hkkjrh; n’kzu dh eksfyd vo/kkj.kk,a - drsohanrajtater.com darshan ki moulik... · dh vkrek...
TRANSCRIPT
Hkkjrh; n’kZu dh ekSfyd vo/kkj.kk,a
fo"k; lwph
v/;k;&1 Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa vkRek lEca/kh vo/kkj.kk
v/;k;&2 Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa dk;Z&dkj.k lEcU/k dh
vo/kkj.kk
v/;k;&3 ledkyhu Hkkjrh; nk’kZfud fpUru
esa iq:"kkFkZ dh vo/kkj.kk
v/;k;&4- Hkkjrh; n’kZu eaas deZ ,oa iqutZUe dh vo/kkj.kk
v/;k;&5- Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa cU/ku vkSj eks{k dh vo/kkj.kk
v/;k;&6- Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa ek;kokn dh vo/kkj.kk
v/;k;&7- Hkkjrh; n’kZu dh lkekU; fo’ks"krk,¡
v/;k;&8- n.M ds izfrdkjoknh fl)kUr dh vo/kkj.kk
v/;k;&9- vk/kqfud ;qx vkSj Hkxoku egkohj
v/;k;&10- cSaFke dh ijkFkZewyd lq[kokn dh vo/kkj.kk
v/;k;&11- foKku vkSj n’kZu
v/;k;&12- n’kZu vkSj /keZ
v/;k;&13- foKku vkSj v/;kRe
v/;k;&14- Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokn ,oa ekDlZokn
v/;k;&15- Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokn vkSj ekDlZokn ,d
rqyukRed ,oa leh{kkRed v/;;u
v/;k; & 1
Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa vkRek lEcU/kh vo/kkj.kkfo'o ds gjsd bUlku us izR;sd dky ,ao ifjfLFkfr esa vkRek lEcU/kh /kkj.kk
dks le>us rFkk le>kus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA vFkd iz;kl ds ckn Hkh vHkh rd ;g
¼vkRek½ ,d jgL;e; igsyh ds :i esa gh fo|eku gSA bldh tkudkjh ds fy, vusd
lH; vkSj f'kf{kr ns'kksa ds fpUrdksa] nk'kZfudksa ,oa fo}kuksa us iz;Ru fd;k gSA Hkkjro"kZ
ds rÙoosŸkkvksa us vius izkfrHk p{kq ds }kjk ftu lw{e rÙoksa dk lk{kkRdkj fd;k gS vkSj
viuh dq'kkxz cqf) ds }kjk ftu fl)kUrksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k gS] os n'kZu ds bfrgkl esa
furkUr egŸoiw.kZ gaSA ;gh fopkj Hkkjrh; /keZ] n'kZu ,oa laLdfr dk es:n.M gSA osnksa
dh vkRek lEcU/kh vo/kkj.kk dh ppkZ djrs gq, ,l +,u +nklxqIrk us fy[kk gS fd&
“There seems to be a belief in the Vedas that the soul could be separated
from the body in states of swoon.”1
Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa lkekU;r% nks /kkjk,¡ nh[k iM+rh gS& vkReokn ,oa
vukReokn ;k uSjkReoknA vkReokn ds vUrxZr lEkLr fgUnw n’kZu gSa vkSj vukReokn esa
ckS) rFkk pkokZd n’kZu gSA tSu n’kZu nksuksa dk leqPp; djrk gSA1A vkRek ‘kCn ds
/kkrq :i dh ppkZ djrs gq, ;kLd us viuh jpuk fu:Dr esa cryk;k gS fd “vkRek
rrs ofIr okfi okIr bfr L;kn~ ;kon~ O;kfIrHkwr bfrA”2 vFkkZr~ vkRek&’kCn vr~ /kkrq
(lru pyuk) ;k vi /kkrq (O;kIr gksuk) ls cuk gSA bls vkRek blfy, dgk tkrk gS
fd ;g lnk pyrh jgrh gS ;k lnk leLr oLrqvksa esa O;kIr jgrh gSA3 Jh ‘kadjkpk;Z
us O;qRifŸk djrs le; ,d izkphu ‘yksd dk mYys[k fd;k gS tks ;ksa gS& “;PpkIuksfr
;nknrs ;Ppkfr fo”k;kfuagA ;PpkL; lUrrs HkkoLrLeknkResfr dhR;ZrsA”4 mifu”knksa esa
vkRek ds Lo:i dh [kkst cM+h Nku&chu ds lkFk dh x;h gSA muds v/;;u ls irk
pyrk gS fd lcls igys vkRek ‘kCn dk iz;ksx LoHkko ;k fdlh oLrq dh lŸkk
(oLrqRo) ;k fdlh oLrq dh ,drk (oLrq dk ,d gksuk) ds vFkZ esa gqvk gS vkSj ckn
esa pydj rÙo ds vFkZ esa vkREkk ‘kCn dk iz;ksx gksus yxk gSA
Hkkjrh; n’kZu lkjr%vk/;kReoknh gSA vkRek gh bl n’kZu dk dsUnz&fcUnq gSA
blh vk/;kfRed nf”Vdks.k dks ysdj Hkkjr vU; ns’kksa ds fy, xq: ekuk tkrk jgk gSA
oLrqr% pkokZd dks NksM+dj vU; lHkh Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudksa us vkRek dh lÙkk dks Lohdkj
fd;k gSA budh nf”V esa vkRek gh pje lR; gSA vkRek vkSj czg~e dks Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa
(fo’ks”kdj ‘kadj vkfn) us ,d ,oa vfHkUu cryk;k gSA ,l-,u-nklxqIrk us Hkh Bhd gh
fy[kk gS fd “The central emphasis of Samkara’s philosophy of the
Upnishads and the Brahm-sutra is on Brahman, the self revealed indentity of
pure consciousness, bliss and being which does not await the performance
of any of the obligatory vedic duties for its realization.”5
;tqosZn ds 40 osa v/;k; esa cryk;k x;k gS fd%&
;Lrq lokZaf.k HkwrkU;kReUusokuqi’;frA
loZ Hkwrs”kw pkRekua rrks u fofp fpfdRlfrAA 3AA
;fLeURlokZf.k HkwrkU;kReSokHkwf}tkur%A
Rk= dks eksg% d% ‘kksd,dRoeuq i’;r%AA 7AA
Lk iPpZxkPNqdedk;eoz.kelwfoj ‘kq)e ikiafo)eA
dfoeZuh”kh ifjHkw%Lo;EHkw;kZFkkrF;rkMFkkZu O;an/kkPNk’DrhH;% lkekH;%AA 8A
vFkkZr~ vkRe&Kkuh lc izkf.k;ksa dks ,d vkRek esa gh ns[krk gS] rFkk lc
izkf.k;ksa esa Lo;a dks ns[krk gS] og lfUnX/kkoLFkk esa ugha iM+rkA tc vkRe&Kkuh lc
izkf.k;ksa dks ,d gh tku ysrk gS] rc ml ,dkReHkko dks ns[kus okys dks jkx vkSj }s”k
D;k\ ijekRek vFkkZr~ czg~e ds lkFk vHksn dks izkIr gqvk og Lo;a izdk’kokyk vkSj
dk;k jfgr gks tkrk gSA fNnz jfgr] ukM+h vkfn ls jfgr vkSj nsg :i&mikf/k ls Hkh
jfgr gSA fueZy vkSj ikijfgr og vkRek loZO;kid gSA ;kuh og vfouk’kh] vej] fuR;
,oa fodkjjfgr gSA egkRekvksa ,oa egf”kZ;ksa us vkRe Kku dks gh czg~e Kku dgk gSA
vkRek dks tkuus okyk Lo;a czg~e gks tkrk gSA blfy, dgk x;k gS fd ^czg~efon~
czg~eSo Hkofr^ dchj us Hkh dgk gS fd “ykyh esjs yky dh ftr ns[kksa frr ykyA ykyh
ns[ku eSa xbZ eSa Hkh gks xbZ ykyA” xksLokeh rqylhnkl us Hkh dgk gS fd ^tkufga rqefga
rqefga gksbZ tkbZ A cq) us vkns’k fn;k gS ^vkRenhiks Hkko% ¼vIinhiks Hko½ ,d LFky ij
fdlh us dgk gS& ^vkReu~ fof)^A bl rjg Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa vkRek dks loZLo ,oa
lcdk dsUnz fcUnq ekuk x;k gSA
mifu”kn~ ,oa czg~elw= esa bl ij lcls vf/kd tksj fn;k x;k gSA vkRek ds
Lo:i dks ysdj Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa eq[;r% pkj izdkj ds er ik;s tkrs gSa& (d)
HkkSfrdoknh vFkok nsgkReoknh fopkj ([k) vuqHkooknh fopkj (Empirical views of
the soul) (x) oLrqoknh fopkj] (?k) izR;;oknh fopkjA
(d) HkkSfrdoknh fopkj
bl er ds izcy leFkZd pkokZd gSaA bUgksaus tM+ vFkok Hkwr dks gh pje
rŸo ekuk gSA budh nf”V esa vkRek Hkh HkkSfrd gh gSA HkkSfrd rŸo ls gh lHkh oLrqvksa
dh mRifr gksrh gSA nsoh izlkn pV~Vksik/;k; us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “For the
Lokayata view is that when the material elements assume the from of the
living body, consciousness is produced in it. Thus, in this view, the body is
the cause and consciousness is its effect.”7 vkxs fQj fy[krs gSa fd
“Consciousness has the inherent nature of being the product of the material
elements alone and the material elements have the inherent nature of
producing consciousness.”8 vr% pkokZd dh nf”V esa iFoh] ty] vfXu vkSj ok;q gh
ewy rŸo gSa vkSj ;s lcdk dkj.k gSaA bldk dksbZ dkj.k ugha gSA
pkokZd ds vfrfjDr lHkh Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudksa us fo’o dh mRifr ds fy, ik¡ap
rÙoksa dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA budh nf”V ls mi;ZDr pkj rÙoksa ds vfrfjDr ik¡pok rŸo
vkdk’k gSA tgk¡ pkokZd us vkdk’k dks fuekZ.kd rÙo ugha ekuk gS ogk¡ vU; Hkkjrh;
nk’kZfudksa us bls ewy rÙo ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gSA pkokZd us vU; Hkkjrh;
n’kZfudksa ds fopkjksa dk [k.Mu djrs gq, cryk;k gS fd vkdk’k dk izR;{k Kku ugha
gkssrk gSA blfy, mldh lŸkk ugha gSA KkusfUnz;ksa ds ek/;e ls pkj rÙoksa dks gh tkuk
tkrk gS] bl fy, ogh okLrfod lÙkk gSA ;s pkjks rŸo HkkSfrd gSaA bUgh rÙoksa ls lHkh
oLrq,¡ mRiUu gqbZ gSaA bu rŸoksa ds fo?kVu ls fo’o dk uk’k gks tkrk gSA fuR;]
vfouk’kh] fodkj jfgr] dk;k jfgr vkRek dh dYiuk lh/ks lkns yksxksa dks Bxus ds
fy, dh xbZ gSA iqjksfgrksa us vius LokFkZ flf) ds fy, vkRek dh vejrk] LoxZ] ujd
vkfn dhs ppkZ dh gSA eR;q ds i’pkr~ ‘kjhj ds lkFk gh psruk Hkh u”V gks tkrh gSA
pkokZd dh nf”V esa izR;{k izek.k gh okLrfod izek.k gSA blh ls ;FkkFkZ ,oa
vlafnX/k Kku dh izkfIr gks ldrh gSA ;gh ,d ek= vlafnX/k ,oa ;FkkFkZ lk/ku gSA
vkRek dk dHkh izR;{k ugha gksrk gS] blhfy, mUgksusa vkRek dh vejrk lEcU/kh
vo/kkj.kk dk [k.Mu fd;k gSaA
budk (pkokZd dk) nsgkReokn dky&Øe esa iq=kReokn] bfUnz;kReokn ,oa
izk.kkReokn dk :i ys fy;k gSA MkW- lUr ukjk;.k Jh okLro ds ‘kCnksa esa “bu pkokZdkas
esa Hkh dbZ Hksn gSA osnkUrlkj ds izLrqr izdj.k ls LFkwy nsgkReokn] bfUnz;kReoknh]
izk.kkReoknh vkSj eukReoknh bu pkj izdkj ds pkokZdksa dk irk pyrk gSaA”9 bls ge
nsgkReoknh nf”Vdks.k dk fodkl dg ldrs gSaA pkokZd ds eqrkfcd iq= vFkok iq=h
blfy, fiz; gS D;ksafd ‘kjhj fiz; gSA ‘kjhj blfy, fiz; gS D;ksafd bfUnz;k¡ fiz; gSA
bfUnz;ksa dk dke rc rd ugha gks ldrk gS tc rd izk.k fo|eku u gksA izk.k ds
lapkyd ,oa O;oLFkkid ds :i esa eu dk vfLrÙo ekuuk t:jh gSA uhan esa ‘kjhj]
bfUnz;k¡ bR;kfn lq”kqIrkoLFkk esa jgrsa gSaA ijUrq eu rc Hkh tkxzrkoLrk esa jgrk gSA blh
dkj.k pkokZd us eu dks gh vkRek dgk gSA eukReokn pkokZd n’kZu dh ijkdk”Bk gSA
budh nf”V esa ;g eu Hkh ‘kjhj dh rjg gh uk’koku gSA eR;q u dsoy nsg] iq=]
bfUnz;ksa ,oa izk.k dks gh u”V djrh gS cfYd eu dks Hkh lekIr dj nsrh gSA blhfy,
pkokZd us dgk gS fd “HkLehHkwrL; nsgL; iqujkxeua dqr%”10 vr% bl er ds vuqlkj
‘kjhj ls fHkUu ,oa iFkd~ vkRek] eu] pSrU; dk vfLrÙo ugha gSA ‘kjhj HkkSfrd gS]
blhfy, bl er dks HkkSfrdoknh dgk tkrk gSA bls 'kjhjkReokn Hkh dgk tkrk gSaA
vuqHkooknh fopkj
vkRek ds fo”k; esa vuqHkooknh fopkj ds leFkZd ckS) nk’kZfud gSaA buds
eqrkfcd fuR; vFkok ‘kk’or dqN Hkh ugha gSaA lc cny jgs gSaA cPps toku gks jgs gSA
toku cw<s+ gks jgs gS vkSj cw<+s ids vke ;k vU; Qy dh rjg vc vkSj rc dh ftUnxh
clj dj jgs gSa ,oa vUr esa tSls ids gq, vke isM+ ls fxj tkrs gSa mlh rjg equ”; Hkh
eR;q dks izkIr dj jgs gSaA ifjorZu izdfr dk fu;e gSA ;gk¡ izR;sd oLrq lrr~
ifjofrZr gksrh jgrh gSA vkRek Hkh bl ifjorZu ls vNwrh ugha gSA
