Homework Bell Ringer

Who is the artist behind this famous Renaissance painting?

Homework Bell Ringer

RenaissanceEurope

1350-1600

What Do You Know

• List three things that you already know about the Renaissance

What Renaissance is

• Rebirth of Greek and Roman thoughts and ideas, caused by1. influx of Byzantine refugees after Ottoman take-over

of Constantinople (1453)

2. Rise of new bourgeoisie class of merchants (Medici) who will become new patrons of arts and literature and investors in scientific discovery.

3. Period of recovery from disasters of 14th century (Black Death, 100 Years War, and economic recession)

Comparative Thoughts

Medieval

• Politics – Feudalism (decentralized)

• Role of Religion– Very Important (controlled

education, science, politics)– Can not question it (heresy,

excommunication, inquisitions)

• Economics– Manorialism – no social

mobility, serfs tied to manor

Renaissance• Politics

– Absolute Monarchs (total control, highly centralized)

• Role of Religion– Schism in faith (Protestant

Reformation)– Begin to be questioned and

challenged

• Economics– Rise of merchants and

international trade– High social mobility

Practice Questions

1. One major characteristic of the Renaissance period is that the

1. Catholic Church no longer had any influence in Europe

2. manor became the center of economic activity

3. classical cultures of Greece and Rome were revived and imitated

4. major language of the people became Latin

Humanism• Humanism – the philosophy that emphasizes human

observation and critical thinking over the acceptance of Church & faith.

• Subjects studied by humanist:• Grammar• Rhetoric• Poetry, Music• History• Philosophy• Classical Art & Architecture

• “Renaissance Man” – one who dabbles is all types of scholarly interests – poetry, art, music, literature, science. Can you think of a famous Renaissance Man?

Why are they starting to

question Church?

Leonardo Da Vinci

• painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer.

Raphael, School of Athens• Imaginary gathering of ancient philosophers –

including Plato/Aristotle

Practice Regents

2. In Europe, a major characteristic of humanism was

1.a belief in the supremacy of the state in relation to individual rights 2.a rejection of ancient civilizations and their cultures 3.an emphasis on social control and obedience to national rulers 4.an appreciation for the basic worth of individual achievement

Practice Regents

3. During the Renaissance, humanist philosophers emphasized the importance of

1.individualism

2.absolutism

3.religious salvation

4.technological advancements

Renaissance Italy - Politics• With removal of threat of

Germans/Holy Roman Empire, Five powerful city-states: Milan, Venice, Florence, Naples, Papal States flourished, but no centralization.

• Papal States in center, Kingdom of Naples controlled by French, Sicily will be controlled by Spain (Aragon).

• Strong merchant families controlled politics, but nominally republic (Medici in Florence, Visconti in Milan)

Why does Renaissance begin in Italy first?

Practice Regents

4. One reason the Renaissance began in Italy was that Italian city-states

1.defeated the Spanish Armada

2.were unified as a nation under the Pope

3.were unaffected by the Commercial Revolution

4.dominated key Mediterranean trade routes

Renaissance Italy - Politics• Cosimo de’Medici (1434-

1464) controlled Florence through system of patronage (amici de’ amici) – especially arts to glorify new family.

• Bankers to the Pope

The Medici were self-made men – family started out as sheep herders,

became wool merchants…eventually some of the strongest

rulers of the land

01001

Catherine de Medici on CW’s Reign

The Adoration of the Magi" (1476) - Botticelli

• Sponsored by Medici

• About 8 important members of the Medici family in painting.

Practice Regents

5. One factor that enabled the Renaissance to flourish in Northern Italy was that the region had

1.a wealthy class that invested in the arts

2.a socialist for of government

3.limited contact with the Byzantine Empire

4.a shrinking middle class

Italian Renaissance Architecture – abandon Medieval Gothic spires and towers for Classical domes and columns.

Florence Cathedral (S. Maria del Fiore) 1420-36 Brunelleschi –

Architectural marvel, 130 feet in diameter and a remarkable 185 feet high.

http://www.krafthotel.it/italiano/kraft_hotel_firenze_webcam.html

Inside the copula

Renaissance Italy - Politics

• Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527)

– The Prince (1513)» Political power to

restore and maintain order

» Humanity is self-centered (not based on Christian morals)

» Ends justifies the means

» Dedicated to Lorenzo de’ Medici

“It is better to be feared than loved”(Machiavelli)

Practice Regents

6. Which idea about leadership would Niccolo Machiavelli most likely support?

1.leaders should do whatever is necessary to achieve their goals 2.leaders should fight against discrimination and intolerance 3.leaders should listen to the desires of the people 4.elected leaders should be fair and good

June 2013 Regents

7. Niccolò Machiavelli wrote The Prince as a guide to success in

(1) family life

(2) politics

(3) economic undertakings

(4) scholarship

Renaissance Europe – Literature

• Classicism became popular in northern European countries, although classical literature was balanced by innovation in the vernacular languages.

