holographic radar and the safe integration of drones
TRANSCRIPT
3 March 2017 2
The rise of the
drone
Holographic
Radar
The problem of
drone detection
Implementation
of a solution
P001-P-006 v1.1
3 March 2017 3
The rise of the
drone
Holographic
Radar
The problem of
drone detection
Implementation
of a solution
P001-P-006 v1.1
Rapid growth in use of drones
4
Rapid growth in UAS market is driving need for surveillance
High growth in UAS market
o Advances in UAS technologies
o Falling cost of UAS
USA market example
o Additional drivers:
• Beyond line of sight
• Package delivery (Amazon, DHL, DPD)
Source: FAA Aerospace Forecast 2016-2036
Issued Mar-2016
UAS Market Sales Forecast Summary
Million sUAS Units (<25kg)
Commercial UASHigher end ASP $40,000Lower end ASP $2,500
USA – sUAS Fleet Forecast
Top Five sUAS Markets - USA
75% CAGR
5 Years
2016-2021
30% CAGR
4 Years
2016-2020
UAS applications
3 March 2017 P001-P-006 v1.15
Rapidly expanding
Amateur
o Toy
o Photographer
o Racer
Commercial
o Agriculture
o Surveillance
o Mapping
o Package delivery
o Medical supply
o Air taxi
Initial regulations focussed on controlling rogue drones
o Single rule for all operators
o Weight based limits
o Maximum distances from pilot and people
New regulation will be risk based
o Open
• Low risk
o Specific
• Operation centric
o Certified
• As for manned aviation
The future will be about enabling operations
Risks
Risk
Airborne
collision
Ground
collision
PrivacySmuggling
Terrorism
3 March 2017 P001-P-006 v1.16
Regulation is evolving to match the risk
Risk - Airborne collision
3 March 2017 P001-P-006 v1.17
500ft
60,000ft
Sharing the airspace
Risk - Airborne collision
CS-23
Normal,
utility,
aerobatic &
commuter
CS-25 /
FAR-25
Large
aeroplane
CS-27
Large
rotorcraft
Windshield 0.9 kg 1.8 kg 1 kg
Airframe 1.8 kg 1 kg
Empennage 3.6 kg 1 kg
3 March 2017 P001-P-006 v1.18
Aircraft bird strike testing limits
https://www.easa.europa.eu/system/files/dfu/TF%20Drone%20Collision_Report%20for%20Publication%20%28005%29.pdf
CS-P
Propeller
CS-E
Engines
1 bird 1.8 kg 1.8 – 3.6 kg
16 birds 85 g
Continental 737 800 Newark 21 Mar 2009
Eqypt Air 737-800 Heathrow 11 Mar 2016
Small aircraft have no bird strike testing
Risk - Ground collision
3 March 2017 P001-P-006 v1.19
Injury and fatality risk
https://www.easa.europa.eu/system/files/dfu/TF%20Drone%20Collision_Report%20for%20Publication%20%28005%29.pdf
AIS PoF
250g 1/2 1%
500g 3/4 30%
600g 4/5 50%
1.4kg 5/6 90%
Marcel Hirscher Italy 2015
Sag Harbor Main Street 2015
Police UAS
Risk - Privacy
3 March 2017 10
Personal privacy
Paparazzi
Espionage
P001-P-006 v1.1
Aerix VIDIUS HD 16g camera drone
Risk - Smuggling
3 March 2017 P001-P-006 v1.111
Prisons
Borders
Airports
Wandsworth prison London 2016
Tijuana Mexican border 2015
UK drone related police reports
Terrorism / low tech adversary
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+
=Fatality radius 5m
Injury radius 15m
DJI Phantom 4 payload 460g
M67 Grenade 397g
Safe integration
3 March 2017 13
Enabling the positive use of drones
Safety features
o Dynamic geo-fencing
o Sense and avoid
o Injury risk reduction
Regulation changes
o Stricter rules initially
o More flexibility for trained professionals
o Electronic identity
o Ambition to integrate all classes of UAS into all classes of airspace
UAS Traffic Management (UTM)
o Emerging field
o Fast track – new companies
o Slow track – existing aviation community
P001-P-006 v1.1
3 March 2017 14
The rise of the
drone
Holographic
Radar
The problem of
drone detection
Implementation
of a solution
P001-P-006 v1.1
Radar in 60 seconds
3 March 2017 15 P001-P-006 v1.1
The Holographic principle
3 March 2017 16
Multibeam staring vs scanning
Holographic radar: illumination and beamforming:
Electronic scan:
Sequential scan:
P001-P-006 v1.1