cq) us vkRek dks “psruk dk izokg” (a stream of consciousness) dgk gSA
budh nf”V esa vifjorZu’khy ,oa fuR; vkRek esa fo’okl djus okys Bhd ml izseh dh
rjg gS tks ,slh izsfedk ls isze djrk gS ftldk vfLrÙo gh ugha gSA vuqHko bl ckr
dk lk{kh gS fd vkRek dk izfriy ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSaA fofy;e tsEl us Hkh vkRek
ds lEcU/k esa mi;qZDr ckrksa dk gh leFkZu fd;k gSA bl rjg ik’pkR; ¼vesfjdu½
fopkjd fofy;e tsEl us Hkh ckS)ksa ds bl fl)kUr dk gh izfriknu fd;k gSA nksuksa us
ekuk gS fd vuqHko dsoy ml vkRek dk gksrk gS tks lr~r ifjorZu’khy gSA gsjkDyhVl
us Hkh ifjorZu dks gh lR; cryk;k gSA
ckS)ksa dk fl)kUr ‘kk’orokn vkSj mPNsnokn ds chp dk fl)Ur gSA bUgksaus
nksuksa ds chp lkeatL; LFkkfir djus dh dksf’k’k dh gSA ‘kk’orokn ds vuqlkj ?kVuk
ges’kk fuR; ,oa vifjorZu’khy jgrh gS vkSj bldk u dksbZ dkj.k gksrk gS vkSj bldk
vUr vlaHko gSA mPNsnokn ds eqrkfcd oLrqvksa ds u”V gksus ij dqN Hkh ugha cprk gSA
;s nksuksa gh fl)kUr ijLij O;k?kkrd gSaA ckS)ksa ds vuqlkj dksbZ oLrq u rks iw.kZ rFkk
fuR; gS vkSj u iw.kZr;k u’oj gh gSA oLrq,¡ u iw.kZr;k rkfŸod gS u iw.kZr;k vrkfÙod
gh] os lkis{k gSaA blfy, mUgsa ijra= Hkh dgk tkrk gSA budk (ckS)ksa dk) dguk gS
fd tUe vkjEHk ugha gS vkSj u eR;q vUr gh gSA bl lEcU/k esa MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~ dh
mfDr mYys[kuh; gS& “cq) dk vk’k; blls ;g fn[kykus dk Fkk fd ‘kjhj] eu vkfn
;FkkFkZ vkRek ds :i ugha gSaA os LFkk;h Hkh ugha gSaA ftl izdkj ,d nhif’k[kk Tokykvksa
dk rkark gS] ftlesa esa izR;sd {k.kek= ds fy, gh Bgjrh gS] fpr dh izfd;k Hkh Bhd
mlh izdkj dh gSA11 vFkkZr~ ‘kk’or dqN Hkh ugha gS lc {kf.kd gaSA
cks)ksa us ekufld izfØ;kvksa ds {kf.kd Lo:i esa ,oa vekufld lÙkk esa LIk”V
Hksn dk o.kZu fd;k gSA tc bl {kf.kd Lo:i dks vU; leLr vfLrÙoek= rd
foLrr dj fn;k tkrk gS rks ;gh {kf.kdokn dgykrk gSA ;g izkphu ckS)ksa dk
fl)kUr ugha gSA njvly] vfLFkjrk ds fl)kUr dks] ftls mifu”knksa ,oa izkphu ckS)
er nksuksa us leku :i ls Lohdkj fd;k Fkk] ijorhZ ckS)ksa us mls fodflr djds
{kf.kdokn ds :i esa yk fn;k gSA ijorhZ ckS)ksa dk ekuuk gS fd gesa vuqHko dsoy ml
vkRek dk gksrk gS tks fujUrj cnyrk gqvk nf”Vxr gksrk gSA blfy, bls lrr~
ifjorZu ‘khy ekuuk gh mfpr gS bls vifjorZu’khy] vej ,oa fuR; crykuk mfpr
ugha gSA budh (ckS)ksa dh) nf”V esa vuqHkotU; vU; vkRek gh okLrfod gS vkSj
vtj&vej ekuuk Hkze gSA ‘kk’or vkRek dh dYiuk feF;k gSA tSfu;ksa ds dguk gS
fd ckS)ksa dh mi;qZDr ckrsa ,dkaxh gSA tSu n’kZu ds vuqlkj fLFkjrk vkSj fouk’k nksuksa
gh izR;sd oLrq esa fo|eku jgrs gSaA tho Hkh ,dkar fuR; ugha gS] vU;Fkk mlesa Lej.k]
fpUru vkfn fodkj u gksrkA budh nf”V esa mRifŸk] Øfed uk’k vkSj fLFkjrk ftlesa
ikbZ tk; mls lr~ dgrs gSA ifjofrZr gksrs jguk vkSj ifjorZu esa ,d izdkj dh
fLFkjrk j[kuk vfLrÙoku inkFkksZa dk LoHkko gSA tSls lksuk nzO; fuR; gS fdUrq mlls
fufeZr oLrq,¡ ¼gkj] ckyh] daxuk vkfn½ ifjorZu’khy gSA vFkkZr~ tSfu;ksa dh nf”V esa
;FkkLFkku nksuksa ¼ifjorZu vkSj fuR;½ dk egÙo gSaA nksuksa esa ls fdlh ,d dks gh
Lohdkj djuk ,dkafxdrk dk ifjp; nsuk gSA vkpk;Z duduUnhth ,oa MkW- lksgu jkt
rkrsM us Hkh bl ckr dh iqf”V dh gSA
bl rjg ge ns[krs gSa fd ckS)ksa ,oa tSu n’kZu ds rÙoehekalh; fopkj esa
ekSfyd vUrj gSA ts-,u- flUgk ds ‘kCnksa esa ”There are fundamental difference
between the ontology of Jainism and that of Buddhism. Jainism believes in
the eternal souls (Jiva) while Buddhism rejects them.”12 tSfu;ksa us Hkys gh
bZ’oj dks czgek.M dk fuekZrk ugha ekuk gS fdUrq eqDr vkRek dks gh bZ’oj dgk gSA
MkW- lksgu jkt rkrsM ds ‘kCnksa esa The Jain as do not believe god as the creator
of universe, infact each liberated soul is a ogd or parmatma vkSj ;gh ijekRek
fuR; vkRek gSA
oLrqoknh fopkj
U;k; ,oa oS’ksf”kd n’kZu esa bldh lEiqf”V dh xbZ gSA ;g fopkj oSfnd dky
ls gh pyk vk jgk gSA fdUrq bldk Bksl vk/kkj uS;kf;dksa ,oa oS’ksf”kdksa us izLrqr fd;k
gS] blhfy, mUgsa bl fopkj dk laLFkkid ekuk tkrk gSA blds vuqlkj vkRek ,d
vpsru nzO; gSA psruk vkRek dk vkdfLed y{k.k gSA tc vkRek dk lEidZ eu ls]
eu dk lEidZ bfUnz;ksa ls vkSj bfUnz;ksa dk lEidZ ckg~; inkFkZ ls gksrk gS rHkh blesa
pSrU; xq.k dk vkxeu gksrk gSA tc vkRek dks ‘kjhj ls NqVdkjk fey tkrh gS]rks og
vpsru gks tkrh gSA tgk¡ rd vkRek ds vfLrÙo dks izekf.kr djus dk iz’u gS] d.kkn
us cryk;k gS fd “izk.kkikufues”k thoueuksxrhUnz;kUrj fodkjk% lq[knq[ksPNk }s”k
iz;Ruk’pkReuh fyM+XkkfuAA”
U;k;&oS’ksf”kd n’kZu esa nks rjg dks vkRek dh ppkZ dh xbZ gS & (d)
thokRek vkSj ([k) ijekRekA rdZlaxzg esa Hkh vuHkV~V us cryk;k gS fd
“Kkukf/kdj.kkRek] lf}fo/k%] thokRekijekRek psfrA”13 thokRek lhfer] lkis{k] vusd]
llhe ,oa vfuR; gS fdUrq ijekRek ,d] fujis{k] vlhe ,oa fuR; gSA ijekRek vFkok
bZ’oj deZQy ds vuqdwy thokRek ds iqutZUe dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA ;g thokRek
deZQy dk Hkksx djrh gSA lq[k vkSj nq%[k dk HkksDrk thokRek gh gS] ;g thokRek
Kkrk gSA thokRek lHkh euq”;ksa ,oa vU; izkf.k;ksa esa jgrh gS vkSj ;g lkis{k] vusd ,oa
llhe gSA blhfy, oS’ksf”kd lw= esa cryk;k x;k gS& O;oLFkkrks ukuka [oS +lw +3/2/20]
vr% thokRek vusd gS vkSj ijekRek ,d gSA ijekRek vFkok bZ’oj ds vfLrÙo dks
izekf.kr djus ds fy, mn;ukpk;Zus crk;k gS & “dk;kZ;kstu /kR;kns inkr~ izR;;r%
Jqrs okD;kr~ la[;kfo’ks”kkPp lk/;ks fo’ofon~O;;% [U;k; dq’kqekatfy]A
U;k;&oS’ksf”kd n’kZu dh Hkk¡fr ehekaldksa us Hkh oLrqoknh nf”Vdks.k dks
viuk;k gSA gkykafd budk er U;k;&oS’ksf”kd er ls fHkUu gSA izHkkdj tSls ehekaldksa
dk dguk gS fd vKku gh vkRek gSA vKku dk vFkZ vkRek psruk izokg ds iw.kZr;k
foijhr gksrk gSaA vkRek vkuUn;qDr gSA xgjh funzk esa cqf) vKku esa yhu gks tkrh gSA
vkSj rHkh ;s okD; fudyrs gSa& ^eSa vKkuh gw¡] eS Kku ‘kwU; gw¡] eSa nq%[kh gw¡ vkfnA HkV~V
ehekald psrukfefJr vKku dks gh vkRek ekurs gSaA MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~ us Hkh bl ckr dh
lEiqf”V dh gSA mUgh ds ‘kCnksa esa “dqekfjy ds vuqlkj vkRek ‘kjhj ls fHkUu gS] fuR;
gS vkSj loZ= O;kIr gSA vkRek vius esa pSrU; gS ;|fi vkRek,¡ vusd gSa D;ksafd lc
vkRek,¡ pSrU; gSa vkSj cks/k tks vkRek ls mRiUu gS vkJ; Hkh gSA ,d rks nzO;kRed va’k
ikrs gSa] tks cks/k dk fo”k; gS vkSj ,d pSrU; dk va’k ikrs gSa tks cks/k dk fo”k;h gSA”14
izHkkdj ds vuq;kf;;ksa us HkV~V ds er dh vkykspuk djrs gq, cryk;k gS fd vkRek dk
nzO;kRed va’k cqf) ‘kwU; gS] rks ;g loZFkk vkRek ugha gSA tks dqN jgrk gS og dsoy
pSrU; gh gS vkSj og fo”k;h rFkk fo”k; nksuksa :i esa dk;Z ugha dj ldrk gSA MkW-
jk/kkd”.ku~ us nksuksa ds mi;qZDr fopkjksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, cryk;k gS fd “oLrqr%
ge ns[krs gSa fd dqekfjy vkSj izHkkdj nksuksa vkRek ds fo”k; esa ,d vf/kd mi;qDr
fopkj dks izkIr djus ds fy, la?k”kZ rks djrs gS] fdUrq viuh&viuh fd;kRed :fp;ksa
ds dkj.k mls izkIr ugha dj ldrs gSaA”15
mi;qZDr ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ;gh dgk tk ldrk gS fd pwafd tSfeuh
us vkRek dh ;FkkFkZ lÙkk dk dksbZ flyflysokj <ax ls izek.k ugha fn;k gS vkSj blfy,
bl fo”k; ij tks ;qfDr;k¡ osnkUr us nh gS mUgsa gh Lohdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A MkW-
jk/kkd”.ku~ us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA mUgha ds ‘kCnksa esa “tSfeuh vkRek dh
;FkkFkZ lÙkk dk dksbZ C;kSjsokj izek.k ugha nsrk vkSj bl iz’u ij tks ;qfDr;ka osnkUr us
nh gS mUgsa gh Lohdkj djrk izrhr gksrk gSA”16 vFkkZr~ bl lEcU/k esa osnkUr dk er
vf/kd ;qfDrlaxr izrhr gksrk gSA
vkn’kZoknh fopkj
bl vkRek lEcU/kh vo/kkj.kk ds leFkZd lka[;&;ksx] osnkUr vkfn gSaA budh
nf”V esa ekuo esa vUrfuZfgr ‘kk’or ‘kfDr ;k lkoZHkkSe psru rŸo gh vkRek dgykrk
gSA17 lka[;&;ksx ds vuqlkj vkRek psru gS ftlesa fdlh rjg dk ifjorZu ugha gksrk
gSA ;g vukfn vkSj vuUr gSA ;g ‘kq) psruk gS] ;g lq[k&nq[k ls izHkkfor ugha gksrk
gS bls nz”Vk ;k lk{kh Hkh dgk x;k gSA vkRek dh loZ dkfyd ¼f=dkfyd½ lŸkk gSA
lqdjkr us Hkh vkRek dks fuR; vkSj vej cryk;k gSA lqdjkr us Lo;a dgk]
^^flfEe;kl] vkidks gekjh ekSfyd LFkkiukvksa ij iqufoZpkj djuk pkfg,]---------------- vkRek
vej gS] rks gesa mldh u dsoy ml vof/k rd ftls ge thou dgrs gSa] lsok djuh
pkfg, cfYd fpjdky ds fy, mldh lsok djuh pkfg,A** lqdjkr ds f’k”; IysVks ,oa
vjLrq us Hkh vkRek dh fuR;rk ,oa vejrk dk leFkZu fd;k gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa czSMys
us vkHkkl vkSj lr~ uked iqLrd esa bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA ‘kadj dh rjg bUgksaus
Hkh vkRek dks gh lR; dgk gS vU; lHkh mlh ds vkHkkl ek= gSaA bl lanHkZ esa bruk
cryk nsuk vko’;d izrhr gksrk gS fd nksuksa esa lekurk vo’; gS fdUrq nksuksa dk er
fcYdqy ,d leku ugha gSA ‘kadj dk er lqdjkr] IysVks vkSj czSMys ls vf/kd
;qfDrlaxr izrhr gksrk gSA
lak[; nk’kZfudksa us vkRek dks iq:”k ‘kCn ls lEcksf/kr fd;k gSA blds
vfLrÙo dks izekf.kr djus ds fy, ;qfDr;ksa dh lgk;rk Hkh yh xbZ gS& ^ lagkrijkFkZ
Rokr~ AA140AA f=xq.kkfnfoi;Z;kr~ AA141A vf/k”BkukP;sfr A142AA HkksDrHkkokr~ AA143AA
dSoY;kFkZ izors’p AA144A18 lka[; us tSu n’kZu dh rjg vkRek dh vusdrk dks
Lohdkj fd;k gSA bZ’ojd”.k us bldh fo’kn~ foospuk lka[; dkfjdk esa cM+s gh rkfdZd
<+ax ls dh gSA fdUrq xq.kksa ds lEcU/k esa bUgksus tSfu;ksa ls viuk fHkUu er izLrqr fd;k
gSA tSu n’kZu ds vuqlkj vkRek esa vuUr Kku] vuUr n’kZu] vuUr vkuUn ,oa vuUr
oh;Z jgrk gS tcfd lka[; n’kZu ds vuqlkj vkRek xq.kkrhr gSA ,l +,u +nklxqIrk ds
‘kCnksa esa “Souls are many like the Jaina souls but they are without qualities.
