honors biology - macromolecules (slide builds)
TRANSCRIPT
The Chemistry of Life
What are living creatures made of?
Why do we have to eat?
1
Elements of Life
2
§ 96% of living organisms is made of:
Elements of Life
2
§ 96% of living organisms is made of: n carbon (C)
Elements of Life
2
§ 96% of living organisms is made of: n carbon (C)n oxygen (O)
Elements of Life
2
§ 96% of living organisms is made of: n carbon (C)n oxygen (O)n hydrogen (H)
Elements of Life
2
§ 96% of living organisms is made of: n carbon (C)n oxygen (O)n hydrogen (H)n nitrogen (N)
Elements of Life
2
Molecules of Life
3
Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different
ways to build living organisms
3
Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different
ways to build living organisms§ What are bodies made of?
3
Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different
ways to build living organisms§ What are bodies made of?
u carbohydrates
3
Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different
ways to build living organisms§ What are bodies made of?
u carbohydrates § sugars & starches
3
Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different
ways to build living organisms§ What are bodies made of?
u carbohydrates § sugars & starches
u proteins
3
Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different
ways to build living organisms§ What are bodies made of?
u carbohydrates § sugars & starches
u proteinsu fats (lipids)
3
Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different
ways to build living organisms§ What are bodies made of?
u carbohydrates § sugars & starches
u proteinsu fats (lipids)u nucleic acids
3
Molecules of Life§ Put C, H, O, N together in different
ways to build living organisms§ What are bodies made of?
u carbohydrates § sugars & starches
u proteinsu fats (lipids)u nucleic acids
§ DNA, RNA
3
Why do we eat?
4
Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals
4
Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals
u Food for building materials
4
Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals
u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)
4
Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals
u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)§ for growth
4
Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals
u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)§ for growth§ for repair
4
Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals
u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)§ for growth§ for repair
u Food to make energy
4
Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals
u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)§ for growth§ for repair
u Food to make energy§ calories
4
Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals
u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)§ for growth§ for repair
u Food to make energy§ calories§ to make ATP
4
Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals
u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)§ for growth§ for repair
u Food to make energy§ calories§ to make ATP
ATP
4
Why do we eat?§ We eat to take in more of these chemicals
u Food for building materials§ to make more of us (cells)§ for growth§ for repair
u Food to make energy§ calories§ to make ATP
4
What do we need to eat?
5
What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks
& more energy
5
What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks
& more energy§ for building & running bodies
5
What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks
& more energy§ for building & running bodies
u carbohydratesu proteins
5
What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks
& more energy§ for building & running bodies
u carbohydratesu proteinsu fats
5
What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks
& more energy§ for building & running bodies
u carbohydratesu proteinsu fatsu nucleic acids
5
What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks
& more energy§ for building & running bodies
u carbohydratesu proteinsu fatsu nucleic acidsu vitamins
5
What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks
& more energy§ for building & running bodies
u carbohydratesu proteinsu fatsu nucleic acidsu vitaminsu minerals, salts
5
What do we need to eat?§ Foods to give you more building blocks
& more energy§ for building & running bodies
u carbohydratesu proteinsu fatsu nucleic acidsu vitaminsu minerals, saltsu water
5
Don’t forget water
6
§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2O
Don’t forget water
6
§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2Ou water is inorganic
§ doesn’t contain carbon
Don’t forget water
6
§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2Ou water is inorganic
§ doesn’t contain carbon§ Rest of you is made of carbon molecules
Don’t forget water
6
§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2Ou water is inorganic
§ doesn’t contain carbon§ Rest of you is made of carbon molecules
u organic molecules
Don’t forget water
6
§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2Ou water is inorganic
§ doesn’t contain carbon§ Rest of you is made of carbon molecules
u organic molecules§ carbohydrates
Don’t forget water
6
§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2Ou water is inorganic
§ doesn’t contain carbon§ Rest of you is made of carbon molecules
u organic molecules§ carbohydrates§ proteins
Don’t forget water
6
§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2Ou water is inorganic
§ doesn’t contain carbon§ Rest of you is made of carbon molecules
u organic molecules§ carbohydrates§ proteins§ fats
Don’t forget water
6
§ Wateru 65% of your body is H2Ou water is inorganic
§ doesn’t contain carbon§ Rest of you is made of carbon molecules
u organic molecules§ carbohydrates§ proteins§ fats§ nucleic acids
Don’t forget water
6
2006-2007
How do we make these molecules?
7
2006-2007
How do we make these molecules?
We build them!