• Petrarch (1304-1374)• Rejected scholastic philosophy• Emphasize classics

• Boccaccio – Decameron (100 stories told by 10 people who fled from plague in Florence. Made fun of chivalry and medieval people).

• Cervantes – Don Quixote (mocked ideals of chivalry – Don Quixote goes on adventures with side kick, Sancho Panza)

Petrarch

“It is more honorable to be raised to a throne than to be born to one. Fortune bestows the one, merit obtains the other.”

• What does this quote reveal about Italian politics in the Renaissance? Why would the Medici like such a statement?

Shakespeare wrote between1589 and 1613

• 38 Plays• 154 Sonnets• Earliest works were comedies

(like Midsummer Nights’ Dream and Taming of Shrew) and histories (Richard III)

• Near end of writing career focused on tragedies (Othello, Hamlet, King Leer, Macbeth)

• Queen Elisabeth and later King James of England were sponsors

Practice Question

8. What was a major characteristic of the Renaissance in Europe?

1.Secular achievements were emphasized.

2.Suffrage was granted to men and women.

3.Most literature was written in Arabic.

4.Most ancient Greek and Roman ideas were rejected.

Printing Press• Printing Press--a machine for printing books• Invented by Johannes Gutenberg• Germany, 1450

The Printing Press

First book printed on a printing press using metal moveable type:

The Gutenberg Bible

c. 1470

In the Middle Ages-

• handwritten by monks

• took a long time; very expensive

• pages made of parchment or vellum

sheep skin calf skin

• Gothic Script- font that was

hard to read

Effect of Gutenberg’s Printing Press

1. Books were cheaper to make and cheaper to buy

2. Books were small & easy to carry

3. Most people could afford them

4. Printed in languages other than Latin

Effect of Gutenberg’s Printing Press

5. Literacy increased in Europe

6. New ideas (science and reformation) spread quickly

7. Organized system of spelling, grammar, punctuation

8. Organized book format: Title, table of contents, page #’s, index

– Literacy rates rise.– Shakespeare’s sonnets circulated.– Secular ideas spread.

9. Which innovation led directly to these developments?

1. printing press

2. astrolabe

3. paper currency

4. caravel

Practice Question

10. •The introduction of gunpowder helped bring an end to feudalism.•The printing press played an important role in causing the Reformation.

These statements best reflect the idea that

1.environmental changes can affect human society

2.contact with other societies can lead to conflict and war

3.economic change can be slow and almost unnoticed

4.technological advances can lead to major change

How Do They Compare

Medieval Renaissance

Renaissance Europe - Art• Laws of perspective and geometrical organization of

outdoor space and light• Investigation of movement and anatomical structure• Theme – religious – mythological – portraiture

– High Renaissance• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

– Realism and idealism• Raphael (1483-1520)

– Ideal of beauty• Michelangelo (1475-1564)

– Divine beauty• The Northern Artistic Renaissance

– Jan van Eyck (1390?-1441)» Oil paint and varied range of colors

Brunelleschi – Linear Perspective (1420)

Let’s Think – how does this one vantage point perspective reinforce the humanist qualities of the focus on the individual rather than God.

Perspective -

Birth of Venus – Botticelli 1486

• Differs from Medieval –– Nudes– Mythological

Scenes– Human

Anatomy– Merchants

patron not church

Florentine artist Leonardo da Vinci painted Mona Lisa (1503-1506, Louvre, Paris) in oil on a wood background.

• Created with scientific rigor and fastidious observation.

• painting was the natural extension of science – physics & anatomy

• accurately reflected creation.

Dissection was considered a sin in Middle Ages in Europe – more and more scientists and artists doing that in Renaissance.

Michelangelo – 1508 painted Sistine Chapel in Vatican. (Scene - Creation of Adam)

• Hallway leading to Sistine Chapel

• trompe l'oeil

Repairs from the last

earthquake

Pieta of Michelangelo

Renaissance Europe - Art

– Art: The Baroque• Harmonize the classical ideals of

Renaissance art with the spiritual feeling of the 16th century religious revival

• Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)

Triumph of Truth, Rubens, oil

Intended to be viewed in the round.