Unlike the Jaina souls possessing ananta jnana, Ananta darsana, anantsukha
and ananta virya.”19. vr% lka[; ds vuqlkj vkuUn iq:”k (vkRek) dk xq.k ugha gS
blfy, bls vkuUne; ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA ;gk¡ lka[; er fu’p; gh osnkUr vkSj
tSu er ls fHkUu gks tkrk gSA osnkUr us tSfu;ksa ds vusdkReokn dk [k.Mu dj
,dkReokn dk leFkZu fd;k gSA
v}Sr osnkUr ds vuqlkj vkRek vkSj czg~e nksuksa ,d gh lÙkk ds nks uke gSA
NkanksX;ksifu”kn~ esa Hkh cryk;k gS fd “v;ekRek czg~e” vFkkZr~ vkRek gh czg~e gSA20
mifu”knksa esa vUrtZxr ds rŸo ¼inkFkZ½ dks vkRek vkSj czg~e uke ls iqdkjk x;k gSA
vr% czg~e le gS vkSj ,d gh gSA21 vkSj vkRek Hkh ogh gSA ;g ‘kq) pSrU; vkSj izdk’k
Lo:i gSA ;g fo”k; vkSj fo”k;h ls ijs gSA ;g Kkrk] Kku vksj Ks; ls Hkh ijs gSA ;g
fuxqZ.k vSkj fujis{k lÙkk gSA lh-Mh- ‘kekZ ds ‘kCnksa esa “Atman is the same as
Brahman. It is pure consciousness. It is the self, which is self luminous and
which transcends the subject-object duality and the trinity of knower, known
and knowledge, and all the categories of the intellect. It is the unqualified
absolute.”22 bls dEifyV] ijQsDV vFkok lEiw.kZ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
‘kadj dh nf”V esa vkRek ds vfrfjDr lc feF;k gSA budh nf”V esa bZ’oj
(lxq.k czg~e) loksaZPp czg~e ugha gS D;ksfd bZ’oj dk ,dRo cqf)xE; ugha gSA23 bUgksuas
(‘kadj us) rhu izdkj dh lŸkk dk mYys[k fd;k gS& (d) izkfrHkkf”kd lŸkk] ([k)
O;kogkfjd lŸkk] vkSj (x) ikjekfFkZd lŸkkA
ikjekfFkZd nf”V ls dsoy vkRek gh lR; gS vkSj lc feF;k gSA vkRek dk
[k.Mu ugha gks ldrk gSA D;ksafd czg~e ;k vkRek ‘kq) lr~ gS vkSj lr~ dk [k.Mu ugha
gks ldrk gSA mudh nf”V esa vkRek lfPpnkuUn gSA lfPpnkuUn ‘kCn
lr~$fpr~$vkuUn ds ;ksx ls cuk gSA ;kuh lfPpnkuUn ‘kCn dk vFkZ lr~
(Existence), fpr~ (Consciousness) vkSj vkuUn (Bliss) ls ;qDr gksuk gksrk gSA bl
rjg ge ns[krs gSa fd vkREkk esa lr~] psruk ,oa vkuUn rhuksa ik;s tkrs gSaA ;g vius
vki esa izR;kRed vFkok vk/;kfRed gSA bls Jh ‘kadjkpk;Z us vfuoZpuh; dgk gSA
bldks HkkokRed :i ls le>uk eqf’dy gsA bldks fu”ks/kkRed :i esa le>k tk
ldrk gSA blhfy, blds lEcU/k esa usfr&usfr dgk x;k gSA ;g fuR;] vifjorZu’khy
,oa vfouk’kh gSA egf”kZ oknjk;.k iz.khre czg~elw=e~ ds izFke Hkkx esa oUnuk djrs gq,
cryk;k gS fd ^^ftl czg~e ls leLr pjkpj ¼py vkSj vpy½ izi.; leqn~Hkwr gks
tkrk gS] ml vlhe lq[k&flU/kq vkSj ‘kk’or Kku :i czg~e dks ge ¼okpLifrfeJ½
ueLdkj djrs gSaA f’k[kfj.kh NUn esa czg~e dk f}rh; lw=&lwfpr txTtUekfn drZO;
:i rVLFk y{k.k rFkk lfPpnkuUn Lo:i y{k.k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA** ;gk¡ lka[;
vkSj v}Sr osnkUr ds fopkjksa esa lekurk] nf”Vxr gksrk gSA nksuksa esa vUrj rc le> esa
vkrk gS tc lka[; vkRek dks vkuUn ;qDr gksuk Lohdkj ugha djrs gSaA lka[; bls ek=
psruk dgrk gS fdUrq ‘kadj us bls vkuUne; psruk dgk gSA lka[; n’kZu ds vuqlkj
vkRek vusd gS ijUrq ‘kadj dh nf”V esa vkRek ,d gh gSA lka[; vkRek ds lkFk&lkFk
izdfr dks Hkh okLrfod ekurk gS] ij ‘kadj us vkRek ds vfrfjDr vU; oLrq dh lÙkk
dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k gSaA budh nf”V esa vkRek ls fHkUu dqN Hkh ugha gSA lc dqN
vkRek gh gSA vr% tho] vkRek vkSj czg~~e dk vkR;fUrd vHksn gh v}Srokn dk lkj gSA
lka[; }Sroknh gS vkSj ‘kadj v}Sroknh gSaaA
tgk¡ rd fof’k”Vk}Sr fl)kUr dk iz’u gS ;s v}Srokfn;ksa ls viuk fHkUu er
O;Dr fd;s gSaA fof’k”Vk}Sr osnkUr ds izorZd Jh jkekuqtkpk;Z gSaA bUgksaus thoksa dh
vyx lÙkk dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA budk dguk gS fd thokRek czg~e dk gh va’k gSA
;g vkRek psru nzO; ds lkFk gh lkFk ;FkkFkZ Kkrk Hkh gSA budh (jkekuqt dh) nf”V
esa thokRek rhu rjg ds gksrs gS% (d) c) tho (Souls in bondage), ([k) eqDr tho
(Liberated souls) vkSj fuR; tho (Eternal souls)A c) tho os gSa tks vHkh rd
cU/ku xzLr gSa vkSj tks lkalkfjd thou lekIr ugha dj lds gSaA ;s tho vkokxeu ds
pDdj esa Q¡ls jgrs gSaA jgL;lkj esa Hkh bl ckr dh iqf”V dh xbZ gSA tgk¡ rd eqDr
tho dk iz’u gS] os lkalkfjdrk ls eqDr gSaA vr% eqDr tho os gSa ftUgkasus vius Kku]
iq.; vkSj HkfDr ds }kjk eks{k izkIr dj fy;k gSA vkSj fuR; tho os gS a tks cSdaqB esa
fuokl djrs gSa vkSj deZ rFkk izd`fr ls Lora= jgdj vkuUn dk miHkksx djrs gSaA ;s
ges’kk ds fy, cU/ku eqDr gks tkrs gSaA budk Kku dHkh {kh.k ugha gksrk gSA cYHkkpk;Z]
pSrU; egkizHkq vkfn us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA
mi;qZDr foospuksa ls tkfgj gks tkrk gS fd pkokZd ,oa ckS) dks NksM+dj lHkh
nk’kZfudksa us fuR; ,oa O;kid vkRek dh lÙkk dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA ,l +,u +nklxqIrk
us Hkh fy[kk gS fd “All the Indian systems except Buddism admit the
existence of a permanent entity variously called atman, purush, Jiva.”23
OksnkUr dks “kM~n’kZu dk pwM+kef.k dgk x;k gSA vU; n’kZu mlds lk/ku gSa ;k ;ksa
dguk pkfg, fd osnkUr vU; n’kZuksa ds lk/; dk gh fu:i.k gSA fgUnh lkfgR; dks’k
Hkkx&1 esa Hkh dgk x;k gS fd “vU; n’kZu lk/; ds gh fu:i.k esa vius dks fujr
ugha djrs] os mlds lk/kuksa dh foospuk esa fo’ks”k /;ku nsrs gaSA osnkUr dsoy lk/; dh
gh xos”k.kk djrk gSA” tgk¡ rd v}Sr ,oa fof’k”Vk}Sr n’kZu esa vUrj dk iz’u gS
mlds lEcU/k esa ;gh dguk mfpr izrhr gksrk gS fd tgk¡ Jh ‘kadjkpk;Z (v}Srokn ds
izorZd) ds fopkjksa esa ckSf)drk dh ijkdk”Bk ikrs gSa] ogha Jh jkekuqtkpk;Z
(fof’k”Vk}Srokn ds izorZd) ds n’kZu esa Hkko vkSj gn; dh xgjkbZ nf”Vxr gksrh gSA
Lokeh foosdkuUn us Hkh dgk gS fd “Sankara with his great intellect had not, I
am afraid, as a great heart Ramanuja’s heart was greater.”24
njvly Jh ‘kadj dk n’kZu fo}kuksa ,oa Kkfu;ksa rd gh lhfer jg x;k gSA
fdUrq Jh jkekuqt dk n’kZu tuekul dk n’kZu cu x;k gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd izkP;
vkSj ik’pkR; nksuksa txgksa esa Jh jkekuqt dh egkurk dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA turk
us buds er dks g”kZ lfgr Lokxr fd;k gSA ds-Mh- Hkkj}kt us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V
dh gSSA mUgha ds ‘kCnksa esa & “Men of thought, both eastern and western, have
acclaimed the greatness of Ramanuja’s teaching.”25
vr% Jhjkekuqt dh vkRek lEcU/kh vo/kkj.kk tu&tu ds fy, dkjxj fl)
gqbZ gS vkSj Hkfo”; ds fy, Hkh izsjd ‘kfDr ds :i esa cuh jgsxhA lUr Kkus’oj us Hkh
jkekuqt dh ijEijk dk gh fuokZg fd;k gSA Jh jkekuUn Lokeh] dchj nkl] xksLokeh
rqylhnkl] johUnzukFk VSxksj vkfn us Hkh bUgha ckrksa dh iqf”V dh gSA pSrU; egkizHkq ,oa
ehjk us Hkh vius <ax ls mi;qZDr er dk leFkZu fd;k gSaA xksLokeh rqylhnkl dh
jpuk ßjkepfjr ekulÞ esa jkekuqt ds fl)kUr dk lqUnj mnkj.k feyrk gSA rqylh us
fuxqZ.k lÙkk dks Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gS fdUrq lxq.k czg~e ¼jke½ dks vf/kd fiz; cryk;k
gSA bZ’kksifu”kn~ esa Hkh blhfy;s cryk;k x;k gS& bZ’kk okL;fena loZa ;fRdaptxR;ka
txr~A rsu O;Drsu HkqathFkk ek xFk% dL;fLon /kueAA vFkkZr~ bl xfr’khy lalkj esa
tks dqN Hkh fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS] ml lcesa bZ’oj dk vkokl gS blfy;s R;kx esa gh
vkuUn vFkkZr~ lfPpnkuUn dh miyfC/k djks] ij /ku dh dkeuk er djksA vFkkZr~
fu”dke gksdj dÙkZO; dk fuokZg djus ls euq”; ifo=rk dks izkIr djrk gS vkSj
ifo=rk dh fLFkfr esa gh vkRek dk cks/k laHko gks ikrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa gh vkRek dk
Lo:i lfPpnkuUn dh vijksvkuqHkwfr laHko gks ikrh gSA vFkkZr~ vkRek gh lfPpnkuUn
gSA
lanHkZ lwph
1 ,l +,u nklxqIrk] , fgLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh] i- 25
1A /khjsUnz oekZ (iz/kku lEiknd)] fgUnh lkfgR; dks’k Hkkx ,d] okjk.klh 1985bZ-] i”B 79 +
2 ogh +
3 ogh +
4 ogha +
5 lqjsUnzukFk nklxqIrk] , ghLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh oksY;we I] eksrhyky cukjlh nkl]
fnYyh] 1975 bZ-
6 ia + Jhjke ‘kekZ vkpk;Z (lEiknd)] ;tqosZn (lk;.k&Hkk”;koyEch ljy fgUnh HkkokFkZ lfgr)]
laLdfr laLFkku osn uxj cjsyh (m +iz +)] 1995 bZ-] i”B 558
7 nsoh izlkn pêksik/;k;] âkV bt fyfoax ,UM âkV bt MsM bu bfUM;u fQykWlQh] fiiqYl
ifCyf’kx gkml izk +fy +] ubZ fnYyh 1977 bZ-] i”B 425 +
8 ogh i”B 452 +
9 Jh lnkuUn ;ksxhUnz] (vuqoknd ,oa O;k[;kdkj Mk +lUrukjk;.k JhokLro)] osnkUrlkj] lqn’kZu
izdk’ku bykgkckn 1970 bZ-] i”B 101 +
10 th +Mh + fxfj] pkokZd “k”Bh] T;ksfr izdk’ku iVuk 1980] i”B 83 +
11 MkW +,l +jk/kkd”.ku~ (vuqoknd Jh uUnfd’kksj xksfHky) Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx& 1 jktiky ,.M
lUt] 1973] fnYyh&6] i”B 343 +
12 ts. ,u. flUgk] , ghLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh oksY;we II] flUgk ifCyf’kax gkml izk +fy
+dydrk 1971] bZ-] i”B 338 +
13 ,l +dqIiwLokeh ‘kkL=h] , izkbej vkWQ bfUM;u ykWftd (vUuaHkê rdZlaxzg)] dqIiwLokeh ‘kkL=h
fjlpZ bUlVhP;wV enzkl] 1961] i”B 6 +
14 MkW +,l +jk/kkd”.ku~ (vuqoknd Jh uUnfd’kksj xksfHky) Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx& 2 jktiky ,.M
lUt] fnYyh 6] 1972] i”B 407 +
15 ogh] i”B 408 +
16 ogh] i”B 402 +
17 /khjsUnz oekZ (iz/kku lEiknd)] fgUnh lkfgR; dks’k Hkkx ,d] i”B 80
18 foKku fHk{kq] lka[; n’kZue~ pkS[kEHkk laLdr lhfjt vkWfQl cukjl flVh] 1928 bZ-]i”B 67&68
19 ,l +,u +nklxqIr] , ghLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh oksY;we I] eksrhyky cukjlh nkl fnYyh
1975] bZ-] i”B 238
20 Jh gfjd”.knkl xks;Undk (vuqoknd ,oa O;k[;kdkj)] ‘kadjHkk”; Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk xhrk izsl
xksj[kiqj la +&2044] i”B 159
21 ogh] i”B 116
22 pUnz/kj ‘kekZ] , fØfVdy losZ vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlQh] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl fnYyh] 1978 bZ-]
