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Vineyard Irrigation Proficiency Series – Part 3 Chemigation for Vineyard Drip Irrigation Systems January 29, 2021

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Page 1: Home - School of Irrigation - Vineyard Chemigation 2021...Requirements for water wells… All irrigation distribution systems … into which any type of chemical … or other foreign

Vineyard Irrigation Proficiency Series – Part 3

Chemigation for Vineyard Drip Irrigation Systems

January 29, 2021

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Agenda

• Principles of Chemigation• Laws and Regulations• Types of Injectors• Drip Clogging and Water Quality Concerns• Fertilizers, Chlorine and  Acid injection• Calibration of Equipment

• Demonstration of Injector Calibration (video)

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Chemigation

The process of injecting an approved chemical into irrigation water and applying it through 

the irrigation system to a crop or field.

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Chemigation

General term that includes:• Fertigation• Insectigation• Fungigation•Nematigation

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Advantages of Chemigation

• Uniformity of application• Precise application• Economics• Timeliness• Reduced soil compaction and crop damage• Operator safety

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Disadvantages of Chemigation

• High management• Additional equipment• Must calculate injection rates and volumes• Injection equipment must be calibrated

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Chemigation – Laws and RegulationsGeneral Classes• Controlled Substances          

(pesticides and herbicides)

• Fertilizers and Nutrients

• Drip Maintenance/Clogging Control Chemicals (chlorine, acid)

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Controlled Substances

Typically Pesticides and Herbicides

• Highly regulated by the EPA and States 

• Regulations cover labeling, mixing/injection, and equipment

• Regulations designed to protect the environment, human health and water supplies

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Other Chemicals….

Fertilizers and NutrientsDrip Maintenance/Clogging Control Chemicals

• Regulated by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality

• Requires backflow prevention devices for public water supply and groundwater protection

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The US EPA’s Label Improvement Program (LIP)

• Established in the 1980’s (fully implemented in 1988)

• States were required to implement regulations at least as stringent as proposed by the EPA 

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The US EPA’s Label Improvement Program (LIP)

• Labels must state whether product is approved to be applied through the irrigation system

• Application instructions are provided

• Requires use of specific safety equipment and devices designed to prevent accidental spills

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Reading Chemical Labels

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Example #1

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Summary of Chemigation Equipment Requirements

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1. Irrigation Pipeline

• Check valve between well and injection points*• Vacuum relief valve between check valve and well• Low pressure cut off• Low pressure drain*

*Alternative safety equipment may be substituted approved by EPA, March 1989.

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2.  Injection Hose

• Anti‐back flow injection valve – 10 psi• Normally closed solenoid valve between injection pump and chemical tank*

• A metering type injection pump*

*Alternative safety equipment may be substituted approved by EPA, March 1989.

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3.  Power Interlock

• Interlock injection pump and water pump power• Interlock normally closed solenoid valve and injection pump power

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Other Chemicals

• Fertilizers and Nutrients• Drip Maintenance/Clogging Control Chemicals

• TCEQ regulations are designed to protect water supply

• Basic requirement is a check valve (backflow prevention valve) when connected to a water well or public water supply

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Requirements for water wells…

All irrigation distribution systems … into which any type of chemical … or other foreign substances will be injected into the water pumped from wells shall be equipped with an in‐line, automatic quick‐closing check valve capable of preventing pollution of the ground water.

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Other Required Devices

Installed between the pump discharge and the check valve• Vacuum‐relief device• Automatic low pressure drain• Inspection port

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Chemigation Injectors and Pumps

The most common types:• Mechanical

• Piston (positive displacement) pumps• Diaphragm pumps

• Venturi meters• Other

• Water Driven

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Piston/Positive Displacement Pumps• Uses a “piston” to inject chemical into the irrigation water

• Rate is determined by the• length of the stroke• number of strokes per minutes

• Chemicals come into contact with piston, so materials should be matched

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Piston/Positive Displacement PumpsInjection rate remains constant and does not  change if the irrigation pipeline pressure varies

• Injection rates cannot be adjusted while operating • Commonly used to inject fertilizer (large rate injection)

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Piston/Positive Displacement Pumps

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Diaphragm Pumps

• A membrane separates chemical from the drive mechanism (piston)

