ez-Zor, on the Euphrates,

1920s.

In the middle east and Arab world, people smoke it as part of their culture and traditions. Social smoking is donewith a single or double hose hookah, and sometimes eventriple or quadruple hose hookahs in the forms of parties orsmall get-togethers are used. When the smoker is finished,either the hose is placed back on the table signifying that it isavailable, or it is handed from one user to the next, folded

back on itself so that the mouthpiece is not pointing at therecipient.

Most cafs (Arabic: , transliteration:maqha, translation:coffeeshop) in the Middle East offer shishas.[27] Cafs arewidespread and are amongst the chief social gathering

places in the Arab world (akin to public houses in

Britain).[28] Some expatriate Britons arriving in the MiddleEast adopt shisha cafs to make up for the lack of pubs inthe region, especially where prohibition is in place.

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia is in the process of implementing general smoking bans in public places and government offices. Thisincludes shishas. "Saudi Arabia bans smoking in public places, government offices; ban includes popular shishas"(http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/saudi-arabia-bans-smoking-in-public-places-government-offices-ban-includes-popular-shishas/2012/07/30/gJQAXW2uJX_print.html) . WashingtonPost.com.http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/saudi-arabia-bans-smoking-in-public-places-government-offices-ban-includes-popular-shishas/2012/07/30/gJQAXW2uJX_print.html. Retrieved 2012-08-08.. Additionally, the city ofRiyadh has banned shisha cafes within city limits.

Syria

In Syria, shisha is widely used, usually called "argila"; it is available on almost every corner. It has become part ofSyria's everyday culture. It is normal to see a female smoking shisha in Syria. It is a very sociable activity, often

involving games as well as smoking.[citation needed]

See also: Smoking in Syria

The exact date of the first use ofalyn in Persia is not known. According to Cyril Elgood (pp. 41, 110), who donot mention his source, it was Abul-Fat Gilani (d. 1588), a Persian physician at the court of the Mughal emperor

Akbar I, who "first passed the smoke of tobacco through a small bowl of water to purify and cool the smoke andthus invented the hubble-bubble or hookah." However, a quatrain of Ahli Shirazi (d. 1535) refers to the use of thealyn (Falsaf, II, p. 277; Semsr, 1963, p. 15), thus dating its use at least as early as the time of Tahmasp I(152476). It seems, therefore, that Abul-Fath Gilani should be credited with the introduction of the alyn,already in use in Persia, to India.

Although the Safavid Shah Abbs I strongly condemned tobacco use, towards the end of his reign smoking alyand opoq (q.v.) had become common on every level of the society, women included. In schools, both teachersand students had alyns while lessons continued (Falsaf, II, pp. 27880). Shah Safi of Persia (r. 1629-42)declared a complete ban on tobacco, but the income received from its use persuaded him to soon revoke the

ban.[29] The use ofalyns became so widespread that a group of poor people became professional tinkers of
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The intricate work on a Malabar

Hookah

crystal water pipes. During the time of Abbas II of Persia (r. 1642-1666), use of the water pipe had become anational addiction (Chardin, tr., II, p. 899). The shah/king had his own private alyn servants. Evidently the

position of water pipe tender (alyndr) dates from this time. Also at this time, reservoirs were made of glass,pottery, or a type of gourd. Because of the unsatisfactory quality of indigenous glass, glass reservoirs weresometimes imported from Venice (Chardin, tr., II, p. 892). In the time of Suleiman I of Persia (r. 1694-1722),alyns became more elaborately embellished as their use increased. The wealthy owned gold and silver pipes. Thmasses spent more on alyns than they did on the necessities of life (Tavernier apud Semsr, 1963, p. 16).

An emissary of Sultan Husayn (r.1722-32) to the court of Louis XV of France, on his way to the royal audience aVersailles, had in his retinue an officer holding his alyn, which he used while his carriage was in motion (Herbettetr. p. 7; Kasraw, pp. 21112; Semsr, 1963, pp. 1819). We have no record indicating the use ofalyn at thecourt of Nader Shah, although its use seems to have continued uninterrupted. There are portraits of Karim Khan o

the Zand dynasty of Iran and Fath-Ali Shah Qajar which depict them smoking the alyn.[30] Iranians had a spectobacco calledKhansar( , presumably name of the origin city). The charcoals would be put on the Khansarwithout foil. Khansar has less smoke than the normal tobacco.