i”B 283
23 ,l +,u +nklxqIr] , ghLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQyklkQh] eksrhyky cukjlh nkl fnYyh 1975 bZ-
i”B 75
24 m)r] ds +Mh +Hkkj}kt] n fQyklkQh vkWQ jkekuqt] fnYyh 1958 bZ-] i”B 4
25 ogh] i”B 4
v/;k; & 2
Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa dk;Z&dkj.k lEcU/k dh vo/kkj.kk
dk;Z
dk;Z&dkj.k fl)kUr dh ppkZ] n’kZu ,oa foKku] izkP; ,oa ik’pkR; lHkh ds
fy, ekSfyd leL;k gSA njvly fo’o ,d jgL;e; igsyh gS ftls lqy>kus ds fy,
vusd lH; ,oa f’kf{kr ns’kksa ds fpUru’khy fopkjdksa o fo}kuksa us ’yk/; iz;Ru fd;k
gSA Hkkjr o”kZ ds rÙoosRrkvksa us vius izkfrHk p{kq ds }kjk ftu lw{e rÙoksa dk
lk{kkRdkj fd;k gS vkSj viuksa dq’kkxzcqf} ds }kjk ftu fl)karksa dk fo’ys”k.k fd;k gS]
og dk;Z&dkj.k lEcU/k ij gh vk/kkfjr gS] blfy;s budk nk’kZfud fpUru n’kZu ds
bfrgkl esa furkUr egRoiw.kZ gSA vFkkZr~ dk;Z&dkj.k fl)kUr Hkkjrh; /keZ] foKku rFkk
n’kZu dk es:n.M gh gSA
izR;sd Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa us vius&vius <ax ls bl fo”k; ij izdk’k Mkyk gSA
;gk¡ lc ij fo’kn~ ppkZ djuk lEHko ugha gS bl fy, dqN izeq[k nk’kZfud erksa dk gh
mys[k djuk mfpr izrhr gksrk gSA
ckS)er
cq) us dk;Z&dkj.k lEcU/k vFkok fl)kUr dks izrhR;leqRikn (Theory of
dependent origination) dgk gSA izrhR;leqRikn in nks ‘kCnksa ds ;ksx ls cuk
gS&izrhR; vkSj leqRiknA izrhR; dk vFkZ fdlh oLrq ds mifLFkr gksus ij ,oa leqRikn
dk vFkZ fdlh vU; oLrq dh mifLFkfr gksrh gSA bl rjg izrhR;leqRikn ‘kCn dk vFkZ
gqvk ,d oLrq dh mifLFkfr ls vU; oLrq dh mifLFkfrA nwljs ‘kCnksa esa ß,d pht ds
fo|eku gksus ij vU; pht mRiUu gksrk gSAÞ MkW. jk/kkd”.ku~ ds ‘kCnksa esa ßoLrqvksa ds
HkkSfrd lkezkT; esa ftlsa lr~ le> ldrs gSa og dsoy izrhR;leqRikn (izrhR;
leqRikn) gS ftldk vFkZ gS fd ,d oLrq dh mRifRr nwljh ds mij fuHkZj djrh gSA
dk;Zdkj.k lEcU/k lnk gh Lor% ifjorZu’khy vFkok ifj.kfr’khy gSA fdlh oLrq dk
rÙo vFkkZr~ /keZ mlds vUrfufgZr lEcU/k dk fu;e gSAÞ ;g fu;e fdlh psru ‘kfDr
ds }kjk lapkfyr ugh gksrk gS] oju~ Lo;a pkfyr gksrk gSA lkefxz;ksa ds izR;; ls
vFkkZr~ ,d lkFk gksus ls gh dk;Z mRiUu gksrk gSA bl rjg ge ns[krs gSa fd tgk¡ dqN
fopkjdksa us fo’o dh mRifRr ‘kwU; ls cryk;k gS vkSj dqN fo}kuksa dk dguk gS fd
izR;sd oLrq vius dkj.k ij fuHkZj djrh gSa vkSj ckn esa vius dk;Z dks NksaM tkrh gSA
lalkj esa lc dqN {kf.kd gS] LFkk;h dqN Hkh ugha gSA lRdkjh eq[kthZ ds ‘kCnksa esa&
“Causation which is expressed in Buddhist terminology as dependent or
relative origination (partity a samutpada) does not imply anything more or
less than pure succession at one thing by another and no permanent
substratum underlying or uniting these floating phenomena is cogniable.” 1A
ifjorZu Lo;a ,d O;oLFkk dk uke gSaA bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd og yqIr
gks tkrk gSA oLrqr% dksbZ oLrq fcYdqy yqIr ugha gks tkrh gS] og viuks ckn dqN NksM+
tkrh gSA blh fl)kUr dks izrhR;leqRikn dgk tkrk gSA ^d^ dk gksuk ^[k^ ij fuHkZj
gS vkSj ^[k^ Hkh vius fy;s ^x^ ij fuHkZj djrk gSaA bl rjg dk;Z&dkj.k dh ,d
Ja[kyk cu tkrh gSA cq) us bls iapdkfj.kh }kjk Li”V fd;k gSA bl rjg ge ikrs gSa
fd cq) us ‘kk’orokn vkSj mPNsn~okn ds e/; dk fl)kUr izLrqr fd;k gSA lrh’kpUnz
pV~Vksik/;k; ,oa /khjsUnz eksgu nŸk ds ‘kCnksa esa “cq) bu nksuksa ,sdkfUrd erksa dks
NkssM+dj e/;e ekxZ dk vuqlj.k djrs gSaA”2 lwÙk fiVd] vfHk/kEe fiVd vkSj
fou;fiVd ds v/;;u ls ;g vkSj Li”V gks tkrk gSA bl ckr dh ppkZ la;qDr
fudk; esa Hkh dks xbZ gSA vU; Hkkjrh; n’kZu dh dkj.krk ds fo”k; esa lRdk;Zokn ,oa
vlrdk;Zokn dh rjg izrhR;leqRikn dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA ,sls pkokZd vkfn
HkkSfrdokfn;ksa us ;nPNkokn dks gh egRoiw.kZ cryk;k gSA v}Srokfn;ksa us lRdk;Zokn
dks Lohdkj rks fd;k gS fdUrq og ifj.kkeokn ds :i esa ugha cfYd fooRrZokn ds :i
esaA
mi;qDr erksa ls fHkUu cq) us izrhR;leqRikn dks gh egRouw.kZ cryk;k gSA
izrhR;leqRikn dks lR; ekuus ij ;g Hkh ekuuk t:jh gks tkrk gS fd nq:[k :ih
dk;Z dk Hkh dksbZ dkj.k vo’; gksrk gSA ckS) n’kZu us nq%[k ds dkj.k esa ckjg dfM+;k¡
cryk;h gSA dM+h ij izrhR; leqRiknh rkSj rjhds dk gh mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA tSls
mifu”knksa dk dguk gS fd oLrqvksa dh viuh fLFfr] ftl :i esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] dqN
ugha gS] oju~ os dkj.kksa dh Ja[kyk dh mit gSA budk u vkfn gS vkSj u vUr( oSls gh
cq) dk dguk gS fd oLrq,¡ voLFkkvksa dh mit gSA mifu”knksa dh Hkkafr gh cq) us
ckg~; oLrqvksa ls fpÙk gVkdj vUreqZ[krk dh f’k{kk nh gSA fQj Hkh nksuksa ,d ugha gSSSA
mifu”kn~ tgk¡ lc euq”;ksa dh rkfŸod ,drk ij tksj nsrk gS ogk¡ ckS) us /keZ O;ogkj
vkSj lk/kuk dh ,drk ij vf/kd cy fn;k gSA ckS) /keZ dh f’k{kk gS&;n eeijs”kka p
v;a nq%[ka p u fiz;e~A rnkReu% dks fo’ks”kks ;ra j{kkfe usrje~AA vFkkZr~ Hk; vkSj nq%[k
esjs leku gh nwljksa dks Hkh fiz; ugha gSA
vc iz’u mBrk gS fd eq> esa dkSu lh ,slh fo’ks”krk,a gSa ftlds pyrs eSa
muls viuh gh j{kk d:¡( dh Hkkouk ls vU; ds nq%[kks ds izfr mRlqdrk rS;kj dj
nsrh gS \ cq) ds eqrkfcd lalkj ds izkf.k;ksa dks ,drk ds lw++= esa cka/kus okys osnuk ds
rUrq gSa lalkj esa lHkh nq[kh gSa] lHkh vHkko dk vuqHko djrs gSaA nq%[k dh vuqHkwfr dh
lekurk ds dkj.k nq%[k ls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy, vkSj ‘kkfUr dh izkfIr ds fy, lk/kuk
dh ,drk gksuh pkfg,A gekjk lkjk O;ogkj ikjLifjd lgkuqHkwfr] izse vkSj d:.kk ij
voyfEcr gSA blds fy, eu dh ‘kq)rk vko’;d gSA /kEein esa dgk x;k gS fd ^euks
iq”oxe /kEekA^ vFkkZr~ lkjs /keZ eu dh ‘kq)rkiwoZd gksuh pkfg,A os lc ekufld gh
gSaA eu dh ‘kq)rk ;FkkFkZ ‘kq)rk gSA ckS)ksa dh rjg eu dh ifo=rk dk fopkj vU;
/keksZa esa Hkh nf”Vxr gksrk gSA
nq%[k ds dkj.k vkSj funku ds fy, Hkh izrhR;leqRikn dk fl)kUr cM+k gh
mi;ksxh fl) gqvk gSA vyQkWUlksa onwZ us rks ;gk¡ rd dgk gS fd & “The whole of
Buddhism is mounted on the wheel of “Suffering, No “Suffering” No
Buddhism. And wheel of “Suffering” turns around the axis of causation
which is the most intricate of all philosophical issues confronted by the
seeking human mind.”3A nq%[k :ih dk;Z ds dkj.k ds :i esa ckjg dfM+;k¡ gSaA
ckjg dfM+;k¡a gksus ds dkj.k gh izrhR;leqRikn dks }kn’kfunku Hkh dgk tkrk gSA nq%[k
ls izLFkku djds vfo|k ij ig¡qprs gSa vkSj vfo|k ls nq%[k rd igq¡prs gSaA vr% dk;Z
ls dkj.k dh vksj vkSj dkj.k ls dk;Z dh vksj ;kuh nks rjQk izLFkku fd;k tkrk gSA
cq) us Lo;a dgk gS fd nq%[k ds dkj.kksa dks vxj u”V dj fn;k tk; rks
nq%[k Hkh u”V gks tk;sxkA nq%[k jfgr voLFkk dk uke gh fuokZ.k gSA fuokZ.k dh izkfIr
gh bl n’kZu (ckS) n’kZu) dk y{; gSA izkphu Hkkjrh; n’kZu vkSj /keZ nksuksa dk
mn~ns’; Hkh nq%[k ls eqfDr ikuk gSA ch.ds. yky ds ‘kCnksa esa “Ancient Indian
philosophy is said to be based on, what can be called a tragic sense of life. It
some how believes that life is full of suffering, and that the aim of religion
and philosophy is to attain freedom from suffering.”4
fuok.kZ dh egRrk dks n’kkZrs gq, ukxktqZu us dgk gS fd ^u lalkjL;
fuokZ.kkr~ fdfpnfjr fo’ks”k.ke~A u fuokZ.kL; lalkjkr~ fdfpnfLr fo’ks”k.ke~A u r;ksjarja
fdafpn~lqlw{eefi fo|rsA (ek/;fed dkfjdk 25]19]20) vFkkZr~ lalkj esa fuokZ.k dh
vis{kk dksbZ fo’ks”krk ugha gSA blh rjg fuokZ.k esa lalkj dh vis{kk dksbZ fo’ks”krk ugha
gSA nksuksa esa v.kqek= Hkh vUrj ugha gSA oLrqr% ckS)ksa dh nf”V esa fuokZ.k dk vFkZ
O;fDrÙo ds mu voxq.kksa vkSj cU/kuksa ls eqDr gks tkuk gS tks euq”; dks Hksn&Hkko ls
vuqizkf.kr dj LokFkZ dh vksj izoRr djrk gSA fgUnw nk’kZfudksa us (Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk esa
Jhd”.k us) tSlk o.kZu fLFkr izK vkSj thoUeqDr dk fd;k gS oSlk gh o.kZu
fuokZ.k&izkIr euq”; dk feyrk gSA fuokZ.k dk vFkZ fouk’k ugha iw.kZrk gSA
fuokZ.k Hkh ,d ?kVuk gS bldk Hkh dksbZ dkj.k vo’; gksuk pkfg,A izKk]
‘khy vkSj lekf/k gh blds dkj.k gSA izrhR;leqRikn esa tSlk dh igys cryk;k tk
pqdk gS fd dkj.k ls dk;Z vkSj dk;Z ls dkj.k dh vksj izLFkku fd;k tkrk gSA
‘kwU;okfn;ksa us Hkh ekuk gS fd ‘kwU;rk dk fl)kUr ^izrhR;leqRikn^ dh gh ,d uohu
O;k[;k ;k fu”d”kZ gSA lalkj esa fdlh oLrq dk dksbZ /keZ ,d ,slk ugha tks gsrqvksa ij
fuHkZj u gksA vr% dksbZ oLrq ;k /keZ ,slk ugha gS tks ijra= ugha gks vkSj tks ijra= gS
og ‘kwU; gSA
izrhR;leqRikn dk fl)kUr ‘kk’orokn vkSj mPNsnokn ds chp dk fl)kUr
gSA ckS)ksa us nksuksa ds chp lkeatL; LFkkfir djus dh dksf’k’k dh gSA ‘kk’orokn ds
vuqlkj ?kVuk dk dkj.k fuR; gSA og dHkh u”V ugha gksrk gSA mldk u dksbZ dkj.k
gS vkSj ughaa mldk dHkh vUr gksrk gSA ;kuh og lnSo fo|eku jgrk gSA
mPNsnokn ds eqrkfcd oLrqvksa ds u”V gksus ij dqN Hkh ‘ks”k ugha jgrk gSA ;s
nksuksa gh fl)kUr ijLij O;k?kkrd gSaA izrhR;leqRikn esa fo’okl djus okyksa us nksuksa ds
e/; dk ekxZ viuk;k gSA blds vuqlkj dksbZ oLrq u rks iw.kZr;k fuR; gS vkSj u
u’oj gh gSA oLrq,¡ u iw.kZr;k vrkfRod gSa u iw.kZr;k rkfRod gh] os lkis{k vFkok
ijra= gSaA
izrhR;leqRikfn;ksa dh nf”V esa tUe vkjEHk ugha vkSj eR;q vUr ugha gSA
iwoZtUe ds laLdkjksa ds dkj.k gekjk orZeku thou gS vkSj orZeku thou Hkkoh thou
dk vk/kkj gSA ftl rjg ,d nhi ls nwljk nhi vkSj nwljs ls rhljk nhi blh rjg
pkSFkk] ikapok vkfn nhi izTofyr gks mBrk gSA mlh rjg ,d thou ls nwljs thou
dk Øe pyrk jgrk gSA bldh fujUrjrk cuh jgrh gSA MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~ ds ‘kCnksa esa
“cq) dk vk’k; blls ;g fn[kykus dk Fkk fd ‘kjhj] eu vkfn ;FkkFkZ vkRek ds :i
esa ugha gSaA os LFkk;h Hkh ugha gSa&ftl izdkj ,d nhifl[kk] Tokykvksa dk rkark gS]