Raphael – favored bright colors. Made several scenes of Madonna and Child. (1506 – Tempera)

Practice Regents

11. Which characteristic was common to the Golden Age of Greece and the Italian Renaissance?

1.a strong military led to national unity 2.written constitutions led to the establishment of democratic governments 3.prosperity led to the creation of many works of art 4.political instability led directly to the formation of unified nation-states

Homework Bell Ringer

• Which English Monarch will create the Anglican Church – a protestant church – because the Catholic Pope refused to grant him a divorce?

Protestant Reformation

1517

Problems in the Catholic Church

• Wealth – spent on Churches not people.

• Abuses among Clergy.

• Role of the Pope in politics.

France upset that the Catholic Church refused to pay Taxes – so kidnapped Catholic Pope and created ownPope at Avignon – now two popes. Starts questionOf how Popes are made – God or Man?

Martin Luther - Germany• Martin Luther protested

the papal approval for the grant of indulgences in Germany.

• Ninety-five Theses, 1517, Wittenberg

• Spread through printing press

Luther Wanted

• *no elaborate organization headed by the pope,

• *direct communication with God

• *authority of Bible (translation from Latin to German - vernacular)

Practice Question• “Unless I am convinced by Scripture and plain reason... my

conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will hot recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise.” —Martin Luther, Diet of Worms (1517)

• When Martin Luther said “my conscience is captive to the Word of God,” he was referring to his belief in

1. the supremacy of the Bible over Church policies 2. imprisoning those who disagreed with Church teachings 3. maintaining the unity of the Church 4. the need for nepotism

Reaction to Luther

• Excommunication, 1521• Edict of Worms (Charles V banned Luther’s

writings and charged him with heresy)• Many German princes responded positively to

Luther's message, at least in part as a means of advancing their independence.

• Peasants seeking greater freedom from their lords and townsmen eager for justification for their pursuit of wealth.

Spread of Protestant Ideas

• Calvanism – John Calvin (Swiss lawyer and theologian)– Good works do not ensure salvation.– Predestination – God has already determined who would be

saved.– Emphasized disciplined, morally strict lifestyle.– Huguenots (France); Presbyterian (John Knox, Scotland);

Puritans (England)

• Baptist – Believed that only someone who understood the rite of baptism (an adult) could become part of the faith.

Protestantism in England

– King Henry VIII of England (1509-1547)

» Wanted divorce of Catherine of Aragon – who only had female heir.

» Pope refused» Archbishop of Canterbury

approved.» Pope excommunicates England» Act of Supremacy, 1534 –

created Anglican Church with King as supreme head of religion

Practice Regents

• Which factor helped most to bring about the Protestant Reformation?

1. the Catholic clergy had lost faith in their religion 2. Islam was attracting many converts in Western

Europe 3. kings and princes in Northern Europe resented

the power of the Catholic Church 4. the exploration of the Americas led to the

introduction of new religious ideas

Mary Tudor, Catholic – called Bloody Mary because she persecuted Protestants.

1558-1603 reigned in relative peace, supported Anglican Church. Wanted to keep her reign and power so never married called the “Virgin Queen”

Catholic’s Reaction

“Counter” Reformation• Created Society of Jesus (Jesuits),

– Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)– Absolute obedience to Pope

• Reform papacy» Council of Trent, 1545-1563 » outlawed indulgences» Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings

• Cracked Down on “heretics”• Inquisition – Church court to try heresy came into

practice again• Created an Index – list of books Catholics were

forbidden to read (good books float)

Results of Protestant Reformation

• New Christian Religions Founded – Lutheran, Presbyterian, Puritan, Baptist, Anglican.

• Monarchs and Civil Governments increase power at expense of Catholic Church.

• Centuries of Warfare – • 1588 Protestant England at war with Catholic Spain over

colonial trade (Spanish Armada nearly destroyed)• “Thirty Years War” (1618-1648) involving most European

Countries dividing up on side of their religion • even into modern day Ireland.

Practice Regents

• In Western Europe, a major immediate effect of the Reformation was a

1. renewed domination of the Catholic Church over the German states

2. greater tolerance of religions other than Christianity

3. decrease in educational opportunities for the middle class

4. decline in religious unity and in the power of the Catholic Church