7
Building large molecules of life
8
Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
8
Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
8
Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
8
Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
8
Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
8
Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
8
Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
8
Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
8
Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
8
Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
8
Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
8
Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
§ Big molecules built from little molecules
8
Building large molecules of life§ Chain together smaller molecules
u building block molecules = monomers
§ Big molecules built from little moleculesu polymers
8
§ Small molecules = building blocks
§ Bond them together = polymers
Building large organic molecules
9
§ Small molecules = building blocks
§ Bond them together = polymers
Building large organic molecules
9
§ Small molecules = building blocks
§ Bond them together = polymers
Building large organic molecules
9
§ Small molecules = building blocks
§ Bond them together = polymers
Building large organic molecules
9
Building important polymers
10
Building important polymersCarbohydrates = built from sugars
10
Building important polymers
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Carbohydrates = built from sugars
10
Building important polymers
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Carbohydrates = built from sugars
Proteins = built from amino acids
10
Building important polymers
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Carbohydrates = built from sugars
Proteins = built from amino acidsaminoacid
aminoacid– amino
acid– aminoacid– amino
acid– aminoacid–
10
Building important polymers
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Carbohydrates = built from sugars
Proteins = built from amino acids
Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides
aminoacid
aminoacid– amino
acid– aminoacid– amino
acid– aminoacid–
10
Building important polymers
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
Carbohydrates = built from sugars
Proteins = built from amino acids
Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides
aminoacid
aminoacid– amino
acid– aminoacid– amino
acid– aminoacid–
10
How to build large molecules
11
How to build large molecules§ Synthesis
11
How to build large molecules§ Synthesis
u building bigger molecules from smaller molecules
11
How to build large molecules§ Synthesis
u building bigger molecules from smaller molecules
+
11
How to build large molecules§ Synthesis
u building bigger molecules from smaller molecules
+
11
How to build large molecules§ Synthesis
u building bigger molecules from smaller molecules
+
11
How to build large molecules§ Synthesis
u building bigger molecules from smaller molecules
u building cells & bodies§ repair§ growth§ reproduction
+
11
How to build large molecules§ Synthesis
u building bigger molecules from smaller molecules
u building cells & bodies§ repair§ growth§ reproduction
+
ATP11
How to build large molecules§ Synthesis
u building bigger molecules from smaller molecules
u building cells & bodies§ repair§ growth§ reproduction
+
11
H2O
HO
HO H
H HHO
How to build a polymer
12
H2O
HO
HO H
H HHO
How to build a polymer§ Synthesis
u joins monomers by “taking” H2O out§ one monomer donates OH–
§ other monomer donates H+ § together these form H2O
u requires energy & enzymes
12
H2O
HO
HO H
H HHO
How to build a polymer§ Synthesis
u joins monomers by “taking” H2O out§ one monomer donates OH–
§ other monomer donates H+ § together these form H2O
u requires energy & enzymes
Dehydration synthesis
12
H2O
HO
HO H
H HHO
How to build a polymer§ Synthesis
u joins monomers by “taking” H2O out§ one monomer donates OH–
§ other monomer donates H+ § together these form H2O
u requires energy & enzymes
Dehydration synthesisCondensation reaction
12
H2O
HO
HO H
H HHO
How to build a polymer§ Synthesis
u joins monomers by “taking” H2O out§ one monomer donates OH–
§ other monomer donates H+ § together these form H2O
u requires energy & enzymes
enzymeDehydration synthesisCondensation reaction
12
How to take large molecules apart
13
How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion
13
How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion
u taking big molecules apart
13
How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion
u taking big molecules apart
13
How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion
u taking big molecules apart
13
How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion
u taking big molecules apart
+
13
How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion
u taking big molecules apart
+
13
How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion
u taking big molecules apartu getting raw materials
§ for synthesis & growth
+
13
How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion
u taking big molecules apartu getting raw materials
§ for synthesis & growthu making energy (ATP)
§ for synthesis, growth & everyday functions
+
13
How to take large molecules apart§ Digestion
u taking big molecules apartu getting raw materials
§ for synthesis & growthu making energy (ATP)
§ for synthesis, growth & everyday functions
+
ATP13
H2O
HO H
HO H HO H
How to break down a polymer
14
H2O
HO H
HO H HO H
How to break down a polymer§ Digestion
u use H2O to breakdown polymers § reverse of dehydration synthesis§ break off one monomer at a time§ H2O is split into H+ and OH–
w H+ & OH– attach to ends
u requires enzymesu releases energy
14
H2O
HO H
HO H HO H
How to break down a polymer§ Digestion
u use H2O to breakdown polymers § reverse of dehydration synthesis§ break off one monomer at a time§ H2O is split into H+ and OH–
w H+ & OH– attach to ends
u requires enzymesu releases energy
Hydrolysis
14
H2O
HO H
HO H HO H
How to break down a polymer§ Digestion
u use H2O to breakdown polymers § reverse of dehydration synthesis§ break off one monomer at a time§ H2O is split into H+ and OH–
w H+ & OH– attach to ends
u requires enzymesu releases energy
HydrolysisDigestion
14
H2O
HO H
HO H HO H
How to break down a polymer§ Digestion
u use H2O to breakdown polymers § reverse of dehydration synthesis§ break off one monomer at a time§ H2O is split into H+ and OH–