ftlesa ls izR;sd {k.kek= ds fy, gh Bgjrh gS] fpRr dh izfd;k Hkh Bhd mlh izdkj
dh gSA”5 ckS)ksa dk vukReoknh fl)kUr Hkh blh fl)kUr( izrhR;leqrikn ij vk/kkfjr
gSA tc lalkj dh gjsd pht {k.kHkaxwj ,oa vfuR; gSa rks fQj vkRek dks Hkh fuR; ,oa
vifjorZu’khy lRrk ds :i esa Lohdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl rjg ckS)ksa ds
}kjk izLrqr izrhR;leqRikn dk fl)kUr buds leLr fopkjksa dh vk/kkjf’kyk fl) gksrh
gSA vf/kdka’k fo}kuksa us ;g Lohdkj fd;k gS fd ;g ckS) n’kZu ,oa /keZ dh ,d
oSKkfud O;k[;k gSA MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~ us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “vfUre dkj.k Hkys gh
v/;kRe’kkL= ds {ks+= dk fo”k; gks fdUrq xkS.k vFkok vkuq”kkafxd dkj.kkssa rd rks gekjs
vius lgh fujh{k.k dh lhek gSA ckS) /keZ dk mn~ns’; nk’kZfud O;k[;k u gksdj
oSKkfud fu:i.k gSA bl izdkj cq) fdlh Hkh inkFkZ dks izLrqr voLFkk dks ysdj
mlds dkj.k dk mRrj bldh mRifr dh voLFkkvksa dk o.kZu djds] vk/kqfud foKku
dh nf”V ls Hkh nsrk gSA”6 vc iz’u mBrk gS fd buds dk;Z&dkj.k lEcU/kh fopkjksa dks
lr~dk;Zokn dgk tk;xk ;k vlr~dk;Zokn\ mi;qZDr fopkjksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g Li”V gks
tkrk gS fd budk izrhR;leqRikn dk fl)kUr Hkys gh U;k;&oS’ksf”kd n’kZu ds
vlr~dk;Zokn ls fHkUu gks fdUrq cgqr gn rd vlr~dk;Zokn ls feyrk&tqyrk fl)kUr
dks vlr~dk;Zokn gh dgk tk;sxkA ;g ;qfDrlaxr Hkh izrhr gksrk gSA jkgqy
lkadR;k;u] MkW- pUnz/kj 'kekZ] tktZ bfy;sV vkfn us bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA
tSun’kZu
tgka ckS) n’kZu us vlr~dk;Zokn esa fo’okl O;Dr fd;k gS ogka tSfu;ksa us
lr~dk;Zokn dk leFkZu fd;k gSA fdUrq budk lRdk;Zokn foorZoknh u gksdj
ifj.kkeoknh gSA ts.,u.flUgk ds ‘kCnksa esa “Buddhism blieves is Asat karyavada,
while Jainism blieves in satkaryavada or Prinamavada.”7
vc iz’u mBrk gS fd tSu n’kZu dh nf”V esa lr~ D;k gS\ izfl) tSukpk;Z
mekLokfr dk dguk gS fd “mRiknO;; /kzzkSO;;qDrlr~”8 ftuesa mRifRr] Øfed uk’k
vkSj fLFkjrk ik;h tk; mls lr~ dgk tkrk gSA buds vuqlkj mRifRr ds fcuk uk’k
vkSj uk’k ds fcuk mRifRr laHko ugha gSA tho Hkh ,dkUr fuR; ugha gS vU;Fkk mls
Lej.k] fpUru vkfn fodkj ugha gksrkA vfLrÙo ,oa ekSfyd :i esa inkFkZ fuR; gS
fdUrq vkdkj vkfn vfuR; ,oa ifjorZu’khy gSA tSls lksuk nzO; ds :i esa fuR; gS
fdUrq mlls cus vkHkw”k.k vfuR; gSaA blh rjg vU; phtksa ds lkFk ?kVuk ?kVrh gSA
vkpk;Z duduUnhth ,oa MkW- lksgu jkt rkrsM us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA
lk¡[; n’kZu
budk lr~dk;Zokn vU; Hkkjrh; fopkjdksa ds fy, Hkh vk/kkjf’kyk dk dke
djrk gSA lka[; vkSj ;ksxn’kZu ds fy, rks ;g es:n.M dk gh dke djrk gSA vc
iz’u mBrk gS fd D;k dk;Z viuh mRifRr ds iwoZ vius miknku dkj.k esa fo|eku
jgrk gS (Does the effect pre-exist in its material cause) ? lka[; n’kZu bldk
HkkokRed mRrj nsrk gSA lka[;dkfjdk esa cryk;k x;k gS fd ‘vln~dj.kknqiknku
xzg.kkRloZlEHkok Hkokr~ ‘kDrL; ‘kD; dj.kkr dkj.k HkkPp lRdk;ZeA’ vr% dk;Z viuh
mRifRr ds iwoZ vius miknku dkj.k esa fo|eku jgrk gSA ;gh lr~dk;Zokn dgykrk
gSA bl fl)kUr ds vuqlkj dk;Z igys ls gh dkj.k ds vUrxZr lw{e :i esa fo|eku
jgrk gSA Jhen~Hkxor~xhrk eSa Hkh cryk;k x;k gS fd ‘uklÙkks fo|rs HkkoksukHkkoks fo|rs
lr%A’
mHk;ksjfin”VksUrLrou;ksLrÙonf’ZkfHk%AA16AA”9 vFkkZr~ vlr~ oLrq dk rks
vfLrÙo ugha gS vkSj lr~ dk vHkko ugha gSA bl izdkj bu nksuksa gh rÙoksa dks Kkuh
iq:”kksa ds }kjk ns[kk x;k gSA Jh ‘kadjkpk;Z us Hkh dgk gS fd “;fn~o”k;k cqf)% u
O;fHkpjfr rr~ lr~ ;fn~o”k;k cqf) O;fHkpjfr rn~ vln~ bfr ln~lf}Hkkxs cqf)rU=
fLFkrs”10 vFkkZr ftl inkFkZ dh fo”k; djus okyh cqf) u”V ugha gksrh og inkFkZ lr~ gS
vkSj ftldh fo”k; djus okyh cqf) u”V gks tkrh gS og vlr~ gSA bl izdkj lr~ vkSj
vlr~ dk foHkkx cqf) ds v/khu gaSSA
mi;qZDr erksa ds fo:) U;k;&oS’ksf”kd n’kZu dk dguk gS fd dk;Z dk
vkjEHk u;s fljs ls gksrk gSA dk;Z vius esa igys ls gh fo|eku ugha jgrk gSSA vr%
budh nf”V esa vlr~dk;Zokn gh mfpr fl)kUr gSA lka[; n’kZu esa fo’okl djus okys
fo}kuksa us vlr~dk;Zokn ds fo:) fuEufyf[kr ;qfDr;ka is’k dh gaS&
(d) tgka U;k;&oS’ksf”kd n’kZu dk dguk gS fd ;fn dk;Z iwoZ ls gh vius dkj.k
esa fNik jgrk gS rks fQj bldh mRifRr dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha fudyrk gSA
blds fo:) lka[; dk rdZ gS fd ,slk blfy, dgk tkrk gS fd dkj.k esa
fNih vFkok vO;Dr ‘kfDr ls gh dk;Z dh mRifRr gksrh gSA
([k) uS;kf;dksa dk dguk gS fd vxj dk;Z iwoZ ls gh vius dkj.k esa fo|eku
jgrk gS rks fQj bldh mRifRr ds fy, fufeÙk dkj.k dh D;k vko’;drk
gS\ lka[; nk’kZfudksa dk dguk gS fd miknku dkj.k esa vO;Dr dk;Z dks
izdV djus ds fy, fufer dkj.k dh vko’;drk iM+rh gh gSA
(x) vlr~dk;Zokn esa fo’okl djus okys fpUrdksa dk dguk gS fd tc dk;Z iwoZ
ls gh vius dkj.k esa fo|eku gS rks fQj dkj.k vkSj dk;Z dks ,d gh uke
ls D;ksa ugha iqdkjk tkrk gS\ lka[; rFkk ;ksx n’kZu ds laLFkkidksa ,oa muesa
fo’okl djus okys fo}kuksa us bldk tokc nsrs gq, crk;k gS fd dk;Z O;Dr
voLFkk dk uke gS vkSj dkj.k vO;Dr voLFkk dk |ksrd gSA O;Dr vkSj
vO;Dr voLFkkvksa dks ,d gh uke ls lEcksf/kr djuk dnkfi mfpr ugha
dgk tk ldrk gSA vr% dk;Z vkSj dkj.k dks nks ukeksa ls lEcksf/kr djuk
mfpr gh gSA
(?k) vlr~dk;Zokn ds eqrkfcd ;fn dk;Z dkj.k esa igys ls gh fo|eku gS rks
buesa vUrj ugha gksuk pkfg,A lka[; fopkjdksa us bldk tokc nsrs gq,
cryk;k gS fd O;Dr vkSj vO;Dr (dkj.k) :iksa esa vUrj vo’; jgrk gS
vkSj og vUrj voLFkk fo’ks”k dk gh gSA
(M+) tc dk;Z igys ls gh dkj.k esa fo|eku jgrk gS rks fQj dkj.k dk;Z dh
rjg O;ogkj D;ksa ugha djrk gS\ blds mRrj esa lka[; dk dguk gS fd tks
vO;Dr gS mlls mlds O;Dr :i dk dk;Z u gksuk LokHkkfod gh gSA
blhfy, dk;Z ,oa dkj.k ls leku iz;kstu fl) ugha gksrk gSA
pkokZd U;k;
oS’ksf”kd vkfn fo’o dh O;k[;k HkkSfrd nzO;ksa dh lgk;rk ls dj ysrs gSaA
d.kkn dk v.kqokn izfl) gSA bUgsa le>uk Hkh vklku gS vkSj buesa ;FkkFkZrk Hkh
nf”Vxr gksrh gSA buds LFkku ij ,d vO;Dr ,oa lw{e izdfr dks fo’o dk dkj.k
eku ysuk ;qfDrlaxr izrhr ugha gksrk gSA fdUrq lak[; dk dguk gS fd HkSkfrd inkFkZ
;k v.kq ls fo’o dh iw.kZ O;k[;k ugha gks ldrh gSA cqf)] eu] vgadkj vkfn dh
O;k[;k lEHko ugha gks ldrh gSA izdfr ls gh budh O;k[;k lEHko gks ldrh gSA
Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk esa Hkh bl crk dh lEiqf”V dh xbZ gSA
vr% lka[;];ksx osnkUr vkfn dh nf”V esa lr~dk;Zokn gh mi;qDr ,oa
;qfDrlaxr fl)kUr gSA bls fl) djus ds fy, lka[; nk’kZfudksa us fuEufyf[kr
;qfDr;ka izLrqr dh gaS&
(a) vxj dk;Z igys ls gh vius dkj.k esa fo|eku u gks rks fQj vkdk’kdqlqe
;k oxkZdkj oRr ;k cU/;k iq= vkfn tSlh dkYifud ,oa okLrfod lRrk esa
dksbZ vUrj ugha jg tk;sxkA oxZ gksxk rks or ugha vkSj or gS rks og
oxkZdkj ugha gks ldrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa dk;Z dh mRifRr ugha gks ldrh
gSA
(b) dk;Z vius miknku dkj.k dh vfHkO;fDr ek= gS (The effect is simply
manifistation of its material cause) dk;Z dkj.k dk O;Dr :i gS vkSj
dkj.k dk;Z dk fNik gqvk :i gS (The effect is revealed cause and the
cause is concealed effect)A fufeÙk dkj.k dk dsoy bruk gh dke gS fd
og dkj.k esa vO;Dr {kerk dks dk;Z ds :i esa O;Dr djus esa enn igaqpkosA
;fn dk;Z oLrqr% dkj.k esa fo|eku ugha jgrk rks fdlh Hkh iz;kl ls mldh
mRifÙk ugha gksrhA lka[; dk U;k; oS’ksf”kd vkfn ls dguk gS fd D;k ckyw
ehy dj rsy fudkyk tk ldrk gS\ vFkok vkdk’k dks eFkdj eD[ku
fudkyk tk ldrk gS\ jSaph] fry] ljlksa] vkfn dks ihyus ls rsy fudyrk
gS] D;ksafd buesa (jSaph vFkok jSapk] fry] ljlksa) igys ls gh rsy ekStwn gSA
og fo’ks”k voLFkk esa (tSls fey ;k dksYgw esa ihyus ij) izdV gksrk gSA
blfy;s fufer dkj.k dk dke bruk gh gS fd ;g miknku dkj.k esa
vizR;{k :i ls orZeku dk;Z dks izdV dj nsA lrh’k pUnz pV~Vksik/;k; ,oa
/khjsUnz eksgu nRr ds ‘kCnksa eas “dRrkZ ds O;kikj ls ftl dk;Z dh mRifRr
gksrh gS og oLrqr% vfHkO;fDr ek= gSA”11
(c) vxj dk;Z lpeqp dkj.k esa vfo|eku jgrk rks bldk ifj.kke ;g fudyrk
gS fd vlr~ ls lr~ dks mRifRr gksrh ;kuh ‘kwU; ls fdlh oLrq dh mRifÙk
gksrh gS fdUrq okLro esa ckr ,slh gS ugha( ‘kwU; ls fdlh oLrq dk mRiUu
gksuk vlEHko gSA
(d) dk;Z vius miknku dkj.k dk gh lkj gksrk gSA rsy cht dk vkSj ngh nw/k
dk lkj dgk tk ldrk gSA
mi;qZDr ;qfDr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd dk;Z mRifRr ls igys
vius miknku dkj.k esa ekStwn jgrk gSA ;gh lka[; vkSj ;ksx n’kZu dk lr~dk;Zokn
gSA
lr~dk;Zokn
lr~dk;Zokn ds nks :i gSa& (d) ifj.kkeokn vkSj ([k) foorZoknA izFke er
ds vuqlkj dk;Z dh mRifRr dk vFkZ dkj.k dk oLrqr% :ikUrfjr gksuk gSA lka[; vkSj
;ksx n’kZu dkj.k ds :ikUrj.k dks okLrfod ekurs gSA vr% budh nf”V esa nw/k dk
ngh ds :i esa ifjofrZr gks tkuk okLrfod gSA f}rh; er foorZokn ds vuqlkj dkj.k
okLro esa vius dk;Z ds :i esa ifj.kr ugha gksrk] cfYd ,slk vkHkkl gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, czã vFkok Absolute lpeqp fo’o esa ifj.kr ugha gksrk gSA gesa
bldk dsoy vkHkkl gksrk gS fd og fo’o esa ifj.kr gks jgk gSA ;kuh dkj.k dk
ifjorZu okLrfod ughas cfYd foorZ (Appearance ) gSA tc jLlh ns[kus ls lk¡ai dk
vkHkkl gksrk gS rks jLlh ;FkkFkZr% liZ esa ifj.kr ugha gks tkrh gSA blh izdkj fo’o esa
tks vusdrk nf”Vxr gksrk gS og lR; ugha cfYd vlR; gSA flQZ czge~ gks lR; gS]
ogh uke:ikRed txr~ ds :i esa nf”Vxr gksrk gS] ;g fo’o okLrfod ugha gS cfYd
okLrfod izrhr gksrk gSAA v}Sr osnkUr dk ;g er fooZrokn ds uke ls izfl) gSA
budh nf”V esa ifj.kkeokn lr~dk;Zokn dk fodr :i gSA blesa rkfdZdrk dk vHkko
gSA osadVukFk us Hkh lka[; ds lr~dk;Zokn lEcU/kh /kkj.kk dh vkykspuk dh gSA
osadVukFk jkekuqtkpk;Z ds f’k”; ekus tkrs gSaA bUgksuas fof’k”Vk}Sr osnkUr dks vkSj