• Easy to adjust flow rate while operating • Commonly used for low‐rate injection (pesticides, etc.) or continuous injections (chlorine or acid to lower pH)

• Easy to calibrate and maintain  

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Diaphragm Pump

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Diaphragm Pump Operation

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Venturi Meters

• Simple device with no moving parts• The meter uses a reduced diameter throat tube (or a tube with a needle valve or orifice plate) 

• Velocity changes in tube create vacuum to pull chemical into stream

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Venturi Meters

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Venturi Meters

•Most low‐end venturi injectors are not adjustable and have a constant proportion injection rate such as 1:50 (one gallon injected for every 50 gallons flowing through meter)

• Suction‐Injection rates are calibrated by adjusting the inlet and outlet pressure by controlling the flow through the venturi

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Venturi Meter Selection/Calibration

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• Also called Proportional Injectors• A water driven “engine” moves a piston within a cylinder at a proportional rate to the flow

• Available in fixed ratio and adjustable models• Commonly used only for chlorine or fertilizer 

Water Driven Injectors

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Water Driven Injectors

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Injecting Fertilizers

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Fertilizers

• Frequently injected into drip irrigation systems• dry and liquid formulations are available• liquid formulations are more expensive but are very convenient 

• can be injected directly (without mixing with water) with a variable rate injector.

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Fertilizers

• Fertilizers containing phosphorus and sulfur may react with calcium and/or magnesium in irrigation water

• forming precipitates that could clog emitters

• Micronutrients can also cause precipitates• Consult with supplier before use or test prior to injection

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Fertilizers

• Solubility of dry formulas varies depending on type and water quality

• Incomplete dissolving may result in clogging of emitters and lines  

• Solubility in Pure waterammonium nitrate  9.8 lb/galcalcium nitrate 8.5 lb/galpotassium chloride 2.3 lb/galpotassium nitrate 1.1 lb/gal

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Fertilizers ‐ Summary

• Test solubility first• Beware of formulas containing phosphorus/sulfur in waters with calcium/magnesium

• Use soluble chelated forms of micronutirents• Liquid fertilizers are more expensive, but easier to deal with

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Fertilizers

• Following the 1‐2‐1 method when injecting fertilizers

• first 25% of the irrigation set, inject no fertilizer –allowing the pipelines to fill 

• inject during the middle half of the irrigation  • no injection during the final quarter of the irrigation to allow the pipelines to be flushed and to move the fertilizer in the soil away from the emitter

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Useful Conversion Factors

1 ppm = 1 mg/l1 ppm = 1 mg/kg1 % = 10,000 ppm1 % = 1.33 oz (by weight) per gal of water0.1% = 1000 ppm

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Clogging Control

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Clogging Control

• Biological ‐ Chlorine• Aglae• Bacteria

• Minerals ‐ Acids• Iron• Calcium/Lime• Salts• Etc. 

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Chlorine

• Inject chlorine to control biological clogging of lines and emitters

• Water high in iron or sulfur may foster bacterial activity, particularly in combination with fine suspended solids (< 100 microns)

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Chlorine

• Injected to control biological clogging of lines and emitters

• Household bleach is often used in small systems (5.25% Chlorine)

• Use formulas with higher concentrations if iron bacteria and/or organic matter are problems

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• Container label will specify concentration

Chlorine

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Chlorine

• Chlorine concentration at the end of the drip line should be:

‐ 1 to 2 ppm for occasional treatment‐ 0.5 to 1 ppm for continuous treatment

• Begin with injection of low concentrations (5 ppmto 10 ppm) for one hour

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Acid Injection

• Acid is injected to control mineral clogging of emitters

• Water likely to cause problems:• High water pH (>7.5) • “moderate” to “hard water” 

• >60 ppm Ca• >500 mg/l TDS (total dissolved solids)

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Acid Injection

• Inject acid to lower pH to about 6.5 for mild clogging problems

• For more severe clogging, lower the pH to 4• Expose emitters to this concentration for ½ to 1 hour

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Acid Injection

• 98% sulfuric acid is commonly used in drip irrigation

• Other common acids:• Nitric Acid• Phosphoric Acid• Hydrochloric Acid (Swimming Pool Acid)

