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HND - RevisionLim Sei Kee @ cK

Phase Test 110th June 2014Tuesday, 2 PM 5PMCHAPTER 1 TO CHAPTER 73 SECTIONS

People & Organization

1. Introduction to P&O 2. Diversity in Organizations 3. Attitudes & Job Satisfaction 4. Motivation 5. Motivation: From Concepts to

Applications 6. Perception & Individual Decision

Making 7. Communication

Section A – MCQ[15 marks]

Section B – Case Study[25 marks]

Section C – Structured Questions[60 marks]

3 Sections

MCQ

Section A

1. According to Mintzberg, when a manager searches the organization and its environment for opportunities and initiates projects to bring about change, the manager is acting in which role?

A) Negotiator B) Entrepreneur C) Monitor D) Resource allocator

2. An organizational behavior (OB) study would be least likely to be used to focus on which of the following problems?

A) An increase in absenteeism at a certain company B) A fall in productivity in one shift of a

manufacturing plant C) A decrease in sales due to growing foreign

competition D) An increase in theft by employees at a retail store

3. Biographical characteristics include all of the following EXCEPT _________

A) Age B) Gender C) Length of tenure D) Learning style

4. Discrimination includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Sexual harassment B) Intimidation C) Filtering D) Exclusion

5. Employees can express the job dissatisfaction in a number of ways:

A) Quit the job B) Complain to the subordinates C) Shirk a part of their work responsibilities D) All of the following

6. It is defined as a reflection of how one feels about something.

A) Cognitive B) Affective C) Attitudes D) Behavioral

7. According to Herzberg’s two-factor theory, which one of the following are motivator factors?

A) Achievement, Recognition, Job advancement B) Company policies, Physical working condition,

Salary C) Status, Job Security, Benefits D) Quality of supervision, Coworker relationships,

Bonus

8. Motivation is . . . .

A) The processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal

B) The theory that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance

C) The strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual

D) Reflection of how one feels about something

9. A work group of employees who meet regularly to discuss their quality problems, investigate causes, recommend solutions and take corrective actions is an example of which employee involvement program?

A) Participative Management B) Representative Participation C) Quality Circles D) Employee Stock Ownership Plans

10. Piece-rate plans, wage incentives, profit sharing, bonuses, and gainsharing are all forms of ______________ programs.

A) Skill-based pay B) Systematic-pay C) Variable-pay D) Fixed-pay

11) Hafiz has the opinion that people who drive SUVs are dangerous drivers. He often perceives that people driving SUVs are doing so in a dangerous manner, even when other observers can see nothing wrong with the behavior of the SUV drivers. What factor in Hafiz is affecting his perception in this case?

A) his interests B) his experiences C) his expectations D) his motives

12) If everyone who is faced with a similar situation responds in the same way, attribution theory states that the behavior shows ________.

A) consensus B) similarity C) reliability D) consistency

13. Organizational communication processes include each of the following EXCEPT

A. Communication flows in all directions B. Communication happens over a pathway called a

network C. Communication typically does not affect behavior

in organizations D. The network includes formal organizational

positions and informal relationships

13. Organizational communication processes include each of the following EXCEPT

A. Communication flows in all directions B. Communication happens over a pathway called a

network C. Communication typically does not affect

behavior in organizations D. The network includes formal organizational

positions and informal relationships

14. Which of the following statements is FALSE about oral communication?

A. Oral communication can include radio and television communication

B. Oral communication usually has the immediate attention of the receiver

C. Oral communication leaves no permanent, retrievable record of the message

D. Nonverbal communication has no effect on oral communication

Case Study

Section B

One of the chapters.

Structured Qs

Choose ONLY 3 out of the 6 Questions.

Section C

◦Interpersonal roles :◦ Figurehead, Leader and Liaison.

◦Informational roles :◦ Monitor, Disseminator and Spokesperson.

◦Decisional roles :◦ Entrepreneur, Disturbance handler, Resource allocator and

Negotiator.

Henry Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles:

Organization Behavior - OB is the study of human behavior in the workplace, the interaction between people and the organization, and the organization itself.

The goals of OB are to explain, predict, and control behavior.

Define OB (People and Organizations)

Organizational Behavior Focus:

◦To improve productivity.◦Reduce absenteeism and turnover.◦Reduce deviant workplace behavior.◦Increase organizational citizenship behavior.◦Increase employee job satisfaction.

