homeric quotations in plato and aristotle

86
Department of the Classics, Harvard University Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle Author(s): George Edwin Howes Source: Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 6 (1895), pp. 153-237 Published by: Department of the Classics, Harvard University Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/310358 . Accessed: 05/10/2013 11:47 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. . Department of the Classics, Harvard University is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 136.165.238.131 on Sat, 5 Oct 2013 11:47:50 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

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Page 1: Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle

Department of the Classics, Harvard University

Homeric Quotations in Plato and AristotleAuthor(s): George Edwin HowesSource: Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 6 (1895), pp. 153-237Published by: Department of the Classics, Harvard UniversityStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/310358 .

Accessed: 05/10/2013 11:47

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

.

Department of the Classics, Harvard University is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extendaccess to Harvard Studies in Classical Philology.

http://www.jstor.org

This content downloaded from 136.165.238.131 on Sat, 5 Oct 2013 11:47:50 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

Page 2: Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle

HOMERIC QUOTATIONS IN PLATO AND ARISTOTLE.

BY GEORGE EDWIN HOWES.

INTRODUCTORY.

AS it has not seemed wise to enter in this paper into the question of the authenticity of the various works ascribed to Plato and

Aristotle, I have here included all the quotations from Homer that are contained in any of the works edited under the name of Plato or Aristotle. For the text and variants of Plato I have relied, wherever possible, upon the collations given by Schanz (Platonis Opera quae Feruntur Omnia, 1875-). Unfortunately for classical scholars the edition of Schanz is still incomplete; the readings, therefore, of the following works only are taken from his text: - Alcibiades I., Alcibiades II., Amatores, Apologia Socratis, Char- mides, Convivium, Cratylus, Crito, Gorgias, Hippias Minor, Ion, Laches, Leges I.-VI., Lysis, Meno, Phaedo, Phaedrus, Protagoras, Sophistes, Theaetetus. From the edition of Stallbaum (Platonis Opera Omnia) have been taken the text and variants of the follow- ing:-Leges VII.-XII. (1859), Minos (1841), Philebus (1842), Respublica (I858). From Hermann's edition (Platonis Dialogi, I853) are quoted the passages in Axiochus and the Epistulae. In giving passages from Aristotle, greater uniformity has been possible by adopting for the complete works the text and collations of Bekker (Aristotelis Opera, I831), and for the fragments the text of Rose (Aristotelis qui Ferebantur Librorum Fragmenta, 1870), both edited by the Berlin Academy. The principal other authors of whom critical use has been made have been quoted from the following editions :- Homer, from La Roche (Homeri Ilias, 1873-1876, and Homeri Odyssea; 1867-1868); Hesiod, from Rzach (Hesiodi quae

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Page 3: Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle

154 George Edwin Howes.

Feruntur Omnia, 1884); Aeschylus, from Wecklein (Aeschyli Fabulae, 1885); Sophocles, from Jebb (Antigone, 1891; Electra, 1894; and Oedipus Tyrannus, I893) and from Campbell (Sophocles, The Plays and Fragments, i88r; from this the Ajax is cited); and Euripides, from Kirchhoff (Euripidis Fabulae, i867-1868). The editions of the Homeric Scholia used are those of Dindorf (Scholia Graeca in Homeri Odysseam, 1855; and Scholia Graeca in Homeri Iliadem, 1875-1877, containing the Scholia of Venetus A and of Venetus B) and of Maas (Scholia Graeca in Homeri Iliadem Townleyana, 1887-1888). Any departure from the text of the editions mentioned above has been indicated by a note.

I have thought that a study of the quotations from Homer found in our manuscripts of Plato and Aristotle might have a two- fold value, - it might show whether these authors quoted accurately or not, and it might possibly shed some light upon the Homeric text of their day. It is evident at once that many difficulties beset our path. The mistakes of the scribes of the manuscripts of both Homer and of the authors quoting him have, of course, been numer- ous; and yet, if we assume that all the differences of reading between the passages quoted and the quotations are due to the mis- takes of these scribes, we beg the question at the outset, and admit that these authors quoted from the same Homeric text that we have

to-day, and quoted accurately. Moreover, if we claim that all the variations, apart from those caused by the carelessness of scribes, are due to the practice of the ancients of quoting from memory, we

again beg the question by assuming that none of the variants in the

quotations has a real variant Homeric reading to depend upon. Besides, even if it should be granted that these authors may have

quoted from memory, - an induction that does not necessarily follow because of a great difference between a passage quoted and the

quotation, - this explanation would need to be used judiciously and not applied to every apparent case, for many passages that would seem at first sight to offer this as the most plausible explanation will on careful study be explained in a much more satisfactory manner. But let me not anticipate too much. I wish, merely in a

general way, to indicate some of the difficulties that confront us. It would be beyond the limit of this paper and of my ability to

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Page 4: Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle

Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 155

attempt to offer all the possible solutions of all the difficult questions that present themselves. It is my intention, while least of all wish- ing to dogmatize, to give what seems to me to be the most probable explanation of the various passages under discussion.

I. QUOTATIONS FROM THE DRAMATIC POETS AND HESIOD.

I have deemed it advisable to consider, somewhat briefly, the quotations of Plato and Aristotle from the dramatic poets and Hesiod, so that an impression, more or less distinct, may be formed of their general trustworthiness when quoting from other authors. In dis- cussing the quotations from the dramatists I shall consider those passages only that are found in the extant plays; for the fragments, except in special instances, necessarily fail to offer a satisfactory basis of comparison.

Quotations from the Dramatists. A. So far as I know, Plato gives but two quotations from the

dramatists, apart from several references in which there is no attempt to quote the exact language.

i. Rep. 2, 362 A -= Aesch. Sept. 580-581 : Plat. o ~OKEV &8LKOv dX)J'va Et4L ELV,

paOEma aXOKa 6L e(pEV K ap ro t VO v,

4$vs ra Kcva fXaOaoVEL /OVvcvXLTca7a,

Aesch. flaOcdav LXoKa &&h Cp)vE KapwrovjAcvo, cgTq;ra KeSv'? /3Xao-raive /3oVXcv/Lara.

Plato has changed the nominative Kapwrov'pvos

to the accusa- tive, that it may fit the structure of his sentence.

2. Alcibiad. II. 151 B = Eur. Phoen. 858-859: Plat.' oLwvov 0O4iWIVy, o-' Ka, XK LVKa r4T *

Ev yap KX&oV KECItCO", wocrrEp oto-a crv'. Eur. olwvav

C94/1r/v KaXXvKa ro

(TTJ r" EV yap KXv&)VL KE'tECO' (T7rTEp otora (TV

Schanz, following Buttman, restores o-A. Cod. B, Keleft@a; T, &8aKelteOa.

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Page 5: Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle

I56 George Edwin Howes.

As acd of the verse of Euripides is necessary for the trimeter, its loss from the manuscripts of Plato is probably due to a copyist, as we cannot suppose that Plato would have allowed such an unmetrical verse to stand in his text.

B. Aristotle has given us twenty-four quotations from the drama- tists. In seven' of these the manuscripts of Aristotle coincide with those of the poets, with the exception of a few unimportant variants

evidently due to the carelessness of scribes. The other seventeen will require some discussion.

i. Rhet. 3, 14 (p. I415b 20) -- Soph. An/tg. 223: Aristot. va$, pGo pcv ovX SorOw aorov8js i7 ro.

Soph. ava, EpG Luv oX o 7rTs rdXov s7ro0 The reading -7rwovSy s receives additional support from the

scholiast who writes: o rovro Xc'yw, Jrt /CLEcr aTrov8js &o0/allVWV rpos c W7reropEv/Lac. The coincidence of the use of -crov8^s by both Aristotle and the scholiast may, of course, be accidental; but it is at least striking and entitles the reading to a fair consideration. Even if Aristotle is quoting from memory here, as many suppose, the read-

ing is not thereby invalidated. A man may quote from memory and still quote correctly. We might add that some of the editors - e.g. Dindorf and Schneidewin - have adopted crrov8^s in their text.

2 (and 3). Eth. Nic. 9, 9 (p. II69b 7) and A/ag. Mor. 2, 15 (p. I212 b 27) = Eur. Or. 667 :

Aristot. Eth. Nic. oTrav 6 Salt'Lwv E w r, T ~ Z tXotv; Aristot. Mag. Mor. 0ray 68' 0 atl~ v E e 6, T elt 4{Xov; Eur.2 T W T Xwv; Eur.ora 8"v 8a'toLv

ev" Mw^, r-{ XpN O{)to;

The second quotation of Aristotle assures us--what we should otherwise readily have assumed - that the omission of 8' in the first

quotation is merely a copyist's blunder. Besides, it confirms the

1 De AMundo 6 (p. 4oob 25)-=

Soph. O. T. 4-5; Rhet. 3, 15 (p. 1416a 30) =

Eur. Hip. 612; Rhet. 2, 21 (p. I394a 29)= Eur. Med. 294-297; E/th. Eud. 7, 1

(p. 1235a 16)= Eur. Or. 234; Rhet. 3, 2 (p. 1405b 23)= Eur. Or. 1588 ; Rhet. 3, 17

(p. 1418 b 22)= Eur. Troad. 971; Rhet. 2, 23 (p. I400b 23)= Eur. Troad. 99o. 2 Cod. B has e', which Kirchhoff edits.

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Page 6: Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle

Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 157

reading 8Ed, at least for Aristotle. Without going deeply into the question we may say that it is very doubtful whether the Attic poets ever used Xpr with a genitive. Besides, in Eur. Herc. Fur. 1338 we have a similar verse - whether spurious or not:

Co'L 8'OZav TLuLwoLv, oE o aV`8 8EL ~tXWV. If genuine, this verse shows a similar phase; if spurious, it was

probably modelled after Eur. Or. 667. Again, the reading nT 8Ed

4AXwv is confirmed by Plutarch.1 Further, as already noted, the

word MEt itself still appears in one manuscript of Euripides. So we should agree with Kirchhoff, Nauck, Paley and others in admitting 8dt into the text of Euripides.

4. Rhet. 3, 6 (p. 1407 b 34) = Eur. Iph. Taur. 727: Aristot.2 AcXrovU /LV a'&E roXi` pO L 7tarr7vXaL. Eur.8 EXTrov /iLV at' & roX0Vprvot &arrvXaT,

The word wroXv'9Bpvot, 'much wailing,' was long ago seen to be wrong. We are indebted to Aristotle for the true reading. The folds of the tablet were 'many-gated,' i.e. there were many leaves that might be considered to form the entrance to the tablet. Although Euripides has used an uncommon expression, it receives some justi- fication in the 90 vpov of Pollux, IV. i8 :"Hpo'doros /LEV XyEL aEX- rioV trrvXOV, ov s, 'ATTLKO

ypa7OLaTE W tov V pVOV, Ka 9pOv'a 7ra rrvXas

JXpL v0o, tra 7rTVXac KaL 7p7rrVXOV Kca troXv7rr7vXOV; and later in X. 57:

Xr'ovs EXT'a, Jo

R7 crv ypa/L/L-arTECov 8L'Ovpov Yte'p7rrVXOV 1 Ka

7rXo'd- vowv TrTvxwv. The reading of Aristotle is, therefore, welcome, and is accepted by Kirchhoff, Nauck, Klotz, Paley and modern scholars generally.

5. Pol. I, 2 (p. 1252b 8)= Eur. Iph. Aul. 1400: Aristot. pfappflpwov '"EXX-rvas R Xpev ELKd%, Eur. flappa3pwv 8' "EXXrvas EiKb~ apXctv, &A' oX ~ fapPflpovs,

1 Moral. 68 E. 2 Cod. Yb, 86Xrov ptla U6. 8 Edited by Kirchhoff, 7roX6Ovpot. 4 Edited by Kirchhoff, &pX~Ev elK69.

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Page 7: Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle

158 George Edwin Howes.

The manuscripts of Euripides offer a metrical difficulty, namely a spondee in the odd foot of a trochaic metre. Ways suggested for avoiding the difficulty have been the cutting of the verse into two

parts or the substitution of the Doric form apXcv. The discovery of the quotation in Aristotle, however, practically settled the matter in favor of the reading apXcEV ElKd0.

So far we have considered twelve passages, which show that Aris- totle's quotations are entitled to great respect; seven of them are

practically identical with the passages quoted, while the other five give readings superior to those found in our manuscripts of the poets themselves. The remaining twelve passages offer greater difficulties.

i. Rhet. I, 13 (p. i373 b 12)= Soph. Antg. 456-457:

Aristot.1 o v` yap TIL v VE KaX03C, &XX' 5 t 7rOTE

T V oT70, KOVL8S Os\ V M ow TOV .

Soph. ov yap rL VVV YE Ka LXOE' AX ' El rOTE TaV Ta, KOV&lp OaEV E~ OTOV t cw?0 .

Verse 456 is quoted by Aristotle again in Rhet.2 I, 15 (p. i375 b i):

o yadp rL V/Vl Y KcX0E, aXX" '

oroT' .

In the two quotations of verse 456 the variants in the manuscripts of Aristotle contradict one another and thus corroborate the readings of the manuscripts of Sophocles. Possibly the word o70v0 was

purposely written by Aristotle, that it might harmonize with his pre- cceding words: otov KatL O ~o/oKXCovR 'AvrLyo'dvY atlverat XCyovoa, 5r7 KaLOv Lrctp-lvov Oia/aL Triv HoXvvi0KlK, F d4v L 0v 7070 IK aLOV

Otherwise its use must be due to the carelessness either of Aristotle or of the scribes.

2. Rhet. i, 15 (p. 1375 b i)= Soph. Antg. 456 and 458: Aristot.3 o0 ydp rT vt VE

KX9E6, a OXX' dl 7rorE.

rTVT ovv i/,yO OVK

/R.EXXOVi/ po a opo .

OV(O.

Soph.4 o v yap rTL VV YE Y X06, 3,XX' &aE 7rorc TO TOV ?) i oy OV3K E'XOV, dlvpbo

OV*a.iV/0 1 Cod. QYb, re (for ye); Zb, ae (for ye); Q, Kai X~ . 2 Cod. Ac, rbv (for mt). 8 Cod. Ac, rbv (for rt); Ac, geXXov. 4Cod. L, Ci obi.

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Page 8: Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle

Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 159

Evidently this passage was so well known to his hearers or readers that Aristotle thought it unnecessary to quote it in full. It is quite possible that he may have used the word 7roVrYv, which is undoubt- edly right in the verse of Sophocles. A copyist might readily have changed this to 7a~r' oiv either carelessly, or because he thought that EcXXov would most naturally be followed by an infini- tive, of which 7avra would be the object.

3. Rhet. 3, 14 (P. 14I5 a 20)=- Soph. O. T 774: Aristot. Epol war pl y v IIoXv8os.

Soph. 4uo 7 rarq'p ucav IIoXv'pos 4v Kopt'vtos, Little stress can be laid upon this passage, for Aristotle is rather

referring to the verse than quoting it.

4. Rhet. 3, I1 (p. I141 b 29) = Eur. Iph. Aul. 8o : Aristot.1 7To1XEcvOcpov "' EXX,~ve

,LavTEC rroov

Eur. rovvrcVEOcv oVv "EXX-ve~$cavreg 8opt,

This passage of Aristotle is clearly corrupt in the manuscripts. Possibly the word rroaov is involved in the corruption; it is surely more prosaic than 8opt, and is probably wrong.

5. Eth. Eud. 7, I (p. I235a 22)= Eur. Phoen. 539-540: Aristot.2 T7o 7rXtEOVL "' 8a'

wroX~.Lov KaOto'aTaL

rov aowrov, EeXOpas O'9 '1 pa KaOTcpXET.

.

Eur.3 7 o) a ITXO .L ~ 7 OXELOV KalOtaTraL

rov#Xaoroov xCpa~ p O'7LpaEpa KarapXc7ra.

Except for the accent of dxOpas one manuscript of Aristotle gives the same reading as the manuscripts of Euripides, and may preserve the correct tradition. The meaning of the last verse of Euripides, "1and begins the hostile day," is somewhat obscure, however. The reading of the manuscripts of Aristotle, "and the day begins hostility," is about as intelligible and may possibly be right.

1 Cod. Ac, robXreOepov 9XX7rves; YbZb, rotXe60opov ' eXXIYes; Q, Tb XevOepots 5' XXoves. Bekker has edited robvrev^Oev o?v "EXXvres.

2 Cod. pb, TApas. 8 Some cod., alLel; C, rXelovt.

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Page 9: Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle

I6o George Edwin Howes.

6. Rhet. 3, I7 (P. I418b 21)=Eur. Troad. 969: Aristot.1 T0Ts coEts 7rp(r)Ta a-v/AAaXos ycv?7aooaL. Eur.2 7Tal OEcatc 7rpbJra O-vqtaxo yocv~/ro/taL

The article rots is a purely grammatical blunder and cannot be attributed to Aristotle. That he had a feminine gender in mind is evident from his next words (also a quotation), yo),

yap "Hpav. He

may have used alts OcoTs, which a scribe might think was a mis- take for ToT SEcoTS. If he wrote Tra Ocatu-cL, which the manu-

scripts of Euripides show, it might have been changed by a scribe, first to the common Attic TOT 0Ocats, and later to 7TOTS OoZs.

7. Rhet. 3, I6 (p. 1417 a 32)= Soph. Antzg. 911-912: Aristot."

qrpos S' v VOU Ka' rapO 7 Pl

' K Cd ( V OVK OCT U OEX0A OTS O TTL0 av PXCA'TOL 70OTE.

Soph. url7TpOs 8"'v 'ALSov Kat 7rrarTpO

KEKEVOdTOLV

OVK O T(TL V SEX/3X oe a caTTOL r7OTE.

The reading PEfPKOTr V may be due to the carelessness of Aristotle or it may have crept in as a gloss of some learned man, who beside the KCKEv d70roTv of his text wrote the corresponding expression EPflrKOTOLv.

8 (and 9). Rhet. 2, 21 (p. I394b I6) and -Eth. Eud. 7, 2 (p. I235b 2 I)= Eur. Troad. I0o5I :

Aristot. (Rhet.)4 oV6tS c paYo-rT7 o-rts o-K o

EL t ET,

Aristot. (Eth. Eud.) 0o84 yya ipao-r7s gO~-TL oK dE actXEL,

Eur. OVK EOT EpaYrTJ' OcTTLO O0K &EL 4&ET.

In the passage of the Eudemian Ethics the word yadp has been introduced to join the statement more closely with the preceding words.

Io. Po0. I, 13 (p. I26oa 3o)= Soph. Ajax 293: Aristot. yvva'LK KoT OV - 'j<

Ly EptL,

Soph. yvvaL, yvvat$t K0ocLov I '

ty) cE'pE.

1 The verse is given thus in all the manuscripts. Bekker, however, edits ra'ts OeacJr.

2 Cod. BCG, Oea? t; B, rats OearL.

3Cod. Q, &v p)Xaor- ; ZbAc, dvapXdrot.L. Cod. Ac, JpaOOEtl bYrtL obXti Kac 4.

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Page 10: Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle

Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 161

11. Metahkys. 4, 5 (p. 1015 a 31) = Soph. Elec. 256: Aristot. aXX' 'a p ul cle -ra

r'a vayKaECL 7rOLETV. Soph. XX' q plta y-p raver AvayKacEL tLE pav,

12. Rhet. 2, 21 (p. 1394b 4 and 6) = Eur. Hec. 864-865 Aristot.

o0K ETTLV aV8pWv OTLs EUrOT

EXEcVtpOs 77 ' Xp7//LLTV yap S0vXo EcTTLV " vX?7l. Eur.

o0K 0 (tL 0vT W^V

0 r

tLC GT' 7XCV9EpOs

y Xpr?7Larv yap sovXo'4E oTLV tr TVXPo,"

Most of these last quotations of Aristotle, though differing from the manuscripts of the dramatists, contain - if we except palpable blunders evidently due to copyists -readings that are intelligible and quite possible. Some of them probably represent correct old read- ings; for it would be singular if, where variants are found between the manuscripts of Aristotle and of these authors, he is right only when grammatical or metrical difficulties prove the traditional read- ings of these authors corrupt.

Quotations from Hesiod.

After this rather brief reference to the passages of the dramatic poets quoted by Plato and Aristotle, we may perhaps with profit glance at the passages quoted from Hesiod.

A. At first sight Plato's quotations from Hesiod seem to show great carelessness, as almost all of them give readings different from those contained in the manuscripts of Hesiod. Each of these pas- sages, however, will need to be considered separately.

i. Conviv. 178 B=Theog. 116-120:

Plat. av"2ap ' riTra yat ElpQVO1T Fpvo,7, raVT0V 1 c8O " di-raXcE aict'

2) V Epog.

ra"' .pVoT'cpvoq, T7Vrcov

vtoV g o' aaX 3

atlc. [&Oavdrwv, o,

EXOVrtL K ap' VL/o'EVTro 'OXV'OArov,] Taprapd 7r' Epo'cvra ~vvx4 XOovbk ie pvoeC', Y8 Epo3,

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Page 11: Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle

162 George Edwin Howes.

In the words actually quoted the manuscripts of Plato agree with those of Hesiod. The omission of verses I18 and 19 will be dis- cussed later.

2. Theaetet. 207 A = Op. et D. 456 : Plat.' EKRcLTv 8C 80 ovpaO" 0 /'la". Hes.2 eKarov Te rc 8ovpar a/dLa$7,

The difference here is mainly one of breathing, and therefore of little account, as manuscript traditions on such matters have small

weight. We might say, however, that the best manuscript of Plato has 8o'par', which, if correct, would imply ddlja$ - with smooth breathing - and thus cause a correspondence between the best

manuscripts of the two authors.

3. Re . 5, 466 C = O. et D. 40 :

Plat. y vw'cra7 rv 'Hlo6ov Ot 7 V Vr L VV qvo00 X0 ywv 7rXEov elval 7row 7 LtLaov 7ravTros.

Hes.S NmTLOL, Ovc tLaOtLV, 'o' p 7rXEov yp/ourv 7ravTros

Here it is evidently the purpose of Plato not to quote, but merely to refer to the passage of Hesiod. The two words

(yfLoav 7ravTrs

are common to both passages, and there is nothing in the rest of the reference in Plato inconsistent with the manuscript readings of Hesiod. In similar language Plato again refers to the same passage in Leg. 3, 690o E.

4. Lysis 215 C = O. et D. 25-26:

Plat. Kal KCEap

,* KEpaCEL KOT EL Kal aoLSO~ '

olso8 Kat rrTQXo

i7rroXo,, Hes. Kai K

patLEV3 KEpaIAEL KOTEEL Kat TEKTOVL TEKTW0V,

KaU rrQXJo 7TTJXP (OAOVE"L Ka* aoa0t8 aoL8g .

These verses were variously quoted in antiquity. In one place -

PoL. 5, io (p. 3r12 b 5) - Aristotle gives the order K papdZ KepapwcES,

though there it is rather a reference than a quotation. In three other instances,' however, he shows the traditional manuscript order,

1 Cod. B, 6opar'. 2 Cod. Mm,, 4/dc~d? or da'; Mm,, au/kdLt; most cod., 8o6paO' dCLd7,s. 3 Cod. MZBAV, oW' ta.

4Rhet 2, 4 (P- I38i b 16); Rhet. 2, Io (p. 1388 a I6); Eth. Eud. 7, I (p. 1235 a 18).

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Page 12: Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle

Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. I63

which is confirmed by many other writers also. In Priscian1 we find verse 26 quoted thus:

KacL 7rTo7 -7rToJXP cOOVEeT Kai TTOVCoL rTEKTOV.

This, in an indirect way, tends to corroborate the reading of Plato. For the last part of the verse as quoted by Priscian refers to the class of men (T'KTovcg) which Plato would naturally have mentioned if he had finished his verse, since it is the only class referred to by Hesiod but omitted by Plato. Apparently, even in the remote past there were differences of reading, which may easily have arisen before the time of Plato, and even have crept into manuscript copies of Hesiod.

5 (and 6). Crat. 397 E and Rep. 5, 469 A= Op. et D. 121-123:

Plat. (Crat.) avrp rTELsrc? ro^o y&VO9 KaTa /A oLp EKdaX qCEV, ot aCv 8aloves dyvot 7roxOO'VOL KaXcov7aL, iCOAXol, dXEtKaKOL, /vXaKEC OV17T(OV aVa.(K7rWV.

Plat. (Rep.) of v aa l oves &yvot EdrtXOdvo L TrXEOovLCv, C0ro40, aXCe KaKOLta, , RalKE /LEpdorwV aVOpwOJrV

Hes.2 airvp ret8y roTroVT YEVOS KaTa yata Kav1E, TroL /cV 8aL&oves ElcL AtLs

LeyaXov 8t /fovXks

caohol, inTtXOd'VLoL, cXaKE~ Ovr7r ov &vOpw?rowv, This is a difficult passage to settle satisfactorily. Plato differs

not only from Hesiod but also from himself. Let us consider first those readings in which he consistently differs from Hesiod.

(a) of tc v. That this reading was found in the manuscripts of Plato in early times is seen from Eusebius,3 Hermogenes,4 and others, who quote it thus from Plato. Lactantius,5 though with a variant ToL, quotes it thus from Hesiod. It may very well have stood in the manuscript of Hesiod to which Plato had access.

1 XVIII. 145, p. 169 K. 2 Cod. A has d'7re KE, with 58 written above; cod. MC, drel evY, with KE written

above; almost all the other cod. have drel KEv. 3 Praep. Ev. 13, I I, p. 663 A. 4 Ed. Walz., Rhet. Graec. 3, p. 320. 5 Inst. Div. 2, 14, 7.

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I64 George Edwin Howes.