vf/kd le) cuk;kA buds vuqlkj lka[; dk ;g dguk gS fd dk;Z (?kM+k) dkj.k
(feV~Vh) esa igys ls gh fo|eku jgrk gS] mfpr ugha gSA ;fn ,slk gksrk gS rks
dkj.k&O;kikj fujFkZd fl) gksrk gSA ;g igys fl) fd;k tk pqdk gS fd iwoZ
fo|eku dk;Z O;Dr gksrk gS] mRiUu ugha gksrk gS] dkj.k&O;kikj dh mikf/k;ksa ds fo”k;
esa og ftKklk rHkh mi;qDr gksxh tc fd os O;atd] dkjd dh vko’;d mikf/k;k¡
larq”V djrh gS ;k ughaA fdUrq lka[; ,slk fl) djus esa lQy ugha gks ldrs gSaA
U;k;&oS’ksf”kd er
buds vuqlkj dk;Z dkj.k lEcU/k Lo;a fl) gSA MkW. jk/kkd”.ku~ ds ‘kCnksa esa
“vU; lc lkekU; fl)kUrksa dh Hkkafr] dk;Z&dkj.k Hkko dk fu;e Hkh uS;kf;d ds fy,
,d vUr%nf”V }kjk Kkr Lor% fl) fl)kUr gS] ftldh iqf”V vuqHko }kjk gksrh gSA”12
vr% U;k;&oS’ksf”kd n’kZu ds vuqlkj dkj.k og gS tks fcuk viokn ds dk;Z ls iwwoZ
fo|eku jgrk gS vkSj ftldh vko’;drk ek= lgk;d ds :i esa gh ugha cfYd dk;Z
dh mRifRr ds fy, Hkh gSA uS;kf;dksa dks nf”V esa dkj.k ds fy, dsoy iwoZorhZ gksuk
i;kZIr ugha gS] cfYd mlds fy, vko’;d iwoZorhZ gksuk t:jh gSA dkj.k vkSj dk;Z esa
vUo; O;frjsdh lEcU/k gSA tc dkj.k mifLFkr gksrk gS rks dk;Z Hkh mifLFkr gksrk gS]
vkSj tc dkj.k ughsa jgrk gS rks dk;Z Hkh ugha jgrk gSA mi;qZDr ckrksa dh iqf”V
oS’ksf”kdksa us Hkh dh gSA oS’ksf”kd er ds vuqlkj vo;oksa ls ftu vo;oksa dh mRifRr
gksrh gS] vkSj mRifRr ls iwoZ mldh vkSj fdlh :i esa lRRk ugha jgrh gSA blh dks
vlRdk;Zokn ;k vkjEHkokn dgrs gSaA
uO; uS;kf;dksa us vius <ax ls vkjEHkokn vFkok vlr~dk;Zokn dh LFkkiuk
dh gSA ijorhZ U;k; esa dk;Z dh ifjHkk”kk nsrs gq, cryk;k x;k gS fd dk;Z vius
iwoZorhZ dk fu”ks/k dk izfri{kh vfLrÙo gS (izkxkHkko izfr;ksxh rdZlaxzg 39) vr% ;g
iwoZorhZ fu”ks/k dk fuf’pr lg&lEcU/kh gSA ;g dguk fd dk;Z dk igys vHkko gksrk
gS] ;g Lohdkj djuk gS fd dk;Z dk vkjEHk gksrk gSA ;gh vlr~dk;Zokn dgykrk gSA
bls vkjEHkokn ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA jkaxs’k mik/;k; us rÙofpUrkef.k uked
iqLrd esa bldh foLrr foospuk dh gSA
U;k;&oS’ksf”kd dk dkj.kokn vFkkZr~ vlr~dk;Zokn ckg~;okn vFkok oLrqokn
dk eq[; vk/kkj LrEHk gSA bl fl)kUr ds vuqlkj dk;Z&iV vius dkj.k rUrqvksa ls
loZFkk fHkUu ,d uohu lf”V gSA yksdeku~ cky xaxk/kj fryd us Hkh fy[kk gS fd
“ijek.kqvksa ds la;ksx dk vkjEHk gksus ij bl er ls lf”V dk fuek.kZ gksrk gSA blfy;s
bldks ^vkjEHkokn^ dgrs gSaA”13 d.kkn iz.khr oS’ksf”kd lw= esa vla[; ijek.kqvksa dks
txr~ ds ewy dkj.k ekus x;s gSa vkSj uS;kf;d bu ijek.kqvksa dks lR; ekurs gSaA
blfy;s mUgksaus fu’p; fd;k gS fd tgk¡ bu vla[; ijek.kqvksa dk la;ksx gksus yxk]
ogka lf”V ds vusd inkFkZ cuus yxrs gSaA14 U;k;&oS’ksf”kdksa dks ^cgqdkj.kokn^ esa vkLFkk
ugha gSaA cgqdkj.kokn ds eqrkfcd ,d ?kVuk ds vusd dkj.k gksrs gSaA U;k;] oS’ksf”kd
n’kZu dk dguk gS fd cgqdkj.kokn dks lR; ekuus ij vuqeku ls Kku izkIr ugha
fd;k tk ldrk gSA njvly vkjEHkoknh fl)kUr ds vUnj mDr vfHk/ks;rk vkfn dks
fuR; eku ysuk Hkh vlEHko gSA D;ksafd tgk¡ vfHk/kku vkSj vfHk/ks; nksuksa gh vfruwru]
igys vfrizfl) gksaxs ogka vfHk/ks;rk dks fdlesa vkfJr vkSj dSls fuR; ekuk tk
ldsxkA15
U;k; oS’ksf”kd ds eqrkfcd dkj.k rhu rjg ds gksrs gSa &
(d) miknku dkj.k (Material cause)
([k) vleok;h dkj.k (Non-material cause)
(x) fufeRr dkj.k (Efficient cause)
¼d½ miknku dkj.k
ftl nzO; ls fdlh oLrq dh mRifRr gksrh gS] ogh mldk miknku dkj.k gSA
;kuh HkkSfrd dkj.k og lkexzh gS ftlls dk;Z dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ diM+s
dk miknku ;k HkkSfrd dkj.k /kkxk gS] ?kM+s dk miknku dkj.k feV~Vh gS] ryokj dk
miknku dkj.k yksgk gSA
([k) vleok;h dkj.k
vleok;h vFkok vHkkSfrd dkj.k og dkj.k gS tks HkkSfrd dkj.k esa fo|eku
jgrk gS ,oa ftldh {kerk vPNh rjg tkuh gqbZ gSA /kkxksa dk ijLij la;ksx diM+s
dk vleok;h dkj.k gSA ;kuh dsoy HkkSfrd inkFkZ ls gh fdlh oLrq dk fuekZ.k ugha
gks tkrk cfYd mlds fy, vleok;h ;k vHkkSfrd dkj.k dh Hkh vko’;drk iM+rh gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, ek= feV~Vh ls gh ?kM+k ;k lqjkgh ugha cu tkrh gSA feV~Vh dk
Nkuuk] xqaFkuk] ihVuk vkfn ,oa mlesa ckyw] jk[k vkfn feykuk rFkk mls [kkl :i esa
ifj.kr djuk t:jh gSA bu dk;ksZa ds i’pkr~ gh ?kM+k ;k lqjkgh dk fuekZ.k gks ldrk
gSA feV~Vh] ikuh] ckyw vkfn dks ,d lkFk feykuk Hkh ?kM+k ;k lqjkgh dk dkj.k gSA
bls gh vleok;h dkj.k dgk tkrk gSA
(x) fufeRr dkj.k
;g og dkj.k gS ftldh izsj.kk ls dk;Z dh mRifRr gksrh gS] vFkZkr~ dk;Z dk
iz;kstu ;k lk/ku ftlls dk;Z iSnk gksrk gSA vc Li”V gS fd dsoy feV~Vh ds jgus
vkSj ikuh] ckyw] jk[k vkfn ds lkFk l;qDr gksus ls ?kM+k ;k lqjkgh dk fuekZ.k ugha gks
ldrk gSA blds fy, ,sls O;fDr dh vko’;drk iM+rh gS tks feV~Vh dks ikuh] ckyw
vkfn ds lkFk feykdj mldh [kkl ‘kDy ns ;kuh pkd pykdj ?kM+k ;k lqjkgh dk
fuekZ.k djsA ;g O;fDr vFkkZr~ dqEgkj gh ?kM+k ;k lqjkgh dk fufeRr dkj.k gSA dqEgkj
?kM+k cukus ds fy, pkd] M+Mk] /kqjh vkfn dh lgk;rk ysrk gSA bu lk/kuksa dks
lgdkjh dgk tkrk gSA ?kM+s ds fy, tSls dqEgkj gS ugh txr~ ds fy;s bZ’oj gSA
mi;qZDr rhuksa dkj.k ;wukuh nk’kZfud vjLrw }kjk izfrikfnr HkkSfrd]
vkdkfjd rFkk fufeRr dkj.kksa ls vuqdwyrk j[krs gSaA QkseZ dks vjLrw ds vuqlkj
vfUre dkj.k ekuk tk ldrk gSA16
dk;Z vkSj mlds miknku dkj.k ds lEcU/k dks ysdj Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa ,d
egRoiw.kZ iz’u mB [kM+k gksrk gSA D;k dk;Z viuh mRifRr ds iwoZ vius miknku dkj.k
esa fo|eku jgrk gS\ (Does the effect pre-exist in its material cause)? bl iz’u
ds nks mRrj fn;s x;s gaSA tSlk fd igys Hkh cryk;k tk pqdk gS fd izFke er lka[;
fopkjdksa dk gSA bl er ds vuqlkj dk;Z dkj.k esa iwoZ ls gh fo|eku jgrk gS bls
lr~dk;Zokn dgk tkrk gSA nwljk er ijorhZ U;k;&oS’ksf”kdksa dk gS ftls vlr~dk;Zokn
dgrs gSaA blds vuqlkj dk;Z mRifRr ds igys vius miknku dkj.k esa fo|eku ugha
jgrk gSA
U;k;&oS’ksf”kdksa us vlr~dk;Zokn ds i{k esa fuEufyf[kr ;qfDr;ka izLrqr dh
gSa&
(d) vxj dk;Z igys ls gh vius miknku dkj.k esa fo|eku jgrk gS rks fQj
mlds mRiUu gksus dk D;k vFkZ gS\
([k) ;fn dk;Z iwoZ ls gh miknku dkj.k esa fo|eku gS rks fQj bls iSnk djus ds
fy, fufeRr dkj.k dks O;FkZ iz;Ru djus dh D;k t:jr gS \
(x) ;fn dk;Z igys ls gh vius HkkSfrd dkj.k esa jgrk gS rks fQj nkuksa dks nks
uke ls D;ksa iqdkjk tkrk gS\
(?k) vxj dk;Z vius miknku dkj.k esa igys ls gh jgrk gS rks fQj dk;Z vkSj
dkj.k nksuksa dk leku O;ogkj D;ksa ugha gksrk gS\ D;ksa ?kM+k ;k lqjkgh tSlk
gh feV~Vh esa ikuh dk dke ugha fd;k tkrk gS\ ikuh ysus ds fy, feÍh dk
ik= pkfg;sA
(M+) nksuksa esa fHkUurk D;ksa gS\ ;kuh vxj dk;Z iwoZ ls gh HkkSfrd dkj.k esa fo|eku
gS rks nksuksa ,d nwljs ls iFkd ;k fHkUu D;ksa ekus tkrs gSa\
(p) dk;Z vkSj dkj.k ds :i ;k vkdkj esa rks vUrj vo’; ik;k tkrk gSA lqjkgh
vkSj feV~Vh ds ykSans esa iwoZ ls gh fLFkr gS rks fQj nksuksa ds vkdkjksa esa D;ksa
vUrj gS\ ;fn ;g dgk tk; fd feV~Vh ds ykSns esa tks :i ugha gS] og
lqjkgh esa gS rks bldk vFkZ ;g gksxk fd ‘kwU; ls dqN mRiUu gqvk gSA ijUrq
,slk lkspuk mfpr ugha gS D;ksafd ;g oSKkfud fu;e ds fo:) gSA ;g
loZekU; fu;e gS fd dqN ls dqN dh mRifRr gks ldrh gS] ‘kwU; ls dqN dh
ughaA ;kuh ‘kwU; ls ‘kwU; dh gks mRifRr gksrh gS] blls dqN vU; oLrq,¡
mRiUu ugha gks ldrh gSA
vc Li”V gS fd lka[; dh ekU;rk ds foijhr ;g dk;Z iwoZ fo|ekurk ls
bUdkj djrk gSA budk dguk gS fd dk;Z vius dkj.k ls fHkUu gS rFkk ,d uohu
lf”V gS tks mRifRr ds ckn leok; lEcU/k ls vius dkj.k esa fuokl djrh gSA dk;Z
o dkj.k ds nks iFkd nzO; ekurs gq, Hkh mUgsa leku LFkku dk vf/kdkjh crkuk
vlEHko yxrk gS] fdUrq U;k;&oS’ksf”kd ds vuqlkj leok; lEcU/k ds }kjk ,slk lEHko
gks tkrk gSA D;ksafd leok; lEcU/k ls lEc) oLrq,¡ fHkUu&fHkUu gksrs gq, Hkh ,d:i
gh izrhr gksrh gSA
mi;qZDr ;qfDr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij U;k;&oS’ksf”kd vlr~dk;Zokn ds fl)kUr dh
iqf”V djrs gSaA
v}Sr osnkUr vFkkZar~ ‘kadjkpk;Z dk er&’kadjkpk;Z us Hkh lr~dk;Zokn dk
leFkZu fd;k gSA ;s dk;Z vkSj dkj.k dks ,d ekurs gSaA vius ognkj.;d&Hkk”; esa
bUgksus (Jh ‘kadjkpk;Z us) lr~dk;Zokn dk cM+k lqUnj fu:i.k fd;k gS& “loZfg
dkj.kdk;ZReqRikn;r~ iqosZfYiUuL; dk;ZL; frjks?kku dqoZr dk;kZUrj eqRikn;frA
,dfLedu dkj.ks ;qxiknad dk;Zfojks/kkr~A u p iwoZdk;sZfiensZ dkj.kL; LokRekienksZ
Hkofr] fi.Mkfi iw.kZ dk;kZfiensZ ewnkfndkj.ka uksie|rs ?kVkfn dk;kZU;jsReuqorrs
dk;ZLopkfHkO;fDr fyaxokr~A
vfHkO;fDr% lk{kkn~ foKkukyEc~uRo izkfIr] u g~;fo|ekuks ?kV mfnrsR;kfnR;
miyH;rsA izkMeufHkO;Drsenf|D; okufi.Mkfndk;kZUrj :is.k laLFkkue~ rLekRizkxqRir
fogkekuL;so ?kVkfn dk;ZLo ;krÙoknuqiyfC/kA ;kuh tc ,d dkj.k ,d dk;Z dks
mRiUu djrk gS rc og nwljs dk;Z dk frjks/kku dj nsrk gSaA ,d dkj.k esa vusd dk;Z
vO;Dr :i ls fo|eku jgrs gSaA muesa ls ,d dh gh vfHkO;fDr ,d le; esa gks ikrh
gS vkSj ‘ks”k dk :i frjksfgr jgrk gSA ,d dk;Z ds u”V gks tkus ij dkj.k dk uk’k
ugha gksrk gSA fi.M dk;Z ds u”V gks tkus ij feV~Vh vFkkZr~ dkj.k ?kV ds :i esa izrhr
gksrh gSA vfHkO;fDr gksuk gh dk;Z dh mRifŸk gSA vfHkO;fDr dk vFkZ Kku dk fo”k; gks
tkuk gSA vlr~ dk;Z dh dHkh izrfr ugha gks ldrh gSA tc rd feV~Vh dh vfHkO;fDr
ugha gksrh rc rd ?kM+s dh vfHkO;fDr ugha gksrh] rc rd feV~Vh ds vo;o ?kVkfn ds
vkdkj esa jgrs gSaA blfy, mRifRr ls iwoZ feV~Vh esa ?kV ekStwn jgrk gSA flQZ mlds
Lo:i ij vkoj.k p<+k jgrk gS ,slk ekuuk pkfg,A dk;Z dk vkoj.k ;k vkPNknu
djusokyk dkSu gS\ mRrj gksxk nwljk dk;ZA ,d dkj.k ds vusd dk;Z gks ldrs gSa
ftuesa ,d dks NksM+dj ,d le; esa vkSj lc vO;Dr :i esa jgrs gSaA dk;Z ,oa dkj.k
dh ,drk dks fl) djus ds fy, ‘akdj us fuEufyf[kr ;qfDr;ka izLrqr dh gS &
