homeostasis and feedback. homeostasis: maintaining limits homeostasis is the maintenance of...
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Homeostasis and Feedback
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Homeostasis: Maintaining Limits
Homeostasis is the maintenance of relatively stable conditions Ensures the body’s internal environment
remains steady despite changes both inside and outside the body
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Examples of Maintaining Homeostasis
Keeping body temperature around 37oC Maintaining blood glucose level Keeping oxygen concentration steady
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Dynamic Equilibrium
Homeostasis can fluctuate over a narrow range the is compatible with life.
If certain levels fall outside this range for a prolonged period of time death may result
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Control of Homeostasis: Feedback Systems
Every body structure contains homeostatic devices that work to keep the internal environment within normal limits
2 body systems control most homeostatic devices (part of the life process called regulation) Endocrine Nervous
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Nervous Control of Homeostasis
The nervous system detects changes from the normal state and sends out nerve impulses to organs to counteract the change
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Endocrine Control of Homeostasis
Corrects changes by secreting chemicals called hormones into the blood
Hormones affect specific body cells where they cause responses that restore homeostasis
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Feedback System
AKA feedback loop Cycle of events in which the status of a
body condition is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, re-evaluated and so on…
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Each condition in the body that is monitored in such a way is called a controlled condition
Any disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition is called a stimulus
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Components of a Feedback System
Receptor – monitors change Control Center – sets a range of
acceptable values, evaluates input from the receptor and sends output to an effector
Effector – a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.
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Negative Feedback Systems
Reverses the change in a controlled condition EX – BP, BGL, HR, Temp
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Positive Feedback System
The effector produces a response that enhances or reinforces the initial change in the controlled condition. EX – Childbirth, Ovulation, Blood Clotting
Happens in stimuli that are do not happen very often
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Homeostasis and Disease
If 1 or more components of the body lose their ability to contribute to homeostasis, the normal balance among all the body’s processes may be disturbed.
This may result in a disease, disorder or even death
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Disorder
Any disturbance of the structure or function of the body
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Disease
A more specific term for an illness that is characterized by a specific set of signs and symptoms
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Symptoms
Subjective changes in body function that are not apparent to an observer Ex – nausea or headache
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Signs
Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure Ex – bleeding, swelling, fever, rash
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Infectious disease
Pathogens invade a host and cause a disease
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Local Disease
Affects one part or region of the body
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Systemic Disease
Affects several body parts or the whole body
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Pathology
The science that deals with the nature, causes and development of abnormal conditions that occur from the disease process
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Epidemiology
The science that deals with the why, when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in a human community
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Pharmacology
The science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease
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Diagnosis
The identification of a disease or disorder based on a scientific evaluation of a patient’s signs and symptoms, medical history, physical examination and sometimes lab tests
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Aging and Homeostasis
Aging is a normal process characterized by a progressive decline in the body’s ability to restore homeostasis.
Produces observable changes in structure and function and increases vulnerability to stress and disease