South Asia

Pakistan

Although it has been traditionally prevalent in rural areas for generations, [31] smoking hookahs has become verypopular in the cosmopolitan cities of Pakistan. One can see many cafs in Pakistan offering hookah smoking to itsguests. Even lots of households have hookahs for smoking or decoration purposes.

In Punjab, Pakhtunkhwa, and in northern Balochistan, the topmost part on which coals are placed is called chillum

India

The concept of hookah is thought to have originated In India,[32] oncethe province of the wealthy, it was tremendously popular especiallyduring Mughal rule. The hookah has since become less popular;however, it is once again garnering the attention of the masses, and cafsand restaurants that offer it as a consumable are popular. The use ofhookahs from ancient times in India was not only a custom, but a matterof prestige. Rich and landed classes would smoke hookahs.

Tobacco is smoked in hookahs in many villages as per traditional

customs. Smoking tobacco-molasses is now becoming popular amongstthe youth in India. There are several chain clubs, bars and coffee shops inIndia offering a wider variety of muassels, including non-tobaccoversions. Hookah was recently banned in Bangalore. However, it can be

bought or rented for personal usage or organized parties.[33]

Koyilandy, a small fishing town on the west coast of India, once madeand exported hookahs extensively. These are known as MalabarHookhas or Koyilandy Hookahs. Today these intricate hookahs aredifficult to find outside of Koyilandy and are becoming difficult even to
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The hookah family

A hookah at a restaurant in Nepal

find in Koyilandy itself.

As hookah makes resurgence in India, there have been numerous raids

and bans recently on hookah smoking, especially in Gujarat.[34]

Nepal

Hookahs (

), especially wooden ones, are popular in Nepal. Use ofhookahs is considered to symbolize elite family throughout

history.[citation needed] These days hookahs are also getting popularamong younger people and tourists.The main tourists places likeKathmandu,Pokhara and Dharan are famous for Hookah Bars. You can

smoke hookahs at the rate of 175 Rs Minimum [35]

Bangladesh

The hookah has been a traditional smoking instrument in Bangladesh, as

it has been in India.[citation needed] However, flavored shisha wasintroduced in the early 2000s.[citation needed] Hookah lounges spreadquite quickly between 20082011 and became very popular amongoung people as well as middle-aged people as a relaxation

method.[citation needed] There have been allegations of a government

crack-down on hookah bars to prevent illicit drug usage.[citation needed]

Southeast Asia

In Southeast Asia, the hookah, where it is predominantly called shisha,was particularly used within the Arab and Indian

communities.[citation needed]

Hookah was virtually unknown in Southeast Asia before the latter 20th

century, yet the popularity among contemporary younger people is now vastly growing.[citation needed] SoutheastAsia's most cosmopolitan city, Makati, Bangkok, Phnom Penh, Siem Reap, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, now

have various bars and clubs that offer hookahs to patrons.[citation needed]

Although hookah use has been common for hundreds of years and enjoyed by people of all ages, it has just begun

to become a youth-oriented pastime in Asia in recent times.[citation needed] Hookahs are most popular with colleg

students, and young adults, who may be underage and thus unable to purchase cigarettes.[36]

South Africa

In South Africa, hookah, colloquially known as a hubbly bubbly or an okka pipe, is popular amongst the CapeMalay and Indian populations, wherein it is smoked as a social pastime.[37] However, hookah is seeing increasing

popularity with white South Africans, especially the youth.[citation needed] Bars that additionally provide hookahsare becoming more prominent, although smoking is normally done at home or in public spaces such as beaches an

picnic sites.[citation needed]
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A hookah and a variety of tobacco

products are on display in a Harvard

Square store window in Cambridge,

Massachusetts, United States.

In South Africa, the terminology of the various hookah components also differ from other countries. The clay"head/bowl" is known as a "clay pot". The hoses are called "pipes" and the air release valve is known as a

"clutch".[citation needed]

The windscreen (which is considered optional and not used by most people[citation needed]) is known as an "As-as", which directly translates from Afrikaans to English as an "ash-jacket". Also, making/preparing the "clay pot" i

commonly referred to as "racking the hubbly".[citation needed]

Some scientists point to the marijuana pipe as an African origin of hookah.[38]

United States and Canada

Main article: Hookah lounge

During the 1960s and 1970s, hookahs were a popular tool for the

consumption of various derivations of tobacco, among other things.[39]

At parties or small gatherings the hookah hose was passed around with

users partaking as they saw fit. Typically, though, open flames were usedinstead of burning coals.