(b) ayvol. This word, too, is confirmed for Plato by Eusebius, Hermogenes, and Theodoretus.' It is suggested for Hesiod also by Plutarch,2 who in wrongly quoting the verse as

ayvot IE7LX6OVOL 4tXcaKeC Ovr7Gjv &vOp;oro0v, shows that the word ayvo' was somewhere in the sentence.

(c) &aXE$KaKO. The testimony of Eusebius, Hermogenes, Theo- doretus, and Aristides3 shows that this is correct for Plato. Though Theodoretus is referring to the Cratylus of Plato, he thinks he is giving the words of Hesiod, for he prefaces his quotation with these

words": 5 84 ye 'HcroSog rept Trov Xpvcroi y&vov "rarra

ctv .

Now let us look at those words that show Plato as differing from Hesiod and inconsistent with himself.

(d) ILXO'vLOLt (Rep.); ' roxO'vLoL (Crat.). As Aristides alone,

who seems to be quoting from the Cratylus, reads z7roxOdvLoL, while the other authors, including Theodoretus, who quotes from the

Cratylus, give ryLXO6dVtot, probably Plato wrote in both passages E7TXOOVLOL, which was early corrupted in the Cratylus to 7roxOo'vtoL.

(e) reXE'OovZV (Rep_.); KaXEovTraL (Crat.). The authors quoting Plato are about evenly divided on these words. Probably these readings represent very old variants which may have extended back to old manuscripts of Hesiod.

In the case of one word, Plato agrees with Hesiod in one passage but disagrees in the other:

(f) cpo'7dwv (Rep.); OvrqrTGv (Crat., and also Hesiod). For the former word Eusebius offers his testimony, while the latter is con- firmed by many ancient authors. As the phrase /LEpOdwv avOpW7rWV was a common ending for verses of both Homer and Hesiod,4 it would have been easy for either Plato or a scribe to write tcpop rov avOp ryW v instead of O8vrlTjv avOppdJwv.

In the Cratylus, Plato quotes one more verse than in the Republic. In this verse he differs from Hesiod in one phrase:

1 8, De fMar. p. 915 D. 2 Moral. 431 E. 8 Vol. II. p. 171 (230 Dind.). 4 Cf. Hom. I. I, 250; 3, 402; Hes. Op. et D. 143, 18o. Cf. also Plat. Leg. 3,

681 E, where he quotes from Hornm. II. 20, 217, 7r6Xcs Mep6rowv dv pdrwwv.

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 165

(g) UoLp' K6UXViEV (Crat.); yaa Ka'VqIE (Hes.). Theodoretus confirms uoitp' for Plato, and evidently thought it correct for Hesiod. The phrase yata KaXVU/E recurs in verses 140 and 156 of the Works and Days. So it seems to me probable that Plato, if in verse i21 his text of Hesiod had read yaicL KaXvyqE, would have quoted it so, even if he were giving the words from memory, as the repetition of the phrase would have impressed it upon his mind. Why is it not fully as natural, therefore, to suppose that the original reading of verse 121 of Hesiod was really toLp' iKCXvq/E, which was early changed by a scribe to yata KacXvq/

because of the repetition of that phrase in verses 140 and 156 ? Taking all these points into consideration, I am inclined to believe that the text of Hesiod from which Plato quoted may have been:

avTap i t8L 7070 YoVO

yEVO Kar LOLp Ka'Vl1E

T7 S? LpET7/ spoTca 06oC ?TrporrwapoLOOv EO7Kav

,rolltlcv XSya alov dyvo't ALtXO v yyOL valOovL.

The word ,s given by the manuscripts of Plato is nowhere con-

firmed for this passage of Hesiod and undoubtedly merely connects the quotation with the preceding words of Plato:

ToVTo. 2 7raL T7. XdYOL~ /LcpTPc TOlT aEyOVral , Ot lLV K2LKL36 Cpl EEla2

& l8VT W, o 1, etc. Some scribe, however, supposing it the first word of the quotation, and finding that there were too many syllables in the verse, may naturally enough have retained Xa and omitted 7oL.

In the variants Xea y and Xctyi we certainly have testimony strong enough to prove absolutely that there were old readings of Hesiod that are not found at all in our manuscripts of that author. For, although all the manuscripts of Hesiod here read X-ly , the

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I66 George Edwin Howes.

reading XcEtl is confirmed (i) by Plato,' who, in referring to this passage of Hesiod, again uses the word XAc; (2) by Xenophon,2 who in turn is confirmed by Stobaeuss; and (3) by Plutarch.4

8. Leg. 4, 718 E= Op. et D. 289-292

Plat.- LSpOra 0 Oco't pordpoL9Ev 6)lrKav 4a avaTroLt, aKpOS 86 KaL Op9LOS OlL oS EC amrTqv,

Kat 7TPqXv s TO7 Trp(7TOV rv 8 ~s KpOV KyrlatL, C-0L' 8' 87retrELca L7rCXcL, XaXr.7r' irep Zoca.

Hes." 7T) 8' apcTi? ^18piOr"a OcotL 7rpo6r0po~L0V ffqKaV a cvaLTo M /cKpOS 8C KL op9LOp OLo EO aT7 V Kal 7P-qXVS TO rTpWtTOV *67rqV ' ES aKpOV LK7T aLt

A?7L8t7 8-q 'E 7rcura LTc , XaLir'4 iip i73cra*

(a) The reading L"K'at is confirmed by one manuscript of Xeno-

phon,7 from whom Stobaeuss also quotes the same reading, and by one manuscript of Hesiod, while L'K/TacL is substantiated by Stobaeus' in another passage. The fact that Plato in the Protagoras '0 uses 'Kr)Tat is of no importance, for there he is merely referring to this passage of Hesiod and not quoting it; and, besides, he there adds TLs to show that the statement is a general one, thus giving the same force to the sentence as if he had said L'KIoaL. I am inclined to think, therefore, especially as the form L'KratL offers difficulty in the way of interpretation, that L'K-qat is the correct

reading for Hesiod.

(b) The variation of 8 q ELTra and 8-q 'ra

needs no discus-

sion, as it is a point to be determined by the judgment of the editor rather than by a particular manuscript tradition.

(c) The word ,p

ELtv of the manuscripts of Plato is a mere blunder of somebody. For in referring to the passage again, Plato"

says: oJTav 8TL C aVT' EL'c KPOOV MKTat, p-)L87tIV /lrCLTrLa tvX V....

1 Leg. 4, 718 E. 2 Mem. 2, I, 20. 8 Floril. I, 101o.

Moral. p. 77 D. 5 The cod. have /5petv (for 7r1Xe). 6 Some cod. Er' air7-v; Vat. 121, i'rKlaL; Mm', & ~E~eLTa; l2,

7''rELTa. 7 Mem. 2, I, 20. Cod. A, 'rK77cL; the rest, Y'KTraL. 8 Floril. I. IoI. SFloril. I, 17.

1o 340 D. 11 Protag. 340 D.

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 167

9. Crat. 428 A= Op. et D. 361: Plat.' EL Kal TL UJ~LKpV dWL oT-LZ Kpp KaTcaL0fEL, Hes. El yap KEV KatL TLLKpOV E T RiALKp( KaTaOcto,

The difference of these two readings is not easy to explain, unless we assume that Plato preferred to use another form for a general statement. Still, both readings are metrical and possible, though a

syllable is lacking in the verse in Plato.

Io. Rep. 2, 363 B= Op. et D. 233-234 : Plat. 0 1LLv rTA spv~ rtl; &KalOLs TOvs OEOcV sTOLELV

JKP a1EV Tc eE'pcLt v3aXa'vovs, o/ac - 1SLE'X/oeraa

EtpOTrOKOL 'LE~ o a74 LaXXoKa KaTRaEpl

pOaTr L ,

Plato here adapts the verses of Hesiod to the structure of his sentence. There is nothing, however, inconsistent with the words of Hesiod.

ii. Charm. 163 B= Op. et D. 311: Plat.2 paOov yap rap' 'HoaL6ov, 8, 44,r

Epyov oi81v vvaL ooVL80s. Hes. "Epyov 8' ov Oveot8~, d;Epylr 8E 7r 'Ov"L8s.

Here, too, the words are woven into the structure of Plato's sen- tence.

There is another passage of Plato that, although it does not quote from Hesiod, makes such a reference to him as to entitle it to our consideration:

12. Crat. 402 B:

apa OLEL d7ro Tov avro/arov avrov ajPorepots pEVaOJrVY (vo/tara OEoOat, T0CreP ai aOL?)pos3 'MKERavov T EwV VYEVEw-V cfLV Kai AqTEpa T 9v oTlat 8 Ka& l 0Ho8oso. X'yEL E 7troV Kat 'OpEvs 7ot K7X.

The point of the passage for us lies in the words ouatr B Ka'

'Hro-oLo8. Jowett,4 who evidently thinks that Plato means that

1 Cod. B, crtKpoO

(for 'otKpc). 2 Codices, 8' odGv.

8 I1. 14, 201. 4 In a note to his translation of this passage of Plato.

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Page 17: Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle

I68 George Edwin Howes.

Hesiod had a very similar verse telling of 'Ocean, the origin of gods, and mother Tethys,' says: "The verse is not found in the extant works of Hesiod." It seems to me, however, that Plato may have meant that Hesiod, too, describes Oceanus and Tethys as parents of (some) gods. I should agree with Hermann, therefore, in considering that Plato had in mind Theog. 337 :

Tr90i 8' ?"2KEavo Ilo'ra/io TrKC ELV'EKva%

The words ot/aL 8a KaL '

'Hcro'so surely offer considerable evi- dence in favor of the view that Plato quoted from memory. The natural interpretation would be: "I think Hesiod has such a verse, but I can't recall it." Still, the words might imply merely: "I think Hesiod has such a verse somewhere, but I don't know just where to look for it." And we must bear in mind that looking for passages whose place was not tolerably well known, was a much more arduous process with the old rolls than with modern books.

Conviv. 178 B= Tkeog. 116-120. This passage was quoted a few pages above.1 Plato is referring here to the antiquity of the god *Epwl;. It would not be surprising, therefore, if he omitted every- thing in the passage quoted that was extraneous to his purpose. But, since we find that Aristotle in quoting the same passage twice omits these same verses (118 and i 19), we are led to believe that these verses may not have existed in their texts of Hesiod, especially as they are, for other reasons, suspected by many scholars.

A consideration of all of these passages leads me to think that Plato had a text of Hesiod different in many respects from ours; and that his variants must not thoughtlessly be dismissed as due to 'lapse of memory.'

B. After this somewhat cursory treatment of Plato's quotations of Hesiod, let us turn to Aristotle's quotations of the same author. Three2 of these, apart from very slight differences evidently due to scribes, give the traditional readings of Hesiod. The others I shall treat separately.

1 Cf. page 161. 2Pol. I, 2 (p. I252bi I) and Oec. I, 2 (p. 1343az21)= Op. et D. 405; Probl.

4, 25 (p. 879a 28) = Op. et D. 586.

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 169

4 (and 5). Etk. Nic. 9, I (p. 1164 a 27) and Eth. Eud. 7, Io (p. I242 b 34)= OP. et D. 370:

Aristot. (Eth. Nic.) &v T70o 70TLo;70too s V'LoL~ apKeL TO /ILwo-00 8' avspt.

Aristot. (Eth. Eud.) wO i av8pt Ot1X.

Hes.1 Mto-90 " 'dv pl 4nXt cEp-LiCVOS~apKtOS E7TW.

In the Eudemian Ethics the loss of 8' makes the fragment unmetrical. The particle must have been omitted by a scribe. A knowledge of the real reading is shown in the passage of the Nicomachean Ethics.

6. Eth. Nic. I, 2 (p, Io95 b IO)= Op. etD. 293-297:

Aristot.2 Vo70 L raV ~LV pt-P Tos a a T ~ 7ravTa vo-7ROu, OX;Os

' av K&KEKVOs Os E E iTdOV'rT

7rl'7OaL. o SEI KE ( a?7TaV7To VO\ Y /q)T LX Xov d KOVoV

v 9v UOv /3 aXX-qTaL, 0 8'avr' a oXp-qL1 av-p.

Hes.3 OTros /v 7ravapo'ros,"os avp r7vra voao'y,

4paoff(uv-os, Ta K 7tELT7 Kat 6; 7TEXOS TqoLV aLelv

OaOX 81 a;s KaKE&VOS?, O EV ELTTOVT6 7t

'OraL 0s1 8C KE C/Lq0 ra7v VO 1 /A+7T aXXov aKovoV

Ev Ovxo pfaXyrqaL, '

8'av7' aXpytol av-qp.

The main difference in these passages is that the manuscripts of Aristotle give generally

a-TO\, (verses 293 and 296) while those of

Hesiod have a;vTW-.

It seems clear that Tzetzes had in his manu- script of Hesiod

aT-6s in both places, for he says (on verse 293):

7ravaptrro- a7tr, T" rTv; & ' avToV Kal arTO8t78KTgSTO

7TO prOV VOC , and on verse 295:

ayaOos c KaTR7 a 8EEpov Xdyov, Kat o~l " i Eavrov

Fpv yvois, wEurts 8 ?70T KaXS

(TvpovXEv'ovctv. Moschopulus seems

to have read the same, for he says: "yovv ov'ros /iv O&TtLV ptoros, 1 Cod. B, y'; in many cod. this verse is omitted. 2 Cod. LbMb, ac6r- (verse 293); Lb, vo4et; Mb, voql5cet (Mb adds epaaacdlevos

r, Kc'traEa

Kal d~ 74Xos otv dltevw); HaKbMbNbOb (i.e. all the cod. except one), 7rel07rat ; Lb Mb, pdX-ra ; Mb, a&.

S Cod. Mmi, Z (with the gloss &ck' cavroD), L, abrc (verse 293); 0, acurbs; all cod., voh5oet; B, EdwY; ZA, dellv; M, dtelvov; M (verse 295) omits 8'; B, /?T7' airy^ (verse 296); some, Ihr' abr^; Mm., ,Itr' adrbs (from abr6b); many cod., vokee.

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Page 19: Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle

17o George Edwin Howes.

C8' cavToV 7vra voctreL ... o a8 v lVjLr 8Lt eavfov Vo Il7T A aXo LKOv(VW KTX.

Since there are many writers some of whom quote a o'~% and some aT ~, we may fairly infer, I think, that both readings go back to a very old period. Verse 294 of Hesiod is omitted by Aristotle and also by Aristides1 and by Clement of Alexandria.2 It is quoted, however, by Stobaeus3 and by Andronicus Rhodius.4 Whether Aristotle had it in his text of Hesiod or not is uncertain, for he might readily have omitted it as unessential to his quotation, even if he had had it. Still the verse is open to suspicion and has been

rejected by some scholars, e.g. Brunck and Steitz.

7. Rhet. 3, 9 (P. I409 b 28) = Op. et D. 265-266: Aristot.5 ot 7' avTr KaKa tC ELavp LXXp KaKa TC XOV,

1 8e iptaKpa ava/3oXjTW 7 00L7V T7L KaKL T7 *

Hes. 1 O y' a0lr KaKa 7EVXEL avyp XXOp KaKa TEVXOV,

q "8 KCaK/ /ovX' r^ fovXv'Poav7L KaKcW77,.

These two verses do not properly belong in a collection of Aristotle's quotations, for they are a parody by Democritus, as Aristotle himself says: Ocre ytvcra0t (TrKWIE Ap/dKpLTOs O Xos e's

MEcXavv7rtL'si rrot'oravra &vrt rwv avrurpowvbG vaPoXas, ot r' avrp K7X.

8. Oec. i, 4 (p. I344 a 17) -= Op. et D. 699 :

Aristot.7 7rapOEvuLKv &' ycayv

va OCU KEVC UL31$? Hes. rcapOEvu'v K ya/e-v, W K' S 7ERa

KEV' &L v, l.

Aristides,s in referring to this passage of Hesiod, uses tva. 'va has far the greater probability as the original reading, because it restores hiatus: 7va Fa.

1 Vol. II. p. 26 (p. 3P Dind.). 2 Paed. 3, 8 (p. 279). 8 Z7oril, 4, P. 252 (ed. Meineke). 4 Eth. Nic. Paraphrasis I, 6. C5 od. Qyb Zb, avapokhv; Q, KaKttTlf 'yCp.

6 The word y' edited by Rzach has no manuscript authority. Almost all the cod. have r' or 0'.

7 Cod. Mb, &&6d1l. 8 Vol. II. p. 33 (P- 41 Dind.).

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 17I

9. Eth. Nic. 9, I0 (p. ii7ob 21)= O. et D. 715:

Aristot.1 hoekXs EtprjOaL 8oKEL pt r ciroXv'$ctvos pajrj7r aleLvos,

Hes. Mr e7roXv'cELvov y' *CELvov KaXkcETOat,

With the variants /x're and p.r8C? we need not concern ourselves as they are often confused in manuscripts. If the manuscripts of Aristotle represent him correctly in this passage, it must be con- sidered either as a mere reference or as a misquotation, for the words 7roXv'%Lvov and EhUtvov must be right in Hesiod, since they are in the same construction as VELKECTrTpa (verse 7 6), which the metre demands.

io. Eth. Nic. 7, 14 (p. 1153 b 27) = Op. et D. 763-764:

Aristot.2 rr ' o' 7t y E 7/ draY ardoXXvcraL, alvrtva Xaot

rroXXo ... Hes. (Dp",u 8' ovY rtsa'rav aro'XXvrraL," wrva 7r o XXol

Xaol 0-plu'ovt-

Of the variants rt yE and r t we need say only that some manu- scripts of Hesiod3 show rt, to which ye could easily have been added by a copyist, and one manuscript of Aristotle has rts without ye.

Demosthenes,4 Aeschines 6 and Dio Chrysostomus6 give the order of words Xao' 7roXXoi, while other writers confirm the traditional reading of Hesiod roXXol Xao. Of the five manuscripts of Aristotle collated by Bekker for this passage four read rroXXot alone, the other has ol rroXXol. This ot, of course, may be the remnant of a previous Xaot, but the weight of evidence would seem to suggest that Aristotle wrote merely rroXXot, thus completing the verse in accordance with our reading of Hesiod.

1 Cod. Lb, ;evos;

LbOb add KC0XE07olV. 2 Cod. Kb, oi'rts

rdiurCv; Kb has ol (for Xaol); the other cod. show no trace of

the word. 3 Cf. critical apparatus in text of Koechly-Kinkel for this passage. 4 De Fals. Leg. p. 417. 6 Con. Timarch. p. 141. 6 Or. 37, P. 128 R.

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Page 21: Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle

172 George Edwz'in Howes.

II (12, 13 and I4). Pol. 5, io (p. 1312 b 5), Rhet. 2, 4 (p. 138I b 16), Rhet. 2, 1o (p. 1388 a -6), Et. Eud. 7, I (p. 1235 a i8)= Op. et D. 25.

Aristot. (Pol.) J9 KEpapc/I KEpatcLE Aristot. (Rhet. 2, 4) KEpafcUe KEpaEL .

Aristot. (Rhet. 2, I1) K'tL KEpacLEV KEpacLEt.

Aristot. (Eth. Eud.) KacL yap KEpaCtLEV KEpa/tEL

KOT7EL,

Hes. KaQ KcpatcEfV KEpa/CLE KOrTEL Kal TrKrTOL rKKTWV,

From these last four passages of Aristotle it is evident that, when he was quoting only a part of a verse, or perhaps referring to it, he did not feel it necessary to give the exact language. A comparison of these four passages shows that Aristotle had here the same read-

ing in his Hesiod as we find in ours.

15 (16 and i7). Phys. AuscuL 4, I (p. 208 b 30), Metai/ys. I, 4 (p. 984 b 27), and De Xenoj.

i (p. 975 a ii)= Theog. I16-120: Aristot.' (Phys. AuscuL)

yat' edpiVrepvoT, Aristot.2 (Metaphys.)

7TvTrwv leV 7rpoTLo7ra L o,; yveTr', aviTp i7rtra yat' cpVcrVrepvo, q~ 4po0, or 7rcvreaat /Era7rperteL aoavaotutlv,

Aristot.8 (De Xenoph.) 7pWTorov iev 7ravTr)v 4),7T Xaos yyVer',

CaLVp av reITra yat

vpvcTrepvos, rravY0wcoo s o- craXis ales,

q ,' ipo0, O rvrTEo-~-L pE7rarp ret 0va'rortv.

Hes. "Hro 0oicV orra XoT X yover', abrv7p E7ELTra rat' E3 PV0ero, 7raVWY 0sv dWapLsXo il [ &OavJrWV, Ol XOUV- Kipq7 VL CO'evros 'OX 't7rov,]

Taprapd 7' r Epdvra /vX)p XO0V epvoselt'rls, Y8' Epos, OK KkXXLcTo70 o v OavCrotoLt OcL eo-

1 Cod. F, Ydvotr'. 2 Cod. Ha, aTrb (for acrap); E, yda yara; HaAb, gpa. 8 Cod, Ba Ra Va, aliedepos.

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 173

(a) In the first two passages, in which Aristotle is apparently intending to quote exactly, we read 7nrc Vwv, and in the third, where the inversion of words and the metrical difficulties in the first line indicate that - if our text is correct - the quotation really begins with acrcip, we still find 7rcvWrov. It seems to me the natural infer- ence is that Aristotle had 7rcvTrov in his text of Hesiod.

(b) The omission in the Metaphysics of verses i 18 and i 19 is of no great importance, for there Aristotle quotes only what is neces- sary to prove his point, namely that Hesiod made

"Epw a 'first cause.'

But still, as the general subject of this passage is the 'first causes,' the omission of Tdprapa from this list would seem to indicate that, even if Aristotle had verse i i in his text of Hesiod, he did not interpret Tdprapa as one of the 'first causes.' In De Xenophane, where he quotes at greater length, the addition of verses i x8 and z19 would materially change the force of o8os and yaZ'. The omission of these verses by Aristotle, therefore, indicates to my mind that they were not contained in his Hesiod.

(c) In two passages Aristotle gives 7rrLVTE tL /.LETTTrEL E a-

vCTroOuLv, where the manuscripts of Hesiod read KLXXLorTOs iv O0av'Torotut Ocott. For the reading of Aristotle we find no support

among ancient authors. It has been thought that Aristotle confused the verse of Hesiod with this verse of the Homeric Hymns':

7rats qwd, o, 0 KE OlEotL tE.T7TrpE7TroL aOav'TrouLLv. That view is perhaps possible; and yet it is not impossible that Aristotle gives us a variant reading that has elsewhere disappeared.

Taking all of Aristotle's quotations together, I feel that they are tolerably accurate. Some differences between the quotations and the passages quoted are probably due to his carelessness; many are undoubtedly due to the blunders of scribes; but there is left a considerable number of differences that are best explained, I think, as coming from an earlier text tradition than is preserved in the extant manuscripts of the authors quoted, especially as I have proved, in a few cases at least, that a difference of text really existed. Feeling, therefore, that readings offered by Plato and

1 2, 149-

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Page 23: Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle

174 George Edwin Howes.

Aristotle must not be rejected merely because they find no support in the manuscripts of the authors quoted, but must be carefully considered as possibly giving independent testimony on many matters of text, let me approach my real subject, - the quotations from Homer.

II. QUOTATIONS FROM HOMER.

Introductory.

A very casual reading of a few of the scholia of Homer convinces us that there were, even in very early times, many manuscripts of that author. Some of the variants, though they have disappeared entirely from the body of the text of the extant manuscripts, are still preserved in the scholia. For example, in a scholion of Ven. A on Iliad 20, 11, we read: OTt

Zqvo0'ooso ypacdCL ELtavOV. . . . T-LVE

S& ypd ovatv i 8pavov. In our extant manuscripts we read 4v`- tavov and

itavov, but nowhere 4vidpavov. In the scholia in

manuscripts HMQ (Dindorf) on Odyssey I, 93, we read: TrLVS 741row

8' ' K pq-7v TE, while the manuscripts of the Odyssey all show

7raipT27v rE. Another proof of the antiquity of some of the variants is found in

papyrus fragments, some of which go back to a very old date. I shall speak of only two of these fragments.

i. A papyrus fragment containing Iliad 24, verses 127-804. Of the many peculiarities of reading of this fragment let me select two as examples.

(a) In verse 215 the fragment reads 7rpos. Ven. A and some other manuscripts read 7rp6; the rest have 7rp's. An interlinear

gloss of Ven. A tells us: ovT'W0 Xopts 70o s. The scholiast, then, knew both of these readings.

(b) In verse 320 the fragment has eta. Ven. A and many other manuscripts have V7r p, while the rest have 8t'. In a marginal scholion of Ven. A we find: yp. ~8

' a-cos.

Both readings, then, were known to the scholiast. Now this fragment is assigned by La Roche 1 to the first century either B.C. or A.D. Hence we see that

1 Homerische Textkritik, p. 439-

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 175

some of the Homeric variants are of high antiquity, and were known to the scholiasts.

2. The other fragment is of considerably greater importance for us. It is the one discovered recently in Egypt by Flinders Petrie.' It contains portions of Iliad ii, verses 502-537. Though there remain only the first letters of some verses and the last letters of others, the fragment shows remarkable differences when compared with the traditional readings of the Iliad. Let us note these differences.

(a) Verse 515. Papyrus, rracrowv: II., -rdarucLv. Some of the

ancients suspected this verse of Homer, as we see by the scholion in Ven. A: dOcEr cTEr, .. . Ka'

'ApLroadvr-q TrporOc'17EL c" Zrvo'roTo 8 o0 V E-ypaocv.

(b) Verse 520. Papyrus, w s: 11., va s. (c) Verse 528. Papyrus, KEL8 L0T: Z.,2

KEi" t'7Tr.