(1) dk;Z vkSj blds miknku dkj.k esa izR;{k ds vk/kkj ij dksbZ vUrj ugha nh[k
iM+rk gSA lqjkgh vkSj feV~Vh esa fdlh vUrj dk izR;{k ugha gksrk gSA
(2) vxj dksbZ oLrq fdlh vU; oLrq esa igys ls u gks rks fQj mlls mldh mRifRr
ugha gks ldrh gSA tSls rsy ;fn iRFkj esa u gks rks iRFkj ls rsy ugha fudkyk tk
ldrk gSA ljlksa esa rsy gS blfy;s mlls rsy fudkyk tkrk gSA
(3) dk;Z vkSj dkj.k ds chp dksbZ [kkbZ ugha gSA nksuksa dfFkr ,oa yxkrkj gSA ,slh
dksbZ fLFkfr vFkok voLFkk ugha nf”Vxr gksrh gS ftlesa ek= ‘kq) dkj.k gksA blls
dk;Z vkSj dkj.k dks ,drk fl) gksrh gSA
(4) dk;Z vkSj dkj.k dh vfHkUurk vFkok ,drk ,d miek }kjk Li”V dh tk ldrh
gSA tc diM+s dk Fkku c¡/kk jgrk gS rks gesa ml diM+s dk Lo:i yEckbZ] pkSM+kbZ
bR;kfn dk irk ugha pyrkA tc diM+s dk og Fkku [kqy tkrk gS rks mlds Lo:i]
xq.k] yEckbZ] pkSM+kbZ bR;kfn ds fo”k; esa irk py tkrk gSA bl rjg c¡/ks Fkku vkSj
[kqys Fkku ds :i ;k vkdkj esa vUrj nh[k iM+rk gSA fQj Hkh nksuksa ,d gh oL= ds
Fkku gSaA nksuksa dks fHkUu ugha dgk tk ldrk gSaA Bhd blh izdkj dkj.k vkSj dk;Z ,d
gh izfØ;k ds Øe’k% ca/ks vkSj [kqys :i gksus ij Hkh ,d vkSj vfHkUu dgs tk ldrs gSaA
fry vkSj rsy dh vfHkUurk dksbZ Hkh eglwl dj ldrk gSA blds fy, vuqHko dh
xgjkbZ pkfg;sA Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk ls Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V gks tkrh gSA
(5) dkj.k dk;Z esa cnyrk gSA ‘kadj us bl dFku dk fojks/k djrs gq, dgk gS fd
,slk ugha gksrk gS fd dkj.k dqN le; rd ‘kq) dkj.k ds :i esa jgs ,d&o&,d
(All of a sudden) dkj.k dk;Z esa ifj.kr gksrk ugha cfYd ifj.kr gksrk izrhr gksrk
gSA MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~] ,l-,u- nklxqIrk vkfn us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA
(6) dkj.k vkSj dk;Z esa vfoHkkT; lEcU/k ik;k tkrk gSA fcuk dkj.k ds dk;Z ugha jg
ldrk gSA D;k lksuk dk tsoj lksuk ds fcuk cu ldrk gS\ Li”V gS fd ugha cu
ldrk gSA bl ls Hkh dk;Z vkSj dkj.k dh vfHkUurk izekf.kr gksrh gSA
(7) vxj dk;Z vkSj dkj.k dks ijLij fHkUu eku fy;k tk; rks blesa vkUrfjd lEcU/k
u gksdj ckg~; lEcU/k gks tkrk gSA dk;Z vkSj dkj.k esa ckg~; lEcU/k LFkfir djus ds
fy, ,d rhljs inkFkZ dh t:jr iM+sxhA bl rhljs inkFkZ ,oa igys nksuksa esa lEcU/k
LFkkfir djus ds fy, pkSFks inkFkZ dh vko’;drk gksxhA bl rjg ds flyflys dk
dksbZ vUr utj ugha vkrkA ;kuh ,slk gksus ij vuoLFkk nks”k (fallacy of
Infiniteregress) mRiUu gks tkrk gSA bl nks”k ls cpus ds fy, dk;Z vkSj dkj.k esa
fHkUurk ;k ckg; lEcU/k dks vLohdkj djuk t:jh gSA vr% nksuksa ,d gSA vr% }Sr
ugha cfYd v}Sr dh gh lŸkk gSA }Sr dk cks/k gksuk vKkurk ds dkj.k gh gksrk gSA
Kkuh ds fy;s v}Sr gh lR; vkSj lŸkk gSA ik’pkR; nk’kZfud czSMys us Hkh bl ckr dh
lEiqf”V dh gSA
(8) fdlh oLrq esa ckg~; ifjorZu vkus ls og dksbZ nwljh oLrq ugha cu tkrhA
mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d O;fDr cPpk] toku vkSj cw<+k ds :i esa Hkh ogh ,d O;fDr cuk
jgrk gSA blh rjg dkj.k tc dk;Z ds :i esa ifj.kr gksus yxrk gS] rks mlds ckg~;
:i esa ifjorZu vk tkrk gSA ijUrq bl vk/kkj ij Kku vkSj Ks; nksuksa dks
vyx&vyx ugha dgk tk ldrk gSaA vr% nksuksa vfHkUu gSA
(9) ‘kadjkpk;Z ds eqrkfcd fufeÙk dkj.k dk dk;Z miknku dkj.k dks dk;Z esa ifj.kr
djuk ugha] cfYd miknku (HkkSfrd dkj.k) dkj.k dks fo’ks”k :i esa ltk nsuk gSA
fdlh oLrq dks u;s fljs ls ltk nsus ls og dksbZ vU; oLrq ughsa cu tkrhA blls Hkh
dk;Z vkSj dkj.k dh vfHkUurk izekf.kr gks tkrh gSA
mi;qZDr foospu ls Li”V gks tkrk gS fd ‘kadjkpk;Z ,oa lka[; dk er ,d
ugha gSA ;kuh nksuksa esa fHkUurk gSA nksuksa ds er esa ,d eq[; vUrj gS&
lka[; miknku dkj.k esa dk;Z dks igys ls gks fo|eku ekurk gS vkSj bu
nksuksa dks ,d ,oa vfHkUu ugha ekurk gSA blds foijhr v}Sr osnkUr dk;Z vkSj miknku
dkj.k dks vfHkUu ,oa ,d fl) djrk gSA lka[; }Sr dks Lohdkj djrk gS vkSj ‘kadj
v}Sr dh gh lŸkk dks Lohdkj djrs gSaA
lka[; ds ifj.kkeokn dh vkykspuk djrs gq, ‘kadjkpk;Z us dgk gS fd lka[;
dk fl)kUr vkRe&fojks/kh gks tkrk gSA lka[; fopkjdksa dk dguk gS fd dk;Z vius
dkj.k eas jgrk gS vkSj dkj.k dk;Z esa cny tkrk gSA lka[; ;g Hkh ekurk gS fd
dkj.k dk dk;Z esa ifjorZu gksuk ,d okLrfod ifjorZu gSA bldk ;g vFkZ gqvk fd
dk;Z esa tks u;s :i esa vk;s gSa] os okLrfod gSaA feV~Vh ?kM+s esa cny tkrh gSA vxj
;g cnyuk okLrfod gS rks ?kM+s dk vkdkj vkSj :i Hkh okLrfod gSA
?kMs+ dk vkdkj vkSj :i Hkh okLrfod gSA ;g vkdkj vkSj :i rks u;k gS]
;g rks feV~Vh esa ugha FkkA rks ;g ekuuk iM+rk gS fd ?kMs+ dk vkdkj vkSj :i ?kMs+ ds
cuus dss iwoZ ugha FkkA fQj og vlr~ gSA rks vlr~ ls lr~ dh mRifRr lka[;&fopkjdksa
us eku fy;k gSA lka[; vius lr~dk;Zokn dh uhao Lo;a [kksn Mkyrk gSA
‘kadj dk dguk gS fd ;g Hkwy dsoy blfy, gqbZ fd lka[; :i&ifjorZu
dks okLrfod ifjorZu eku ysrs gSaA okLrfodrk rks ;g gS fd :i vFkok vkdkj ds
ifjorZu ls oLrq esa dksbZ vUrj ugha iM+rk gSA iqLrd [kqyh vFkok cUn] iqLrd&iqLrd
gSA ,d O;fDr ‘;ke ysVk gS ;k cSBk gS ;k [kM+k gS] mlls dksbZ vUrj ugh iM+rkA
‘;ke ‘;ke gh jgrk gSA vkdkj ifjorZu okLrfod ugha gSA vkdkj ifjorZu ls oLrq esa
vUrj rHkh vkrk] tc vkdkj dh viuh dksbZ lRrk gksrhA ‘kadj dh n`f”V esa vkdkj
vkSj :i ,oa jax dh viuh lŸkk ugha gS blfy;s og vlr~ gSA
vr% mi;qZDr ;qfDr;ksa ls tkfgj gks tkrk gS fd lka[; dk lr~dk;Zokn
vkRefojk/kh gSA ‘akdj ifj.kkeokn dk [k.Mu djds fooŸkZokn dk leFkZu djrs gSaA
foorZ dk vFkZ izrhr gksrk gSA blfy;s fooRrZokn ds vuqlkj dkj.k okLro esa dk;Z esa
ifj.kr ugha gks tkrk cfYd dsoy ,slk vkHkkl gksrk gSA ‘kadjkpk;Z dk dguk gS fd
ge izrhfr vkSj okLrfodrk esas ,d Hksn djrs gSaA ifjorZu ,d izrhfr gS] okLrfod ugha
gSA gesa ,slk yxrk gS fd feV~Vh ?kM+s esa cny x;h] okLro esa ,slk ugha gksrk gSA gesa
,slk yxrk gS vkSj ge viuh izrhfr dks ml LFkku ij yxk nsrs gS aA ge ,d {k.k esa
liZ ns[krs gSa ,sls LFkku ij tgk¡ liZ ugha gS] ewy ds xyr Hkko dks okLrfodrk dk
:i ns nsrs gSaA mlh izdkj dkj.k dk;Z esa cnyrk ugha fdUrq ge mls ,d okLrfod
ifjorZu eku ysrs gSaA fdlh oLrq dk ,sls LFkku ij fu:i.k dj nsuk tgk¡ og oLrq
ugha gS ^v/;kl^ dgk tkrk gSA dkj.k vkSj dk;Z ds lEcU/k esa okLrfodrk dk v/;kl
gksrk gSA ;g vKku ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
vr% ‘kadj dh nf”V esa vKkuo’k gh gesa yxrk gS fd czg~e fo’o esa ifj.kr
gks x;k gS ;k liZ jLlh esa ifj.kr gks x;k gSA T;ksafg Kku dk mn; gksrk gS R;ksafg ge
viuh Hkwy le> ysrs gSa vkSj rc ge ;g Hkh tku ysrs gSa fd dkj.k okLro esa dk;Z esa
ifj.kr ugha gksrk gSA ifjorZu okLrfod ugha gSaA bl ifjorZu dk gesa vkHkkl feyrk
gSaA ik’pkR; nk’kZfud czSMys us Hkh ekuk gS fd “dkj.k dks ,d ;FkkFkZ ?kVuk gksuk
pkfg,] ijUrq fQj Hkh ,slk dksbZ dkj.ko’k ugha ftlesa og ;FkkFkZ gks ldsA vr% dk;Z
dkj.k lEcU/k Øekxr ugha gks ldrk vkSj blfy, nqHkkZX;o’k og dk;Z dkj.k lEcU/k
ugh] vfirq vkHkkl ek= gSA”17 budh nf”V esa Hkh Absolute dh gh lŸkk gS vkSj mlls
mRiUu oLrq,¡ vkHkkl gh gSaA bUgksus ,fi;sjsal ,.M fj;fyVh uked iqLrd esa bl ckr
dh lEiqf”V cgqr lqUnj <ax ls dh gSA
‘kadkjkpk;Z dh nf”V esa dkj.k ,oa dk;Z esa dksbZ vUrj ugha gSA nksuksa esa
fHkUurk dh izrhfr ek= gksrh gS] fofHkUurk okLrfod ugha gSA “,Q +,p +czSMys us Hkh
fy[kk gS fd dk;Z&dkj.k lEcU/k vcqf)e; vFkok cqf)xE; ugha gSa vkSj blfy;s
vkHkklek= gS] lr~ ughaA”18 ;gh ‘kadj dk foorZokn gSA ‘kadj ds lEiw.kZ n’kZu dk ;gh
vk/kkj gSA
‘kadj dk foorZoknh fl)kUr dh vkykspuk djrs gq, fof’k”Vk}Srokfn;ksa us
cryk;k gS fd “’kadj dk er ,d fo}ku iq:”k dh Hkwy dk lk{kkr~ n”VkUr gSA”19
txr~ dks vkHkkl ek= dgk x;k gS vkSj bZ’oj ,d ‘kq”d] fujis{k vU/kdkj gS ftlds
lkFk izdk’k dh ijkdk”Bk Hkh gSA HkDrkssa dks vius thou dh fo”ke voLFkkvksa esa bl
izdkj ds lgk;d dk tks okLrfod vuqHko gqvk gS] mlds izfr ‘akdj us U;k; ugha
fd;kA20 blfy;s jkekuqtkpk;Z ,oa muds vuq;kf;;ksa us lr~dk;Zokn dks rks Lohdkj
fd;k gS fdUrq foorZokn dks Lohdkj ughaA budk lr~dk;Zokn ifj.kkeokn dk gh
leFkZu djrk gSA MkW. jk/kkd”.ku~ us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “jkekuqt lr~ dk;Zokn ds
fl)kUr dks Lohdkj djrs gSaA izR;sd dk;Z ;g ladsr djrk gS fd mldk miknku
(HkkSfrd) dkj.k igys ls fo|eku FkkA voLFkk esa ifjorZu gh dkj.k dk;Z&Hkko gSA
/kkxs diM+s ds dkj.k gSa D;ksafd diM+k dsoy ek= /kkxksaa dh rkusckus okyh O;oLFkk dk
uke gSA”21 vr% jkekuqt us fooŸkZokn ds LFkku ij ifj.kkeokn dks iqu% LFkkfir dj
fn;k gSaA
ckSf)d :i esa Jh’kadj dk er ;qfDrlaxr izrhr gksrk gS fdUrq Hkkouk vkSj
ân; ds rqy ij Jhjkekuqt dk er ;FkkFkZ nh[krk gSA tulk/kkj.k ds fy;s jkekuqt
dk er gh ekU; gSA ik’pkr; nk’kZfud ghxsy us Hkh vius <ax ls bl ckr dh lEiqf”V
dh gSA ghxsy vkSj jkekuqt d ser esa cgqr gn rd lekurk nf”Vxr gksrh gSA
lanHkZ lwph
1- MkW. loZiYyh jk/kd”.ku~ (vuqoknd Lo uUn fd’kksj xksfHky)] Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx ,d]
jkT;iky ,.M lUl fnYyh& 6]1973 i”B 341 1A lRdkjh eq[kthZ] n cqf)LV fQykWlkWQh
vkWQ ;wfuolZy QyWDl] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl] fnYyh] 1980] i”B 65
2- Jh lrh’kpUnz pV~Vksik/;k; ,o Jh /khjsUnz eksgu nRr (vuq.Jh gfjeksgu >k ,oa Jh
fuR;kuUn feJ) Hkkjrh; n’kZu] iqLrd Hk.Mkj iVuk&4 1960bZ.] i”B 87
3- clar dqekj yky] dkWUVsEikjsjh bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl fnYyh] 1978bZ.]
(bUVªksMDlu) i”B 13
4- MkW. ,l.jk/kkd”.ku~] (vuqfnr) Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx&1] i”B 343
5- ogh] i”B 342
6- ogh ts. ,u. flUgk] , ghLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh oksY;we 11 flUgk ifCyf’kax gkml
dydrk 1971 bZ-] i”B 338
7- ia. QwypUn fl)kUr ‘kkL=h] rÙokFkZlw=] Jh x.ks’kizlkn o.khZ tSu xzUFkekyk] cukjl] la.