Recently, certain cities, counties, and states have implemented indoorsmoking bans. In some jurisdictions, hookah businesses can be exemptedfrom the policies through special permits. Some permits, however, haverequirements such as the business earning a certain minimum percentageof their revenue from alcohol or tobacco.

In cities with indoor smoking bans, hookah bars have been forced toclose or switch to tobacco-free mixtures. In many cities though, hookah

lounges have been growing in popularity.[40] From the year 2000 to2004, over 200 new hookah cafs opened for business, most of them

targeted at young adults[41] and located near college campuses or citieswith large Middle-Eastern communities. This activity continues to gain

popularity within the post-secondary student demographic.[42] Accordingto a 2011 study, 40.3 percent of college and university students surveyed

had smoked tobacco from a hookah.[43]

Structure and operation

Components

Excluding grommets, a hookah consists of a number of components, four of which are essential for its operation.

Bowl

Also known as the head of the hookah, the bowl is a container, usually made out of clay or marble, that holds thecoal and tobacco during the smoking session. The bowl is loaded with tobacco then covered in a small piece of
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perforated aluminum foil or screen typically glass or metal. Lit coals are then placed on top, which allows thetobacco to heat to the proper temperature.

There is also a variation of the head which employs a fruit rather than the traditional clay bowl. The fruit is holloweout and perforated in order to achieve the same shape and system a clay bowl has, then it is loaded and used in thsame manner.

Bowls have evolved in recent years to incorporate new designs that keep juices in the tobacco from running down

the stem. The Tangiers Phunnel Bowl and Sahara Smoke Vortex Bowl are two examples of such bowls.

Windscreen

A Hookah Cover windscreen is a cover which sits over the bowl area, with some form of air holes. This preventswind from increasing the burn rate and temperature of the coal, and prevents ash and burning embers from being

blown onto the surrounding environment. This may also offer some limited protection from fire as it may prevent thcoal from being ejected if the hookah is bumped.

Hose

Technically if the pipe has a hose it is not "hookah"the term historically referred to a straight-neck

tube[citation needed]. Today the hose (one or more) is a slender flexible tube that allows the smoke to be drawn foa distance, cooling down before inhalation. The end is typically fitted with a metal, wooden, or plastic mouthpieceof different shapes, size, color or material type. According to J.S. Gamble inA Manual of Indian Timbers in 190(Page 668), the bark of the white Himalayan birchBetula utilis ssp. jacquemontii was used to make early hookatubes.

Purge valve

Many hookah are equipped with a purge valve connected to the airspace in the water jar to purge stale smokewhich has been sitting unused in the jar for too long. This one-way valve is typically a simple ball bearing sitting ova port which seals the port by gravity alone and will open if positive pressure is created by blowing into the hose.The bearing will be held captive with a screw-on cover. The cover should be opened and the bearing and seatcleaned of residue and corrosion regularly to ensure proper sealing.

Water jar

The body of the hookah sits on top of the water jar, or sometimes referred to as vase, or base. The downstem

hangs down below the level of the water in the jar. Smoke passes through the body and out the downstem where ibubbles through the water. This cools and humidifies the smoke. Liquids such as fruit juice may be added to thewater or used in substitution. Pieces of fruit, mint leaves, and crushed ice may be added.

Plate

A plate or ashtray sits just below the bowl to catch ashes falling off the coals.

Grommets
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woodworkers from

Damascus, Syria creating

wood components for

hookah production (19thcentury)

Hookah cross-section view

Grommets in a hookah are usually placed between the bowl and the body, the body's gasket and the water jar anbetween the body and the hose. The grommets, although not essential (the use of paper or tape has becomecommon), will help to seal the joints between the parts, therefore decreasing the amount of air coming in andmaximizing the smoke breathed in.

Diffuser

A piece attached to the bottom of the stem, usually made of plastic and in a grid pattern, to make a smoothersmoke and a subdued noise. By breaking the naturally larger bubbles coming up the water from the pipe intosmaller ones, it lowers the amount of suction or "pull" needed to continue bringing smoke to the chamber. This alsocools the smoke down more efficiently. It is used as a luxury item for a premiumsmoking experience and is not a required component.

Operation

The jar at the bottom of the hookah is filled with water sufficient to submerge afew centimeters of the body tube, which is sealed tightly to it. Deeper water will

only increase the inhalation force needed to use it. Tobacco is placed inside thebowl at the top of the hookah. Often the bowl is covered with perforated tin foilor a metal screen and coal placed on top. The foil or screen separates the coaland the tobacco, which minimizes inhalation of coal ash with the smoke andreduces the temperature the tobacco is exposed to, in order to prevent burningthe tobacco directly.