(d) Verses 529 and 530. Papyrus,3 KOVpOL T: I. LtrT rCes and

dXXXov. Besides, the fragment shows the endings of four verses not found

in our manuscripts of Homer, -between 504 and 505 vor)oeEv, between 509 and 510o XL EXOLvro,4 between 513 and 514 voLo, and between 514 and 515 aXXovs.' Both Mahaffy6 and van Leeuwen7 assign this fragment to the third century B.C. It is undoubtedly older than any other scrap of Homer that has come down to us, and offers invaluable suggestions with reference to early traditions of Homer. It preserves not only variants nowhere given in our Homeric manuscripts or scholia, but also traces of verses that have been lost to us. In view of these facts it will be unwise in our present investi-

1Published by Mahaffy (with other fragments) in Flinders Petrie Papyri, Dublin, 1891.

2 Cod. Lips., KEO'. 3 So Mahaffy; but van Leeuwen says (Mnemosyne 20, 1892, pp. 127-130),

the fragment reads AT ITT or AT ITTI. 4 Van Leeuwen thinks it is Xr- eXotev. 6 This word, as van Leeuwen says, has been accidentally omitted by Mahaffy in

his transcription. 1 Athenaeum, Dec. 6, 1890o, no. 3293, p. 777- 7 Mnemosyne, 20, 1892, p. 127.

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Page 25: Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle

176 George Edwin Howes.

gation to reject without consideration any variants offered by ancient authors, even if they are unsubstantiated by any of our Homeric manuscripts or scholia.

At last we are ready, I think, to examine thoughtfully the passages quoted from Homer by Plato and Aristotle. Some of these are only phrases or parts of verses, but I have included them in the list of

quotations.

Plato's Quotations from Homer.

A. No VARIANTS.

Plato gives many Homeric quotations that in the manuscripts used by the best editors show no readings different from those in the best manuscripts of Homer. The minor differences of breathing, accent, adscript iota and movable nu I have not considered as variants, for

any manuscript tradition on these points is comparatively modern and entitled to little consideration. There are fourteen of these quotations that show no variants.

I. Conviv. 2 19 A-= I. 6, 236:

Xpvorca XaXKELWov The entire verse is quoted by Aristotle.? 2. Phaedo 112 A- II. 8, 14 :

r^XE 1A' X' j LP ovL"T7r' X ov' ETL fnEP8cpov

3S Crat. 392 A=- I. 14, 291: XaXKla8 KLKX?7(TKOV(OL COEL, aV8peC 8& KVJLV8tV,

'This verse is quoted thus by Aristotle 2 also.

4. Rep. 3, 388 C = I. 18, 54: CFLOL Y SaLX~7, I oL votVaptaCroroKELa.

5. APol. 28 D= II. 18, 98: aVTtKa, 24 rl, EOval'tqV

6. Gorg. 449 A--11. 20, 241 and often:

1 Etk. Nic. 5, II (p. II36b IO). 2 Hist. An. 9, 12 (p. 615 b Io).

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 177

7. Protag. 34o A = I1. 21, 308-309 :

WXEt KaorLyvqrcT, o&evos dvepos dJ106T.pOL

rrp

8. Rep. 3, 387 A= Il 23, 00o-io :

IVXxS 8q Kaa' XovoV, '17TE KaTrvoV, Xero Terptymva

9. Rep. 3, 391 B=-11. 23, I51 : llarpO'KXp kqp'WL, 4r1q, KoM1v 6o7raaatuLML IEp rat,

io. Alcibiad. II.V 142 E= Od. I, 34: V7r'p /Jpovp Aye'X EXOVJXL.

Ii. Protag. 315 B= Od. II, 60i:

Toiv 8 1\ETu vrdocvorjra,

12. Rep. 3, 39 B= Od. 12, 342:

AXqp 8' O'KTLOTOV r OavELV K'aL 7TT/67OV rLoTrEtv

13." Epist. 7, 345 E- Od. 12, 428:

0 eTp' T7)7 XOjvo dvaperpjaLt~L XadpvPStV,

14. Theaetet. 170 E= Od. i6, 121:

icdXa puvpLot

B. SLIGHT VARIANTS.

To the list just given may properly be added twenty-one other

passages, in which the variants, whether in the manuscripts of Plato or Homer, are slight and such as constantly arise from the careless- ness of scribes.

I. Rep. 3, 389 A=1I. I, 599-600: dwe3Eros 8' ap' EiVWpTO yeXws aKaE'cOr-L COoUtLV,

Lso Z Hov 'Ha-rovS dta 8arta a roL7rvvovTa.

2. Rep. 3, 389 E-=I1 4, 412:

TTra, , 0LW717 'q0% , i/ 8' E iLrElfco wp,

1 So Schanz, though the codices of Plato have brepgopov. The codices of Homer vary between irrp I/6pov and brdppopov. That this difference was felt as a real variant is seen by schol. MQ (Od.): o ad6verop rb Tirarp g6pov. Cod. B (Plato) has d&X ' ~Xovww.

2 Cod. G, 6' vwopro. Cod. A, r&'ya; N, oty'.

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Page 27: Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle

178 George Edwin Howes.

3. Crat. 415 A=II. 6, 265 : Plat.' rj diroyvtoy'0 LEVEos.

Homrn.2 j l /' roymVLT~g /IVEOs,

4 (and 5). Theaetet. 152 E and Crat.3 402 B =I'. I14, 201 and 302: '2KEcavov re OeCv 7ECvEcLv Kat rL)Trpa TrlqOv

6. Rep. 3, 386 D=1A5 I6, 856-857 and 22, 362-363: IVX A

' iS K p'EKOk 7rTa/V y "A idso'A /e3r)KEL,

ov 7roTov yoowua, XLtrovf' avpoTir)Ta Kat Vq8-qv

7. Phil. 47 E- II. 18, Io8-I0o9 rroXvdpovad rrp XaXcer7vaL,

os re 7roXk yXVKL'v ~XLT0ro KaRaXrELfoeLvOLO -

8. Rty. 3, 386 D II. 20, 64-65: olKcL 8E 8Ovr7rTOafL Kat a avrTOLuL 4avELi o-cEpSaXE', EvpEvra, r rre TCrvyov6 Ocol r7rp

9. Crat. 391 E= 1.s 20, 74: ov EavOov, 47 Ol, KaXovUtL Ocot, avSp?e 831 KoKa/xavspOV

io. Rep. 3, 391 A-= I.' 22, 20: a -' Tv nLaLl?7rv, EtL Ott avvaJts ye 7rapELq.

I1. Leg. 7, 804 A = Od.1? 3, 26-28:

TXELayx', AXXa ah"v avrTo Etv L ape 9fL vo0joetL, aXXa Kai 8 C 'wv

vro Or(TETaL

r

oi yap ow) o01 0E &^O V adKyTL7 YCVEOaL Tr 7padE'tcEv TC.

12. Leg. 3, 680 B= Od. 9, I112-115 :

rowLV 8" oVr A yopa flovXy4opot OVTEG OILO-Ts, aXt' o y' VIrXov W p0 'v vatovLrt K'pqva v crrrcOvcr yXavportL, ELtOrcEtEL S iKaWTOs

wrat8w 8' &Xowv, oi8' iAXXXow &dKyov-tv.

1 Cod. T, daroyvd-as, emended to dL7royvLdcays. 2 Cod. LO, mveos 6'; G, Lveos r'. 8 Text, y&velyv .narv. Cod. T omits 9Pqv. 4 Cod. H (verse 2o0), ye. Cod G (verse 857), d8por^tra; Cant. Mor., dsporgtra.

6 Many cod., cs re 7rcvv. 7 Many cod., eav-r, with and without iotas. 8 Cod. L Harlei., Kdgavipov. 9 Cod. D, elg E. 10 Cod. K, o6& OeG^v a'. 11 Cod. I, o~6'; DFIK,

arret; AQ, oireet; K, yXacuvpjot; K, ralto6v r'.

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 179

The words OqtLrTEVEL . . . &XOv are so quoted by Aristotle.' Once2 also he refers to them, but with the reading wrat8ov 3' &X6Xov.

13. Rep.3 3, 389 D= Od.' 17, 383-384: oI 87ocptoyo1~ aL,

JLVTLV 7y 7lT7)pa KaKWV TT 7KTOVa 8ovpowV,

I4. Rep. 2, 381 D- OdA. 17, 485-486:

OCOL oELVOWcLV EoLKodTE" XXoSaCroLcTL, ravrotot rcEXOovrTE i7rTpomao-r

L ir6as~

15. SoJkh. 216 C = Od.6 17, 486: E7rLOT7p0WicbtL 7rOXas,

16. Minos,' 319 B= Od.8 i , 174:

EVCVTjKOVT a roXr7te,

17. Minos, 319 B- Od.o i19, 178-179" 7lTL &, 4SrE, lv, hVL KVwffs /LYucX-7 rodXL, iv a Te Mivws

Evvcwpo faoalXEve zAe s LvYLtXov oaptcrTs.

I8. Minos, 319 D = Od.11 i, 179:

Evvcopos paol'Xeve Atok cEyaXov oaptTcrTl,

19. Rep. 4, 441 B= Od.12 20, 17:

T o7eOo ,

,rX?'eag Kpa8s'~ VL7rare -, 20 (and 21). Rep. 3, 39o0 D, and Phaedo,"' 94 D= Od."4 20, 17-18:

rOroeo , E rXala

Kpa&8v r

Vy7oraro7-e uVOw

rEXca0L 8' Kpat8', KaL KVVTEpOV LXXO Or7o ETXr/.

1 Pol. , 2 (p. 1252b 22). 2 EtJ. Nic. Io, Io (p. I I8o a 28). 8 Some cod. have 8rltovpyol. 4 Cod. QV, E'aaL; D, Edivr'v Y' (omitting "); HIL, /~iVYTL y'j'; M, /'Xwv and

yp. oi6pwv. Cod. Q, reXeOwov; V, rEXeOwo-L; C, r6XtCas. 6 Cod. C, r6Xtas.

7 Some cod. have 9vvevhKov-a. 8 Most cod. have Jv'P4EKOvra. La Roche edits ivv?iovra, which is demanded by

the metre. 0 Many cod., KRwo6s. 10 Many cod., ro-ta; very many,

KJvcW6s; La Roche edits Kvwo6s; A (recent

hand) CL, d-vvopos;

many, 6apto'rbs; N, capt-Tre

s; S, 6 dpwtr!s. 11 Cf. note Io. 12 Cod. G, oar7Oea ; H, v7pirare, yp. ?Tvtirare. IS A few of the best cod. have ?vetlrare. 14 Cod. G, oThOea; H, plvtrare, "yp. ?vtprare; many cod. omit 5h; N, dXXd.

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Page 29: Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle

I80 George Edwin Howes.

C. PLATO AGREES WITH THE BEST MANUSCRIPTS OF HOMER, THOUGH

THERE WERE OTHER HOMERIC READINGS.

There are nineteen passages in which the readings of Plato agree with those of the best manuscripts of Homer, although other Homeric manuscripts or the scholiasts or Eustathius show that there were other' readings known to the ancients.

I. Rep. 3, 393 A= II.2 I, 15-16: Kat XLrcETO 7ravr 'AXatovs,

'Ar p eL a 81 adXtLcora

81)0 KOOO7?TOpE

Xa^RV

Schol. Ven. A, - 07t rTLVe 'A rp t'a s.

Though these verses are repeated in Homer,3 the context of Plato makes it clear that he is referring to the earlier passage, for he says, -

OTOa' 0ov, rTL 1 pLP ph1 ro V TO TjV T Z rV v (then comes the quotation)

XEEL rTe aisV7 -

ronqr/,7T a statement that would not be true if it referred to 11. i, 374-375-

2. Re . 3, 389 E= Z. 1, 225: olvopapis,

KvvoK

oo/,r Vr ' , Kpa8stv 8' Z&kaoto Schol. Ven. A, - OQ7 Zrvo'or070 roTrov rTV ro7'rov 70 r -qev, K o T70o

vatl /i rdTE cK-rrTpOV (verse 234). 3. Crat. 428 D=IL. I, 343 and 3,4 0o9:

aLa 7pocrcrO'W

KaC '07rt0T((. Schol. Ven. A (3, I o8), - &dr rorovT T~ 70 r

Eoocv'EL (verse i i o)

d0erovvraL orTTXoL rpE~. It is uncertain to which passage of Homer Plato refers.

4. HiAPz. MAin. 37oA=L.5 9, 312-313:

EXOpO ydp ,LOL KELVOs

K 0 "'AGL ao rX?Lotv, 03 X ETEOV /LEV KEVOq EVL 4peTlv, tXXo E f

Eustathius seems to have had the reading pflty, for twice in

explaining verse 313 he uses the verb flplw.

1 Under the head of other readings I have included verses which, though they are preserved in our manuscripts, were rejected by any of the old critics.

2 Cod. A, Xlaaero; and it is so edited by La Roche. 8 IZ. I, 374-375. 4 Cod. E, irp6o~ KaZ 67ritow.

6 Cod. G, &KE VOS; many cod., KE60Ec; H, KEl60).

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 181

5. Leg. 10, 9o6 E=-I. 9, 500: Plat.' Xot,3Pj re oLVO? Kv l(Tr

Homrn.2 XotP3, TE KVL'O?

Schol. Ven. A, - v a oXXp XoLP3 TE

KVLrcry TE.

Though Plato has amplified the expression XoiP?1^ re into X0Lt3? Te olvov, it is clear that he had our manuscript reading of Homer,

for in the Republic ' he quotes the verse in full just as we have it in our Homeric manuscripts.

6. Crat. 428 C = I-.' 9, 644-645 :

Alav AtoyervE TEXa/vALE, Kolpave Xa W^v, T7rLvra r ~0L K/OL OVbr V E Ec t J Ca U vO(rLO.aL

Schol. Ven. A, - V rTL rL Tv v7roLV) /rLaw V &,S)PIEL

g' eIa o.

7 (and 8). Conviv. 174 D and Protag. 348 D=I. 10, 224: Plat. (Conviv.) 5

Vv rE S;', re 4, PX oI VW 7rp O 0 TOV

Plat. (Protag.) and Homer'

o'Vv re 1)" pXOILCVW, Kat Trrpo o0 TO evo~Ev.

Schol. Ven. A, -- vvCPXOdLVoL So LvrT o70V cvvCpXol/EvoWV. IVLOL S e U? VOyjoavres rTo V rpoo-ntCua-L, KCLKWS.

The first four words of this verse are twice quoted by Aristotle.7 The verse is parodied once by Plato.8

9. Conzviv.' 214 B =I . II, 514: ujrphO yap avip 7roXXw^v avrT$LO AXXOwv

Schol. Townl., -ZZqvOd'oros S~E o ypofeL. 'ApwTro0Cvf r S a ET l0erd.

io. Rep. 3, 390 C=I1 14, 296:

S eX.ovA

X0 r7OovT o.

ro0KFa Schol. Ven. A (I. 1, 609),-Xv00ov7To.

1 Many cod. have Xop

-ye and Kyleara.

2 Many cod. have KVlIOfp. 8 2, 364 E. 4 Cod. G Mor, KOlpa' dXatw(v; H, 8h (for 71); EL, oelaao. 6 Best codices, 6o00 (for 6 ToO). 6 Cod. G, 4pxoucvw; L, Kal rTO.

Pol. 3, 16 (p. 1287 b 14) and Eth. Nic. 8, I (p. II55 a 15). 8 Alcibiad. II., 140 A. 9 Cod. B, la-rpbs.

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182 George Edwin Howes.

I1. Rep. 3, 391 A=II. 22, 15: f3Xaa//g I2 EcKacp yE, OCWV OXoX07ar 7ravro70

Schol. Ven. B, - TrLV S SoXoorare. Schol. Townl., - ol S ypd-

4ovo- 8oXo(oTaT. Eustathius (1254, 3I),1-TwES ya ,pdovc L SoXo-

12. Rep. 3, 386 D= I.A 23, 103-104: W 77roL, q pa Tb ECTL Kat Ely 'AtSao

80oiotaou /vX1q Kat E o0Xov, dLrp fp lES ovK ~vL 7ra

L7rav" Schol. Ven. A (on verse Io4),-~vUeaoebtra a K ri7 '08vOeC'aS 6

<rtgXog. Schol. Townl., - ypdaorat S Kat 7TraoaL.

13. Axioc/. 367 D=I/.2 24, 525-526. 03 yap TrEKXCOaTO 0EOL ~ELXOUtL t8pOTOatLV,

txLV dXaYv/EIvots, The reading, aXvvI/,votC, of Plato and most of the manuscripts

of Homer is confirmed by Stobaeus I and Plutarch.' The reading,

AXvv!t4vovs, given by two manuscripts of Homer, seems to have

been a real variant, for it is quoted for Homer in one passage of Stobaeus."

I4. Rep.6 3, 386 C= Od.' 11, 489-49I

pfovXolqlv K' E7ra povpos EWv

OrVTEV/ibVE aXXc

ap a rro [roo', avopL 7rap' aKkq, w 7LO7 O tO VS L 7 ralV VEKVELTLTL KaT-acLKaT/VOLELV orV avaccELV

Schol. H,-TrV?s S rwdpovpo%, 6 aKXOVU8O, OVK fi. Eustathius

(1695, 36),1 -r0 S p0ovXy?M.qv

K Erapovpos &T77v X"EL ypacrqv. q ytap eradpovpos . .. TrptLcrvXdlow rdpovpo;.

The reading, brdpovpos, is verified by Plato8 again in the Repub-

lic, where he refers to these verses of Homer.

1 A few cod., TL; C, a6lr&p. 2 Cod. ES, aXvvludvovs. 3 Floril. 98, 50 and 98, 75. 4 ioral. 105 C. 5 Floril. 124, 14. 6 In the best codices j . .. er?1 is lacking. These words were probably added

by somebody who knew the passage in Homer. I Cod. I omits verses 489-535. 8 Rep. 7, 516 D.

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. I83

x5. Gorg. 526 D= Od.1 I1, 569: XPV(EOV

crK/rTrpOV eXovTa, OEtLLrTEvovTa vrKVOTLV.

Schol. H (on verse 568), - vo~evETaL XP TOX ddrtrWV ... 13io (verse 627).

A part of this verse is quoted again by Plato in the Minos.2

i6. Char. 161 A= Od.3 17, 347 :

altlj ' ovK iycaO? KEXPtLEVp &VSpL 7rcapeCvaL

Eustath. (1823, 29), -rpOloKT,.

17. Leg. 10, 904 E= Od. 19, 43:

ab'r v7 rot 3&Kr T OEv,' Ot "OXv/Aprov xovowv, Eustath. (1854, 45), -

T VS 6e ypa'S/ovotv, airyT rot & SK ioT O~CO.

i8. Rep. 2, 363 B= Od.4 19, Io9-113: P /ao-tXog a/.ivovog, o'TE OEOv8U

EV&LKWLt &vXcrL, #p~EphrrL

& yata p)atva

7rvpoV0 Kacl KptdOL% 3PL07lt 86'8

&Vpec KapTr(tO, TLK y S' fL77Eca ./La Xc, OcXaoa o rrap S' qX0?v.

Schol. H,- Trdvra, o0 ii^Xa. The omission of verse iio I

shall consider later.

19. Rep. I, 334 B = Od. 19, 396: KXEvrTOcrv 9 oV p K TE.

Schol. L (LaRoche), - yp. [TE] v6d re (for 0' 'pKW rE).

D. QUOTATIONS WOVEN INTO THE TEXT.

There are twenty-two passages in which Plato, while weaving a phrase or a verse of Homer into the structure of his sentence, shows that he had Homeric readings identical with ours; or at least the quotation has nothing inconsistent with our readings.

1 Many cod. have VEK1E60LV; S, VEKIEO6LV. 2 319 D. 8Cod. A,

7rpotKlr (yp. rapeZvac by a recent hand); G, alcot&

' o"Kc dtyaOiv sb'0d

Leqvac dvpl qrpoiK- ; M, yp. o5- /L/tEvLaU dav6pt 7rpolKTOI. 4 Very many cod. have rlKTEL; M, TiK-rel; AI, 7rdvra (for u?Xa)c; H (in margin),

rdvcra, o/ /cLha; A (recent hand), -yp. cXa; many, 7rapcXeL.

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Page 33: Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle

I84 George Edwin Howes.

i. Conviv. 183 E refers to Il. 2, 71: Plat. 4La yap r0 70o

oiaros avOct X 7ovnr, oiVcp 7pa, oxc rat awow0a/Leros

Hom. Xr' "c rowrdJpcvo0, /lEt B yXK XVKv"vrvos aVKCV. 2. Alcibiad. II. 141 D refers to ll. 2, 303:

Plat. ot/Lat cr oVK VaVKOOV tVL La E ' t TC Kat ,7rpwtLa y~yCV-)/%Eva,

Hom.' xO8t0 7Er KaL trp p;t', oTJ i ATXl a v`rs 'AXatwv

3. Phaedr. 260 A refers to 14.2 2, 361: Plat. Orot aTdPr6fl8Xrov tros etva Bet-,

Hom. o' ro r'PXrXqi-ov

ros croaeTat, OT77L KEVY (LO'

4. Alcibiad. 1 132 A refers to I1. 2, 547: Plat. E ctrpOd'roo yap 70 Ero tytaAqiropo s 8tpo 'EpcXOEh'o Hom. 8^pov 'EpeXO30s peyaX'ropos, v wror' 'AO~ v

In the passage in Plato the epic form has been changed to the Attic 'EpXOcows. Such a change - common in the manuscripts of Plato - is generally due, I think, to scribes. Here, however, as Plato rather hints at the passage than quotes it, he may well have used the form 'EpeX0 ws himself.

5. Theaetet. 194 E refers either to II. 2, 851 or to 11. i6, 554 : Plat.' "Orav rolvv Xda tv 6rov rV Ko p

, , -

qVECEV - 'TAro'OCOt orogr oro,

Hom. (II. 2, 851) IIafXayo'vwv 8''yeZro IIvXatEfos XaiaLOV K7/p

Hom. (II. i6, 554) oPe E Mevotrd'ew IarpOK~ X^O LOV KV p. 6. Tleaetet. 183 E refers to 17. 3, 172

Plat. IHapp~vt`S&q B' ot CfaIvtE7rat, ro 70 ro Op~pov, atSolo 7T

Hm OL Ewto

at l at SetdYO Te.

Hom. alboZ r ed pot `&-t 4tXE CP 'K ELVp k TC'

1 Cod. G, rpwoL&; C, rpot?'. 2 Cod. DGH, ourt. 3 Cod. KCap.

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 185

7. Alcibiad. II. i5o D refers to A1. 5, 127-128: Plat.' aIXX

OKET OL, Ow-7p r& aLOt) j cEL cr~,V

r-v 'AOrvayv

"Otpot ar riowv 4"OaXtp&v a&4EXdv ra-qv &XXv, o0p' EV -tYVW(TKOL tq?/LV

OEo'V V9 Kat dv8 pa, Hom.2 CXXv y8' av 70 rot & a,7 0aXpv ov,

,p v iV,

dpp

i YatYV (TVK7Y l 'V OE'v

' Ka' K v'pa.

Schol. Ven. A, - 3rt Zv060oro70F ypdaie t~pOllv 7s 8' avOpworov.

8. Crat. 407 D refers to 1. 5, 221-222 : Plat. 7rp't 8 jXXWc v vr OV flov'Et rp'*faXXE I'o, Jpa

,atL otot EiOv'4povos 77rot.

Hom. &XX' dy' Epv XEoWV wrt/pljeo, 0'fpa "Z-q'a),

otot TPWetotZ wrrot, i-JcrdluEvot r~WEsoto

9. Rep. 5, 468 D refers to 11. 7, 321 : Plat. Kai yap "Ovlpos irov EoKLp rav-ra v 7-r WroXE4/l

Voo;0L- OtvY Aitavia qlq 8tVEKEOYL YpaCtPEo( OaL,

Hom. virourtv 8' Alavra v 8tVEKCE(TL ypatpev

io. Epist. 7, 344 D refers to II. 7, 360 or II. 12, 234: Plat. e$ apa &8 o rtara, NEot piv o', /fporo' t c4p'vas XEoav

Hom. i4 epa 8 r ot brEtra Oo'tc pva s Awav aro(. The author of this Epistle has changed the second person o0L to

the third person o , to adapt the quotation to his purpose. I might note the interjection of the expression Ipv ov', flporo'

S4, which interrupts the metre.

ii. Crito 44 A refers to 1. 9, 363: Plat.' 'E6OKEL tIs

txOL yvv) ... KaXCL EaX E Ka/ EVt

'J"* v w Kpar7s,

p/lar1 KEV 7pLit-W y(JOL7 -vJV Epl/3oXOV ?KOLO.

Hom.4 tLarl KE 7,pt c v p/XOV KO/l V. 71 ta KE 7ptoraor p (1) v 0 "-q kv P toqt.

1 Cod. B, TYLPVCKOL. 2 Cod. L, Y't'~yP'-KOLS; A and some others, YLuvdKOLS; H,

YLwo~c?; several,

3 Cod. D, cbOotqp,;

B, cO*-q,. Cod. D, 0Olrqp 6'.

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186 George Edwin Howes.

12. Gorg. 485 D refers to 11. 9, 441: Plat. r T7 yopds, iv ats 47 J roq7r- robs v38pas ipL7rpEcrZes

yt'yveaOaL, Hom.1 0o8' adyopov, va "T'vp v8p E spTrpErIEP rEXSOovcOt.

13. Conviv. 179 A refers either to I1. 10, 482 or to II. 15, 262 : Plat. o orr cpoFov lvat 7W

apo'or" 4"oVEL, Kat' aCXv;, 0 E

"O/Lxpoq, EIvos~ l7rvEvcaL v'lOLS ToV r 7jv pwOv bTOv Ev, Hom. (I. o10, 482) (' d6aro, r4 8' lZrrvvcre xivos yXavKW7rts 'AOIv?,

Homrn. (11. 15, 262)2 ~d Ed wrTW'v E/VEoE p.tvo rya 7rotTEVL Xav.