w H+ & OH– attach to ends
u requires enzymesu releases energy
HydrolysisDigestion
enzyme
14
Example of digestion
15
Example of digestion
15
Example of digestion
15
Example of digestion
starch
15
Example of digestion
starch
15
Example of digestion
starch
15
Example of digestion
starch
15
Example of digestion
starch
15
Example of digestion
starch
15
Example of digestion
starch
15
Example of digestion
starch glucose
15
Example of digestion
starch glucose
ATP
15
Example of digestion
starch glucose
ATP
ATP
15
Example of digestion
starch glucose
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATPATP
15
Example of digestion
starch glucoseATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATPATP
15
Example of digestion
starch glucose
15
Example of digestion
starch glucose
§ Starch is digested to glucose
15
Example of synthesis
16
Example of synthesis
amino acids
16
Example of synthesis
amino acids
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Example of synthesis
amino acids
16
Example of synthesis
amino acids
16
Example of synthesis
amino acids
16
Example of synthesis
amino acids
16
Example of synthesis
amino acids
16
Example of synthesis
amino acids
16
Example of synthesis
amino acids
16
Example of synthesis
amino acids protein
16
Example of synthesis
amino acids protein
16
Example of synthesis
amino acids protein
amino acids = building block
16
Example of synthesis
amino acids protein
amino acids = building blockprotein = polymer
16
Example of synthesis
amino acids protein
amino acids = building blockprotein = polymer
§ Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids
16
17
Carbohydrates
17
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
18
Carbohydrates:OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
18
Carbohydrates:OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
Energy molecules
18
Carbohydrates
19
Carbohydrates
19
Carbohydrates
§ Building block molecules =
19
Carbohydrates
§ Building block molecules = sugars
19
Carbohydrates
§ Building block molecules =
sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
sugars
19
Carbohydrates
§ Building block molecules =
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugarsugar
sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
sugars
19
sucrose
Carbohydrates
glucoseC6H12O6
starch20
sucrose
Carbohydrates§ Function:
glucoseC6H12O6
starch20
sucrose
Carbohydrates§ Function:
u quick energyglucoseC6H12O6
starch20
sucrose
Carbohydrates§ Function:
u quick energyu energy storage glucose
C6H12O6
starch20
sucrose
Carbohydrates§ Function:
u quick energyu energy storageu structure
glucoseC6H12O6
starch20
sucrose
Carbohydrates§ Function:
u quick energyu energy storageu structure
§ cell wall in plants
glucoseC6H12O6
starch20
sucrose
Carbohydrates§ Function:
u quick energyu energy storageu structure
§ cell wall in plants
§ Examples
glucoseC6H12O6
starch20
sucrose
Carbohydrates§ Function:
u quick energyu energy storageu structure
§ cell wall in plants
§ Examplesu sugars
glucoseC6H12O6
starch20
sucrose
Carbohydrates§ Function:
u quick energyu energy storageu structure
§ cell wall in plants
§ Examplesu sugars u starches
glucoseC6H12O6
starch20
sucrose
Carbohydrates§ Function:
u quick energyu energy storageu structure
§ cell wall in plants
§ Examplesu sugars u starches u cellulose (cell wall)
glucoseC6H12O6
starch20
Sugars = building blocks
21
Sugars = building blocks -ose
21
Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in -ose
21
Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
glucoseC6H12O6
-ose
21
Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in
u glucose
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
glucoseC6H12O6
-ose
21
Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in
u glucose
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
glucoseC6H12O6 fructose
-ose
21
Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in
u glucoseu fructose
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
glucoseC6H12O6 fructose
-ose
21
Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in
u glucoseu fructose
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
glucoseC6H12O6
sucrose
fructose
-ose
21
Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in
u glucoseu fructoseu sucrose
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
glucoseC6H12O6
sucrose
fructose
-ose
21
Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in
u glucoseu fructoseu sucroseu maltose OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
glucoseC6H12O6
sucrose
fructose
-ose
21
Sugars = building blocks § Names for sugars usually end in
u glucoseu fructoseu sucroseu maltose OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
glucoseC6H12O6
sucrose
fructose
maltose
-ose
21
Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
22
Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|glucose
22
Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|glucose
|glucose
22
Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|glucose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
22
Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|glucose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
|maltose
22
Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|glucose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
2 sugars = disaccharide
|maltose
22
Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|glucose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
2 sugars = disaccharide
|maltose
22
Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|glucose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
2 sugars = disaccharide
|maltose
mono = onesaccharide = sugar
di = two
22
Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
23
Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|glucose
23
Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
23
Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
23
Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
23
Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
|sucrose
(table sugar)
23
Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
|sucrose
(table sugar)
23
Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
|sucrose
(table sugar)
23
Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
|sucrose
(table sugar)
2 sugars = disaccharide
23
Building carbohydrates§ Synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
1 sugar = monosaccharide
|sucrose
(table sugar)
2 sugars = disaccharide
How sweetit is!