When one inhales through the hose, air is pulled through the charcoal and into thebowl holding the tobacco. The hot air, heated by the charcoal vaporizes (notburns) the tobacco, thus producing smoke, which is passed down through the

body tube that extends into the water in the jar. It bubbles up through the water,losing heat, and fills the top part of the jar, to which the hose is attached. When asmoker inhales from the hose, smoke passes into the lungs, and the change in

pressure in the jar pulls more air through the charcoal, continuing the process.

If the hookah has been lit and smoked but has not been inhaled for an extendedperiod, the smoke inside the water jar may be regarded as "stale" andundesirable. Stale smoke may be exhausted through the purge valve, if present.This one-way valve is opened by the positive pressure created from gently

blowing into the hose. It will not function on a multiple-hose hookah unless allother hoses are plugged. Sometimes one-way valves are put in the hose socketsto avoid the need to manually plug hoses.

Health effects

Further information: Health effects of tobacco

A 2005 WHO report[3] states that smoking using a waterpipe poses a seriouspotential health hazard and is not a safe alternative to cigarette smoking. Theaverage hookah session typically lasts more than 40 minutes, and consists of 50
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to 200 inhalations that each range from 0.15 to 0.50 liters of smoke.[44][45] In an hour-long smoking session ofhookah, users consume about 100 to 200 times the volume of smoke of a cigarette. The chemical compositions ofcigarette smoke and hookah smoke are different, however, as the workings of the charcoal in the modern hookahcauses the tobacco mixture to be heated to a lower temperature, as opposed to the higher temperature in acigarette where the tobacco is directly burnt. Consequently, the potential health effects of hookah smoke are

expected to be very different.[46][47]

Despite a different chemical composition of the smoke, it is expected that heavy and long term use still has the

potential to lead to diseases generally induced by tobacco, notably chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.[48]

Mixtures with lighter concentrations or tobacco-free alternatives (e.g. tobamel, tea-leaf, molasses and glycerin-

soaked stones) are widely available and aim to reduce the negative effects of tobacco. [49]

A 2008 aetiological study on hookah smoking and cancer led by a group of Pakistani researchers[50] found thatoverall serum CEA levels (as a biological marker for cancer) in exclusive hookah smokers, who had been usingweight equivalents of up to 60 cigarettes of tobacco in daily sessions for decades, were higher than in non-smoker

but substantially lower than those recorded in cigarette smokers considering the same amount of tobacco. Thestudy also concluded that heavy and non-moderate hookah smoking (24 daily preparations; 38 sessions a day;

to 6 hours net daily smoking time) substantially raises CEA levels.[50]

See also

One hitter (smoking)Thuoc laoWater pipe percolator

References

1. ^The cyclopaedia of India and of Jordan and eastern and southern Asia, Volume 2 (http://books.google.com/?id=yvNWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA99&dq=hookah+india&q=hookah%20india) . Bernard Quaritch. 1885.http://books.google.com/?id=yvNWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA99&dq=hookah+india&q=hookah%20india. Retrieved20070801. "HOOKAH. Hindi. The Indian pipe and apparatus for smoking."

2. ^ "Hookah". Encyclopdia Britannica.

3. ^ ab WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (TobReg) an advisory note Waterpipe tobaccosmoking:health effects, research needs and recommended actions by regulators, 2005(http://www.who.int/entity/tobacco/global_interaction/tobreg/Waterpipe%20recommendation_Final.pdf)

4. ^The Wealth of India (http://books.google.com/books?

id=Hm1XAAAAMAAJ&q=hookah+india&dq=hookah+india) . Council of Scientific & Industrial Research.http://books.google.com/books?id=Hm1XAAAAMAAJ&q=hookah+india&dq=hookah+india. Retrieved 20070801. "The smoking of hookah and hubble-bubble started in India during the reign of the great Moghul emperor,Akbar"

5. ^ Prakash C. Gupta (1992). Control of tobacco-related cancers and other diseases: proceedings of an internationsymposium, January 1519, 1990, TIFR, Bombay (http://books.google.com/books?id=-Zqo67BjH7UC&pg=PA33&dq=hookah+origin++India#v=onepage&q=hookah%20origin%20%20India&f=false) .Prakash C. Gupta. p. 33. http://books.google.com/books?id=-Zqo67BjH7UC&pg=PA33&dq=hookah+origin++India#v=onepage&q=hookah%20origin%20%20India&f=false.