14. Rep. 8, 566 C refers either to 11. 16, 776 or to Od. 24, 40: Plat. '0 8~ 88 wrpoordrq d KEWVOg aVTOq ~Xov 68 10"tL

,yas

ueoyaXwor'L oa KELTaL,

Hom. (IL.) KIE7O Ya pLETyaXo(TTL,

XE XaoLEuvos L2TWOrVYVOW. Hom. (Od.)' KEIETO

'o yaq~ EyaX WoT Xe Aartvor iOTwrroo(VVowV.

I5. Conviv. 174 B refers to 11. 17, 587-588: Plat. woo-ras y'p Tov

y'AyaEt~wvova &takE povrTs yaOyv v-pa rh

,rokXEtJKa, 7OV MEV8 O E(Vv taA.LaK'v atX/J~ T'7 V,

Hom.4 otov 8" MevAXaov V7rp(Taq, ~ TO rb rdpos 7rep

LaXA0aKO alX/LrT'79" vYv '8 O"LXETaL oto "cipas 16. Rep. 3, 388 A refers to I. I8, 23-24:

Plat. IaXtv 8" 'Ot0upov rE ~redtOE0a .. . T WOLEYE 'AtXAAXa, OrEii waZia, . . . ER?8? L OTIP?)ct XEP0Y E XVTa

KdvLv f

aXodEooav XEUvaN?EVOV KCK KE4CaX?'

Hom. cforTp t SEq t XEPyV w)V

K XOVLV alOaA6oE((rav XEvaTO KLK KE4CLX)q, X'plEV 8 ?WXVE lpcpdTOVO

17. - Rep. 3, 388 B refers to II. 22, 414-415: Plat.5 ?rU/8 IIptlatov

yyv, BeOiv yeyovrOTa XLTrave;ovrTdcTE Kat KVXALVdOLEVOV K aT KO7rpOV, $ovo/taKX48qYV dvO- d'Zovr' T v3pa EKa(TTOY.

1 Cod. GL, diyopdwv; D, reXgOwat. 2 Cod. L omits this verse; Vrat b A, 'rvrevae. 3 Cod. DL, LeyaXoo-rl.

Cod. H, r9drpecra-r; A, rdpos

ye.

5 Some cod. have KVXLV6ULgEVOV; some cod., Kb6rpov.

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 187

Horm.1 rivras S XL&rdVEv KvXtLVSdo'LCvo K0alT KdrpOv,

EZovo/aKX7/7vV 3vod(aowv bvSpa EKalTov"

i8. Protag. 309 A refers either to .*.2 24, 348 or to Od.. Io, 279: Plat. oi 0' aVroL "Oa7'pov CTraw&T*vI , A O-ql Xap&cLoradr fv

Hom. p7rw^rov .V

ry, wo c 7rep OXaptoCrdrq

IY 7 .

19. Phaedr. 266 B refers to Od. 5, 993: Plat. rov^rov 8&(KWOp Kar6TOL OO E~ VLOV ToE 0EOlO.

Hom. Kap7raX Lw(os' 8' rEmLTra Er V'XvItLa /3aVe EOIo.

At first sight Plato's words seem inconsistent with those of Homer. The differences, however, are easily explicable. The expression -roigrov

S8WKW, while not attempting to reproduce falve, takes the

place of it. The use of ZXvtov in the singular avoids a hiatus before

oErre and preserves the rhythm. The word ircr7e

is used to sug- gest the comparison. The epic genitive OEoZo is sufficient to show that Plato had this verse in mind.

20. Rep. 7, 516 D refers to Od. i1, 489-491: Plat. r~ 70o 'O/Opov av 7re7rovO&aE Ka' caO8'pa povX Oat

Tradpovpov E'vra OqriEv pEv eV A ap avSpi trap'

aKX,7pw Hom. flovAolrtpq"V K' E7rpovpo cv 7EO7cvT?utcEV

.XXw, a ts2 7Trap L aKXqjpp, wp L7 /lOlto rIroXi, 4J7,

21. Prolag. 315 D refers to Od. I1, 582 Plat." Kai~ ~v )4 Kal TvTraXo'v ye E re'ov. Hom.6 Ka'L v TVTwaXov IEo-Re ov XaXr' y~E'XOVa,

1 Cod. Vrat A, AXtrdvevoe. 2 Cod. S, 7rpdcT7J. 3 Cod. N, 7rpd7rw; QV, xaptdararos; A (recent hand), yp. 3? (for ro 7rep). SFor variant readings and scholia cf. above p. 182, where this passage has

already been given. 5 Cod. BT, er-so&v, but B with a note in the margin to indicate that there is a

mistake. 6 Cod. H (first hand) K, Kal LPY; C, 7T7daX6 V TL' ero&v; many cod., Kpa7rgp (for

XQa"r').

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I88 George Edwin Howes.

22. Laches 20o B refers to Od. 17, 347: Plat. ra ov O/LPO 80KEL LOL XPYVvatL rpofdlXXEoOa, - O'sr7

OVK yayauv ,v

aL aCato KEXprl27LVoJ avSpp a rrapc'vat.

Hom.' at813 8' oVK yaO?l KCXP?)ALv)p? cVpt 7TapEvaLL. This verse is quoted exactly in the Charmides.2

E. ATTIC FOR EPic WORDS.

In a few passages the readings of the manuscripts of Plato agree with those of the manuscripts of Homer, except that a few Attic have been substituted for epic forms. As Plato in quoting these or similar passages elsewhere has sometimes given the real epic form, we must attribute these Atticisms not to him, but to the scribes.

I. Laches i19 A=- I.3 5, 223 and II. 8, 107:

Plat. Kal /OLypos 7rov Eratvw^v r70ov ro Alvdeov Zt'rovU Kpat7rva ,AJX EvOa Kalt E'VOa Ed7 aVo rtVE7TaOat

O 8 tKEt7 K v E

, S'/3Ec

-Oc,, . Hom. KpaLrrvh /da" XV Ka K vOa 8ELo)KEEV ?7 ,,fEc7OaLE The confusion of such forms as 8tLKELv and 8t1KEALCV in the

manuscripts of Homer is too common to call for comment here. The form 8tKCELtV in Plato may well be attributed to a scribe.

2. Soph. 268 D= I/.4 6, 211 and 1. 20, 241: Plat. ra;vrTV 7^, yeve 7E TC Kal a'aTos

Hom. Ta7V',3 roL TC K; rC oKai arTOs X PVtXo aL etVaL.

The form Kpa8slv is similar in its declension to yevecs. The former is quoted by Plato in the Republic 5 from the Iliad," and also in another passage of the Republic' from the Odyssey.' So Plato surely was familiar with this epic or Ionic declension. Besides, in a passage of the Republic9 where the same phrase is found, many

1 Cf. above p. 183, where the variants of this verse are given in full. 2 161 A. 3 Cod. G, eieo'Oat. 4 Cod. G, 3h (for rot); D, yeceas (here, too, probably through a fault of the

copyist); H Cant, Kal (for re Kal); L, TOL Kal; Lips, Mosc. 3, Kai eXooatl alATaros evat.

5 3, 389 E. 6 I, 225. 7 4, 441 B. 8 20, 17. 98, 547 A.

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. I89

manuscripts show ravTrq rot -ycve 3. The natural supposition, there- fore, is that a scribe of Plato's manuscript has changed the epic yEvE to the Attic yeveas. The same scribe or another may then have changed roL to Trs, that the full Attic usage might be shown. That Plato himself was not responsible for this change from roL to

7~/, is evident from the passage in the Republic' just cited, where we find the Homeric expression rav'r) roT yeveci (or ycveIE).

3. Rep. 2 1364 D -1. 9, 497-501: Plat.2 rcpTETTO' 8 TC Ka'L EcoL aRoi,

KaL Trov; Lve OvrLaatcrL Kat EvX.aIs ayava'crL Xot, TE.C KVILC TE

7rapaTp(ifT) cvOpoTrot AXcrcrde-vot, OTE KEV T TV;

Cpflr KalL atrLapy. Homn.8 v/,XcS )TO"P V

crP CrTpf '&T 86TC Kaliol aTrCo,

TOV r7p KaL )met v aper tLyLre P/ TE 7TE.

Kat tLCv 7 TovsOVCECTqt Kat Ka aXwlk- yav y o-v L Xot/3j TE KrlCTV TC iraparpo'iro avOpwrot

XtGcrO/c11voL, oTC KeV 7TtI 3V7Cp/3fl) Kat LauLap7fl.

To verse 500 Plato refers in the Laws.4 Of the omission of verse 498 I shall speak later. Perhaps a possible explanation of Ova-Catat is that a copyist has carelessly written the more common Attic word in place of the epic and poetic h0'o. Then the metre may have

helped to produce the poetic or old Attic ending airt. The tpv 7o'V of Homer has suffered inversion in Plato through somebody's carelessness. The form E3XwXaZi: may be explained as an Atticism.

4. Rep. 3, 388 C-=-I.

16, 433-434: Plat. aaL 14 -Y v, OTE / OL tapr78rva

7,Tkra TOv avopwv

MoZp' Vs'O IIarpd6KXtO MEVotTLSao

8a/0rVaLt. Hom. 5 ( /lO )OyV, 0 rTE OL :ap7rrr86va, (iXTrarov dv3pSpWv,

opOp' ; IIarpdKXOtO MEVOLTLtaO &aLp~vat.

1 8, 547 A. 2 Many cod. (verse 497), ye (for re); many cod., Xwraool 8 (before o-rperrol);

some cod., d-yav0r;

Flor. x, eXwX^So . 3 Cod. L, rperrol; G,

exwXa'tv&r- dravaZoUt; A, ebXwXwj~'; CEGHL, Kvito-Oy; G, 7raparpwcrc^oLv; H,

brep31l; L, Ireppelf3 K10 d ldpro0. Schol. Ven. A, - lv &XXq

XolP77S 7e6 KPO- 7-E. 4 10, 906 E. 8 Cod. H, u.

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Igo90 George Edwin Howes.

We see from this same section of Plato - Republic 3, 388 C - where we read 4L Yot y SEA k, o0o10

8 vapLt-707T"KLa, that the exclamation OA~ot was known to Plato as Homeric; so I suspect that the un-Homeric at at is to be attributed to some scribe, who has substituted this common Attic form.

5. Minos 319 D = Od. I1, 569: Plat. XpVo-Ov oJ VK^7rrpOV EovTR

Hom.1 Xp'Ceov CVK?7rT7pOV EXOVTa, OCLucTTEOV7ra VEKVrLWV, Here we may consider either that Plato meant merely to refer to

the words of Homer, without quoting them exactly, or - as seems to me more probable-that the Attic form Xpv-covv is due to a scribe." For in the Gorgias8 Plato quotes the entire verse of Homer just as our Homeric manuscripts give it.

6. Rep. 3, 387 A = Od. 24, 6-9: Plat. s 8 ' 8ETC VVKTCPLt8& E~LVXO o LVT7p OCc7E7TcTLOLO

rpigov as worloyTme, int K TES

GtOK W&LV Trptovaat o7rToraTV , EWCE KEC

7Lr cTLOWcf7CtV

p/LaOo d6K 77p%,

VC 7' aXXlX7CTLV EXOVTaL,

s aLo

7Pt LVlU L a ' aV. PE a pq caLV

has changed the epic VVKCpav quoted by Plato from Homer-to

the doubtful Attic . wau.

F. PLATO'S VARIANTS SUBSTANTIATED.

In a few passages, where Plato has given us readings different from those of the traditional Homeric text, we find the most impor- tant variants of Plato substantiated either by some of the manu-

1 Many cod. have veKETaLV;

S, veKMEOLV. 2 We might compare ~Kovv for KEOV (Leg. 3, 681 E= II. 20, 218). 3

526 D. dvd 4 Cod. A, rpI5ovaat; KS, &pa; M, &pa; ADL, d'XXXo~tav; M, grovrat with

Xov7rat above); A, rerpvyyvwad.

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. I 9I

scripts of Homer or by scholia of these manuscripts or by ancient authors.

z. Hip. Afin. 365 A= 1. 9, 308-314: Plat.'x ALOevES Aaeprtall, 7roXv/A'Xav 'OsvrcrE,

XP Ixlv 84 7~v 4ii0ov dr/)tTco dTrost7rvTy, ocrr7p 81 KpavEo TCE Katl 7c T XE cL O`Le,

XOpOs yadp /oL Kvos A 0 'At'ao r-iycrstv, s X crepov M KE/AC ) EVL y pCTLV, EXo .

avi-ap yev EpCo, WS KKa trereXecal-ivov Zorrat,

Hom.- 8toyevis AaeprLdsc8, IroXv,.VXa 'O" vrvoe3, Xp / A v 8\y /rV'V aXOov art7XyC`)y a7roL7reLV,

rep &) 8Vpove TEC KaiGL sJ TEcEXco1AtVOv Zcrat, J ;/A7 7/AOL rptyrce lrap 7e/JEIOL AaXOOEv aXXoo.

iXOpOI ydap /OLt KETxvos /0O21 'AtIao 7rvXycrvw, Os X EPOv /EV KEvO cC/V PCL v, chXo 8r avrap yY0oV ipOe S OL cO KEl EvaL ptrra*

There are several points in this passage that demand discussion.

(a) ocrrrEp. We note that all the manuscripts of Plato, with one exception, read Worrep, while all of the manuscripts of Homer, together with one of Plato, read - 'rep. It may be that in this one manuscript of Plato has been preserved his original reading 1 7Trep, identical with that of Homer, but there are certain facts that discredit this view. For, as we shall see presently, this passage of Plato undoubtedly shows some old variants. Besides, the one manu- script of Plato that reads " irep is the only one that agrees with the Homeric manuscripts in reading r .eXEco-idvov

crrat ; so I suspect that it has been revised to agree with Homer, especially as it shows many other remarkable agreements with Homeric manuscripts. So it is quite possible that Zcrirrp is an old variant.

1 Cod. S, irep (for doreap); S, 7 7p. (for Wjs, verse 3o10); W, rereXeeaOat (for reXdeoGat); S, rereXeord1vov *ratc (for EreXe0LL). A variant reading, as often, is KE0et (for KEU). 2 Cod. D omits 58 (verse 309); A and many others, KpaveCo (for povCo); C (second hand), 7p. .qpovt; D, tOrl (verse 3Io); E, rp-fovre; D, rpoir-re; A Townl., raphSeporo; A, -yp. raphiuevoc; many cod., Ke0~E; H, Keq5?7'; many cod., Ep)e Kr TTal e 7r7eXEodAvov PoraL (verse 314).

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I92 George Edwin Howes.

(b) KpavOw. All the manuscripts of Plato give Kpavcow, while those of Homer give Kpavco or 4povCw. Both readings are recog- nized by Eustathius (751, 5), - Kpav wo Y povCo, &X vap ypd-

(crEaL. Aristarchus favored 0povCo, for in Schol. Ven. A we read,-

'Ap&rapXoX 7 rcp 8 qpov"io, and in Townl.,--a "ApLctrdpXov povCw.

(c) rEXE C-OaL t6w1. The best manuscripts of Plato read rcXE- coOatL o'w, while the Homeric manuscripts have ErcrcXcaCLvov

craL. This Homeric reading is supported, as I have said, by one

manuscript of Plato. If that correctly represents Plato's original reading, then the two authors agree and no discussion is necessary. But the weight of evidence points to a real Homeric variant, 7rcX-

c'a-0a da . For in verse 314 Plato's manuscripts read

rTeTXEa-Lvov Eocrat, which is supported as a variant by many manuscripts of Homer, and by a scholion in Ven. A, - &v JAXX(' 1 Kal TE rTXeX EcL Evov

ZEraL. It seems unlikely that two verses so near together should have the same ending, and so I think that reXEcrO-at d'o is the right reading for Plato in verse 310o and represents an old variant of Homer, which Plato has here preserved.

(d) Of the omission of verse 311 I shall speak later.

(e) Kat r7ETEEXuVOV o'raL (verse 314). While most of the

manuscripts of Homer show /OL

tOKE E LaL tpl-ra, the reading of the manuscripts of Plato is

K TrrETE.XcueOvOV oTocrat, which is

supported by many manuscripts of Homer, and by the scholion of Ven. A, -ev JXXW( s Kra'

TeTrEF.cu'VOV EoUrtL.

Taking the passage as a whole, I think that the variants of Plato gain sufficient confirmation from the manuscripts and scholia of Homer, to entitle the whole quotation to our thoughtful considera- tion, as probably representing an early version of Homer.

2. Hipb. Mijin. 371 B--11. 9, 650-655: Plat.' ov yap -rplv 7roXEAloto pE'Sao/Lat atLQardEvro1T,

7rplv y' v yv IIpldlpoto ad povog, 'EKropa SZOv,

Mvp/tLdwvov Et'l TE KXLLAt

Kac vtya~l KEOcLat

KTELVOVT7 Apyedov1, Ka'R TE

d.X caL rvp' vy9al

LKLo KE SLL '

T) ?u

tv^^ J

U KXLFliT Ka' vy'

TLEX(l0 'EKT0pa Kalt EpOTawG-a L Fq aXycaeOaL &lw.

1 Cod. S, oidfa5c; Vindob. suppl. 7, ,XVLat.

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 193

Hom.1 o0 yap irplv lroXc/oLo cA SjoJ-o/ at a/ aTrdVTOs, irptlv y' vtv

IIptLoto Sai'povo, 'EKTopa &ov,

Mvp,~i8odvwv dirt' T KALLrt~ KaU Vag~ LKcrcTOaL KElvovr '"ApydovS, Ka7cLa 7c c E TC aV 7rVp vaR. aL4u oE TOL r 7o t L KXLcT,?) KcUVT'l E v- udva)

'EKxTopa Kac bLLcLa'a

17aagl, (Xlar(cOat 0`6.

That the reading 4XE'eat, given by the manuscripts of Plato, is a real Homeric variant, is shown from the scholion in Ven. A, -

oo" wI

,u V aL 'ApicrapXog. OSC S' Kal TvV cbXELatL ypa 'rv. 7tL yp. Kac KaLT

SE4 XE'eat. The word upv is due perhaps to carelessness on the

part of the scribe. The difference between ',., and C'iq is too

slight and too common to call for comment.

3. Axiock. 367 D= I. 17, 446-447:

. rv7m1, aa 7 \ yaav frveL 3 S pOL .7vrvv ocrcr-a Te yatav CortVCEL T Kc Cpret.

Horn.' oi /Ev y yp n( 'rov'

r&-CLv O1ivpxJ'TpOV cplv po 7raV'TWV, ocrcra Te C)/aLV E7rL 7TrvCLL rC Kac Ep7rCL.

That the reading 7ror' of Plato is probably correct for that author is shown by Stobaeus,8 who quotes these very words from Plato. In another passage,4 where he gives the same words, Stobaeus seems to be quoting directly from Homer. If that is so, he helps to show that

7rroT may be an old variant for Homer.

4. Leg. 3, 68I E=-11. 20, 217-218:

Plat. iv rcs'o

WErce~drXCro, rZd7XQ E0p'iProv &vp4rv, aXX' 0' v7roWpela6 Kovv 7roXvrrLS8Kov "Ir8S.

Hom. Eiv 7rc0 lre'7crorXdhr-o, r70oXL JEPO7rWtov cvOp oiro)WV, cXX' .J.O.. .pEta KEOV iroXvirS aKO 318&.

The change from pKEOV to CO"KOVV is undoubtedly the work of a scribe.6 That Plato's manuscripts had 0KEOV in early times is clear from the fact that Strabo7 thus quotes from Plato:

1 Cod. G, o-Ai4at; L, dpyeiovS 7~ KarTa0o7L(at;

some cod., JA40 or I/q. 2 Cod. H Vrat d, oltvp6repov; D, 6o-a.

Floril. 98, 7 5. 4 Floril. 98, 51. Cod. G, dXX' tO'; E, -KOVV; many cod., 7roXv7rLUKov.

6 We have had a similar example of contraction in Xpvoovv in Minos, 319 D=

Od. II, 569; cf. above p. 190. 7 13, I, 25 (C 593).

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194 George Edwin Howes.

Ev 7reCU ~rerdoXrrto, r6XL~ /Acpo'rrov avOporrov, &XX' CO'

)ropeltaO KCOV

WOUV.TLr8 KOV 1SY9.

This quotation of Strabo shows also that Plato wrote 7roXv7L8- KOv. That this was a variant of Homer we know both from the manuscripts and from Schol. Ven. A, - yp. 7roXv-rLtScKOV.

5. Lysis, 214 A= Od. 17, 2 8:

Plat. atl oL rOt o AYv 6oloV YL yet 0c ToV bo olov

Hom.'x at'cL rov O.oltov lyet OcEs d( TvoV AMotov. This same verse is quoted three times by Aristotle. In two

instances2 his manuscripts agree with those of Homer, but in the third3 case he gives the same reading as Plato. It looks, therefore, as if there might have been, even in early times, a variation between

aile roL and s atle. 6. Leg. 6, 777 A=

Od..17, 322-323:

Plat.4 LL(v yadp rc vdov, (Acrqtv, 7raLCelpEraL epvora Zevs avG pw v, ov's v S\ Kar SovLkov V/Xap ZMEAL.

Hom. 7Atv yp T"7' ap7c7 dqroatvvTra E~vpvora Zcvb avIpos, Tav /V JLV KaT SoXLov

qLtap X?)o-Lv.

At first sight it would seem as if the only explanation of the great difference between the quotation and the apparent original, would be to suppose a serious lapse of memory on the part of Plato. Fortu-

nately for our investigation, and fortunately for a better idea of a

possible explanation of such differences generally, we have the testi-

mony of both Athenaeus5 and Eustathius, to show that Plato is here

giving an old variant, of which there is no trace in the manuscripts or scholia of Homer. Athenaeus, to be sure, is quoting from Plato, and really substantiates the correctness of the text of Plato alone; but he seems to have accepted Plato's text as a correct Homeric

quotation. Besides, we read in Eustathius (1766, 55), - prv 7yP , rap c7/7 &wa~ra pc7aL t cpvorra Zvca WVSp ovs, O av 8 q\ KaUt C'e s, U rCp

1 Cod. CDKL, es (for the second WJs); M, s. 2 Eth. Eud. 7, I (p. 1235 a 7) and Rhet. I, II (p. 1371 b 16). 8 Mag. Moral. 2, II (p. 12o8 b Io). SCod. A (first hand), adraelperat. 5 6, 264.

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ovyu'aae d O 7rapapct 'runv Uots pyaa KcLT &cpol' v ypafrAv, W~tarv yc'p T

voov c7ral/clp TaL. With this testimony before him even La Roche,

who in his text of Homer feels obliged to follow the Homeric manu- scripts, is forced to admit, -" id vero negari non potest, Platonem et Athenaeum in Homero suo scriptum reperisse yc p rE voOV dra-

G. NEW READINGS IN PLATO.

Now we come to those quotations from Homer which, although in individual variants they receive some confirmation from other sources, in general may be said to offer readings not elsewhere sub- stantiated. These passages, however, should be viewed in the light of the points already discussed. Note, for example, the passage just dismissed. From a chance quotation of Athenaeus and from a remark of Eustathius, we are able to maintain a position that might otherwise have seemed untenable. A very easy explanation of the following passages is to assume that Plato by quoting from memory has wrongly given readings that never existed as real Homeric variants. Now, although that supposition may be true in some instances, it must not be assumed beforehand. In fact, I think that, in view of the many passages already discussed in which Plato has evidently quoted with accuracy, it is fairer to assume - unless we find strong evidence to the contrary - that Plato, whether he quoted from memory or not, has given what was in his text of Homer. In some of the following passages there is not much to be said, except to note the points of difference between the quotation and the accepted text of Homer.

I. Hf-ip. Aiin. 370 C = I. I, I69-171: Plat. viv S' cTOu OL'4tvS', rwc wroX X W't1v

Er7TLV olKO/as V Ilrv a- Q V27V0 KOpWVWfLV, OVME 0 aL) 4vO6 ' aTLtLOs &iV a4EVOS KaL wXoi"%-OV &JAv$ELV.

Hor.2 viv " S' cL t/u v 6, 8 el /t 7 ̀7ov (EVPTEPOV CUMLV

otKcS' I Acv V v'VqV'L KOpWV cLV, oV38 cr( to' vO.S' .TLt/LOS cV 4CEVO3 KclL moiov &4v$cLv.

1 In his Adnotatio Critica on this passage. 2 A few cod. have &bevov.

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I96 George Edwin Howes.

2. Rep. 3, 389 E-=-I. 3, 8 and 4, 431: Plat. toav

/,ivea

7rvelovres ' AXaol,

otyY 0L70;m&O Cr/Lavropas, Hom. (II. 3, 8) o1 8p' p' av -ar7?t /yLvea Wrvelovres 'AXatol Hom.' (1. 4, 431) OcrLYy s~ec&TES yllqvuaropas"

L u t racr"

It seems to me it would be unfair to Plato's education and scholar- ship, to assume that he has ignorantly brought together two verses that belong to different books of the Iliad. More natural is it to think that these two parts of verses were given to illustrate the point under discussion, namely the proper relation of men to their leaders. The absence of crLay- may be due either to Plato, who may have preferred not to use the same word in two successive lines of his dialogue, or, as seems to me more likely, to a scribe, who on seeing two examples of

-Ly?^, may have thought one of them a mistake of

his predecessor.

3. Reb. 2, 379 E-=-I.

4, 84: Plat. o;3' o'a rat'as

" v ZE5s ayaO8jV t7 KaKOJV TC T7TUKTat.

Hom.2 ZEvS3, ; 7' avOprwroy 7 tatls 7roXApoLo TrEVK7aL.

This seems to represent an entirely different version from the traditional Homeric text.

