Honors Biology2nd Semester Final Exam Review

Remember that the Final is cumulative and covers the entire course. However, the emphasis is on Second Semester material.

Part I DNA and Genetics

Skills:1) Explain the steps of replicating DNA.2) Identify the parts that make up a DNA molecule. 3) Identify the 3 parts of a nucleotide.4) Identify the type of genetic mutation given a problem strand of DNA.5) Transcribe a strand of DNA into mRNA.6) Identify the differences between DNA and RNA.7) Translate an mRNA sequence into a protein using a codon chart.8) Identify the dominant and recessive trait given a genetic word problem.9) Identify a phenotype given the genotype.10) Identify the genotype from a given phenotype.11) Perform crosses using a Punnett square.12) Construct a dihybrid cross and predict phenotypes.13) Perform Sex-linked problems.14) Identify inheritance pattern of a disease from a pedigree.15) Predict blood type of an individual given parental blood types.16) After completing a cross, identify the genotype and phenotype ratios.17) Identify the correct chromosome number for a human cell.18) Provide the reasons for undergoing mitosis and meiosis.19) Identify the process of mitosis or meiosis from a given diagram.20) Identify the chromosome abnormality based on the karyotype.

Practice Problems:1) What are the three (3) parts of a nucleotide:a.b.c.

2) Where do the following take place in a cell?DNA replication:Transcription:Translation:

3) Replicate the DNA molecule below:

T A C G G C G T A A A T T T C G

What do the following enzymes do?Helicase:DNA Polymerase:Ligase:

Transcribe the following DNA strand:

DNA: TACTAAGCGCATTTC

What did you just make? _____________

4) Translate the following mRNA strand:

mRNA:AUGAAAGAGCGUAUGACU

Protein:How many codons? __________

5) What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA?a.b.c.

6) Take a look at the following alleles. Circle the alleles that are heterozygous and square the alleles that are homozygous.TtzzSsRrQqVVHh

7) In dogs, brown fur is dominant to white fur. A brown dog has puppies with a white dog and ALL the puppies are brown. Show a cross (Punnett square) that could account for the all brown puppies.

8) Hypertrichosis is a sex-linked dominant disorder. A man with hypertrichosis has children with a normal woman. What percentage of their daughters will have hypertrichosis?

9) A man with blood type A has children with a woman with AB blood. Their first child has O blood. Is the child his? Explain.

10) In hamsters, short fur is dominant to long fur. A heterozygous short furred hamster mates with a long furred hamster. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of their potential offspring?

Identify the inheritance pattern from the pedigrees below. Assign genotypes to the individuals.

b)

c)

Identify the stages of the cell cycle: (G1, S, G2, M & Cytokinesis)

Meiosis: What are you making when your cells undergo meiosis? _________________ Why is it important for reproduction that your cell undergo meiosis first BEFORE fertilization?

Cell Cycle Meiosis I Meiosis II

Mitosis: What are you making more of through mitosis? ___________________ What are three reasons for undergoing mitosis?1.2.3.

Cell Cycle

Use the karyotype below to answer the questions:

# of chromosomes:Male/Female?Problem?Monosomy or Trisomy?

Part II CellsCellular Structures Vocabulary: Know the functions of the following:

Bacteria (Prokaryotes):Cell membraneCell WallCapsuleRibosomesPlasmidDNACytoplasmPiliFlagellumPlant/Animal Cells:Cell MembraneCell wallChloroplastMitochondriaRibosomesRough/Smooth ER Central Vacuole Golgi ApparatusVesicleLysosomePeroxisomeFlagellumCiliaNucleusNuclear membrane/envelopeDNACytoskeletonCytoplasm

Cell StructuresKnow the structures for each cell type. Not all are listed use the vocab list above for all terms.

Animal Cell:

Plant Cell:

Practice Problems1. What structures do ALL (prokaryote and eukaryote) cells have:

2. What structures are unique to the following:

Prokaryote (Bacteria)Animal Cell:Plant Cell:

Cell Homeostasis Practice Problems:1. Draw and label the polar and nonpolar parts of phospholipids, then explain why the phospholipids form a bilayer with the tails facing in and the heads facing outwards.

2. What does a channel protein do for the cell?

3. How are Active and Passive transport similar/different?

ActivePassive

4. Label the graphic below with the following terms:Simple diffusion, passive transport, and active transport.

1. ______________________

2. ______________________

3. ______________________

Look at the diagram below.

4. What does it mean that the membrane is selectively permeable?

5. If the membrane were permeable to the molecules, which side would they diffuse to?

6. If the molecules were in water, which side would the water move to?

7. If a plant is placed in a hypotonic solution, its cells will not burst. Why not?

Circulatory/Respiratory Systems:

1. Use the following words: lungs, alveoli, heart, arteries, veins, hypertonic, hypotonic, diffusion to explain the following:

How does oxygen get from the air into the cells in your toes?