23
BIG carbohydrates
24
BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
24
BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates
24
BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates
24
BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
24
BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plants
24
BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
24
BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
24
BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogen
24
BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
24
BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles
24
BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles§ cellulose
24
BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles§ cellulose
w structure in plants
24
BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles§ cellulose
w structure in plantsn cell walls
24
BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles§ cellulose
w structure in plantsn cell walls
24
BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles§ cellulose
w structure in plantsn cell walls
§ chitin
24
BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles§ cellulose
w structure in plantsn cell walls
§ chitin w structure in arthropods & fungi
24
BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles§ cellulose
w structure in plantsn cell walls
§ chitin w structure in arthropods & fungi
n exoskeleton
24
BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles§ cellulose
w structure in plantsn cell walls
§ chitin w structure in arthropods & fungi
n exoskeleton
24
BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles§ cellulose
w structure in plantsn cell walls
§ chitin w structure in arthropods & fungi
n exoskeleton
24
BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles§ cellulose
w structure in plantsn cell walls
§ chitin w structure in arthropods & fungi
n exoskeleton
24
BIG carbohydrates§ Polysaccharides
u large carbohydrates§ starch
w energy storage in plantsn potatoes
§ glycogenw energy storage in animals
n in liver & muscles§ cellulose
w structure in plantsn cell walls
§ chitin w structure in arthropods & fungi
n exoskeleton
poly = many
24
Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… =
25
Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… = polysaccharide
25
Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… =
energystorage
polysaccharide
25
Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… =
starch
energystorage
polysaccharide
25
Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… =
starch(plant)
energystorage
polysaccharide
25
Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… =
starch(plant)
glycogen
energystorage
polysaccharide
25
Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… =
starch(plant)
glycogen(animal)
energystorage
polysaccharide
25
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
26
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
26
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest
26
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest
enzyme
26
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest
enzyme
26
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest
enzyme
26
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest
enzyme
26
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest
cellulosehard todigest
enzyme
26
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest
cellulosehard todigest
enzyme
enzyme
26
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest
cellulosehard todigest
enzyme
26
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest
cellulosehard todigest
enzyme
26
Cellulose
27
Cellulose § Cell walls in plants
27
Cellulose § Cell walls in plants
u herbivores can digest cellulose well
27
Cellulose § Cell walls in plants
u herbivores can digest cellulose wellu most carnivores cannot digest cellulose
27
Cellulose § Cell walls in plants
u herbivores can digest cellulose wellu most carnivores cannot digest cellulose
§ that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients
27
Cellulose § Cell walls in plants
u herbivores can digest cellulose wellu most carnivores cannot digest cellulose
§ that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients
§ cellulose = roughage
27
Cellulose § Cell walls in plants
u herbivores can digest cellulose wellu most carnivores cannot digest cellulose
§ that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients
§ cellulose = roughagew stays undigested
27
Cellulose § Cell walls in plants
u herbivores can digest cellulose wellu most carnivores cannot digest cellulose
§ that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients
§ cellulose = roughagew stays undigestedw keeps material
moving in your intestines
27
28
Proteins
28
Proteins:
29
Proteins:Multipurpose molecules
29
Proteins
30
Proteins Examples
30
Proteins Examples
30
Proteins Examples
u muscle
30
Proteins Examples
u muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws
30
collagen (skin)
Proteins Examples
u muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws
30
collagen (skin)
Proteins Examples
u muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws
§ collagen, keratin
30
collagen (skin)
Proteins Examples
u muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws
§ collagen, keratin pepsin
30
collagen (skin)
Proteins Examples
u muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws
§ collagen, keratin u pepsin
pepsin
30
collagen (skin)
Proteins Examples
u muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws
§ collagen, keratin u pepsin
§ digestive enzyme in stomach
pepsin
30
collagen (skin)
Proteins
insulin
Examplesu muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws
§ collagen, keratin u pepsin
§ digestive enzyme in stomach
pepsin
30
collagen (skin)
Proteins
insulin
Examplesu muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws
§ collagen, keratin u pepsin
§ digestive enzyme in stomach
u insulin
pepsin
30
collagen (skin)
Proteins
insulin
Examplesu muscle u skin, hair, fingernails, claws
§ collagen, keratin u pepsin
§ digestive enzyme in stomach
u insulin§ hormone that controls blood
sugar levels
pepsin
30
Proteins
31
Proteins§ Function:
31
Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions
31
Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions§ hormones
31
Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions§ hormones
wsignals from one body system to another
31
Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions§ hormones
wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin
31
Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions§ hormones
wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin
31
Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions§ hormones
wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin
31
Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions§ hormones
wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin
§ movement
31
Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions§ hormones
wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin
§ movementwmuscle
31
Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions§ hormones
wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin
§ movementwmuscle
§ immune system
31
Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions§ hormones
wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin
§ movementwmuscle
§ immune systemwprotect against germs
31
Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions§ hormones
wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin
§ movementwmuscle
§ immune systemwprotect against germs
§ enzymes
31
Proteins§ Function:
umany, many functions§ hormones
wsignals from one body system to anotherw insulin
§ movementwmuscle
§ immune systemwprotect against germs
§ enzymeswhelp chemical reactions
31
Proteins
§ Building block =
—N—H
H
H|
—C—|
C—OH||O
32
Proteins
§ Building block =
—N—H
H
H|
—C—|
C—OH||O
amino acids
32
Proteins
§ Building block =
aminoacid
aminoacid– amino
acid– aminoacid– amino
acid–
—N—H
H
H|
—C—|
C—OH||O
amino acids
32
Proteins
§ Building block =
aminoacid
aminoacid– amino
acid– aminoacid– amino
acid–
—N—H
H
H|
—C—|
C—OH||O
amino acids
u 20 different amino acids
32
Proteins
§ Building block =
aminoacid
aminoacid– amino
acid– aminoacid– amino
acid–
—N—H
H
H|
—C—|
C—OH||O
variable group
amino acids
u 20 different amino acids
32
Proteins
§ Building block =
aminoacid
aminoacid– amino
acid– aminoacid– amino
acid–
—N—H
H
H|
—C—|
C—OH||O
variable group
amino acids
u 20 different amino acidsThere’s
20 of us…like 20 different
letters in analphabet!
Can make lots of differentwords
32
Amino acid chains§ Proteins
u amino acids chained into a polymer (or polypeptide)
33
Amino acid chains§ Proteins
u amino acids chained into a polymer (or polypeptide)
amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid
33
Amino acid chains§ Proteins
u amino acids chained into a polymer (or polypeptide)
§ Each amino acid is different
amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid
33
Amino acid chains§ Proteins
u amino acids chained into a polymer (or polypeptide)
§ Each amino acid is different u some “like” water & dissolve in it
amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid
33
Amino acid chains§ Proteins
u amino acids chained into a polymer (or polypeptide)
§ Each amino acid is different u some “like” water & dissolve in itu some “fear” water & separate from it
amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid
33
pepsin
For proteins: SHAPE matters!
collagen
hemoglobingrowth
hormone
34
pepsin
For proteins: SHAPE matters!
collagen
§ Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape
hemoglobingrowth
hormone
34
pepsin
For proteins: SHAPE matters!
collagen
§ Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shapeu that’s what happens in the cell!
hemoglobingrowth
hormone
34
pepsin
For proteins: SHAPE matters!
collagen
§ Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shapeu that’s what happens in the cell!
