hollywood structure
DESCRIPTION
WJEC AS Film Studies - lesson on The Paramount DecreeTRANSCRIPT
Hollywood pre and post 1948
Film Studies AS
Background
» Invention of “talkies”» Jazz Singer » 1927» First full length synchro sound» Needed to upgrade cinemas» Quickly became the norm
» Invention of “talkies”» Jazz Singer » 1927» First full length synchro sound» Needed to upgrade cinemas» Quickly became the norm
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Hollywood heyday
» 1930’s and 1940’s» Emergence of the major film
companies Paramount Loew’s = MGM Fox Warner Bros RKO
» All had similarities and differences
» 1930’s and 1940’s» Emergence of the major film
companies Paramount Loew’s = MGM Fox Warner Bros RKO
» All had similarities and differences
Vertical integration
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Studios controlled all
» Autocratic leaders» Very powerful» Collusion» Oligopoly
» Autocratic leaders» Very powerful» Collusion» Oligopoly
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Result
» Studios controlled Writers Producers Directors Stars Distribution Exhibition
» Studios controlled Writers Producers Directors Stars Distribution Exhibition
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Cinema ownership
» Although studios owned under 20% of cinemas
» Packaged deals meant that as the sole suppliers to the market they had effective control over exhibition
“we will only supply you with films if you do not show films from studios of which we do not approve”
» Although studios owned under 20% of cinemas
» Packaged deals meant that as the sole suppliers to the market they had effective control over exhibition
“we will only supply you with films if you do not show films from studios of which we do not approve”
1940s
» Increasing interest in anti-trust legislation
» Film industry identified 1940» Industry given time and guidance
on changes» Second World War delayed change
» Increasing interest in anti-trust legislation
» Film industry identified 1940» Industry given time and guidance
on changes» Second World War delayed change
Paramount Decree 1948
» US government ran out of patience for change
» Anti trust legislation used» Distribution and exhibition had to
be separated
» US government ran out of patience for change
» Anti trust legislation used» Distribution and exhibition had to
be separated
Post 1948
» Freelance Directors Producers Actors etc
» Freelance Directors Producers Actors etc
Post 1948
» Emergence of new players in the markets
» New technology allowed and flourishes
» Many more independent films made - many are poor but they fail
» Healthier» More competitive
» Emergence of new players in the markets
» New technology allowed and flourishes
» Many more independent films made - many are poor but they fail
» Healthier» More competitive
Result
» Little or no independent film production
» Stars exploited through contracts» High output of poor films - with
exceptions» Very profitable» Suited the war time society
» Little or no independent film production
» Stars exploited through contracts» High output of poor films - with
exceptions» Very profitable» Suited the war time society
Hollywood pre and post 1948
Film Studies AS