Applications of Holographic Radar
3 March 2017 17
Windfarm mitigation to drone detection
P001-P-006 v1.1
A wide area persistent solution
3 March 2017 18
Digitise the sky – search the data
Single transmitter illuminates whole field of view
o Simple low cost transmitter
Multi-beam receivers continuously gather data
o Azimuth and elevation beams provide 3D coverage
o 100% time-on-target yields fine Doppler resolution
o Tracking and analysis benefit from continuous dwell
Parallel processing allows real time target detection
o Software defined architecture
o Increase performance through processing not through spectrum
o Processing capacity determines the integrable range of target dynamics
The key principle is:
o Its all about the target
P001-P-006 v1.1
Holographic Radar matches technology with physics
3 March 2017 P001-P-006 v1.119
Transforming sequential, spatial scan into memory access
Persistent observation
Resolution cells downloaded into to memory
Integration gives high Doppler resolution
Digital arrays give flexible beam forming
Process capacity is the limiting factor, and grows with Moore’s Law
Transmitter
Receiver panels
HR persistently downloads airspace into memory
P001-P-006 v1.120
Space is searched in parallel
A 40-mile radius scanning 2D PSR yields ~72,000 resolution elements per second, with ~16 pulses on target: ~1M data points per second
A 40-mile range Holographic RadarTM yields 2.4Bn resolution elements per second. 60 seconds’ continuous data occupies ~1TB of memory in 5 dimensions
Computers (GPU, CPU) search memory with great efficiency
V
H
Range
Time
Pulse
frames
3 March 2017 21
The rise of the
drone
Holographic
Radar
The problem of
drone detection
Implementation
of a solution
P001-P-006 v1.1
C-UAS
UTM
Counter UAS action hierarchy
3 March 2017 P001-P-006 v1.122
Prevent
o Regulation
o Geo-fencing
o Education
Detect
o presence warning
Locate
o location
o trajectory
Identify
o UAS/bird/aircraft
o UAS - Friend or Foe
o intent
Act
o Mitigate
o Neutralise
o Destroy
act
identify
locate
detect
prevent
Gam
eke
ep
er
The counter UAS system
3 March 2017 P001-P-006 v1.123
Command and Control (C2)
o Situational awareness
o Target prioritisation
o EA control
Radar
o Long range coverage (2-20km)
o All weather performance
o Cue-other sensors
Electro-optics (EO)
o Medium/short range (1-3km)
o Requires cue
o Positive identification
Acoustic sensing (AS)
o Very short range (~100m)
o Sensitive to environmental noise
Electronic Surveillance (ES)
o Medium/short range (1-3km)
o Positive identification
o No detection of autonomous flight
Electronic Attack (EA)
o Disable
o Control
Kinetic Attack
o Disable
o Destroy
C2
Radar
EO
AS
ES
EA
KA
How to act? (1)
Lethal
o Severe risk of collateral damage
Non-lethal
o Nets
o Trained eagles
o Some risk of collateral damage
Restricted legality
3 March 2017 P001-P-006 v1.124
Kinetic attack
How to act? (2)
Link jamming
o Needs to be higher power than the communications link
o Drone hovers and returns to pre-programed base
o Does not work with autonomous flight
GPS jamming
o Works with autonomous flight
o Unpredictable outcome
Will impact other links in the area
Restricted legality
3 March 2017 P001-P-006 v1.125
Electronic attack
How to act? (3)
3 March 2017 26
Mitigation
Police enforcement
o Deterrent
Targeted education
o Signage
Warning to those at risk
o Pilot awareness
P001-P-006 v1.1
Gatwick Airport 2015
UTM systems concept
3 March 2017 27
One possible architecture
P001-P-006 v1.1
The challenge of seeing drones with a radar
3 March 2017 28
Low
o Swamped by strong returns from ground objects
Slow
o Difficult to distinguish from static clutter
Small
o Requires high sensitivity
Agile
o Challenging tracking
Differentiate from other objects small
o People/animals on the ground