What is the point of analyzing behavior?

Age, gender, race, disability, and length of service are some of the most obvious ways employees differ.

It is easily definable and readily available – data that can be obtained, for the most part, from an employee’s human resources (HR) file.

Biographical Characteristics??

An individual’s current capacity to perform the various tasks in a job.

◦Intellectual Abilities The abilities needed to perform mental

activities- for thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.

◦Physical Abilities The capacity to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity,

strength, and similar characteristics.

Ability

Number Aptitude

Verbal Comprehension

Perceptual Speed

Inductive Reasoning

Deductive Reasoning

Spatial Visualization

Memory

Dimensions of Intellectual Ability

◦Job satisfaction◦ Collection of feelings that an individual holds toward his or her job.

◦Job involvement◦ The degree to which a person identifies with his or her job, actively

participates in it, and considers his or her performance important to self-worth.

◦Organizational commitment◦ The degree to which an employee identifies with a particular

organization and its goals, and wishes to maintain membership in the organization.

Work attitudes?

◦Dissonance : inconsistency.

◦Cognitive Dissonance : Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes.

◦Desire to reduce dissonance would be determined by the importance of the elements creating the dissonance, the degree of influence the individual believes he or she has over the elements and the rewards that maybe involved in dissonance.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory.

◦Exit : Dissatisfaction expressed through behavior directed toward leaving the organization.

◦Voice : Dissatisfaction expressed through active and constructive attempts to improve conditions.

◦Loyalty : Dissatisfaction expressed by passively waiting for conditions to improve.

◦Neglect : Dissatisfaction expressed through allowing conditions to worsen.

Actions taken by dissatisfied employee

The processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal – specifically, an organizational goal.

Three key elements:

◦Intensity – how hard a person tries

◦Direction – effort that is channeled toward, and consistent with, organizational goals

◦Persistence – how long a person can maintain effort

Motivation

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• Motivator Factors: Pertained to the content of the job; e.g. career advancement, recognition, achievement, sense of responsibility

• Hygiene Factors: Stemmed from the context in which the job was performed, e.g. job security, company policies, interpersonal relations, working conditions, salary – when these factors adequate, people will not be dissatisfied.

Discuss Two-Factor Theory.

Motivation depends on how much we want something and on how likely we think we are to get it

A theory that says that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual.

Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory

Job Rotation

The periodic shifting of an employee from one task to

another

Job Enrichment

The vertical expansion of jobs, increasing the degree to

which the worker controls the planning, execution, and

evaluation of his or her work.

What is job redesign?

Flextime◦ Flextime allows employees to choose the hours they work

within a defined period of time.

Job Sharing◦ Job Sharing allows two or more individuals to split a

traditional 40-hour-a-week job.

Telecommuting◦ Telecommuting allows workers to work from home at least 2

days a week on a computer linked to the employer’s office.

Alternative Work Arrangements

Participative Management

Representative Participation

Forms of Employee Involvement

FACTORS IN THE PERCEIVER

Attitudes Motives Interests

Experience Expectations

FACTORS IN THE SITUATION

Time Work setting Social setting

FACTORS IN THE TARGET

• Motion• Sounds• Size

• Background• Similarity

PERCEPTION

Making Judgments About Others

Distinctiveness: shows different behaviors in different situations.

Consensus: response is the same as others to same situation.

Consistency: responds in the same way over time.

Attribution Theory

When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.

Making consistent, value-maximizing choices within

specified constraints.

Intuitive Decision Making An non-conscious process created out of distilled

experience

Increases with experience

Rational decision-making VS Intuition

The steps between a source and a receiver that result in the

transference and understanding of meaning.

Key parts –1. The sender

2. Encoding

3. The message

4. The channel

5. Decoding the receiver

6. Noise

7. Feedback

Communication process

Oral Communication◦ Advantages: Speed and feedback◦ Disadvantage: Distortion of the message

Written Communication◦ Advantages: Tangible and verifiable◦ Disadvantages: Time-consuming and lacks feedback

Nonverbal Communication◦ Advantages: Supports other communications and provides

observable expression of emotions and feelings◦ Disadvantage: Misperception of body language or gestures can

influence receiver’s interpretation of message

3 Interpersonal Communication

Common Formal Small-Group Networks

Study smart !

See you all next week!

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