6. ^ abc Sandra Alters, Wendy Schiff (Jan 28, 2011). Essential Concepts for Healthy Liv ing Update(http://books.google.com/books?

id=EciU 1JroMC& =PA353&d =hookah+ori in+ ersia+india#v=one a e& =hookah%20ori in%20 ersia%20
http://books.google.com/books?id=EciU_y1JroMC&pg=PA353&dq=hookah+origin+persia+india#v=onepage&q=hookah%20origin%20persia%20india&f=falsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-common_6-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-common_6-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-common_6-0http://books.google.com/books?id=-Zqo67BjH7UC&pg=PA33&dq=hookah+origin++India#v=onepage&q=hookah%20origin%20%20India&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=-Zqo67BjH7UC&pg=PA33&dq=hookah+origin++India#v=onepage&q=hookah%20origin%20%20India&f=falsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-5http://books.google.com/books?id=Hm1XAAAAMAAJ&q=hookah+india&dq=hookah+indiahttp://books.google.com/books?id=Hm1XAAAAMAAJ&q=hookah+india&dq=hookah+indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-Wealth_4-0http://www.who.int/entity/tobacco/global_interaction/tobreg/Waterpipe%20recommendation_Final.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-who-ad_3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-who-ad_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-Encyclop.C3.A6dia_Britannica_2-0http://books.google.com/?id=yvNWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA99&dq=hookah+india&q=hookah%20indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Quaritchhttp://books.google.com/?id=yvNWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA99&dq=hookah+india&q=hookah%20indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pipe_percolatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuoc_laohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_hitter_(smoking)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-Harm_Reduction_Journal-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoembryonic_antigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-Harm_Reduction_Journal-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-Saad-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-Chaouachi2010843-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_note-Shihadeh-44


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_dia&f=false) . Jones & Bartlett Learning. http://books.google.com/books?id=EciU_y1JroMC&pg=PA353&dq=hookah+origin+persia+india#v=onepage&q=hookah%20origin%20persia%20dia&f=false.

7. ^ Nichola Fletcher (Aug 1, 2005). Charlemagne's tablecloth: a piquant history of feasting(http://books.google.com/books?id=vMfEyKvR59sC&pg=PA10&dq=Charlemagne's+Tablecloth+hookahs#v=onepage&q&f=false) . Macmillan.

p. 10. http://books.google.com/books?id=vMfEyKvR59sC&pg=PA10&dq=Charlemagne's+Tablecloth+hookahs#v=onepage&q&f=false.

8. ^ Cassell (1902). Cassell's magazine (http://books.google.com/books?id=DMvfAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA214&dq=hookah+origin+persia#v=onepage&q=hookah%20origin%20persia&f=fal) . Cassell. http://books.google.com/books?id=DMvfAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA214&dq=hookah+origin+persia#v=onepage&q=hookah%20origin%20persia&f=fal.

9. ^ Harmsworth Brothers (1899). The Harmsworth monthly pictorial magazine (http://books.google.com/books?id=HvIRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA372&dq=origin+of+hookah#v=onepage&q=origin%20of%20hookah&f=false) .Harmsworth Brothers. p. 372. http://books.google.com/books?id=HvIRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA372&dq=origin+of+hookah#v=onepage&q=origin%20of%20hookah&f=false.

10. ^ Raj Kishore Sharma, Nishant Joshi. Gravity (http://books.google.com/books?id=LLe_oMSz440C&pg=PA104&dq=hookah+origin+India#v=onepage&q=hookah%20origin%20India&f=false) .

Nishant Joshi. p. 104. http://books.google.com/books?id=LLe_oMSz440C&pg=PA104&dq=hookah+origin+India#v=onepage&q=hookah%20origin%20India&f=false.

11. ^ "Hookah History" (http://www.thecolorsofindia.com/hookah/hookah-history.html) . Colors of India.http://www.thecolorsofindia.com/hookah/hookah-history.html. "The origin of Hookah smoking can be datedmillennia back and its initial traces have been found in the North Western provinces of India alongside the border Pakistan in the state of Rajasthan and Gujarat."

12. ^ Rousselet, Louis (2005) [1875]. "XXVII - The Ruins of Futtehpore".India and Its Native Princes: Travels inCentral India and in the Presidencies of Bombay and Bengal(Reprint - Asian Educational Services 2005 ed.).London: Chapman and Hall. p. 290. ISBN 81-206-1887-4.