o Birds/insects in the air
Classification
Clutter rejection
Detection
P001-P-006 v1.1
Using Holographic Radar to see drones
3 March 2017 29
Stare not scan
Number of elements of the sensor come together to aid the surveillance of small, slow, low and agile micro-drones
P001-P-006 v1.1
3D Lower
Fine
DopplerSlower
Staring Smaller
High
UpdateAgile
Classification
Filters
Machine learning
Micro-motion
detection
Holographic Radar tests against micro-drone
3 March 2017 30
Separating very small targets from clutter
P001-P-006 v1.1
Closer examination of Hexacopter signature
3 March 2017 31
Conventional radar view
P001-P-006 v1.1
Outbound
Closer examination of Hexacopter signature
3 March 2017 32
3-D elevation separation => Lower
P001-P-006 v1.1
Outbound
Closer examination of Hexacopter signature
3 March 2017 33
3-D + Longer Dwell => Lower + Slower
P001-P-006 v1.1
Outbound
Closer examination of Hexacopter signature
3 March 2017 34
3-D + Longer Dwell + Stare => Lower + Slower + Agile
P001-P-006 v1.1
Outbound
Closer examination of Hexacopter signature
3 March 2017 35
Holographic Radar => Lower + Slower + Agile + Smaller
P001-P-006 v1.1
Outbound
Closer examination of Hexacopter signature
3 March 2017 36
Holographic Radar increased sensitivity => Discrimination
P001-P-006 v1.1
Outbound
Level 1 - Filter based classification
3 March 2017 37
Understanding the object categories
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Level 2 - Classification using machine learning
3 March 2017 38
Training and testing on same target using different data from same trial
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Drone
Tracks With Discrimination
Tracks Without Discrimination
Discrimination Features• Height• Acceleration• Age of track• Doppler bin• Doppler bin rate• Jolt• Maximum height
Level 3 - Micro-motion based classification
3 March 2017 39
Fixed wing with propellers
P001-P-006 v1.1
Micro-motion based classification
3 March 2017 40
Bird signature
P001-P-006 v1.1
Micro-motion based classification
3 March 2017 41
Multi-rotor
P001-P-006 v1.1
3 March 2017 42
The rise of the
drone
Holographic
Radar
The problem of
drone detection
Implementation
of a solution
P001-P-006 v1.1
Gamekeeper Holographic RadarTM
3 March 2017 43
Dedicated UAV detection Radar
Gamekeeper 16U
o RCS detection: ~0.01m2
o Birds vs. drones differentiation
• Automatic, low false alarm rate
o Range: 0.3 – 5km
o Height: <3,000ft
o Position of drone: 3D
o Update rate: 4x/sec
o Simultaneous multi-drone tracking
o Multi-sensor integration
P001-P-006 v1.1
Gamekeeper 16U – Monaco deployment
3 March 2017 44
Drone detection
P001-P-006 v1.1
Conventional 2-D Radar View
Gamekeeper 16U – Monaco deployment
3 March 2017 45
Drone detection
P001-P-006 v1.1
Add 3-D
Gamekeeper 16U – Monaco deployment
3 March 2017 46
Drone detection
P001-P-006 v1.1
Extend Dwell
Gamekeeper 16U – Monaco deployment
3 March 2017 47
Drone detection
P001-P-006 v1.1
Increase Update
Gamekeeper 16U – Monaco deployment
3 March 2017 48
Drone detection
P001-P-006 v1.1
Maximise Sensitivity
Gamekeeper 16U – Monaco deployment
3 March 2017 49
Drone detection
P001-P-006 v1.1
Holographic Radar View
Long range tracking
3 March 2017 50
Drone detection in littoral environment to 5km
P001-P-006 v1.1
Tracking in urban clutter
3 March 2017 51
Drone detection over urban environment
P001-P-006 v1.1
Full C-UAS solution
3 March 2017 52 P001-P-006 v1.1
UTM implementation
3 March 2017 53 P001-P-006 v1.1
Summary
3 March 2017 54
Unmanned and autonomous aviation will be a significant proportion of future airspace
New technology will allow them to be safely integrated into our skies
Holographic Radar offers an innovative way to non-cooperatively detect, track and classify
o Enabling safe operation
o Detecting rogue drones
P001-P-006 v1.1