4. Rep. 3, 4o8 A=I1. 4, 218: Plat. o- o0

/tv c9raL, fl KaL T r MEvX~ K O) K 7Tpav

tTa7o oC o

IIavsapo ap3aXEv aIL' & EK/VCoTav7T o nt l 7ry To 7rLa c.arlp/naKs

mk aoc (T o v,

Hor. at/L EK/FLv4(C-Lqaas7T cL p 7r ?7rLa 4xppJ4Ka E iCLW

Apart from the verbal differences of these two passages, Plato gives us an entirely different account. According to the traditional version Machaon, after sucking the blood from the wound of Mene- laus, applies an ointment. Plato, evidently through carelessness, makes Machaon and his brother attend to the wound.

1 Cod. H, &86tbres. 2 Cod. M, acvOpcLrois; G, raidas.

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5. Rep. 5, 468 D = 1.1' 8, 162 and 1'2 12, 311: Plat. KaL1 yap J/LEL F fl% Ts OvT'LS KaCL TOL

TOLOVTOLS 7raL TOV

yay0ov\, KaO" oov v yaaooL 4,avwvTrat, KaU VVOL' K9a'

OtL VVv o XqELyOECVTrtLo?7ao?EcV, 7rpSo sk roro 70V pasL Tr Kat KpaCLV L m 7rXEOLQ 3E7rCETct W,

Hom. `Sp- TE KpLa tv rE c18\ 7rXEl'oLs SE7ircEL Since these words of Plato are not metrical, we must consider that

he is giving the substance of the passage and not quoting, for we find here in Plato changes, additions and subtractions, as compared with the original Homer.

6. Hii. MPin. 370 B= -II. 9, 357-363: Plat.8 a*tpov itp A\ l Ias, 4)?t4, KC al raL Oco-tLW,

v7pcas Ec v;as, rL7-lJv cXacL 7rpoEpVo)w,

iEfaL, at' K 'eOXlar Kot r\ KYV TOL Ta fEL,X

qpt fLX" EXkXq-rrovTov 'r" ixOvo'Ev ra rXEovoas vas, iEp/a, iv "' av3pac CpepEcrELEvac p/LaEWa)" E 8' KEV 6'7XOl' V O KXT Evwo'tyamos, 1q71arCT KEV 7pLTat p (ICOL 7V EpL/3OX0V tKOLkqjV.

Hom.4 awptov ?pC ALt pECL. KCU Ka7CTL OEOCtWoL,

vrvrcas ev vLas, c 7rlv LXca & c7poEpvTro,

b eat, 4 v OcAX-eOa K t at K7 TOTL 7/ VJXA,

,pt dcXa' CEXX-q-arovTrov t7 lXOvEVora "7kXEOv'TLa vq7as e/dLC, iv 8) ,vLpas

epEcoerEvap t vat~atWraTs

l ~E KYV E 7rXov ' 7 KXV8 VVO aLOs,

2a71rL KE 7'ptLTcLT) ?tOl'qV p L/0OJX0V LKOL/p7V.

It would seem as if either Plato had in his Homer at K', or some scribe changed *v to at K' to make it correspond to the at KEV of the last part of the verse.

7. Alcibiad. II. I4o A = 1. 0, 22 4: Plat. CTVv reT V o oKC7r TOl VO Homn."5 cv rT Sv" EPXOf LECOV, KaL tE 7erpo TOv o VOo(TCV,

1 Cod. G, ' ?T). 2 Cod. G, Tre -c . 8 Cod. S, 'v (for at K', verse 359)-

4 Cod. G, Ip&c; L, at K' tO-Xy-Oa;

L Cant, L/cXet;

Vrat b, /eCTLhXot; S, e/qXqV; G, AXtarovrovr; E, E trep (for eEl 3 KEV); D,

,0Glhv 8'.

6 Cod. G, epxo.d-vv;

L, Kal 7rot.

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I98 George Edwin Howes.

This verse of Homer is quoted entire in the Protagoras,' and the first part of it again in the Convivium.2 In those two passages Plato gives the reading of our Homeric manuscripts. Here, however, it is clear that he is parodying what was evidently a well-known verse.

8. Ion 538 C= IL. 11, 639-640 and 11, 630: Plat.3 ov( 7rpaLretL, y.7mv, r . L a'yLOV KV27 TVpOV

KVI-rTL XCAKKEC 7rap '

KpoUvov 7rrocs o'tov" Horn. (I. I I, 639 and 640)

oZvw lHpavct', rL 8' atyCLov KVK^ TvpV

KVcrTL XaXKEL' , E7rL S' Uc0 LTa XCVKa 7'rXvvc,

Hom.A (II. 11, 630)

XdXKtEOV KaCOV, 7r KpOvov, 7rot oOV, Here it would seem as if Plato had confused the endings of two

verses - 63o and 640. But our impression is modified when we read in the Republic6 these words:

r'EKuatpoaL SE, 0 L aVroV o~ vOL^

Iv TpoL'a Epvrrv'X e TETrpOJ/cv er" ovrov IIpvllp eLov aXctra roXXah rt-

"naoOtvraT Kat trvpv ErV tvoOwra.

Plato is here evidently referring to this same passage of Homer, and the words Jaltgera 7roXXa 7rrL- 7racTO'wvra show that he knew that r'l "' dX'.tra XEVKa 7radXvve or some similar expression belongs to the Homeric passage. So I think the confusion was made through design and not through ignorance.

9. Ion 539 B= II. 12, 200-207:

Plat.' Jpv;7 ypdp oA-v rkOE

iEEprlqo-'Cdvac /%auow, a '* "07rr'rl, 5r" 1PP Xav i'pyov,

4otvEvra 8pdKovrKOVTra v dv'Xo' O7rc,,pov, ov, Z7 a-cr7raLpovrTa K" Ovrw X'ETO v py.

KdoE yap a ToV cXOVTr KCT (TT?70O OS7apC &uLpV)v 18ovwels 07rLrao, 0 8' a"r7O 2EOEV KE Xa/iaCE &Xycrag 8v'VKcrL, Jp 6' O OyKL/)3/3aX' 05 XcOO

avio 1C KXay$ag E rrvro rrvot avk/uLOLO.

1 348 D. 2 174D. Cod. Vindob. suppl. 7, KVrjTl from KvO7 T7. 4Cod. G, KviTry7; H, KV TTELt S, KV. EL

.

C5 od. D, XdXKEOV; G, KvdbeoV. 3, 405 D. 7 The best cod. have 6rl aaw; Vindob. suppl. 7,

dvKifpa; others, d-yKapgaxX';

V p ra Vindob. suppl. 7, rrra7ro.

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 199

Hom.1 opvts yap a4)-wv 6rjfXOe 7rcplcrLevat /JElUawo'v,

alLEro~ VL7rE77- s7r' )ap p Aaov i pyOv, owLvCrTa SpaK0oVTra ( Ep(WV dVVXE(T(L 7XWopov

owdv, ' A<rTratpovTra KaL 7roW X0ero XaT p 0x'. KoE Yp aVoV XOVTa KarT To raapa LplV

0 OCL 07-q ai CV 18mlCIE\s dOrivw * 8 ' aS r Ev KE &-7r\E

&Xy icra- sv8'VqcL, 1dacr S' E Ka/3/aXX' 05juny

aTr~ \3 KCXdy a' 77 TErTO TrVOL a /rvo O.

With regard to the form in Plato Ey K/3/3aX' we note that it is found in two manuscripts of Homer also. It is doubtful whether

17rero is a true ancient variant or a scribe's blunder.

io. Leg. 4, 706 E? II. 14, 96-102: Plat.2 '3 KcXca 7t 7OXEOLO

cVEVcTrTOao KaL UaVT-V

vias ivotEXovsLv &XaS' EXKELV, 'Pp' ETL bL0AOV

Tpwacrt 1v E KTr yerv7raL EXo0/evotLcrL 7rep /rLz7fl, jlZvS 8' atir oXAeOpos rLppCrry 0o yap 'AXatLo

Xl-jovcwV oX o tov vV(ov aXaa"' EXKOtCV&oWV,

XX' aro7ra7rravCovcrL, epwrV)rovTL 3S Xplus EvOC KE cr /ovU) 8&X-Jr cETaL, o &yopctvcs.

Hom.3 0' KERXaL 7roXEl/OLO vUVErTaOT0S KaL aVTvg

vra vcrrELAovs SXa S' X K " 1kEv V, o~pp E7tL OXXov

Tpwocri L4v E?Krah yevlrat 7r-LKpaTcovrL t7rEp ell7,

jutv ' aiir oXAeOpos Er7ppC7rry. oi y\p 'AXaLto

rjXrovr r 0 ov vrl^v kV a 8' XKOLCvaWV, &XX rrorrawrravEOVcrwL, epoWrovLsC X dpPrys. EVOa KC cl ovX'Ui 7X'area7qaL opXakcL Xaw v.

There are several words in this passage of Plato that need to be noted.

(a) ZXKctV. This form is one of those Atticisms that are probably due to scribes.

1 Cod. G, adi-Xie; G omits xovrra and adds rb after Kar&; S, Jv; H Townl., yxdi3pp3aX'; many cod., KcidL3pa'; G,

7r'reo 7-'orw l'vo .

2 Cod. A, ebio-XLovUs. 3 Cod. C, -yd6ouro; S, brel KparcToOUL ; C Barocc., bL-pp&roL; Lips,

.-LrppdrCL; E, 5"'

iXKogevdEwv; H, draarTaVovorv; many cod., dwrorradovov;

S, 6pxa.t e avpw^v.

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200 George Edwin Howes.

(b) XdeolvotL-L. This reading is not so pleasant to me as the Homeric ETLKPaT ovUrL, for it merely repeats the idea expressed in e~KTf. Still, it is intelligible, and Plato may have had it in his text of Homer.

(c) roXc'tov. This form is undoubtedly a mistake of the copyist, as the sentence demands an accusative as the direct object of arx7-

orovcv, and not a genitive of separation, for that is supplied by v?7Wv.

(d) oC dyopEVeCs. This is one of the common verse-endings of Homer. In the Homeric text we have another common ending opXa/e

Xawov. We shall have to ascribe the difference in Plato's

text either to Plato or his scribes, unless we may imagine that differ- ent rhapsodists may sometimes have used different verse-endings, in case the general sense of the passage was not affected thereby. Then Plato's phrase might represent a real tradition.

IX. Rep. 8, 545 D =I. 16, I 112-113:

Plat.' fpoched, oO-Ep

"Orpos, .i...

a ra-; Moiaoe eLirycv 7t, 07roS Sq 7TrrpW)TOV

TTcZ r 97- ccrc, Hom.

2o&7rCTe vVv 1tOL UOVCOaL

OXV/taoo TLa ~O/Lka CIa'

XOVO'atj

07r7T)n' 8q )pT(rov rr-p -C1Cr-C vv7vo'v "AXatLv.

Here in Plato, as often 'in the manuscripts of Homer, we read

rro p, where the metre demands a long penult. The introduction of the word

o-rTdCL serves to parody this well-

known verse of Homer.

12. APol. 28 C = Il. 18, 96 : Plat. an'Ka yadp rTOL, O t, bEO'

' EKropa ro'TuosE 7 TOLLsro

Hom. alTrKa yaP 70 C7'7rea LuO ' 'EKropa 7roT/~Os TO~io~.

In this passage 4-L',

which is generally extra metrum, has appar- ently crowded out the regular word &ctr a, and has taken its place in the hexameter.

13. Apol. 28 D=- I. 18, Io4:

Plat.8 rrap& vqrvo-t KOp wVl LLv aXOoS apoipvPrl. Hom. aXX' ILaL 7raph vvvtlv dTcrtW o v X003 pou'p" ,

1 Bas 2, vireo e. 2 Cod. Lips, 67rw~. 3 Cod. B, KOPWv7nITOL (the t added above vn by a second hand); D,

KopwvarW.

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Whether here Plato has used, carelessly, an epithet KOpoWVlvLv, in place of the traditional

rWfcov, or whether he gives us an old

Homeric variant, is uncertain.

14. Conziv. 195 D 1. 19, 92-93: Plat.' rTg LvO' &waXo' 'oSs 0- o1 yap r' o8 EoVC

7rtXvarat, iXX pa 7L7 yE KaT ' vSpwv KpaaTa flatlvL. Homa oZXoivke T) 4ur v 0' daIraXoL 0rd es o yap i ' o~s3V

7TlXvaraL, aXXt pa 77 yE Ka VpoV KpaTa 3aLVEL

That Plato really wrote r71g seems clear from Stobaeus,s who, in quoting him, gives the verse as we find it in Plato. That Plato is here preserving an old tradition is seen from a scholion in Ven. A,- o07wr (i.e. 7Tr) 'Apt'roapXoS,

`X.XoLt 7r /v 0' a7raXol.

This reading - r - has otherwise entirely vanished from the manuscripts of Homer with the exception of one manuscript, in which it is preserved, more perhaps through carelessness than actual tradition. Stobaeus shows us, too, that Plato wrote oi'Scos. As both genitive and dative seem admissible here, Plato may well be preserving an old variant in the form ovScos.

15. Rep. 3, 388 C=11. 22, 168-169: Plat. w (TT E 7ror L 7ro( Va ( /)Xov avSpa

8tWKOLVOV 7rEpL a(rTv 6c0aaXlo-uLv 0p0LaLt. iELkOV S OXOcvpeTraL 7Trop

Hom. 7dWO7roT, (I /(Aov avSpa StoKdvov o7rEp TE xos oO&aX/Aountv 6p lkaLt iE/hv 8' S'pXoXppe7aL q7Top

aoTrv may be an old variant.

16. Crat. 392 E11. 22, 507: Plat. oto, ydp

orPtv pvro rr-6XLv KaL TL'Ca ELaKpa.

Hom.4 otos yadp cr tv Cpvcro 7 TrXa Kai TELXea fLaKpd. To adapt the verse to his sentence Plato changed the verb from

second person to third, without any violence to the metre. To whom the change of sr v'Xas to ~d'6Xv is due is uncertain. The words are so similar that one might have been substituted for the other at almost any time.

1 Cod. T, 7rtXvarac (from 'risvarat); B, nwraraT. 2 Cod. S, rjs; G, palvot. Floril. 63, 36. Cod. D, yadp puv.

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202 George Edwin Howes.

17. Ion 537 A = I. 23, 335-340" Plat.' KXtvOBvat Se, O7crl, Kat avTo V CvTTW CVL S' py

)K 7 aptrcEpt TOtLV Tapr TovY OELtV L'770rOV KeVOtU O/LOKX'cTa1, EaL Tre' OL fll'U aXp iV.

iv v( 780i rot T ros dptaorEp

" s7yXpufAT;j,

O aV TO 7r yE rX yOCETC L aL rKPOV

LKECoOat KVKXOV 7rOLt TOlO -L Oov 8" SXaOaLO trravpatv.

Hom.2 aCL7O KXLYVOvaL v7rX KrTO Evl &Ct/ p 3 ' 3 7K C7T apltOTEpa TOLV c aTap ToV cE0OV 7TrOV

KVo tL bOLOKXr as, iatre TC O vla Xcp LV.

iv voor1 8' roL T7ro3 dapL'rEpo yXpL~LL~T7,

Od av TOL 7t rXtvlrl yE 80od'orataL .aKpOV

LKELTOat KVK OV TOLqTOO XlO'Ov aS O EacrOaL ETaravpyEv,

It is uncertain whether the difference in the order of the first few words in Plato is due to him or not. For iv$io-rT9, however, we have a twofold testimony. In the first place it is given by one of the

manuscripts of Homer. Besides, Xenophon"- though giving a different case of the word and adapting the sentence to the construc- tion of his own - gives this quotation:

aVTOVrb KXLvVOvaL 4V$ETToV O 7rt St'4pov K r aplUTepa TOLtv, aTap Trv ~c$tO V T7rrov

K VaOL oLOKU7roav E$at 7E o' 17v a cpot. But while he gives some support to v$E'0r-T, he does not offer any for the order of words as given by Plato.

18. Rep. 3, 388 A--I/. 24, 10-12 :

Plat. IIdXLv 8 'Olpov re road6LE8Oa Ka 7Trwv T *

v ro7lr)oTWv t

rotLEv 'AXIXE'a, OEa^ rraiSa,

,kXor' 1 rt 7Xcvpa1 KaTaKE~lVOV, aXXOTe 8" av"TE

V7rTTov, aXXorE 81 rrpy^v, TorE 8" pOv o vacrTavra

rXWLovTr dXVOVr E7rt Ov Xb dTrpvyEroto,

1 Cod. S, evUrXKTrq;

Vindob. suppl. 7, /q7. 2 Cod. D, evrSWwt lt;

D, vz6ost; many cod., -yXprtOiw w; L Lips, 7rX~/L7; E, 6WoareT7t.

3 Conviv. 4, 6.

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Hom.' Maor'T 17l XCvpa(L KaTaKeLLrVOs, &Aor 8' a'TE

V7TLOS, orSe'To S p 7vs - rorTe 8 opOos avaorTs

Svcv'c a-K &aXtv; siap aOWv XO's. oi S pLv j Since Plato is adapting these verses to the structure of his own

sentences, he uses the accusatives KavaKETLK CVov, rTLOv, 7rp7v),

SpO6v, &vacradvra and &XvSovr' in place of the corresponding nomi- natives. With the exception of Avacraivwra, however, they do not violate the metre.

If vXawto~r' in the manuscripts of Plato is what he really wrote, either he had rXwI'cr-K' in his Homeric text, or else he introduced it for a parody. If the reading is corrupt, the suggestion of Heyne2 is a good one. He thinks that Plato does not offer a new reading, but is merely interpreting the verse of Homer, and that he wrote 7rpo wovr', which included the idea suggested in the last words of the verse, o~ C ~Lv Ljs. A scribe to whom the verb 7rpotw' was unknown might easily have changed it to rXowL'o, a verb that does occur a few times.

The word &dpvyT o to may have been added by Plato, to com- plete the verse metrically.

19. Ion 538 D= 11. 24, 80-82: Plat.3 K oXvflSaL'v id, if p3v4robv tKa vcv,

rTe Kar dypa4Xoto /obs K'pa a ippe/avta

IpXEvaL O)t;/OLV w/A WXG1KYL Kvjpa 4Tpovoa.

(a) rKavY). Though this is a weaker word than *povrv, it may, for all that, have stood in Plato's Homer.

(b) ilceavia. This is a form that might easily have been changed by a scribe from flePflavZa; but we find that it was really

1 Cod. D (verse ii) omits U6; Syr (verse ii), 58; Vrat d, 5' as; S, vetpaow'. 2 Variae Lectiones et Observationes in Iliadem, vol. viii., p. 585. 8 Cod. Vindob. suppl. 7, Irvbu?d' (for fpvabv); t, ,rvOduO (in margin); S, Kipa (for

4 Many cod., PvObv; S, B7sObv; D, .ttetavia; G, egefgavtaas.

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204 George Edwin Howes.

recognized as a distinct reading. For it is so given in one manu- script of Homer and is referred to in a scholion of Ven. A, - iv Xkkpo /A /Lcl/Aav Ita.

(c) irgv/a. This word, too, though it is considerably different in form from Kgpa and is not found in the manuscripts of Homer, is a real ancient variant. Proof of this fact is accidentally preserved for us by a scholion in Ven. A, - ivtat TWr Kav Tar dXft 17" 1XO&rt 74rla

4Epovcra" roa'rovo" yp r' iX LWV K p a XyElw. If it were not for this

one scholion, we should be obliged to say of this reading, as of others, that it may represent a real variant, or it may be due to Plato's carelessness.

20. Rep. 2, 379 C= II. 24, 527-532 : Plat.' OVK pa, /v 8 y, 7ToSKTEKOV OvTe O pov oi7C' ov XXov

v 7rO7 Tavr 7yv V aLaprtav rrEpt 7ov~ avosro~s d.Xapravov'ro Kal X7oVTooS,

S OLto" 8rotL KavaKearat iv

Atbs o'SEL K7/p()v YAVrXeLOL,

' V CaO8XGv, aVi7rp

' etLXWv'

KaL wEV iV /LLf o Z v; S Cyalk07EOT(pWV,

aMore fLV ee TCKaK95 0 yE KEpE atL XXoTE S' i'rXoi

8" ' &v , &XX' KpaRa 7a Tpa, Tr ob ,KKi

4 PoflpoVrL9

T rti X0dva Oav XaV av'e

Hom.l 527 0otot ydp re 7rtOOL KaraKEaRatL Z Ato o'St

528 BSpwvV ota

tSowcot, KaKWV, TErpos

SE caoyV.

529 q) /V KS 1EtVK a/ 8 ZeVI ;TEp=rLKpavVO, 530 X 7oTe T KW 0 KK~ yC KvpTa, aXo6e ' 0TX- 531 ~E E WjVS XKvypvy B&7, XPofPlr ov O6E

532 Kal C KaK\ f0V&portTS i7rt X6Oova -av CXavvec,

We feel pretty sure that Plato's text has been transmitted to us

correctly, for Eusebius,3 in quoting the passage ,e

8Soto ... .&av Xav'vEt from Plato, gives the same manuscript readings, except d4/oo. ro)pwV 86 (for 8& A^,&orwpov)

and yE (for re, verse 530). This might

1 Many cod., Kaggi4as; a few cod., dciE~las or daval/ar. 2 A papyrus fragment, KaraRKetaE; cod. L, 6' (verse 528); cod. Townl. omits

verse 528; L, K' alc'far; papyrus, daigetlas; D (verse 531), Wolh; G Flor, o6popwolrs. 8 PraeP. Ev. 13, 3 (p. 643)-

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appear to be one of the cases where Plato is quoting from memory. For as part of the passage is metrical and part is in Plato's own words, it looks as if he knew the exact words of only a part of the Homeric passage. If we admit this view, we must maintain that in verse 528, which appears so different in Plato, he thought he was quoting exactly. Then either this verse represents real old variants, or else Plato was greatly mistaken in what he thought he knew.

21. Re. 4, 424 B= Od. I, 352: Plat. dAX'

1 oJ'dv rE ,d7Xutra

'Va6i-TeLV, 4/oflovouO, o rav ats

yq, 7V rqvotS.iv /LaXXAov ,E opovTov L dvopwroL,

77Lt; OaVT aaOO r

L Vc7ura)v d/ti,'Xkrat, Hom.1 7"s L

KOV6VTE '-CtL V

rWTaT7)

&L tG7rcqatL. In substituting aEdo'vr7C0crL for aKOvdvTrco'oL,

Plato is evidently parodying the verse somewhat.

22. Conviv. 220 C = Od. 4, 242 : Plat.2 oov S' av 7T6 z

p~. Kat EXV KaprEpo coavqp

Hom. &XX' otov rdSp' ~pe Kai &7Xr KaprEp 6o V; vp

23. Rep. 3, 390 A= Od. 9, 8-1o: Plat. raparXEltaL (L TparTEtal

o'lTov Kat Kp~LWV, /Av K KP77T7pO aDvooWV

otvoXOOs 4(opP'GJL Ka' LyXc?1 86'7EcrcL, Hom.8 eotLEVOL 7et',rapa E S XXOjW tL TrpC'rtaL

oLtrOV Kat KPELWV, /AEOv " K Kp r7pOo da v(crOwv

otvoxOO( 4op'c L Kal EIyXc 8' r &er "L The word 7raparrXkcaa, if not a real drae as I suspect it is, is

surely very uncommon and would not come from a copyist, except by a most egregious blunder; nor would it result from 'lapse of memory,' it seems to me. It is more likely that the word was in Plato's Homer.

1 Cod. E, 7 KEV. 2 All cod. have ac7rb; B, ippete (with the pp where an erasure has been made). 8 Cod. PS, 7rXiOovo-; AMV, U (for 8' dK).

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206 George Edwin Howes.

24. Meno Ioo A-- Od. Io, 495 : Plat.' olov ~47 "O1/Apoi iv rolt rEOvetaOv rov TELpeoiav elvat,

X'ywv rep' avTro, rtL Otos rrTVVTaL rcTV ov Iv ASov 7ot S CTKa, aLoTtoOV'tL.

Hom." oU) 7TErrvOat aL olt0 CKLaU atlTovrLv.

In codex L of Homer, just as in the manuscripts of Plato, a scribe, thinking that roL should agree with crKLat, has changed it to the feminine form. In the manuscripts of Plato the scribe has gone one step farther and given the Attic form at.

25' Rep. 3, 386 D = Od. 10, 495: Plat." oLf rTervcrV0at, 7alt S KLC' aWO' ov(L Hom.4 olo e 7(r

rvoOat"

- t KLL r Co cG- COUWcLV.

Here, again, in Plato we have a change similar to that in the pre- ceding passage, but the scribe has changed merely the gender, and has not given the Attic form.

26. Axioch. 368 A= Od. 15, 245-246: Plat. bov S' 'AufSPapaov rt p~L rwv;

7TV 7rfpL K7pL kXEL ZeVS 7T a OyL0OS Kal 'AroXXov

7ravTro l 0 4XrTT' OV8 LKETO yOpao" o ov.

Hom.5 O"v 7repL Kypt Sf)Xe Zev', 7' aTalytO KaL 'A7ro'XXwv

7ravTo tyv 4SXtoX j',""' o3 KETro y paos o6v,

In Homer the relative ov has its antecedent in the preceding verse. Plato may well have preferred to make his sentence more

complete by writing r Tv. Plato may have had ra-rotLf in his Homeric text, but a simple

explanation of the form would be that a scribe, supposing that

4LXOr7r'" was in the dative case, changed 7ravTol v to 7ravro"l.-

1 Schanz, in spite of al in the best codices, has followed Cobet in editing rol. 2 Cod. L, ral; D, rT^. 8 A few cod., roL. 4 Cod. L, rat; D, 7r^. 6 Cod. N, rbv; D, ess (for Ze~ r'); L, Kai

OaV7hv : yp. Ka

cvr,6Owv. 6 The best codices of Stobaeus, who (Flori. 98, 75) quotes this passage from Plato, give the verses just as we have them in Homer.