§ Different shapes = different jobs
hemoglobingrowth
hormone
34
Primary (1°) structure
lysozyme: enzyme in tears & mucus that kills bacteria
35
Primary (1°) structure§ Order of amino acids in chain
lysozyme: enzyme in tears & mucus that kills bacteria
35
Primary (1°) structure§ Order of amino acids in chain
u slight change in amino acid sequence can affect protein’s structure & its function
lysozyme: enzyme in tears & mucus that kills bacteria
35
Primary (1°) structure§ Order of amino acids in chain
u slight change in amino acid sequence can affect protein’s structure & its function
lysozyme: enzyme in tears & mucus that kills bacteria
35
Primary (1°) structure§ Order of amino acids in chain
u slight change in amino acid sequence can affect protein’s structure & its function§ even just one amino acid change
can make all the difference!
lysozyme: enzyme in tears & mucus that kills bacteria
35
Secondary (2°) structure
36
Secondary (2°) structure§ “Local folding”
36
Secondary (2°) structure§ “Local folding”
u folding along short sections of polypeptide
36
Secondary (2°) structure§ “Local folding”
u folding along short sections of polypeptideu interactions between
adjacent amino acids
36
Secondary (2°) structure§ “Local folding”
u folding along short sections of polypeptideu interactions between
adjacent amino acidsu forms sections of
3-D structure
36
Tertiary (3°) structure
37
Tertiary (3°) structure§ “Whole molecule folding”
37
Tertiary (3°) structure§ “Whole molecule folding”
u interactions between distant amino acids
37
Quaternary (4°) structure
38
Quaternary (4°) structure§ More than one polypeptide chain bonded
together
38
Quaternary (4°) structure§ More than one polypeptide chain bonded
together u only then does polypeptide become
functional protein
38
Quaternary (4°) structure§ More than one polypeptide chain bonded
together u only then does polypeptide become
functional protein
collagen = skin & tendons38
Quaternary (4°) structure§ More than one polypeptide chain bonded
together u only then does polypeptide become
functional protein
collagen = skin & tendons hemoglobin38
Protein structure (review)
39
Protein structure (review)
1°
39
Protein structure (review)
amino acid sequence
peptide bonds
1°
39
Protein structure (review)
amino acid sequence
peptide bonds
1°
determinedby DNA
39
Protein structure (review)
amino acid sequence
peptide bonds
1°
determinedby DNA
2°
39
Protein structure (review)
amino acid sequence
peptide bonds
1°
determinedby DNA R groups
short 3D segments
2°
39
Protein structure (review)
amino acid sequence
peptide bonds
1°
determinedby DNA R groups
short 3D segments
3°
2°
39
Protein structure (review)
amino acid sequence
peptide bonds
1°
determinedby DNA R groups
short 3D segments
R groupswhole molecule folding3°
2°
39
Protein structure (review)
amino acid sequence
peptide bonds
1°
determinedby DNA R groups
short 3D segments
R groupswhole molecule folding3°
4°
2°
39
Protein structure (review)
amino acid sequence
peptide bonds
1°
determinedby DNA R groups
short 3D segments
R groupswhole molecule folding3°
multiple polypeptides
4°
2°
39
It’s SHAPE that matters!
40
It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because
of their shape
40
It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because
of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
40
It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because
of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
u wrong shape = can’t do its job
40
It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because
of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
u wrong shape = can’t do its jobu unfolding proteins = “denature”
40
It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because
of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
u wrong shape = can’t do its jobu unfolding proteins = “denature”
§ temperature
40
It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because
of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
u wrong shape = can’t do its jobu unfolding proteins = “denature”
§ temperature§ pH (acidity)
40
It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because
of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
u wrong shape = can’t do its jobu unfolding proteins = “denature”
§ temperature§ pH (acidity)
folded40
It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because
of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
u wrong shape = can’t do its jobu unfolding proteins = “denature”
§ temperature§ pH (acidity)
folded
unfolded“denatured”
40
It’s SHAPE that matters!§ Proteins do their jobs, because
of their shape§ Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
u wrong shape = can’t do its jobu unfolding proteins = “denature”
§ temperature§ pH (acidity)
folded
unfolded“denatured”
In Biology,it’s not the size,it’s the SHAPEthat matters!
40
41
Lipids: Fats & Oils
41
Lipids
42
LipidsConcentrated energy molecules
42
Lipids
43
Lipids § Examples
43
Lipids § Examples
u fats
43
Lipids § Examples
u fatsuoils
43
Lipids § Examples
u fatsuoilsuwaxes
43
Lipids § Examples
u fatsuoilsuwaxesuhormones
43
Lipids § Examples
u fatsuoilsuwaxesuhormones
§ sex hormones
43
Lipids § Examples
u fatsuoilsuwaxesuhormones
§ sex hormonesw testosterone (male)
43
Lipids § Examples
u fatsuoilsuwaxesuhormones
§ sex hormonesw testosterone (male)westrogen (female)
43
Lipids § Examples
u fatsuoilsuwaxesuhormones
§ sex hormonesw testosterone (male)westrogen (female)
43
Lipids
44
Lipids
§ Function:
44
Lipids
§ Function:u energy storage
44
Lipids
§ Function:u energy storage
§ very concentrated
44
Lipids
§ Function:u energy storage
§ very concentrated§ twice the energy as carbohydrates!