How does CO2 get from the cells in your toes to the air?

Part III Evolution1. Darwins theory of evolution is referred to as survival of the fittest. What does that mean? Be sure to use the word adaptation in your answer.

2. What is a mutation? How can a mutation lead to natural selection?

3. A scientist is comparing the DNA sequences of mice, humans, and fish. It was found that the DNA sequences of humans and mice were 94% the same. The DNA sequences of mice and fish were 50% the same and the DNA sequences of humans and fish were only 30% the same. What does this data suggest about the relative relatedness of mice, humans and fish?

4. The half-life of an isotope is 4 days. You have 8g of the isotope. How much will you have in 20 days?

5. Give examples of the following:

Analogous Structures

Homologous Structures

Vestigial Structures:

6. Explain how the following scenarios can affect microevolution:

Bottleneck Effect

Founder Effect

Gene Flow 7.

Which characteristic results in the reptiles and birds diverging from the main branch?

What is the closest relative to the sharks?

Part IV Pig AnatomyPig structures are fair game on the final. Be able to identify the structures on a pig diagram.

Part V Ecology

1. In the diagram above, how many primary consumers are present? _______________

2. Using the diagram above, draw a food chain that begins with a primary producer and ends with a tertiary consumer. Be sure your arrows point the correct direction.

3. If the producers have 10,000 units of energy in the first trophic level, how much energy will be available at the secondary consumer trophic level.

4. Distinguish between Species, Community, Population, and Ecosystem.

5. How do energy and matter movements through an ecosystem differ?

6. Distinguish between primary producers, carnivores, herbivores, scavengers, and decomposers.

7. Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors in an ecosystem.

8. Summarize the flow of carbon and nitrogen through an ecosystem.

9. What is carrying capacity and how is it determined?

10. Give examples of mutualism, commensalisms, and parasitism.

11. Explain the importance of keystone species.

12. How do invasive species impact an ecosystem?

13. Distinguish between primary and secondary succession.

Part VI Cell Energy (Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration)

Skills:1) Explain how cellular respiration and photosynthesis work as a cycle.2) Identify where photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur in a cell.3) Identify the substrates and products of Photosynthesis.4) Identify the substrates and products of Cellular Respiration.5) Identify the conditions (aerobic/anaerobic) under which photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and fermentation take place.

Practice Questions:1. Summary:ProcessSubstrateProductAnaerobic or AerobicPlant, Animal or Both?

Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis:

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

ETC

Photosynthesis

Light RXNS

Calvin Cycle

Fermentation

Alcohol Fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Where does photosynthesis take place?

Where does cellular respiration take place?

EXPLAIN how photosynthesis and cellular respiration form a continuous cycle?

2. What is the net production of ATP in cellular respiration?

3. Summarize the steps involved in light reaction and Calvin Cycle during Photosynethesis.

4. What is the difference between fermentation in muscles and fermentation in yeast?

Part VII Biochemistry and Enzymes1. Draw a water molecule that shows why a water molecule is considered to be a polar molecule:

2. Complete the following table:

BiomoleculeElementsMonomerPolymer(s)Energy content per gram (cal/g)

Carbohydrate

Lipids

Protein

3. Given the following list of food items, place the food items into the correct category (C, L or P).ChickenBreadButterOlive OilRiceLollipopAppleSteak

4. If I were running a race, what type of food (C, L or P) would I want to eat a lot of before the race? Explain why in terms of energy.

5. Digestive Enzymes:EnzymeWhere the enzyme is foundWhat the enzyme breaks downWhat the enzyme produces

MouthGlucose

Protease

Lipids

Carbonic anhydrase6. Carbon dioxide + water -------------------------------- carbonic acidIn the enzymatic reaction equation above:a. b. Enzyme=c. substrate(s)=d. product(s)

7. How would this graph look different if an enzyme were used to catalyze the reaction?EXPLAIN WHY!!!!!!

8. Using the carbonic anhydrase reaction from question #1, DRAW the enzyme reaction (PacMan). Label the enzyme, active site, substrate, and product.

- What two things are left over when the reaction is complete?1)2)

9. Draw a biochemical reaction based on the data given below:

Enzyme SubstrateProduct

1YA

2BC

3AB

4CD

5ZY

10. Use the graph below to answer the questions:

1. At what temperature does the ChesAdams Enzyme work the best in?

2. At what temperature does the GlenKeppie Enzyme work the best in?

3. If the enzymes were to work together, at what temperature would the environment need to be for the two enzymes to work optimally?

4. What happens to the GlenKeppie enzyme if the temperature goes above 89oC?

- How do you know from looking at the graph?