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27. Ion 539 A= Od. 20, 351-357: Plat.x 8aaLovOL, 71 KaKoV

7d6 rr"aXE7e; VVK7L /cV V/'WV

EXvCaaL KccaXaLa t 7rpoofrca E VP- E TE yv a, oL/Looy? E &(&'r1e, 8CasKpvvTaL ta rrapEtaL" EdSXArv 7 r71XOv 7rpyovopov, 7XElr8' Ka' a X"k fLEvwv "Ep 8ce os - o' Z4ov o/EXLo; 8

ovpavov iealrdAkXwXE, KaKV 8" 7 CrteS8pOUEv aXXkvs

Homr.2 8ELXOL, 'L KaKoV ir 6o erao3XE i ; vVKr thLV t 'LWv EhXvanaL KeoaXa TE lrpo'k-oorda

rE /EpOc rE yo v va. oi/Loy?8 ,? 8C&rE, aE8C&sKpvVs aL 8' 7rapELtaL

CI8XwSv X o roV 7rp0dOvpov, wrXdvr 8~ Kat air?7, C

u'vv "Epeflos 8 ' rL So'Zov o4XLol ;8

o3pavoi a~roXoXE,

KaKV 8' rtLSpO/LE v aXXu . The expression

' 8ELXot is so common in Homer that it must

have been well known to Plato. Sato/dvtot, too, though generally found in the singular, occurs in Odyssey 4, 774 in the plural. It is possible that it was a variant here in Odyssey 20, 351, though it may be a mistake of Plato's.

yvta is a good Homeric word and may be a variant for this verse. On the omission by Plato of verse 354 I shall speak in the next

section. The variants re and 8 need no comment, for these words are

often confused in manuscripts.

H. OMISSIONS IN PLATO.

There are four passages in which Plato in quoting from Homer has omitted a verse. These are: Hippias Minor 365 A'= Iliad 9, 308- 314; Republic 2, 364 D= Iliad 9, 497-501; Republic 2, 363 BI= Odyssey i, o109-113 ; Ion 539 A'= Odyssey 20, 351-357.

These verses are, in a way, similar. For no one of them is neces- sary to the general sense of the passage in which it stands. The

1 Cod. W, 6,lyv; best codices, 4sjla5. 2 Cod. D, &WeXol; KS, ipiarac; CDKQS, rXgov; A, qr&&pcqaev. 8 Verse 311 is omitted. 4 Verse 498 is omitted.

Verse x xo is omitted. 6 Verse 354 is omitted.

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208 George Edwin Howes.

explanation of the omission is not at all certain. Plato may not have had these verses in his text; for we remember that in the Flinders Petrie fragment one verse, and possibly two, known in our manuscripts of Homer, are omitted. Or Plato may have omitted the verses either purposely or accidentally. Or the omission of them may be due to scribes; for we notice that in the manuscripts of Homer, too, single verses are occasionally omitted by scribes.

I. ONE SPECIAL PASSAGE.

There is one passage in Plato that from its uniqueness demands attention. It is in Alcibiades II.J It purports to be from Homer, and contains in indirect quotation the substance of five verses, only one of which is found in our Homeric manuscripts. The passage in Plato, most of which is metrical, is as follows: 4Oluiv yap rovs Tp&as ovravXLv

rrotov/,E'ovo p8L davdaroat'0L XL EX-)E'a- ;Kardo/fla" qv 8e KVTOaV E'K rov" 7TES TV r

v"aOVV cu EpELv ovpav0v do-o

78sEiav" - 18 o' rt 96oi" uLaKapas 8oL

1 ETE-Eat, o8' ECeXELV. AXa aY'p -tv -7 ro7XET0 IXt o tpq Kat' IIpta/ios Ka" Xa", 3v/LEXWX IIptLd/Loto

The passage has been thus restored in the Iliad:

Hom.-2 1. 8, 548-552

[Ep ov 8' art rcOLocL TEX'a-a-a .

Kard/flas.]

KVtO-rV S' K "7tE8'OV OVEpoOL dpaov o pavbv doJo

[~SdEav" rT7S 8' o ) T OEoNt

ladKapE 8a7'OV70, oiX8' OEXov" /-aXa ydp oaLvw d7r'X0ero 'IXUto plp Ka IIp apuos Ka Xa v63

E~.UEXtw IIptc4*OLO].

As the Alcibiades II. belongs to the list of works that are probably spurious, we should not attribute much weight to this passage as one of Plato's. But, as the work is probably of high antiquity, even if Plato did not write it, the passage will serve to illustrate once more the fact that there are old variants of Homer,. and even whole verses, preserved for us by ancient authors alone.

1 149 D. 2 Cod. CD (second hand) EGHL, KVPTO7,V.

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 209

CONCLUSION WITH REGARD TO PLATO'S QUOTATIONS.

As this completes the list of passages in which Plato quotes from Homer, it may be well to emphasize the lesson of these quotations. Some scholars have thought that the differences between the read- ings of our Homeric manuscripts and those of Plato are best and most easily explained by assuming that Plato quoted from memory, and that his memory was very faulty. Whether, in general, Plato quoted from memory or not, is still a doubtful point. I am willing to admit that that supposition offers the best explanation of some few passages. If sometimes he quoted from memory and sometimes looked up the passage, we have no means of ascertaining which quotations are the result of one method and which are the result of the other. For if I have not shown that ajjarent mistakes cannot be taken as the test of that question, my paper has been in vain. Besides, as I have already stated, there is nothing at all inconsistent in quotation from memory and correctness. Let me say, as a kind of summary, that in general these are the reasons that influence me to believe that, whether he quotes from memory or not, Plato's quotations are to be weighed very carefully, and not rejected merely because at variance with traditional readings. (i) Very many verses as quoted by him agree with our traditional text. (2) Many verses evidently owe their variants to careless copyists, who, in many instances, have changed the epic to the Attic form. That Plato is not responsible for these Atticisms is often shown by other passages, in which the same verses are given just as our Homeric manuscripts have them. (3) Some variants are supported either by Homeric manuscripts, or by scholia, or by ancient authors. Of scholia and authors we know that only a small percentage have come down to us. If more were extant, we should undoubtedly receive confirma- tion for still more of these variants of Plato. (4) Papyrus fragments in general, and the Flinders Petrie fragment in particular, show that ancient manuscripts had many readings far different from those that have come down to us from other sources. We should not be sur- prised, therefore, to find that Plato, or any other ancient author, pre- sents us with many variant readings. In fact, we should be properly surprised if they did not show these variants. We might then

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2IO George Edwin Howes.

reasonably suspect that the readings they gave had been tampered with, to adapt them to our later tradition. Therefore I feel con- vinced, that to the existence of Plato's manuscripts we are indebted for a great many ancient Homeric readings that otherwise would have been lost to us.

Aristotle's Quotations from Homer.

Let me pass on at once to the Homeric passages quoted by Aristotle.

A. No VARIANTS.

First I shall list those passages in which the manuscripts of Aristotle - so far as collated by Bekker - show an entire agreement with those of Homer, with no variants for either author. There are

twenty-eight of these passages.

I (and 2). Rhet. 3, 14 (p. 1415 a 15) and Poet. 19 (p. 1456 b 16)

=-- I. I, I:

?UqVLtV a EI OEac, 3. Poet. 25 (p. 1461 a io)=I1. I, 50:

ovpyal /.LV WrpwTov"

4. De Mundo 6 (p. 397 b 26)= IJ. i, 499 and I. 5, 754:

aKpOTaT-y KOpVcy

5. Pol. I, 12 (p. 1259 b 13)=L- I, 544 and often:

7raTrTp avapwv Te Oc(Wv TE

6. Poet. 25 (p. 461 a I6)= 11. 2, 1-2:

XXoL LEV pM a EcoL' E Kati dvE'pe EV8ov 7ravVVXLOL

Here, as often, Aristotle omits part of a verse.

7. Eth. Nic. 8, 13 (p. i161 a I4)= II. 2, 243 and often:

'Aya,4tvova 7rotl va XaGv

8. Poet. 21 (p. I457 b II)=11. 2, 272 :

4 8 -AVP" '08vce;T OXcAL iopyev" 9. Rhet. I, 6 (p. 1363 a 6)= I1. 2, 298:

atyrXpov Trot &pdv rE CEVELtV*

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 21 I

10. Pol. 3, I6 (p. 1287 b 14)-=11. 2, 372 : TOLOVTOL 8Ka /UOL OVUOp'LP LOVCS.

I1. Frag. 143 (P. 1502 b 8) = II. 3, 298-300:

Zcv KV8LTC UEYLOUTTC Katl Ova'roL Oco'L A~Xot, 67r7ro~TpoL 7rprTCpoL V7rip OpKLa 7rVMivcLav, C0 E4' EyKE4OaX0 Xaui-SL9 pIEOL Wi 68C o voS.

12. Probl. 9, 9 (p. 890 b 9)= I1. 5, 75:

rvypov 8' e'c XaXKOv 3OVOLV,

13. Poet. 21 (p. 1458 a 7)-= I. 5, 393 :

8CeLrTpbV KaTa /LadO

14. Eth. Nic. 5, I

(p. I1336 b o) - 11. 6, 236:

XpV(Tca XaXKdCWV, EKaTO7dL3OL "vvcaflOL'WV, The first two words are given thus by Plato' also.

15. Frag. 151 (p. I503 b 26)=I1. 7, 111-12 : /L?)8 eOX Ce EpL8O1 r aev aulCLVOVL 4OJTL /aaXEOat

'EKTOpt

16. Hist. An. 6, 21 (p. 575b 5)= 1. 7, 315 and Od.2 19, 420:

apcrva rrEvTraerTpov

17. Frag. io8 (p. 1495 b io)= Il. 9, 175 and often:

KOVpOL 8' KpVl7rpal ;ireor-TaVTO 7oOTOLO

I8. Pol. 2, 7 (p. 1267 a i)-- 11. 9, 319: EV SE

' L ̂TL/L7) V/LUV KaKO 3'S Kat K EoOXO'.

19. Rhet. 3, II (p. 1411b 35)--I. 11, 574: EV yal' La

rvTo XLXaLotLEv1 9POOP ac'aL, qv yaL0- ravro A'evaXpoos Jo'at, 20. Eth. Nic. 7, 7 (P. I149 b 16)= Il. 14, 214:

KCO"TOV L/ ,cVTa

21. Rhet. 2, 21 (p. 1395 a 15)=JII. i8, 309:

,vv6s 'Evv\dALoS,

1 Conviv. 2I9 A. 2 In the passage in the Odyssey we find a variant: cod. A, 7rlova yp. dpTEva.

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22. Poet. 25 (p. 1461 a 28)=I-

. 21, 592 : KV-W, L, VCOTCVKTOV Ka.O'(LTEpOLO,

23. Poet.1 25 (p. 1461 a 23) = 1. 23, 328: T7 O CV O1 KaTalrv9ETaL O L/3pO.

24. Soph. Elench.2 4 (p. 166 b 4) = II. 23, 328: TO ULCV OV KaTa7rvOC~aL O/11pW.

A point of discussion among the ancients was whether in this

passage of the Iliad ov was oi, 'where,' or oZ,' not.' Into this discus- sion I cannot go.

25. Rhet. 3, 14 (p. 1415 a 16) = Od. i, i:

avpa tLOt EVvC7TC p/ocLa,

26. Frag. 165 (p. I505 b 25)= Od. 6, 6: o'

occas aco'KOvTO.

27. Rhet. 3, 14 (p. I415 b 26)= Od. 6, 327: 8 (; u C 's)i~aLv)Ka, 4PXov XOC^v q' 8X'CCLVO'V,

28. De Anima 3, 3 (P. 427 a 26)= Od. 18, 136:

TOL0o yap voos? 40rv.

B. SLIGHT VARIANTS.

There are thirty-nine passages in which the variants of the manu-

scripts of both Aristotle and Homer are few and slight, and undoubt-

edly due to the carelessness of scribes.

I. Rhet. 2, 2 (p. 1379 a 5)=IL I, 82:

Ar.3 &XXa y' Ka~ L7dTOrLo'TOV EXL KOT70V

Hom.4 ~aT 7E KX L C 7dTALcT &CV EX6CL KO TOV, Opa TeX'cmr7),

2. Rhet.5 I, 6 (p. 1362 b 35)-= I.6 I, 255: q KCV y-q6r*'0L llpla/los.

1 Cod. Ac Bc, o9. 2 So edited by Bekker, although all the codices of Aristotle and of Homer

have oiv. 3 Cod. Yb ZbAc, Te; Q, 56pa reXcTT? (after K67T0).

4 Several cod., ye; S, dXX' &Ye.

C6 od. Yb, Y7O4I7. 6 Cod. C, 7r0lrhja; H, y7-10 t.

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3. Rhet.1 2, 2 (p. 1378 b 32) =11. i, 356: TLA#rlWv VMov yap X~C y 'pas avTs -7roopas

4. Afetapkys. I, Io (p. 076 a 4)= I. 2, 204:

o ,K yatOov7rOXKOLpavt?"

Us KOLpavos EcTw.

5. Frag.3 143 (p. 1502 b I6) =I.4 4, 65-67:

AXO v i TpoWv Kat 'AXaWVv frorX v aivtv,

7reCpav 8' WS KEV Tps Vi -rpKv' avras 'AXacoi apwL TppOTcpt vrp opKLa lX8XraOaL.

6. Rhet.' 3, 11 (p. 141 b 35) = I/. 4, 126 : SlrLrTOaL ,cvavwv,

7. Frag. 13 (p. 1476 a 17) IJ.6 4, 297-298: rrr17Las LV 7rpw Taa OV L7r7roLL&V KaL OXE& V,

7rctovs 8' EOVrL9Cv,

8. Eth. Nic. 3, 11 (p. iI16a 25)= II. 8, 148-149: Ar.7 qEKrTp yap 7ror~ 4nTc~ iL TpdwEc' d yopvwOv,

Tv8SL8s "7r' LACLTo.

Hom.8 'EKTO

yap 7ror0TE (7rT CL Lv Tp co(T& (Optvopv" Tv8 t VSrc

' ieo ofICperoS/ Lev ZKETO v- ,.

9. Pol7. 1, 2 (p. 1253 a 5) = I. 9, 63:

cLop7rTop, a99O'p~0, avTTLOS.

i0o. R/het.'" 3, 9 (P. 14io a 29)=I-.ll 9, 526:

8WprTOi 7' E77XrovTo 7rapappr17TO 7T i7rEoO *.. V

1 Cod. Ac omits dbro6par. 2 Cod. E (also T in the margin) adds ,Tr7W. - Cod. E, rpasr; B, rpncrTv. C4 od. O, ~is; L omits 8'.

6 Cod. QYb Zb, rtr7-ra-oOa. 6 Cod. Vrat. b, c, Mosc. i. 3, 7rp&rtc-ra; M, rpwrov; CGH, 46rowOev; E,

I6-r6oOE;; N, ?67rwOPV. 7 Cod. Mb adds

o/opo6prvos. 8 Cod. E, 86 (for ,ydp); D, rpd6eooaw; D, Trvue8qs 65'; E,

gzoZio. 9 Cod. Q, ad&prwp; Sb Tb,

d4?'7rwp. 10 Cod. Ac, ireXovraL; Ac, 8' (for the second T'). 11 Cod. DH, rapapy?rol.

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214 George Edwin Howes.

ii. Poet.' 25 (p. 1461 a 12)-=I. Io, 316: T's Sy' ot /L Co03CV zyV KaKdOS,

12. Hist. An.2 9, 44 (p. 629 b 22)=11. II, 554 and 11. 17, 663:

KaLO/LCVaL 7T 8c7aL, Ta' TC 7pCt ErT-ooVLcvO' 7rCp, 13. Rhet. 2, 21 (p. I395 a I3)=Il. 12, 243:

ECL OLWVOs apL(YTO, ;a/vevr-at repCL 7rarpvp,

14. Rhet. 3, II (p. 1411 b 34)=II. 13, 587: Ar. 4 1a 3 , ,d E~rTaT OLtTOq7,

Hom.A OWp)KO" yVakXOV, a7'o

8 e7rTaT70 7LKpOg dOLTOd.

In the passage of the Rhetoric from which these words are taken Aristotle is giving examples of vividness in narration. Naturally, he quotes that part of the phrase that is especially pertinent.

15. Rhet.6 3, 11 (p. 1412 a 7)=I1.7 13, 799:

KVpTa, OaXLXpLo'wvVra -7rpo tuev r a', a% aTp 67r" XXLa

16. Hist. An.s 9, 12 (p. 615 b i o) = I1. 14, 291 :

XaXKK8 KLKXV/cKOVOL &EOL, aVMPE9 8e KVJLV8LV.

7. Rhet.' 3, 11 (p. 1412 a 1)=II. 15, 542: aLXtL & a~ rTEpvoo LEO tvro LOTaL/LWOa.

18. Rhet.10 1, 11 (p. 137ob 11)=1 . 18, 1o9:

cre 7rokoXv

yXvKlwv / XCLTO KaTaXCELf3O vOLO'

19. Rhet." 2, 2 (p. 1378 b 5)= II. 18, o9-11 o: -crTe 7oXv

YXo Ktwv K / ,LTO

KoaTaX ELOLoEVOLO dvSp v iv crjTOVEcr V dVae$eTaL.

20. Poet."l 25 (p. 1461 a 30)11I. 20, 234: ALL olvoXO1ELw,

1 Cod. Ac, Jq Trot; Bc, Jp

ja" rot; Na, Js (with 8~ rot omitted); Ac, el v. 2 Cod. Da, Kato.dgvas (with a gap left for the rest of the verse); Aa, SaZTre;

Ca, 60aat; PEa, rppez

; Aa, 6aTras rpe . 8 Cod. ES, diovaoeOat. 4 Cod. Q, 6pLtr&s. 5 Cod. L, t&& (for a~rb). 6 Cod. QYbZb, 7rpbs. 7Cod. L, OaX-kpc6wvra.

8 Cod. PAa Da Ea, KlitV5P. 9 Cod. Ac, ,eA6wo-a. 10 Cod. yb, WOre. 11 Cod. Zb, wotare; Ac, aTrCOefLav. 12 Cod Ac, oivoxoedre.

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21. Rhet.' I, ii (p. i37ob 28)=I1/.2 23, io8 and Od. 4, 183: Sa .,oro, TroTrTL

S e'TaOV L/EpPOV Wpoe ycOLO. 22. Rhet.3 2, 3 (p. I380 b

29)-=11.4 24, 54:

KW4.7V yap 8q yaiav aELKL'EL ELEtVEaVMV.

23. Eth. Nic.6 7, I (p. II145 a 21) =I.6 24, 258-259: ov63 diOKEL

AvSpo ye OvTrov 7r' a qerLEL CvaXa OrEh 0oo.

24. De Mundo 7 6 (p. 401 a 4) = Od.s 5, 64:

KX OpV 7 L aytLpo~ TE Kai EV;W8S Kv7rapLo-~O,

25. F rag. I62 (p. I505 a 26) = OdY 5, 93: KepaoTYE SC VEKTap epvOpov

26. Frag. i65 (p. 1505 b 20) = Od.'0 6, 4 and 8:

o L7pLiv oLe' roT ievaLov

27. De MAundo" 6 (p. 401 a 7)= Od.12 7, 115 and 11,13 589:

X(val KaaL OLEa Kao

/ LXEL ayXaoKaplrOL, 28. De Mundo 6 (p. 40 a i)= Od. 7, 16:

Ar.'4 o-VKL

rT y)XvKepaL Kal XaaLL,

Hom.'5 rVKEraL TE YXVKepaL Kai EXaLaL TroqXEo'woaL.

1 Cod. QZb, qp'. 2 Cod. E, d0'. 8 Cod. Q, dELKItI; the reading in Ac is uncertain; cod. Q, aeva"Iwv. 4 Cod. CD omit 58; H, iadrav; H, ,evealvwv. 6 Cod. Mb, ob yap; LbOb, oi08 y&p. 6 Papyr. (first hand), OVTE, euYeve; cod. D, Ovyroio. 7 Cod. P (recent hand), KXEpal; 0 omits 7e. 8 Cod. LQ, KXEIOp-7. 9 Cod. ACER, KgpaoE. 10 Cod. DLMP, dX4)trdwv; B, dulqE/ordwv. 11 Cod. O, 67yvXy (but it has been corrected). 12 Cod. S omits this verse. 18 Though most cod. give 6xvat in these two passages of the Odyssey, La

Roche edits, in both places, 6Txvat. 14 Cod. Q, OVKatL. 15 Cod. S omits the verse; many cod. have OvKaZ or oVKaK; I, r-XeOdwaoat;

Schol. B.H.Q. (Od. 9, 425), r7XeOdovoat.

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216 George Edwin Howes.

29. Pol 8, 3 (p. 1338 a 29) = Od.1 9, 7-8:

SaLTrvw6vesL 8" AvS d J8lar' aKovadwoVTaL doLSo

30. Pol. I, 2 (p. 1252 b 22)= Od.2 9, II4-II5: 0IE/X.YTEVEL SC' IZEKW70

7raLSov -s' W o'XWv. Plato 3 in quoting more fully from the same passage of the Odyssey 4

gives the same text. The passage is referred to in the Nicomachean Ethics.'

3I1. Rhet.6 2, 3 (P. I380 b 23)0= Od. 9, 504:

,caocrOaL 'OSvorc~a TTroXL7r0pdL0v, 32. Hist. An.7 6, 21 (p. 575 b 6) = Od.8 Io, 19:

ob oesw VEpoto.

33. De Mir. Aus.9 I05 (p. 839 b 33)= Od.10 12, 67-68:

d&Xca O' 0 .LO 7,rvaKa TE VEWV KaL (RowJmTa )L-rwv

Kv/taO" 5Iko 4sopeovcrL 7rvpod 7r 'Xooto 0v'XXaL.

34. Eth. Nic.n" 2, 9 (p. Iog9 a 32)- Od. 12, 219-220: TOVTOV p LEV Ka7rvo KaL Kv/a TO. EK7 EPYC v"a.

By mistake Aristotle assigns these verses to Calypso, though they contain the advice of Circe and were uttered to his companion by Odysseus.

35. Rhet." i, 1 (p. I371 b 16)= Od. 17, 218:

J3 aleL 7-ov op/oov,

36. Eth. Eud. 7, I (p. I235 a 7)= Od.Vs I7, 218:

Salei 7Tv O o50L0V ayEL OC0s (0 rTOY o10LOV

1 Many cod., dKovtduovrat. 2 Cod K, raltwv 7'.

Leg. 3, 68o0 B. 9, 112-1-I5.

5 IO, IO (p. I I8oa 28).

6Cod. Qyb Zb, 7rroXtlropOov. 7 Cod. P, Jvvedrepot. 8 Cod. L, Jvve6poto. 9 Cod. Ba, dXX~S, OWeXat.

10 Cod. QV, OieXXa. 11 Cod. MbNb, T b Tou; Lb Ob, 's 7TO; Kb omits Lhv. 12 Cod. YbZb, rb; Q, 7T WBolW OlXov rb. q

Is Cod. CDKL, Js (for the second Wds); M, &s.

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 217

Here the manuscripts of Aristotle agree with those of Homer, and disagree with those of Plato who, in the Lysis,' quotes the same Homeric verse. In one passage,2 however, the manuscripts of Aristotle show the same readings as those given in the manuscripts of Plato. In the Nicomachean Ethics 8 we find the verse of Homer referred to, but the first part of the verse is not quoted.

37. Eth. Nic.4 4, 4 (p. 1122a 27)-=

Od. 17, 420 and 19, 765: rOXXWKL 80dKOV cLX7T7? r

38. Probl. I0, 36 (p. 894b 34)= Od." 20, 71: pXqo0 18' 1rop' Aprptks dyavr,

39. Rhet.7 I, 7 (P. 1365 a 30)= Od. 22, 347:

avro8t8aK70' 8"' cL.

C. AGREEMENT WITH THE BEST MANUSCRIPTS OF HOMER.

Now let me give those passages in which the manuscripts of Aristotle agree with the best manuscripts of Homer, although the existence of variants is indicated, either in the manuscripts or scholia of Homer, or by Eustathius. I have listed twenty of these pas- sages.8

i. Rhet. i, 6 (p. 1363 a 5)- ll. 2, i6o: KaSSE KEY E VXoX7V llpla

Schol. Ven. A,--ba roTrovov (verse i6o) Ows o70 iv Tpol'? adroXovro (verse 162) aOrov07aL TOTXOLt pCPE.

2. Frag. 172 (p. I5o6 b 31)=11.9 2, 226-228:

7TXEaL roL XaXKOV KXalaLLL, 7roXXaL 86e' y vvate

eUlLv C KXLO alpET'$ ro' , & rot 'AXaLo'

7rpor TWry 8L .

1 214 A. 2 Mag. Mor. 2, II (p. I2o8 b io). 8 8, 2 (p. I 155 a 34). Cod. Mb, acu~Lt.

s Cod. IK, roXXdKL5.

6 Cod. S, 5 Urb7'. Cod. Qy b Zb omit 8'.

8 Where Aristotle has quoted a verse that we learn from the scholia was rejected by some one of the ancient critics, I have considered that he is in agree- ment with the original Homeric tradition, and that the rejection by the ancients constitutes a variant.

9 Cod. Barocc. Mor., KXtTiats; Cant., KXLtV;

L, KXta'loto'v.

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218 George Edwin Howes.

Schol. Ven. A,--0tL Zyvo'0oro ypadiE rt7XEcatL & YvvatLKov al rov'v Cq sSo Vf01 7)KEV.