13. ^ Ehsan Yar-Shater (2001).Encyclopaedia Iranica (http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=Abul-Fath+Gilani+#sclient=psy-

ab&hl=en&safe=off&tbo=1&tbm=bks&source=hp&q=first+passed+the+smoke+of+tobacco+through+a+small+wl+of+water+to+purify+and+cool+the+smoke+and+thus+invented+the+hubble-bubble+or+hookah&pbx=1&oq=first+passed+the+smoke+of+tobacco+through+a+small+bowl+of+water+to+pury+and+cool+the+smoke+and+thus+invented+the+hubble-

bubble+or+hookah&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=59625l59625l0l60212l1l0l0l0l0l0l0l0ll0l0&bav=on.2,or.rgc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=550ea8102e8fc7e3&biw=1280&bih=624) . http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=Abul-Fath+Gilani+#sclient=psy-ab&hl=en&safe=off&tbo=1&tbm=bks&source=hp&q=first+passed+the+smoke+of+tobacco+through+a+small+wl+of+water+to+purify+and+cool+the+smoke+and+thus+invented+the+hubble-

bubble+or+hookah&pbx=1&oq=first+passed+the+smoke+of+tobacco+through+a+small+bowl+of+water+to+pury+and+cool+the+smoke+and+thus+invented+the+hubble-

bubble+or+hookah&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=59625l59625l0l60212l1l0l0l0l0l0l0l0ll0l0&bav=on.2,or.rgc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=550ea8102e8fc7e3&biw=1280&bih=624.

14. ^ Andrew J. Newman. Safavid Iran: rebirth of a Persian empire (http://books.google.com/books?id=afsYCq1XOewC&pg=PA158&dq=ali+shirazi+1535#v=onepage&q=ali%20shirazi%201535&f=false) .I.B.Tauris. p. 158. http://books.google.com/books?id=afsYCq1XOewC&pg=PA158&dq=ali+shirazi+1535#v=onepage&q=ali%20shirazi%201535&f=false.

15. ^ "Nargile" (http://www.mymerhaba.com/en/main/content.asp_Q_id_E_1124) . mymerhaba.http://www.mymerhaba.com/en/main/content.asp_Q_id_E_1124.

16. ^ "Smoke like an Egyptian - Sri Lanka" (http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2007/8/18197_space.html) .Lankanewspapers.com. http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2007/8/18197_space.html. Retrieved 2010-08-2

17. ^ "Diccionario de la lengua espaola - Vigsima segunda edicin" (http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?

TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=narguile) (in (Spanish)). Buscon.rae.es. http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?
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External links
http://www.harmreductionjournal.com/content/5/1/19http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18501010http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2438352http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1477-7517-5-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.harmreductionjournal.com/content/5/1/19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-Harm_Reduction_Journal_50-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-Harm_Reduction_Journal_50-0http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S039876200700082Xhttp://www.worldcat.org/issn/0398-7620http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.respe.2006.12.008http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S039876200700082Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-Saad_47-0http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987709007932http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0306-9877http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mehy.2009.11.036http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987709007932http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-Chaouachi2010843_46-0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10639511http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2F92.2.106http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-45http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15388286http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pbb.2004.06.005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-Shihadeh_44-0http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110405113022.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-43http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/31/health/31hookah.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-41http://www.cgnews.org/article.php?id=1692&lan=en&sp=0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-40http://www.seminolechronicle.com/vnews/display.v/ART/2008/10/29/4908dae9de4c4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-39http://www.sacrednarghile.com/en/mystery.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-38http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=29&art_id=qw103460508099B241http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=29&art_id=qw103460508099B241http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-37http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5520a2.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5520a2.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-36http://www.ecs.com.np/feature_detail.php?f_id=176http://www.ecs.com.np/feature_detail.php?f_id=176http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookah#cite_ref-35


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WHO Report on water pipe (hookah)(http://www.who.int/tobacco/global_interaction/tobreg/Waterpipe%20recommendation_Final.pdf) , byWHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (TobReg).Some Facts about Hookah Tobacco (http://www.cigarette-store.org/cigarettes-news/some-facts-about-hookah-tobacco)Critique of the WHO Report on water pipe (hookah) (http://www.jnrbm.com/content/5/1/17) by ChaouachKamal. A Critique of WHO's TobReg "Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking: Health Effects, Research Needs and

Recommended Actions by Regulators".Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine 2006 (17 Nov); 5:1Scientific Evidence of the Health Risks of Hookah Smoking(http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/cesarfax/vol17/17-23.pdf) (University of Maryland, College Park: June 9

2008, vol 17, issue 23

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