• Citric acid or vinegar can be used in organic farming

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Acid Injection

• Laboratories can do a titration analysis which will determine the amount of acid needed to lower the water to a certain pH

• Texas A&M Soil, Water and Forage Testing Lab

• The injection rate (gal per hour) of acid is calculated by

IR= injection rate, gal per hrA = gal of acid needed to lower pH (per ac‐ft of water)Q = Flow rate of irrigation system (gpm)

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Water Quality

• Highly Recommended water sources be tested prior to any chemigation to avoid negative reactions

• TAMU Soil Testing Lab has specific analysis for water used in drip irrigation

• More info at http://SoilTesting.tamu.edu

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Water Quality Testinghttp://soiltesting.tamu.edu

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Calibration of Equipment

• Small differences in injection rates make large differences in total amount of chemical applied

• Results in insufficient or excessive application

• Calibration involves injecting water and checking the actual volume of water injected

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Calibration of Equipment

Useful conversionsvolume1 gal = 3,785 ml1 oz = 29.57 ml

flow1 ml/min = 0.016 gal/hr63.09 ml/min = 1 gal/hr1 oz/min = 0.469 gal/hr

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Calibration of Equipment

For fixed ratio injectors, check the injection ratio

100:1 means that one gal of solution will be injected for each 100 gal of water flowing through the unit

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Calibration of Equipment

For adjustable injectors:• Calculate the desired injection rate (gal/hr, ml/min) • Then calibrate/adjust injector accordingly

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Calculations ‐ Example 1

Calculate the total solution needed and the injection rate for equipment setting/calibration

Step 1: total gallons of chemicals neededmultiply the total acres by the chemical solution to be applied (gal/ac)

Step 2: calculate injection rate in gal/hrdivide by the length of the chemigation event

Step 3: Convert gal/hr to milliliters per minute (ml/min)63.09 ml/min = 1 gal/hr

Step 4: set/check injector rate by injecting water for 1 minute

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Calculations ‐ Example 1

20 acres to be chemigated with ‐ 60 gal of solution per acre ‐ in one hour

Step 1: total gallons of chemicals needed20 ac x 60 gal/ac = 1200 gallons of solution

Step 2: calculate injection rate in gal/hr(1200 gal) divided by (1 hour) = 1200 gal/hr 

Step 3: Convert gal/hr to milliliters per minute (ml/min)1200 gal/hr ÷ 63.09 = 19 ml/minute

Step 4: set/check injector rate by injecting water for 1 minute

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Calculations ‐ Example 2

Calculate injection rate based on concentration (ppm) of solution to be injected

.

IR = injection rate (gal/hr)F = flow rate of irrigation system (gpm)C = concentration of chemical wanted (ppm)P = Percentage of chemical in solution (%)

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Calculations ‐ Example 2I want to inject chlorine at a concentration of 5 ppm for one hour.  My irrigation system has a flow rate of 100 gpm, and I’m using household bleach (5.25% chlorine)

𝐼𝑅 .

𝐼𝑅 0.006 100 𝑔𝑝𝑚 5 𝑝𝑝𝑚

5.25%

IR = 0.571 gal/hr of bleach

IR = injection rate (gal/hr)F = flow rate of irrigation system (gpm)C = concentration of chemical wanted (ppm)P = Percentage of chemical in solution

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Calculations ‐ Example 3

Determining amount of solution for fixed ratio injectors

For example 2, my venturi injector has a 100:1 ration 

(injecting chlorine at a concentration of 5 ppm for one hour, a flow rate of 100 gpm, and using household bleach) 

IR = 0.571 gal/hr of bleach

Step 1: Calculate total flow of irrigation system in one hour100 gpm x 60 min/hr = 6000 gallons per hour

Step 2: Calculate total gallons of solution to be injected (divide Step 1 by ratio)

6000 gph ÷ 100 = 60 gallons of solution

Step 3:  Mix the 0.571 gallons of bleach with 60 gallons of water in the injection tank

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Chemigation Operation & Calibration Video Demonstration

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Contact Information

• Dr Guy Fipps, PEProfessor & Extension Ag Engineerg‐[email protected]

• Charles SwansonExtension Program Specialist [email protected]‐845‐5614