3. Frag. 13 (p. 1476 a 21)= 11. 2, 554: KOWtYjTrL t7r7rOVs TE Ka VtavEpa "a7rntLSLoTaR

Schol. Ven. A,- O'r ZyrvdSoTol drb To'VroV (verse 553) rpCrs oeTjLOVv

"O&77KEV. 4. Rhet.2 3, 12 (p. I414 a 2)=fl.3 2, 671-673:

Ncpei af lrlYOyev, Ntpel 'AyXadaL, Npe3 1N Ke' XXLTrros.

Schol. Ven. A (verses 673-675),-EK 7rv TpaWV TOr9 8V'O OJEOT7KC Zrvvd'orog, roV b ES'IEov o`8e Ey pacEv.

To emphasize the asyndeton in these verses of Homer, Aristotle

quotes the first words only of each verse.

5. Frag. 144 (p. 1502 b 31)=I-. 3, 277: jXt' 1; O '1 7rvr' 'opP Kat rIavT7 E2aKOEL

Schol. BQ (Od. 12, 374), - 09to . 8' &.

6. Frag. 146 (p. 1503 a 9) = II. 3, 454: toov yap r4stV TraU Lv a-7r)XOETO K)pt (LE aLv27

Schol. Ven. A (I. 9, 378),-a'cr t .

7. Poet/. 25 (p. 1461 a I4)= =I. 9, 203:

t(opo'repov S KpaGLE

Schol. Ven. A,- onrfo KEpaLE XoptI T70o p. Schol. Townl.,- 8'Xa o70 j

'Aptorrod'JvS KEpatc. Eustathius (746, 48),-LLTr0ov SC 0tW rov

VT V,P&

iOV rT KEpatE KPcL pat pc Oav, and (1397, 64),-topdoPov Se KEpatE 77 KepaLpe.

8 (and 9). Rhet. 2, 2 (p. I378b 33) and Pol. 3, 5 (p. 1278 a 37) = I1. 9, 648 and 1. i 6, 59:

wod tV" dT7LrTOrV tovLraavc CTrlV, Schol. Ven. B (II. 16, 59),-" av 'Aplr'apxo ypac(Et / LeravaacrTrv.

Schol. Townl. (II. 16,59),-VV rT9 Ma(o)oahtwrtK, Ka 7Ti

rPtcavov /,Era-

v~artvV (cod. puvrava'crEtv). 1Cod. L,

Koj,')iaL 0'. 2 Cod. QYbZb,

alat6/tbev. 8 Cod. S, 8' al-y6iqleoEv; L, ac d?t /A70ev. 4 Cod. Bc, Kepae; Na, KEpees. 6 Cod. CD (by correction) HS, KIpalpE.

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 219

io. Poet. 25 (p. 1461 a 2)=I1. 10, 152-153:

"yX ca Scfmtv JpO 7rt1 aovpwr7ipos Schol. Ven. A, - )v 77 'ApLotro4ivovy cavpw?)pa1 7wrXOvv7rtKJS.

i1 (and 12). Pol. 3, 16 (p. 1287 b 14) and Eth. Nic. 8, I (p. I155 a

I5)=I 0 IO, 224: owrv TE Sv" pXoivWO

Schol. Ven. A (1. 3, 2II), -- v 8'. Schol. Ven. A (I1. Io0, 224),-- ovvcpXdLcv Sv'o vr'1 70

rozvvpoo/LEvo vW. EVLOL vo0javrTeg TO V

rpooT-tOElac-, KaK jS.

Plato, as we have observed, both quotes8 and parodies4 this verse.

13. Hist. An.5 3, 3 (p. 513 b 27) = . 13, 546-547: a7 r o SE\A3#a w oaav KEpTEV,

S7" avh vv7ra Oovo'a &cL7-rrepEi a3XE' vKaVEL.

Schol. Ven. A, - ZTvo6Soros 8St ~ S 4~hEpa. Schol. Townl., - Z-qvdoros

14. De Mfuntdo 6 (p. 400o a 9) = I)." 5, 192 Z

" 4XaX' o-paviv v3p\v 'v ai1 pt Ka\ vvXco0tv. Schol. Ven. A,-JTL ZTvdo'ro70 ailrvv. Schol. Ven. A (II. 16, 365),

.. : E44 oaeO'v.

Poet.' 25 (p. 1461 a 20)=11. 18, 489 and Oi. 5, 275: ol?' " 8 Aooo3

Schol. Ven. A (II. i8, 483),--r07 Zvoro070 'OT I KEvrrb aroTrov TOy (TLXOVT XO~I .

I6 (17 and I8). Mag. Mor. I, 20 (p. ii9i a 8), Eth. Eud.8 3, I (p. 1230 a 20) and Etk. Nic. 3, i1' (p. I 16 a 23) = 11.10 22, I00:

IlovXv8d4a/ /otL rroL7rpo rkyXielv avaOq'(EL,

1 Cod. Tb, 7t. 2 Cod. G, 0)vEpXoygod. Protag. 348 D and Conviv. 174 D. SAlcibiad. II. 140 A.

5 Cod. PDa, ' &&t (for) 4 7 ivd&); P, &tatrtaphs; PDa, !'KaaVE. 6 Cod. L, 8' EXaXaX ; G omits iv. 7 Cod. Na, 4v b6pos. 8 Cod. Pb, VroXv6d4as. Cod. Lb, VroXvgdtLas; Mb, rpwTroJ ; Kb, dvaO74OrL ; Mb, LrtOLOELt. 10 Cod. E, iroXv8d4uas; C omits uot; E, 7rpwTros V lrpw^rov.

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220 George Edwin Howes.

Eustath.,--(126o, 45) dvaO crt; (1260, 50) KaraX'ELc; (1260, 26) KTraXEVEL vaOrEL.

19. Poet. 21 (p. I457 b io) = Od.1 , i85 : V?7V' 63/-LoL ?-q18 CiraTKEx

Schol. HMQR,-7rpo7-q0rolvro Z A ao8r '"Aptcrodvov" KarT VLa 8a Trwv davrtLypdamW o8V 4EpOVro.

20. Rhet.2 3, 16 (p. 1417 b 5)- =Od' 19, 361:

w3s ap" E4o, YPrl-v KarE aXcEO XcOP Trpd~OT-ra'

D. QUOTATIONS WOVEN INTO THE TEXT.

There are a few passages in which it was evidently Aristotle's intention to adapt the words of Homer to the structure of his own sentence. I shall give those instances in which such passages either show the same readings that our Homeric manuscripts offer, or, at any rate, are not inconsistent with these readings.

i. Frag. 157 (p. 1504b I8) refers to II. I, 527: Ar. 60 s5rOLSeroty ncLV &lX7EvELY

0 TL KEV KE#CkX/ KaraVEvYV. Hom. o8' arcXEcr7rov, OTL KEV KEcX/ KLTravo .

2. Pol. 4, 4 (P. 1292 a 13) refers to II. 2, 204:

Ar. "OAqppol ;a rroCav X A- o0K dvyaO'v tevac 7rrO VKOLpavL?7V,

Hom. o0VK LyaOOV 7rTOVKOLpaVt'Vl -EL KOLpaVO0 TTW, This verse of Homer is quoted exactly by Aristotle elsewhere.4

3. EtM. Nic. 3, 13 (p. 1ii8 a 22) refers to 1. 3, 24: Ar.

,o t V' o03' IoWv - pyV tCkaov v

`ypovO aTa, dXA' oTn PopaV E$eL.

Homrn. epov - qXaov KEpaov c ~ aypLov aTya, 4. Rhet. 3, 4 (P. 1406 b 20) refers to 1I. 10, 485-486:

Ar. "Er8-L C KaS Y7dKOWV "L/rao0op " 8&ac/SpEt y p tAKpOd oVrav

/LEv yap 'err)

TOV 'AXLAXa ;1 8 Xkctv rndpovaTv,

ELKOWV (TTLV,

1 Cod. D, va0s. 2 Cod. Q, KarEXEro0. Cod. DL, KaXa (for XEpca). 4 Metaphys. II, Io (p. 1o76a 4); cf. above, p. 213.

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 221

Hom.'x ds S Xkcwv p. tXO~olw alTrOduV0LroorW EtreXOev,

ayclrv ~oi7ir", xaixa CKipoviOv Ev op oVr)%,

If this Homeric passage is the one referred to by Aristotle, there are several difficulties in his statement. In the first place, Homer is speaking of Diomedes, and not of Achilles as Aristotle says. This misstatement of Aristotle may be merely a slip on his part. Besides, the verb in the passage of Homer is 4vopoi, whereas Aristotle has rropoo. The difference between the form of the two verbs, how- ever, is slight, and a scribe might easily have changed one to the other.2 Still, there may have been such a verse about Achilles some- where in Aristotle's Homer, and he may be quoting it correctly.

5. Pol. I, 4 (P. 1253 b 35) refers to Il.8 is, 376 : Ar.

,orarEp Ta tAmaAov Qc~aiv 17TOVs 70o 'HaIlcTrovT p'7roSa&,

ov; 41qwLcrv 7rOLyr?7T a(ro/Ldrov ; OcVov Sv'reOa d&ywova,

Hom. J pa ol a CTc.paTko Oc'iov 8vaaL" 7' ldy va, Eustath. (1148, 8),-SvoaaraT' dyrva, 8v0-ovTra dyGv. Schol. Ven. A,-xv xW 8v1oovaL ywa.v SE TacL eLKaLOT aspavs Kara 8/a

vcotaro. Schol. Townl.,- v 8 Tras EKaoTrdpaL OEotr a

8 O)Laf vo4VTyo. Though we cannot feel certain as to which reading, 8VOSaLar', Srovr0VTL or srovTrat, Aristotle had in his Homer, still we know he did not have the variant Karh 8/^a

VeLVTro, which is cited by the scholiasts.

6. Eth. Nzic. 10, Io (p. I i8o a 27) refers to Od. 9, 14: Ar.4 K at Y K

EKo*ITO ows /lovXeraT, KVKXwTLKt^KO OCfoE/tCTEVWV

,radtov 4' dXoxov. Hom.5 EOLtcrrE cLE & "KarTTov

iralt'Sw 48 laX(X("ov,,

Either Aristotle purposely wrote &XoXov for &X6XwV, or else some copyist made the change. For in another passage" Aristotle in quoting a part of these verses has left us -sdX6o' in his text.

1 Cod. G, Vrat. A, Mosc. 3, ivopo06oo; CL, rvopo6o-rt. 2 1 might note an example of the confusion of these two verbs in I. I I, 747. 3 Cod. S, abrb6EaraL; Townl., volar'; many cod. have aorovprat; L Lips., gtowvrat. 4 od. Mb omits gKao'roS. Cod. K, iraiwv7 r'. o Pol. I, 2 (p. 1252 b 23).

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222 George Edwin Howes.

7. E th. Nic. 8, 2 (p. -I55 a 32) refers to Od. 17, 218: Ar. ol Luev yap OLdorT-rd rvT a LVLrOaLRV aVbrTV Kat TOv LOLOvs

OtAovI, ~OEv Tvy O/J.OLOv aUctLV (J s(jV O /OLOv,

Hom.1x J atEl rv otorov &, yE 0\Es d rvY 6o/xtov. This verse, either in whole or in part, is elsewhere quoted three

times by Aristotle.'

8. Elt. Nic. 3, ii (p. III6b 26) refers to Od. 24, 318-319: Ar. irrtLK(TrarTOV y p B vl;i rpo TOv\ KLtVvovU;, 0C8V Kal

?'O/vqpo; OpLp/o1 a v& ptvag /tVos

Hom.3 ro0 82' 'pivEro Ov ,, va Avaq &8 ol '48qr 8p Jt b 4Evo 7 rpoT7v~r (PXov 7rar4p ElCTOpOWVTL.

These words belonging to different verses Aristotle has brought together-in a reference rather, than a quotation- to illustrate

bravery or spirit. By the introduction of 8' the fragment has been made metrical, so far as it goes.

E. ARISTOTLE'S VARIANTS SUBSTANTIATED.

Of those passages in which Aristotle gives a reading different from the accepted one of Homer, there are many cases where Aristotle's

reading is substantiated either by manuscripts of Homer, by scholia, by Eustathius or by ancient authors.

i. Rhet. 2, 2 (p. 1379 a 4)=-Il.' 2, 196:

Ovlw~ & SCLuyas c'rt' 8torpcpE4s6Eov acrtX1?)ov Schol. Ven. A,-ort ZYv68oro7 ypiaeL 8torpEs64EO PaotrX-ov.

ovrwst vLK K a 'ApLorpXOU. XOV S a Ka at XaPLt~Tara ovTWs, aVEV

1 Cod. CDKL, es (for the second cis); M, iS. 2 Rhet. i, II (p. 1371 b 16); Eth. Eud. 7, I (p. 1235 a 7); Mag. Mor. 2, II

(p. 12o8b IO). 8 Cod. E, c'v& a'va-; K, dva&ppva; S, aiv&ppcva; P, ivapptvas. Cod. GL, Ovbs ~/y&p;

Cant., OuvLbs 6; ACES, 6torpeqgoE p8aaotXor; DGHL, &oTpeao wv (or &orpodwov) parI8 oXwv. La Roche adopts the reading of Zenodotus instead of that of the best codices.

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 223

7r, ZYvoidrov. Schol. Townl.,- &torpe44o0 pacrhtXos] o hod c ai raea& rrkv 7jr Znvo8o'Tov.

2. Probl. 23, 23 (p. 934a i5)-=I1. 7, 64: Ar.' UfEXCLVL 8E 4T

7,rovTO7 r' avTrov. Hom.2 0pvvoLo veov, eCXadve sT r E"7vosV V7 aVTqg,

Although only one manuscript of Homer gives a'ioS, the reading shown by Aristotle, we find from this scholion of Ven. A that it was a well-attested variant: 'Aplt'rapXog ro'vrov 'L 70Ty V, KL' Zir" ai rOT, TV ptLK. XXOL SdoVTO ; "r aR TOv .

3. Hist. An. 6, 28 (p. 578 b I)I=I. 9, 539-540: Ar.3 Op lpev brit XXoVV'V rov ypLov oV' 3C OKE&

Hom.' po~ev rtr XXov'lv crv dyptov dpyot6o0v'a, 081 KUK OLEd8X p8EV oKeV 1Oov OIv7o0

&aXv" Some scholars think that Aristotle has here confused this passage with Odyssey 9, 90o-19i where we read:

Kal yap Oav8p 7~vTKTO5 7TXOpLOVE, O & L)tKEL

av8pt' ye aLT4 G a G vy , 7X7& ' rEVTL I cannot suppose that Aristotle has accidentally confused these

two Homeric passages. For, as Homer in the passage of the Odyssey is speaking about the famous and peculiar Polyphemus, it seems to me absurd to claim that Aristotle, who we know wrote much about Homer and his works, was ignorant of this fact, or even forgot that these verses applied to the Cyclops. To me, Aristotle's words have the ring of truth when he says: r^Ov 8' dppivov Kat diyptov OL TOFa 'L LELOVU OVOVTaL Ka' XaXErTWTEpOL, \qEp KaU O/7ppoS E7olq(TEV OpEIEV KTX. Besides, the reading of Aristotle is confirmed somewhat by Eustathius, who says (772, 46): rb 8~ po' KaO s

evprTaL rrap&

7 yE(ypad#, Opi~Ev iT ' XXo vv

~v" rap' KCa O^TXOS En plTaL oroUT d~rYivos, o0I30

4KEL O4E pL yE ctLTO yc & WXXB l XEE TOXV7L.

C1od. Ca Xa Ya, p~Xalve. 2 Cod. S, aeXdpvet; G Mor,

aeXavet; many cod., 7r6pov; Lips., Harl., Townl.,

Ven. B, acrT; G, alTrov. 3 Cod. P, Opl/Pw; Da, d&aX ' ypio (but corrected). 4Cod. C, XXoO-vtv. 5 All cod. (except Ven. A), OaOA' rTrvKTro.

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224 George Edwin Howes.

Kat o'r//EtWTaL Ka~ TOVTO E13 rT CP

/ rXOV XctLro'v7TV EK Tro?) "OI/pov. Eustathius, a few lines below (772, 54), adds: KaL 'ApL~'oEXV C 8S

KaraT TO yEcwpdaOoV XXOvVV V TOV To0pLav voTL, SeXOPEvos TO

Op IEiEcv iC XXo v7v v a-ypLOv Kal TOv See ypaO&VTa (TTLXOV rpos 7rrwo-otvW ro OTtT rov dPEVWV KaC dlyplov ot O TO/lat /LEtOVS ytvovra7 KaC

XXErrTC7Epot. Eustathius, when he refers to yEoypcd/os, as he often does, means

Strabo.' So, if we may believe Eustathius, Strabo too, though the reference cannot be found anywhere in his extant works, I think, quoted these verses from Aristotle and believed them to be Homeric. Therefore I think that Aristotle had these verses in his text of Homer.

4. Poet. 25 (p. I46I a 26)= II. 10, 252:

Ar.2 rapPXfKE1V ES 7rXE'v vV" Hom.3 acrpa T8 8\ 7rpopcl3<,qKE, rapWXWKEV 8 7rXE WV Vi

Schol. Ven. A,-'Ap~o-rapXos rapotLXWKIV. Schol. Townl.,- OVT, tat 70 ro ( KaT 7pOT~V 70r r\ W.

5. De Part. An. 3, Io(p. 673 a 16)= l. 1Io, 457 and Od.622,329:

Ar. 4(OyyopCLEvYr 8' cpa rovyE KClp?) KOVYLo tzXVrl, Homrn. OOEyyO LE'VOv

oU cpa YTOyE

KaL-, KOVL'LV UtXOrl. It is evident that there were two readings 40yyop/AErY

and

4OEyyyoi/Evov, for there is a trace of both in the manuscripts both

of Aristotle and of Homer; and, besides, Eustathius tells us (818, 4): ypc'OEratj \v, 4OEyyyo/aEYr .

1 Perhaps one example will suffice to show this. Compare Eustathii Commen- tarii 419, 21 (Geographi Graeci Minores, Vol. II, ed. Mueller) with Strabo 8, 8, 9 (c. 372). In Eustathius we read: 6 8U ewypdoos

o iv 6brt ol veOrTepot Kal IdXtocra MaKe36VES Kal OeTrraXo &pyos rb re3lov aab. Strabo's words are as follows: Apyor U Kal 7r 6rebiov XyetT-at rapc

,iron vewr0po~t, 7rap

'Otz py 6' od~a' ?t-rac* XdtXcra 6' oov'rat MaKea6oVKbz V KCac Oe7rc'aX1bv EivaL. 2 Cod. Ac, 7rXw; Bc, 7rXov. 8 Many cod. have either

7rapX-qiK or rapYX-xqeKv ; many cod., 7rXw.

4 Cod. E, q5e--yo.duvov; PZ, q5Oeyb~6zevov; EPSUY, ro70e. 5 Cod. H, 0Oeryyozv//. 6 Cod. D omits this verse; L, q5Oeyyoe6'vov, Kdp?) KOVtOTLV 4dYtXOI; GR, 0o0 vU;

MQ. ro70e.

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6. Eth. Nic. 7, 7 (p. 1149 b i7)=1II. 14, 217: Ar. 7ra'p4o , -q 7' ETKXE?E v6ov 7rvKa 7rEp OpOVEovTo'. Hom.r2 7r'ap4OLctS, -7 T

E"KXE'E VOOV TKov 7rK 7rEp (povvEOVToV.

7. Poet. 25 (p. 1461 a 33)= I/. 20, 272):

Ar. T r ' P~rXCEo XdAXKEOV EyXo, Hom.4 7 E' ~cETro EXtVov yXos.

Schol. Ven. A,-4O0ETOV7raL oTXoL 8'. Schol. Townl.,-(verses 269-272) o'TOL Kal

7OrpoOrETOVVTO V tp" 7 OLS 7T(OV TOLcT(o0jVV, (V (VlOL'

& ECpovvTO. 8. Rket. 3, I7 (P. 1418 a 8) = Od. 4, 204:

Ar. w0 (', reL T6d el7es ~ o' v Ervv/evo avqjp,

Hom.5 W" 4 c', ,i7T Troa tclt7ras, ooT Av av7vVLpEvos a&lp

9. ALag. Mor. 2, ii (p. I2o8 b Io)= Od. 17, 218: Ar."0 aLCle ToL TOY op.OLOVr ayEL OE" WS TOV O/.LOLOV.

Hom.7 U aileL v oLOv

oyEt O EO s VTO 0/ LOtOv. In two other passages' the manuscripts of Aristotle agree with

the accepted Homeric reading s aio. Here, however, Aristotle disagrees with that reading, but agrees with the text of Plato.' So it looks as if there were two old readings, one of which is given by Plato, and by Aristotle in this passage, while the other reading is preserved in the existing Homeric manuscripts and in the other two passages of Aristotle.

Io. Poet. 22 (p. 1458 b 29) = Oda. 20, 259: Ar.10o & fpov &ELK XLOV KaTCLOcElt 0X1)?V 7TE 7Tp17reav,.

Homrn." 1&pov &CLKXKLOV 7rapaO9E / TciX'yv 7?rTparEav" 1 Cod. Mb, Cpove6v-rwov. 2 Cod. L,

qpove6vro.s" 8 Cod. Be, S' (for A'). 4 Some cod., xdXKEOV. Most cod., ejres; BL (after erasure), rb6o'

feres; D, r6o-oa iwere.

6 Cod. Mb omits rot. Cod. CDKL, Is (for the second cJs); M, Is

8 Rhet. I, ir (p. 1371b 16) and Eth. Eud. 7, I (p. z235a 7). 9 Lysis 2I4 A.

10 All cod., 819fpov re, the r e evidently a mistake of scribes. 11 A few cod., KaRTaOeS.

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226 George Edwin Howes.

F. HOMERIC VERSES OMITTED IN ARISTOTLE.

Naturally, perhaps, I should consider next the passages in which Aristotle's readings receive no support elsewhere; but I prefer to pass over these for a time, and to take up those passages in which verses that are contained in our Homer are omitted in Aristotle.

I. Pol. 3, 14 (p. 1285 a 13) = 11. 2, 391-393: Ar.1 Ov S K y a7rVEVOC PLXq73, OU Ot

apKLov cc-Eo-TaL IVyCi V KVL 'S "

OVO(F'. rrap yap ~Lot Oava0o.

Hom.2 'v 8V K' 'WtV dardvEv E X7

Xova OTora vo~o'w /LmdLvGteLv rap vrqval KopWvOLV, oV ot O eTr

apKLOV TELTOaL t /VTELV Kvas ?rS' otWvoV5. In this passage Aristotle omits the last part of one verse and

almost the whole of the succeeding verse. His object in quoting the passage is to show the authority of a leader to inflict death upon his men, if need be, in time of battle. Consequently he gives those words only that emphasize that part, omitting even the main verb of the sentence. In the Nicomachean Ethics3 we find verse 391 given in full, though, to be sure, it differs somewhat from our Homeric text. Of the expression 7rap yap /Zot Odvaros I shall speak later.

2. Rhet. 3, 11 (p. 1413 a 28)1= 1. 9, 385-390 :

Ar.4 dELL h n 7rcEppf3oXal tLELpaKLWSCELt3 -r opoTr7ra yap &rXoiV(TV. St IpyLtotLev0L X~yOtL LaXLcT(cL' 006pygcvot eo yovo- td uao-ra"

o8"' EL LOL TdOTa so' O ca daEuLa'd 7 KdVLS TE.

KOVp-V 6" Ovi yaiue, 'AyaC" ivovoa 'Arpdelao,

08' Ed XpvoEd 'A(po&'Iq KaXXoX ptOtL, epya 8' 'AO-vat'7.

Hom.1 o038' Et 'ot 0TOTda 8ot'7 aq auaFadOO TE KOVLS TE,

oV8 KEV W9 tL UTOV O pV 4 7tEIv EL ot'AyauC',wwv,

7rptv y' ~ ?roao-av Lot o'AdevaL OvF'aXy'a Xwo3?v.

KOVp8 -V Ob ov yacw 'Ayac'tvovoa 'ArpelIao,

o0' El XPV0tIeq 'ASPpo-r ' K OXXo3 EpUOL,

_pya 8' 'AO-qvat'y yXaVK 7rtFtL tlroapltotL 1 Cod. Ib, &aJeerac. 2 A few cod., 6' av (for d K'). 3, 11 (p. II 116a 34). 4Cod. QZbAc, Soils; Zb, 6roa; Q, &ras; Q, K6pqYv; QYbZbAc, Xpvo-; Q, L0 'O-al-qs. 6 Cod. S, Cant., rrety; E, Xpvo';

Vrat. b omits verse 390.

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It might possibly be claimed that in this passage verses quoted by Aristotle had been carelessly omitted by a scribe, but I think that such a suggestion is not necessary or even probable. Aristotle is here quoting examples of exaggeration of statement. As the force of the first example lies wholly in verse 385, especially in the words 0otri J a T ita06 E Ie KOVtS TE, Aristotle very properly omits the conclusion, which, no matter what its character might be, could not lessen the exaggeration of the condition. In the second exam- ple the three verses are so intimately connected that it is not easy to separate them. Even here, however, we notice that the last part of verse 390, yXavK'Wrat~ Lro apitot, has been omitted as unnecessary.

3. Poet. 25 (p. 1461 a I6)=1/. 10, I1-13? Ar. ob

' KaT '.LE7Ta(4 Opa VEp7TaL, otov ... .aLa ~E c4r7TLW

ToL 'OT is 7retOY VT TpoWLrKV abpv ctELEv,

aEXOwv ovpL'yyov 0' 6/kadv. Hom.1 ~7 To o OT' 7reSov ' TTpLK V a40pnCELE,

&OaLvateV 7rrvpa 7roXXad, rT K LETO IX)t'Ot 7rpo, aAXov t vplyyov T7' volrT;v 07 aOv 7' TvsOp oroV.