44
Lipids
§ Function:u energy storage
§ very concentrated§ twice the energy as carbohydrates!
u cell membrane
44
Lipids
§ Function:u energy storage
§ very concentrated§ twice the energy as carbohydrates!
u cell membraneu cushions organsu insulates body
44
Lipids
§ Function:u energy storage
§ very concentrated§ twice the energy as carbohydrates!
u cell membraneu cushions organsu insulates body
§ think whale blubber!
44
Structure of Fat
45
Structure of Fatnot a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule”
45
Saturated fats
46
Saturated fats§ Most animal fats
46
Saturated fats§ Most animal fats
u solid at room temperature
46
Saturated fats§ Most animal fats
u solid at room temperature
§ Limit the amount in your diet
46
Saturated fats§ Most animal fats
u solid at room temperature
§ Limit the amount in your dietu contributes to
heart disease
46
Saturated fats§ Most animal fats
u solid at room temperature
§ Limit the amount in your dietu contributes to
heart disease u deposits in
arteries
46
Unsaturated fats
47
Unsaturated fats§ Plant, vegetable & fish fats
47
Unsaturated fats§ Plant, vegetable & fish fats
u liquid at room temperature
47
Unsaturated fats§ Plant, vegetable & fish fats
u liquid at room temperature§ the fat molecules
don’t stack tightlytogether
47
Unsaturated fats§ Plant, vegetable & fish fats
u liquid at room temperature§ the fat molecules
don’t stack tightlytogether
§ Better choice in your diet
47
Saturated vs. unsaturated
48
Saturated vs. unsaturatedsaturated
48
Saturated vs. unsaturatedsaturated unsaturated
48
Saturated vs. unsaturatedsaturated unsaturated
48
Saturated vs. unsaturatedsaturated unsaturated
ü48
Other lipids in biology
49
Other lipids in biology§ Cholesterol
49
Other lipids in biology§ Cholesterol
u good molecule in cell membranes
49
Other lipids in biology§ Cholesterol
u good molecule in cell membranesu make hormones from it
49
Other lipids in biology§ Cholesterol
u good molecule in cell membranesu make hormones from it
§ including sex hormones
49
Other lipids in biology§ Cholesterol
u good molecule in cell membranesu make hormones from it
§ including sex hormonesu but too much cholesterol in blood may
lead to heart disease
49
Other lipids in biology
50
Other lipids in biology§ Cell membranes are made out of lipids
50
Other lipids in biology§ Cell membranes are made out of lipids
u phospholipids
50
Other lipids in biology§ Cell membranes are made out of lipids
u phospholipidsu heads are on the outside touching water
50
Other lipids in biology§ Cell membranes are made out of lipids
u phospholipidsu heads are on the outside touching water
§ “like” water
50
Other lipids in biology§ Cell membranes are made out of lipids
u phospholipidsu heads are on the outside touching water
§ “like” wateru tails are on inside away from water
50
Other lipids in biology§ Cell membranes are made out of lipids
u phospholipidsu heads are on the outside touching water
§ “like” wateru tails are on inside away from water
§ “scared” of water
50
Other lipids in biology§ Cell membranes are made out of lipids
u phospholipidsu heads are on the outside touching water
§ “like” wateru tails are on inside away from water
§ “scared” of wateru forms a barrier
between the cell & the outside
50
Nucleic Acids:
51
Nucleic Acids:Information molecules
51
Nucleic Acids
52
Nucleic Acids Examples
u DNA
52
Nucleic Acids Examples
u DNA
52
Nucleic Acids Examples
u DNA
52
Nucleic Acids Examples
u DNA§ DeoxyriboNucleic
Acidu RNA
52
Nucleic Acids Examples
u DNA§ DeoxyriboNucleic
Acidu RNA
§ RiboNucleic Acid
52
Nucleic Acids Examples
u DNA§ DeoxyriboNucleic
Acidu RNA
§ RiboNucleic Acid
RNA52
Nucleic Acids
53
Nucleic Acids§ Function:
53
Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material
53
Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material
53
Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
53
Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
wgenes
53
Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
wgeneswblueprint for building proteins
53
Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
wgeneswblueprint for building proteins
n DNA → RNA → proteins
53
Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
wgeneswblueprint for building proteins
n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information
53
Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
wgeneswblueprint for building proteins
n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information
wblueprint for new cells
53
Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
wgeneswblueprint for building proteins
n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information
wblueprint for new cellswblueprint for next generation
53
Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
wgeneswblueprint for building proteins
n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information
wblueprint for new cellswblueprint for next generation
53
Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
wgeneswblueprint for building proteins
n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information
wblueprint for new cellswblueprint for next generation
53
DNA
Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
wgeneswblueprint for building proteins
n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information
wblueprint for new cellswblueprint for next generation
53
DNA
Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
wgeneswblueprint for building proteins
n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information
wblueprint for new cellswblueprint for next generation
53
DNA
Nucleic Acids§ Function:
ugenetic material§ stores information
wgeneswblueprint for building proteins