Here again those verses only are given by Aristotle which are necessary to illustrate his point. Of the variant 0' ya8o'dv I shall speak later.

G. VERSES NOT FOUND IN OUR HOMER.

There are many places in Aristotle where he shows a familiarity with verses of Homer that cannot now be found in Homeric manu- scripts. Such are the following:

I. Pol. 3, 14 (P. 1285 a 13)= II. 2, 391-393: Ar.2 V SE K yov

EV cE II " OUX ot

apKLOV &c'7oTrat 4UY tV KVVas OU wVOv" 7rap yhp c/lol OavaTos.

Hom.3 8v 8 K y6ov 17raVE VOE 7/L)X EXOVr

VOavo. w

LLALVgiELV 77raph V77VfIv KOp WLTLV, Ov O 17~ELTa7

apKLOV ECOOCLTatL VYELV KvvatG q8 oo0vo v. In the Iliad, this last verse ends a speech of Agamemnon. 1 Cod. Cant., rT Kalovr'. 2 Cod. Ib, oelcraL. A few cod., 8' av (for U K').

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228 George Edwin Howes.

I have already considered this passage of Aristotle. Now I wish to call attention to the words 7rap y Np 'oit Oavaros, which Aristotle seems to have had in his Homer, but which are not found in our Homeric manuscripts.

2. Hist. An. 6, 28 (p. 578 b I)= Il. 9, 539-540 :

Ar.' OpfqEv Err XXoirv 'Vr V4 yptov' 0oV8 idKEL Opt76 tLTOqAaYp, a C.xCL plt vXyevTtL.

Hom. 2 pcr Ev m XXov Iv q ypLOv apyLo'0So0ra, 0o KaKa ir6oX' Op8EcKEV OWvY OVtlo" X

&v" Though I have already discussed this passage at some length,'

this second verse in Aristotle ought to be listed here, as it is not found in our Homer.

3. Rhet. 2, 9 (p. 1387 a 32)-11. II, 542-543: Ar.4 K 7VTO 77 7T

KpCE770VL L4UT, cLUYTr 1tVT OVT' TO

iv 7(t) aVTOJ OOV KGaL 707t etprTaLt,

An'avros 8' aetvc wdxrlv TEcayiwvtcdao Zcbs yap ot v~Tgica-X', % a" dlEuvovL (rOT1 dLaXOLto.

Hom. AlCavros 8' AdXvEi /dxr'Xv TEXaowvtad8ao. [ZEVS yap o1 vqEeraO 057 aLCTE'VOVTL 4)Tt /adXOLto.]

Verse 543 is omitted in all the Homeric manuscripts, but it is substantiated by Plutarch,5 who quotes it thus:

yapQ TOCPL VC/F~L~c~~,,

OT cL TovT'L

c~frTL ZEbV y'dp Tot v vcp , w r" &eltvov rt ,daXoto. The verse is given also in the Pseudo-Plutarch."

4. EtA. Eud. 3, I (p. I230 a I9)=1. 22, 98-1oo: Ar.' EKropa V8 a8s0 s 1XE"

IIovxvS,&La, /LOL 7rp<oros EyXCX)L`v ava0'7eeL.

Hom." 98 X0 as 8"' Jpa Cd7rrE

IrpoS v O LwEyaX7rTopa Ovto'v 99 (t) /OL EY(Y)V, El 1EV o

KE rXct K(LL TEXEa dvL , I00oo llovxvsutas /Lot 7rpwTro, XEXTyXiEtlv avaj7TEL,

1 Cod. P, OpPtrv; Da, cdXX' dyplw (but corrected). 2 Cod. C, XXo^wvrv. 3 Cf. p. 223. 4 Cod. Ac, velA.daOaKE; QYb Zb,

veod7lo'".

6 Moral. 36 A. 6 De Vit. et Poes. Hom. 2, 132. 7 Cod. Pb, 7roXvid/Aas.

8 Cod. H, r6Xea; E, iroXv8d4as; C omits wot; E, 7rp6^ros n 'rpwiroV.

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 229

The words "EKropa 8' alts

ctXE, if they existed in Aristotle's Homer, must have come before verse 99, as they could not have formed a part of Hector's soliloquy.

5 (and 6). Eth. Nic. 3, 11 (p. i ix 6b 26):

Tir)LKOTdrarov yap Ov/h' 7rp's robV KLV8V VOVS, OrVY Kal "O/Lr)pos

o'OEvo ZEl/aXEc OvL () KaL /-vo; KaLL OVbL0V CELPE Of the words o-0evos ~u3aXcE Ovpl,

it might be said, that Aristotle had quoted them carelessly, since we find somewhat similar expressions in our Homer, as: Ivos 81 o I Z/flaXe Ov/w,,1

and

rOe0vos i~paX)' CKad-rp.2 But, when we consider the expression iLEVO Kat Ov[pLv y CLpc, we find nothing in our Homer resembling it nearer than these words: p?uvos pIya, O'IXYL 8e OvdYov.3 So I suspect that both of these quotations of Aristotle were made from verses in his Homer that are not found in ours.

Now, as is evident, I am treading on extremely doubtful ground. For there are some passages quoted by Aristotle as from Homer, that are entirely different from anything in our Homeric manuscripts. It might be suspected that Aristotle was quoting from other works, not now extant, that were sometimes attributed to Homer. But, so far as I know, with the exception of the Margites,4 Aristotle mentions as Homeric only the Iliad and the Odyssey. Therefore, since we have abundant proof, as I have shown, that there were many verses of the Iliad and Odyssey that have not been preserved in our Homeric manuscripts, why may we not justly suppose that these quotations of Aristotle refer to verses of Homer that were found in some of the older manuscripts, but were either not known to the Alexandrine critics or else rejected by them, and hence were lost to our comparatively modern manuscripts?

7. Pol. 8, 3 (p. 1338 a 24):

&do7rp eOp Lpo oo Tes rot'Wqoev dXX' otov / Lv 40tL KacX

Et "f aVrca LOaXCrlv.

The insertion of a single short syllable in the second foot - for example, re - would make the hexameter complete.

1 . I6, 529. 2I. i, xi, and 11. 14, 15 . 315. I5, 594- Aristotle refers to this, as a work of Homer, in Poet. 4 (P. 1448 b 30).

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230 George Edwin Howes.

8. De Anima1 I, 2 (p. 404 a 29): 8Lt

KXw; r-TOLouaL TOv "OVqpov

d ~"EKTOp KETiT 'XXOkpOVV IV. Aristotle thus refers to this verse in the Metaphysics2: 4acro 8' Kai

bY Op0E'OITpov T 7-aVr XoYvaoa Pa'vecOaL TV 8av, OTL \iol TOE TY\E K TO7 pa,

ao V70 r T?-

r3 7 TrX?7KETcr L

roOa dXXoopoveov7a, So we can have no doubt, I think, that Aristotle's quotation repre-

sents part of an actual Homeric verse. The same expression, too, is found in Theocritus,3 who says:

8ras S' c7rl yatav KELT aO XXocpOVEoV.

9. Eth. iVic. 3, II (p. III6 b 26):

Tr7TLtK(TraTOv yap 6 O8V/~ r rpbo TOg KLtV8sVOV, OEyV Kact OOlOpoVs... KatL CEacT al'/Lc

The verb Cw is used by Homer, so far as our text shows, only in the expressions boiling water and a boiling kettle. Theocritus,' how- ever, has the same expression that is quoted here in the Nicomachean Ethics, namely boiling blood: tLot 8"' xfap i('Ecv

e alta. As Theo- critus knew his Homer well and copied him freely, perhaps this expression in his Idyl was borrowed directly from Homer. Why may he not have had an Iliad or Odyssey in which this expression was used ? This old edition of Homer in the possession of Theocritus

might have contained also the expression K~ET 7 dXXo0povE'Wv, which Theocritus uses and which is quoted in the De Anima." It would seem as if in these two passages Theocritus supported Aristotle and his quotations.

Io. Frag. 159 (p. I504b 44) in Schol. Townl. on II. 24, 420:

a8vaTov VYKpWV TpatLVara T/LVELtV, (0 3qTLYv '"AptTrorT7-As ElpV)KEvaL

'Optpov /LVaev 8S erep tlpoT- 6'--a r cLX t. That this reading of Homer was lost in early times is shown by

the words of the scholiast that follow: ro^ro S 7 b T r~LLtrTL'ov

O00

d p p ra L.

1 Cod. SW, W's 6 KT0rp. 2 3, 5 (p. Ioo9 b 28). 8 Id. 22, 129.

I4d. 20, 15- 5 Cf. the previous passage discussed.

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 231

11 (and 12). Rhet. 3, 4 (P. I4o6 b 20): YEo'rtE 8 KaLL E LKWV T4 / Opa* 8tLakPpEL yap /LLKpdV O5TcV /lEV yap

TrOy 'AXLXXEa (3 8 X'v 0 ropovrEV , ELKWV ECUTLV, w5rav S

rXwv A r&o'povo-, c ora',op~a The expression L -S ekowv r6dpovo-cv has already been dis- cussed.' Whether that refers to a passage no longer found in our Homer or not, the words Xe'wv rr6povo-e, if they represent a quota- tion at all correct, must have come from a text of Homer different from ours; for in our Homer we cannot find any passage to which they would properly refer.

H. NEW READINGS IN ARISTOTLE.

There remain for consideration the comparatively few passages in which Aristotle, while quoting verses contained in our Homer, gives readings unsupported by other testimony. It will not be necessary to treat each one of these passages fully, though a few suggestions may very properly be made.

i (and 2). Soph. Elench. 4 (P. i66 b 6) and Poet. 25 (p. 1461 a 22)

=I1. 2, 15 and 2, 32: Ar. (Soph. Elench.) Kal T NrEpt T 0 CVrToVLOV T70 'AyaCEvovoo, OTt

OVK av-s Z0es EC7E

USOl/oev 8E o ceXos dpacrOaL, dXaX TwO EVVrrVL' Er)VETCAAXErTO O6vat.

Ar. (Poet.) 818ootACv Se o1

Hom. 'Hpy oXL0 -ooolv&r, TpWE0-TS e

Kq1Ec' e

TrraL. Though the words SL0Solerv 8 'TOL EXO &pE'O-OaL are found in

Iliad 21, 297, it is evident from the general sense of the passage in Aristotle, that he is referring to one of the earlier passages, and not to the later one.

3. Eth. Nic. 3, II (p. I 6 a 34) = 1. 2, 391-393: Ar.2 O VU K'

% 7r'WEVOE A TTW OVTL V07T), Ar.~

~ w yv rEc

v aLa 4V dX7E 7rW oovra voqV(ic oil of

&pKLOV EiLTraL dvY LV

K;VoS.

1 Cf. p. 220. Cod. Kb, 4pKLov ; Kb Mb, id'erat.

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232 George Edwin Howes.

Hom.rx v 8E' K' 'ywv a ravcvec O

-g X ovTra vor0oW /lpLLtS cV irrapa vrlvcrt KopowvLtV,

ovL 01eLTa

aprKtv fcr cTatL c VYEEtV Kvvalg to'ovov'S.

In this passage it is stated carelessly that the verses were uttered

by Hector, whereas they were really spoken by Agamemnon. That Aristotle was aware of that fact, is clear from a passage in the Politics,2 where he correctly refers the words to Agamemnon.

The reading 7rr 4'ooovora is metrically and grammatically correct.

4. Probl. 30, I (p. 953 a 23) = II. 6, 200-202:

Ar." av-ap d'rEE KaCt KELVO s Wr7 XETO 7 oCL OcoittLV,

7rotL Ka7rcLTE&OV T7i 'AXktov oo XaTaro, (v Ovt/OV KRaTE ov, 7TrcTov (vOpO rov LCEvov.

Hom.r cAXX' o'7re 8 Ka CKE VO v a7l7XOETO 7~Lot O coWv,

T rot 0 Ka7r 7rTE8loV TO 'AX'tov ooo aAT70o, 8v OBVuOV KarTE8WV, 7 rTo0V cVIOpwJ7TWV JAcEdvv,

5. De Mot. An. 4 (p. 699 b 37) 11. 8, 20-22: Ar.5 dXX' oKa av cpv'raatr"' C oipavo'e&v 7reStov8e

Z~7 v" varov ira VT O, oV0$) el td.cAa roXAA Ka/LOLtQ' 7ravreT 8' d~irrerOe eo raro'aa' re OaLvac.

Hom.6 7rvres 8"

E S$Trre(Oe eot' ravalt re OeCawav" a KX' oVK LWV piELYvat

6 opavdev 7rE8ov 8~ Ziv', v-ra7ov /Aar awp , otp 8 el pAC a rrokXa Kd/AOLTE.

La Roche I tells us that there has been no change in the order of verses of the Iliad or Odyssey from the time of Pisistratus down, and that the manuscripts of Homer show this fact. Here, however, in Aristotle we find the order of verses changed. This change may be due either to Aristotle or to a scribe.

1 A few cod., 3' av (for 3 K').

23, I4 (p. I285 a 1I). 3 Cod. t, o'ros (for KEVoS); t, lTOy; t, KarcTeV. Cod. C (after an erasure) and many others have

KdaKEi'O. 5 Cod. E, p6oder'; P, iirarov ~gcropa rdvrwc; EP, ci5drreoOac. 6 Cod. C, rd6vres '; S Mosc. i, ?v 4'; G, ip6o-r'; HL Vrat. b,

Kd//rqe; Schol.

Ven. A, *yp. Kal irdOocre. 7 Homerische Textkritik, p. 7.

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 233

6. De An. Gen. 5, 5 (p. 785 a i5) = -1. 8, 83-84:

Ar.1 tva rc 7rpw7aL 7-e; r Trv Kpavlo C/Lrc4Ea'rL, /J0XL0Tora KaLpLO'V (TtLV.

Hom.2 aKpV v KCK KopV07'V, 0? E rpaL 7WPx ~T WV

Kpavl cw CE rv'aL, pAuLTra c' KaLPLtOV 'LorV.

7. Rhet. I, 7 (P. 1365 a 13)-=1/.

9, 592-594: Ar.3 (iaaK KaK" avOp(7r TOLfL 7riEXCL 7YV a6rv aXet '

Xaot /LcV kOLVOovoL, 7rdXLVS rC rVp aLaOv'veL, TrKva 8 ~ lXO06kko yovLrV.

Hom.' K ~C', Voc' avOpTWrotLuL 7rXtt 7 TV ct aX(l

av8pas~ LcV KTEi OvTL, 7rTdXV SE' rrp V d VaLaO/vEL,

T7Kva 8 7 ' lXo~kk ovUL flaOvidvov~ - yVvvaKa,;. Schol. Ven. A,- OT ZVYdo6oroS -ypdaEt rK'va 8 687LtL ~yovoL. Schol.

Townl., - IvtLOL ypdaovCL 7iKVa / ?LOL 7OUVL. The expression Xao' p v 0Otv'Oovo-t is Homeric, and is found

in Iliad 6, 327. It is not impossible that it may once have been used in Iliad 9, 593, just as Aristotle quotes it.

In the reading 7' XXot Aristotle agrees with the Homeric manu- scripts, though the scholiasts, as we see, note a variant 87to?.

8. Poet. 25 (p. 1461 a 18)= 1-. Io, 11-13: Ar. yrot or' i 7rE~lov ro TptLKoIV aOpj0LQoEv,

avXv ovplyywv 0' b5?a&4v.

Homrn.5 -rotL or i retlov rV TpWLKOV KP0EoCLc, Oava?cev rrvph TroXXd, ra Kcair0 IELO OL Trp6, aiXAv ovplyywv 7' vo' r v 47ardv -7' dvOp7rwv.

Of the omission of verse 12 I have already spoken. I have now to treat of the word oJ&asov. It seems to me probable that Aristotle had the expression in his Homeric text just as his manuscripts give it. In this passage Aristotle is speaking of metaphors. Now pahsov with

aiXAv and

orvplyywv would give a much better example of a

1 Cod. SY omit 7rpiwrat; Z, i 4?r46KLao'. 2 Cod. H, K'aKKOUrVV; C (first hand) omits re.

3 Cod. QYbZb, &ta; QybZb omit 7rXet.

4Cod. G, K6ea too'. 5 Cod. Cant., r& KalovT.

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234 George Edwin Howes.

metaphor than would dvo-7rv; for 35aoos generally refers to the

din or uproar of men, whereas here by a transfer of meaning it would refer to the din or blare of trumpets.

9. Frag. 143 (P. 1502 b 4) =1. I , 332 O-qit S'Apto-rror1E OrL

O"v 0

o 'TOL7T7ror XC eL 'e S7rtWpK?7)av,

KaOa7rep OTJr " .Xwov S 4OaTO Kat p C7rlOpKOV (/LO(TEV,

Hom.'x wo aTro Kal p 7' rOKOV Jr7W/LOO-e, TOV S' pOOVVEv. Schol. Ven. A, - o'TTmW KaL

' o& ro o ' rT -7r 'TOJcv at ''AputracXov. We must assume that Aristotle intended to end the real quotation

with 7r-topKov, or else that 67r (or d7r) has been lost through some mischance, for the use of the simple verb adoorv renders the line unmetrical.

Io. Poet.2 22 (P. 1458 b 31) = I1. 17, 265

This expression of Aristotle is thus edited by Bekker. All the

manuscripts, however, read ltvcs PflootLv. The error of the manu-

scripts is probably due to a scribe, who would naturally suppose the

subject of this verb to be persons rather than things.

II. Elh. Eud. 7, I (p. 1235 a26)11I. 18, o107: Ar. ( 0Ept EL K TE Oe(V Kat OpW7r(oV Td r6XOLTO Hom. W1s ~;O ~ K T EV KK T

r~eP;TrOor wV

TrTOOLTO, 12. Probl. 26, 31 (p. 943 b 22)= Od. 4, 567:

Ar.8 AXX' alct E4)VpOLO LarveLlovLV i7VaLt Hom.4 AX' alc i~4 poo o XY yv7r ovros ayras

For the reading of the Homeric manuscripts we have the testimony of many writers. The verse as quoted by Aristotle, however, would

readily unite with the preceding verse of Homer, o vtEro's7, OV' ap

XELI/Wv 7tOXVAS v7 ror"' op3pos, if the succeeding verse were omitted,

'2KEavbo aVoLtTLV aVrVXoELV aVOP;wroUV.

1Cod. H, reld pKov; a few cod., d7rp/.ooe; D, dcorduoo'ev;

H, dpoloa'e;

C (recent hand), yp. 67r. 2 All cod., twves Pow^oCtv.

3 Cod. Yas, del; s, 8&arvpdovLtv; Ca, cvtrlal. 4 Most cod. have rvelovras; M,

7rveovwoo; H, rvelovra&s; Schol. HP, rb 7rviovro

&6h ro 5 Irp6s r6 'e6poto.

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 235

113. De Mundo, 6 (p. 400 a i i) - Od. 6, 42-45 : Ar.1

OV*Xvtro'v3', 50t /a'

Ocov E8o& ;aloaX's aid Ip/eA4vaL. OVT' aviLOYL rLvaOOErsaL OVTE 707 o L/8pPp

cv'erTa, OVE XLJV 7rL7dtvaTaL, &AAa,' uX' a7tU"p 7r7r7rarat avv7'eXo0, XvUKC K 8dva 8'pOVLcv a' yX.

Homrn.2 O*Xvwrov 8', 50 O a EO cv i3o dIc0aX~s adEL e/ ?at

ov7 eiot.. rtvau.OVerat or7 OTr /pO, ~c/L/CvaL .oV d OV , OYL, TLV E tXTTaL &vEErTa OtvT Xy c7rtL7LTAvara, dAL a" X'aprq rcrTaTatLavPC4oI, CXvK-q '' 7 7 ELC'8pOEcv atyXr

Of Aristotle's form avv0bcXos nothing need be said, for that is found in many Homeric manuscripts also.

ava8c`potev is not

supported elsewhere.

14. Poet. 22 (p. 1458 b 25) = Od. 9, 515: Arist.8

vVv 8sp W1 v oXIlyO T7C KC1 O7rTLraVbS Ka iKLKUS, Hom.4 v Cv L" WVo0y0 bYO EC Ka orTL8&Lv Ka tKLKVU

Eustathius (1643, 7) says: ypdpraLt 8' iv 7' L KaT a cLKKSj. Since the three manuscripts of Aristotle have arlSc, or -1 ql8+, it seems to me probable that Aristotle had in his Homer and wrote

*ELKr9,, which is read in a scholion of Homer and also in Eustathius. This could easily have been corrupted, in the text of Aristotle, into d~tS~s and then dqS~q.

I5. Rhet. 3, II (p. 1411 b 33)' =Od. 1, 598: Ar.5 avtsC7rt dE dareOv KVXV8To70 kaa; avaLrl/, Hom.: aVtL7rECtTc7rc6ov

.S KVXLV8cTO X ka G aVaL&8q.

The difference in reading is really very slight, and the unmetrical brl in Aristotle is probably due to scribes.

1 Cod. P, oGXvwir6v 0'; 0, oi~XviLrov; Q, 6-rt; P, &rot; Q, i68aros (for 8osr); O, oiv (verse 43); 0, obtr' a xt6ve; P, dvuq.eXa; Q, dvq56eXo; 0, daXKh (for XEUKh). 2 Cod. AK, oi6Cror'; B, oC8 7r' (verse 43); LPS, oW64 (verse 44); most cod., dvv9qdeXos; Eustath. 1551, 5, dvg(ceXos and dvv9qeXos; D, r6epalFev;

Schol. H.P., 'Ptards al0tp.

3 This verse is so edited by Bekker, although one cod. (Na) has Adf l , and the other two (Ac Bc) have det6hs.

4 Cod. S, dvaXKLs; M, 'yp. eEtKhS. r Cod. QybZb, 6' er ; Q, 6adreb6v ,e. 6 Cod. EQ, ac0ts.

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Page 85: Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle

236 George Edwin Howes.

i6. Rhet. i, ii (p. i37ob 5)= Od. 15, 400-401: Ar.1 /LECra yap TC Ka'L X7EtL rEp7rrat dvE p

/jLVO7 1 ,C 0 T0L- r OXXa irak i KCU TroXX"a 6py,

Hom.2 FwvooPVo LE. yap Tc Kat aXyTtL rp rTCr &vvp, O~ TLP ~?) /La~a 7rohXhc 2TcLO) Kal 7r0XX hrahy6l.

The word 6ipyy, given by Aristotle seems to me to harmonize

better with 7rrcdO and with the general sense of the passage than the traditional

draX0~qO. 17. P0o. 8, 3 (P. 1338 a 26)= Od. 17, 385:

Ar. ot KaXE'ovrOV iOLtdv rlcv, 0 KEV TEpTTLV 73 VTraVa .

Hom.- q KaL OE rL v aOLt86, 0 KEY TEp7rPrLV aELSwv;

i8. Probl. 30, I (p. 953 b 12)= Od. 19, 122 :

Ar.4 Kal /LE ' (rL &0KPV XoKp t) fELY E/ap VO/LvO

vo'VW. Hom.5 5 ' 8 8'aKpv7rXUT ELV fPEflap-6ra tr 4E ppvaE Ovo.

The first part of the verse as given by Aristotle is unmetrical. Were it not for the fact that the last part is metrical, we should think that Aristotle was merely referring to the passage and not attempt- ing to quote it. As it is, it looks as if he might have had a different text.

CONCLUSION WITH REGARD TO ARISTOTLE'S QUOTATIONS.

In general, now, what can be said of the trustworthiness of Aristotle's quotations? Did he, by relying on memory, commit so

many offenses that his variants are entitled to no consideration ? About him, as about Plato, I think we may say that there are occasional passages where the presumption seems very strong that he has quoted from memory and quoted wrongly. We cannot, how- ever, dismiss all, or even many, of his variants in that abrupt way. Whether he quoted from memory or not, for the following reasons I feel that his readings are entitled to a careful consideration, and

1 Cod. Ac, gvqodperAvos 5re; Q, 0rc0oL; QZb, Iopye; yb, 16pyet. 2 Cod. D, ~vowAvo; M, yp. AeAvopvAw. s Cod. R (and Eustath. 1824, 59), 8p a. 4 Cod. Xa, rXbveLv Pefpapv/iuvov. 5 A (first hand) omits this verse.

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Homeric Quotations in Plato and Aristotle. 237

that, where they differ from the traditional text of Homer, in most instances they probably give us variants of high antiquity.

i. Let me repeat again that we feel more strongly since the dis- covery of the Flinders Petrie fragment, that the modern manuscripts of Homer differ greatly from the earlier traditions.

2. Though I cannot go into the question as to whether Aristotle himself prepared a Homeric text for Alexander the Great, - for there seems to be conflicting testimony on this point, - it is clear from the titles of two of the works of Aristotle,' and from references to him in the scholia of Homer, where his readings or explanations are occasionally mentioned, that he paid a good deal of attention to the study of Homer, and hence must have been well acquainted with his poems.

3. Many of the quotations in Aristotle agree with our traditional Homeric readings. Many that disagree receive support either from Homeric manuscripts or from scholia or from ancient authors.

4. Many of the differences are undoubtedly due either to mistakes of scribes, or to the fact that Aristotle occasionally refers to verses without intending to give the exact words.

There then remains a comparatively small number of unsub- stantiated variants, to be attributed to a difference of text. Should we not expect that Aristotle, who lived so long before the Alexan- drine critics, would exhibit as many real variants as his manuscripts show ?

1 IHpop Xhara 'OA7prKd6 (cf. Biographi Minores, ed. Westerman, p. 404, 77), and 'Arop4l ara 'Op p~c6d (cf. Diogenes Laertius, 5, I, 26).

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