n DNA → RNA → proteins§ transfers information
wblueprint for new cellswblueprint for next generation
proteins
53
Nucleic acids
§ Building block =
phosphate
sugar N base
54
Nucleic acids
§ Building block = nucleotides
phosphate
sugar N base
54
Nucleic acids
§ Building block = nucleotides
phosphate
sugar N base
54
Nucleic acids
§ Building block = nucleotidesnucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
phosphate
sugar N base
54
Nucleic acids
§ Building block = nucleotides
u 5 different nucleotides
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
phosphate
sugar N base
54
Nucleic acids
§ Building block = nucleotides
u 5 different nucleotidesu different nitrogen bases
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
phosphate
sugar N base
54
Nucleic acids
§ Building block = nucleotides
u 5 different nucleotidesu different nitrogen basesu A, T, C, G, U
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
phosphate
sugar N base
54
Nucleic acids
§ Building block = nucleotides
u 5 different nucleotidesu different nitrogen basesu A, T, C, G, U
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
phosphate
sugar N base
Nitrogen basesI’m the
A,T,C,G or Upart!
54
Nucleotide chains
55
Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids
55
Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids phosphate
sugar N base
55
Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
55
Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
55
Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
55
Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
55
Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids
u nucleotides chained into a polymer
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
55
Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids
u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
55
Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids
u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA
wdouble-sided
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
55
Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids
u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA
wdouble-sided
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
55
Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids
u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA
wdouble-sidedwdouble helix
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
55
Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids
u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA
wdouble-sidedwdouble helixwA, C, G, T
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
55
Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids
u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA
wdouble-sidedwdouble helixwA, C, G, T
§ RNA
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
55
Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids
u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA
wdouble-sidedwdouble helixwA, C, G, T
§ RNA
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
RNA55
Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids
u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA
wdouble-sidedwdouble helixwA, C, G, T
§ RNAwsingle-sided
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
RNA55
Nucleotide chains§ Nucleic acids
u nucleotides chained into a polymer§ DNA
wdouble-sidedwdouble helixwA, C, G, T
§ RNAwsingle-sidedwA, C, G, U
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
phosphate
sugar N base
strong bonds
RNA55
DNA
56
DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix
56
DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix
u weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands
56
DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix
u weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands
weak bonds
56
DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix
u weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands§ A pairs with T
weak bonds
56
DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix
u weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands§ A pairs with T wA :: T
weak bonds
56
DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix
u weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands§ A pairs with T wA :: T
§ C pairs with G weak bonds
56
DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix
u weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands§ A pairs with T wA :: T
§ C pairs with GwC :: G
weak bonds
56
DNA§ Double strand twists into a double helix
u weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands§ A pairs with T wA :: T
§ C pairs with GwC :: G
u the two strands can separate when our cells need to make copies of it
weak bonds
56
Copying DNA
57
Copying DNA§ Replication
57
Copying DNA§ Replication
u copy DNA
57
Copying DNA§ Replication
u copy DNAu 2 strands of DNA helix are
complementary
57
Copying DNA§ Replication
u copy DNAu 2 strands of DNA helix are
complementary§ they are matching
57
Copying DNA§ Replication
u copy DNAu 2 strands of DNA helix are
complementary§ they are matching§ have one, can build other
57
Copying DNA§ Replication
u copy DNAu 2 strands of DNA helix are
complementary§ they are matching§ have one, can build other§ have one, can rebuild the whole
57
Copying DNA§ Replication
u copy DNAu 2 strands of DNA helix are
complementary§ they are matching§ have one, can build other§ have one, can rebuild the whole
57
Newly copied strands of DNA
DNA replication
58
§ Copying DNA
Newly copied strands of DNA
DNA replication
58
§ Copying DNAu pairing of the bases
allows each strand to serve as a pattern for a new strand
Newly copied strands of DNA
DNA replication
58