2476] (ipeks/;k;%) i”B 26
8- gfjd”.k nkl xks;Undk (vuq. ,oa O;k[;kdkj) ‘kadjHkk”; Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk] xhrk izsl
xksj[kiqj] la. 2044] v/;k;&2] ‘yksd&16
9- ogh] i”B 35
10- lrh’kpUnz pV~Vksik/;k; ,oa /khjsUnz eksgu nÙk (vuqfnr) Hkkjrh; n’kZu] i”B 164
11- MkW. ,l. jk/kkd”.ku (vuqfnr) Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx&2]i”B 91
12- yksdekU; cky xaxk/kj fryd] (vuqoknd Jh eku ek/ko jko lxzs) Jhen~ Hkxon~xhrk
jgL; vFkok deZ;ksx‘kkL=] iwuk&41130] 1984] i”B 241
13- ogh] i”B 242
14- ia. vkuUn >k] inkFkZ&’kkL=] fgUnh lfefr] lwpuk foHkkx] y[kuÅ (m. iz.)] 1965] i”B
394
15- MkW. ,l. jk/kkd”.ku~] Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx&2] i”B 95
16- ,Q. ,p. czSMys (vuqoknd MkW. Qrg flag) vkHkkl vkSj lr~] fgUnh lfefr lwpuk foHkkx
y[kuÅ 1964] i”B 44
17- ogh] i”B 42
18- MkW. ,l. jk/kkd”.ku~ (vuqfnr) Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx&2] i”B 661
19- ogh] i”B 661&62
20- ogh] i”B 681
v/;k; & 3
ledkyhu Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud fpUru esa iq:"kkFkZ dh
vo/kkj.kkorZeku ;qx foKku dk ;qx ekuk tkrk gS] pwWfd foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh us
euq"; ds gkFkksa esa cgqr 'kfä ns nh gSA vkt lHkh jk"Vª ,d nwljs ls bl rjg ckrsa dj
jgs gaS tSls izkphu le; esa ,d ifjokj nwljs ifjokj vFkok iM+kslh ls ckrsa djrs FksA
izdfr ij foKku] izkS|ksfxdh ,oa rduhdh us cgqr gn rd vkf/kiR; izkIr dj fy;k
gSSA bldk vxj mfpr mi;ksx fd;k tk; rks fo'o ds lHkh O;fDr;ksa dh 'kfä]
Lora=rk vkSj csgrj ftUnxh fey ldrh gS vkSj ;fn nq:i;ksx fd;k x;k rks fo'o
dk fouk'k Hkh gks ldrk gSA vkt dqN vFkZyksyqi ,oa lkezkT;oknh ns'k bldk
nq:i;ksx dj jgs gSA ;gh dkj.k fd ge lHkh vO;oLFkk ,oa fouk'k ds dxkj ij fo'o
dks [kM+k ns[k jgs gSaA ,d O;fä nwljs O;fä ij] ,d /kekZoyEch vFkok /kekZoyfEc;ksa
ij vkSj ,d jk"Vª nwljs jk"Vª ij] ,d egkns'k nwljs egkns'k ij nks"kkjksi.k dj jgs gaSA
,d izkar ds usrk nwljs izkar ds yksxksa dks [knsM+ jgs gSa ;k [knsM+uk pkgrs gSaA
vius&vius lq[k ds lk/kuksa vFkok vgadkj dh rqf"V ds fy;s ,d nwljs dk [kwu dj
jgs gSaA dksbZ efUnj rksM+ jgs gSa rks dksbZ xq:}kjk] rks dksbZ efLtnA dksbZ dqN HkkSfrd
lEink ds fy;s nwljs ij vkØe.k dj jgs gS] dksbZ jk"Vª dh v[kaMrk dks [kafMr dj
viuk iFkd jk"Vª dh ckr dj jgs gS] rks dksbZ vyx jkT; fuekZ.k ds fy;s vkUnksyujr
gaSA
lEiw.kZ fo'o ds fo?kVu vkSj fo[k.Mu dh tks izfØ;k lu~ 1991 esa 'kq: gqbZ
Fkh vkSj lu~ 1992 vkSj lu~ 1993 esa og vkSj rhoz gks x;h gSA lu~ 1991 ds vUr esa
geus ,d egk'kfä dks [k.M&[k.M gksdj fc[kjrs ns[kk rks nwljh egk'kfä dks egkeanh
ls ihlrs vkSj lgk;rk ds fy;s vius vkdkj ls dgh NksVs jk"Vª ¼tkiku vkfn½ ls
fxM+fxM+krs ns[kkA lksfo;r la?k ds fc[kjko ls ,d vkSj [krjk eaMjkus yxk gS vkSj ;g
gS&bLykeh lkezkT;okn dkA fc[kjs lksfo;r la?k ds eqlyeku vU; ns'kksa dks Hkh lkFk
ysdj ,d u;h egk'kfä cukus dh fQØ esa gSA b/kj yksdrkaf=d 'kfä;ksa dk Hkh mn;
gks jgk gSA vHkh :l ds vUrxZr lŸkk ,oa fojksf/k;ksa esa f[kapkrkuh py gh jgh gSA b/kj
fo'o ds vusd Hkkxksa esa lkEiznkf;d rkdrksa dh of} gks jgh gSA Hkkjr Hkh blls vNwrk
ugha gSA
;gk¡ Hkh ml ij iw.kZ fu;a=.k j[kuk vlaHko izrhr gks jgk gSA oLrqr% fiNys
lkS&nks&lkS lky esa geus HkkSfrdrk ds Lrj ij pkgs ftruh izxfr dh gks ysfdu
ekuork ds Lrj ij ge iqjkuh pqukSfr;ksa ls gh tw> jgs gSA cfYd dgk tk;s fd bl
ekspZs ij gekjh fLFkfr vkSj cnrj gqbZ gS rks dksbZ vfr;qfä ugha gksxhA ,slh fLFkfr esa
lHkh euqq";ksa dks fdlh u fdlh er dks Lohdkj djus ds dy, etcwj gksuk iM+rk gSA
MkW- jk/kkd".ku~ us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd Þyxrk gS ge fdlh Hkh Hkzkafr esa iM+us
dks rS;kj gSa] fQj pkgs og iksi dh gks ;k ckbZfcy ;k ekDlZ dhAß1- ekuo dh bl
Ågkiksg dh fLFkfr rHkh lekIr gks ldrh gS] tc foKku] rduhdh ,oa izkS|ksfxdh dh
nsu dk mfpr :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tk;A MkW- jk/kkd".ku~ ds 'kCnksa esa&ÞfoKku vkSj
izkS|ksfxdh us euq"; ds gkFkksa esa cgqr 'kfä ns nh gS] ftldk ;fn lgh mi;ksx fd;k
tk; rks djksM+ks O;fä;ksa dh 'kfä] Lora=rk vkSj csgrj ftUnxh fey ldrh gS] ysfdu
vxj bldk nq:i;ksx gqvk rks ifj.kke gksxk vO;oLFkk vkSj fouk'kAß2- nqHkkZZX;o'k dqN
ik'pkR; ,oa Hkkjrh; fopkjdksa dh nf"V esa ge fujk'kkoknh ,oa iyk;uoknh vFkok
eks{koknh gh jgs gSaA budk dguk gS fd Hkkjrh; nf"V v/;kRe dks fojfä ds lkaps esa
<yrs gh ns[krh jgh gSA deZ'kkhy fojfä dk ;qx e/;&dkyhu larksa dh nsu gSA fdUrq
vk/kqfud ;qx dh psruk vf/kd fonzksfg.kh gS] og Je ds lEeq[k v/;kRe dks gs;]
vxzkg~; vkSj vikou le>us yxh gSA3- fdUrq ckr ,slh ugha gSA Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa us
dHkh Hkh thou ls Hkkxus ;k iyk;u gksus dh lh[k ugha nh gS] cfYd lEiw.kZ fo'o ds
fy;s ,d vewY; fuf/k iznku dh gSA og vewY; fuf/k iq:"kkFkZ dh vo/kkj.kk gSA ;g
lp gS fd ;g ek= HkkSfrd lEinkvksa ds fy;s gh rRij gksus dh lh[k ugha nsrk cfYd
euq"; fdu izsj.kkvksa ls izsfjr gksdj dk;Z djrk gS vkSj mldk vfUre y{; D;k gS\
dh Hkh foospuk djrk gSA dUn] ewy] Qy vkfn lkfRod vkgkj ek= ls viuh mnjiwfrZ
dj gekjs fpjUru _f"k& egf"kZ;ksa us vFkZ vkSj dke uked nks iq:"kkFkksaZ dh b"Vdk
¼bZaV½ ds :i esa ifjdYiuk djds lkekU; vkSj fo'ks"k /keZ dh lkekU; vkSj fof'k"V
lhesaV ds :i esa ifjdYiuk dh gSA iV~VkfHkjke 'kkL=h us osnkFkZ ikfjtkr dh izLrkouk
esa fy[kk gS fd&ßtSls fof'k"V izdkj dh lheasV ls bZVksa dks tksM+dj xxupqEch nhokysa
[kM+h dh tkrh gS mu ij lkekU; dksfV dh lheasV ls IykLVj p<+k;k tkrk gS] mlh
izdkj lkekU; vkSj fo'ks"k /keZ dh lgk;rk ls ;g HkO; izklkn [kM+k gksrk gSA pwus ls
lQsn dj LFkwy izklkn dks ltk;k tkrk gS] mlh rjg ls eks{k :ih lq/kk ls bl
izklkn dks ltk dj gekjs iwoZtksa us gesa lkSaik gSA bl izdkj ;g Hkkjro"kZ :ih izlkn
/keZ] vFkZ] dke vkSj eks{k uked pkj iq:"kkFkksZa ls cuk gSA4
Hkkjrh; _f"k;ksa us vuUr dky ls thou dh fuR;rk ,oa ve`rÙo vFkkZr~
vejrk esa fo'okl O;ä fd;k gSA vFkZ vkSj dke 'kjhj ds lkFk ej.k/kekZ gSA thou ds
'kk'or iz'uksa dk tckc Hkksxoknh fu;e vkSj fl)kUr ugha ns ldrsA5 iVV~kfHkjke
'kkL=h us crk;k gS fd&Þdsoy vFkZ vkSj dke ds gh lgkjs pyus okys {ks=ksa dh vis{kk
bldh ¼Hkkjr dh½ fo'ks"krk Li"V gS D;ksafd /keZ ls fu;af=r vFkZ vkSj dke dks gh ;g
ns'k ekU;rk nsrk gSA6
Lokeh foosdkuUn us Bhd gh dgk gS fd&ß dkE; oLrq ds miHkksx ls dHkh
okluk dh fuofr ugha gksrh] oju~ ?krkgqfr ds }kjk vfXu ds leku og vkSj Hkh c<+
tkrh gS vUrtZxr~ esa vkdj ns[kas] ogk¡ Hkh ;gh ;q) py jgk gSA ik'ko ekuo vkSj
vk/;kfRed ekuo dk] izdk'k vkSj vU/kdkj dk ;g laxzke fujUrj tkjh gSA ekuo ;gk¡
Hkh thr jgk gSA Lok/khurk dh izkfIr ds fy;s izd`fr ds cU/ku dks phj dj euq"; vius
xUrO; ekxZ dks izkIr dj ysrk gSA7
mi;qZä ckrksa ls Li"V gks tkrk gS fd Hkkrh; n'kZu ds vUrxZr iyk;uoknh
ugha cfYd lalkj esa iq:"kkFkZ fn[kkus dh lh[k nh x;h gSA ;gk¡ ds lU;kfl;ksa us Hkh
iq:"kkFkZ lEcU/kh vko/kkj.kkvksa dh gh lEiqf"V dh gS] u fd lalkfjdrk ls Hkkxus dh
lh[k nh gSA vc iz'u mBrk gS tc izkphu ,oa e/;dkyhu fpUrdksa us Hkh iq:"kkFkZ
laca/kh vko/kkj.kkvksa dks cgqr gh lqUnj <ax ls le>kus dh dkksf'k'k dh gS rks fQj
ledkyhu Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa us mlesa D;k tksM+k gSa vFkok D;k gVk;k gS \ Hkkjrh;
fpUru esa gh ugha cfYd fo'o fpUru esa Hkh bu ckrksa ls lh[k ysdj le;kuqdwy ckrsa
dh tkrh jgh gaSA ledkyhu Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa us Hkh izkphu vFkok e/;dkyhu iq:"kkFkZ
laca/kh vo/kkj.kk esa u dqN tksM+k gS vkSj u dqN gVk;k gS] cfYd ns'k] dky ,oa
ifjfLFkfr ds ifjorZu vFkok ckg~; vk?kkr(vaxzstksa fo’ks"kdj eSdkys tSls fopkjdksa vkSj
eqlyekuksa ds }kjk Hkkjrh; fpUru dks fodr djus dh tks dksf'k'k dh x;h gS) ds
dkj.k tks fodfr;ka vk x;h Fkh] mls nwj djus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA lkFk gh lkFk
ledkyhu ;qx dh ekax dks iwjk djus ds fy;s iq:"kkFkZ laca/kh vo/kkj.kkvksa dh uohu
O;k[;k Hkh izLrqr dh gSA blh iz;Ru ds dkj.k eSdkys dk LoIu v/kwjk jg x;k gSA
vkSj Hkkjr viuh Lora=rk ,oa lEizHkqrk dh j{kk djus esa l{ke nh[k jgk gSA
jktkjkeeksgu jk;] n;kuUn ljLorh] johUnzukFk Bkdqj] Jh vjfoUn ?kks"k]
d".kpUnz HkV~Vkpk;Z] jkepUnz nŸkk=s; jkuMs] Lokeh foosdkuUn] ekuosUnzukFk jk;]
egkRek xka/kh] MWk- jk/kkd".ku~] yksdeku cky xaxk/kj fryd] MkW- gSMxsokMZ] ';kek izlkn
eq[kthZ] nhun;ky mik/;k; bZ'ojpUnz fo|klkxj] jkgqy lkadR;k;u] nsoh izlkn
pV~Vksik/;k; vkfn ledkyhu nk'kZfud fpUrdksa dh dksfV esa fxus tk jgs gSaA lkekU;r%
bu ledkyhu fpUrdksa dk izkphu ,oa e/;;qxhu fopkjksa ls nf"Vdks.k vkSj ifjfLFkfr
dk QdZ gSA ;ksa dqN fo}kuksa us blls vyx Hkh viuk rdZ izLrqr fd;k gSA vyoVZ
LokbV~tj vkfn us ekuk gS fd Hkkjrh; n'kZu txr~ vkSj thou ds fu"ks/k dk nf"Vkdks.k
gSA muds er ls bldh izfrfØ;k esa vk/kqfud vFkok ledkyhu ;qx esa Hkkjrh; n'kZu
txr~ vkSj thou ds lR;kiu dk nf"Vdks.k viukrk gSA ;gh ledkyhu n'kZu dh
izkphu Hkkjrh; n'kZu ls fo'ks"krk ;k fHkUurk gSA
dqN nwljs fpUrdksa dh nf"V esa vaxszth jkT; LFkkfir gksus ds iwoZ fgUnqLrku
esa tks nk'kZfud fopkj/kkjk,a izpfyr Fkh] mudk vkt tks thoUr :i gS] ogh
ledkyhu Hkkjrh; n'kZu gSA buds vuqlkj 'kadjkpk;Z dk v}Sr osnkUr] jkekuqtkpk;Z
dk fof'k"Vk}Sr osnkUr] fuEckdZ] oYyHk osnkar] ek/kokpk;Z osnkar] pSrU; osnkar] vkSj
uR;U;k; thoUr n'kZu gaS vkSj ;s gh ledkyhu Hkkjrh; n'kZu dgykus dk nkok is'k
dj ldrs gaS] fdUrq ckr ,slh ugha gSA ;|fi ;g lR; gS fd ;s thfor ,oa iz[kj n'kZu
ds :i esa vHkh Hkh fo|eku gS vkSj vkxs Hkh jgsaxsA rFkkfi bUgsa izkphu ,oa e/;;qxhu
Hkkjrh; n'kZu dguk mfpr izrhr ugha gksrk gSA buds vfrfjDr vkfne tkfr;ksa ds
/kkfeZd va/kfo'okl Hkh thfor gSA ijUrq ;s lHkh /keZ izkphu ,oa e/;;qxhu fopkj gh
dgykrs gSA ;g Bhd gS fd ledkyhu Hkkjr esa dksbZ uohu /keZ fodflr ugha gqvk gSA
ftl izdkj ekSykuk vCnqydyke vktkn] Mk- tkfdj gqlsu] izks- gqek;q vkfn ,sls
tUetkr eqfLye gSa ftUgksusa lHkh /keksaZ dh ,d okD;rk dks ekurs gq;s vius bLyke dh
u;h O;k[;k izLrqr dh gS] mlh izdkj ledkyhu Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa us Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh
uohu O;k[;k izLrqr dh gSA ledkyhu Hkkjrh; fpUru rhu izfrfØ;kvksa ds QyLo:i
mRiUu gqvk gSA igyh izfrfØ;k ik'pkR; n'kZu vkSj laLdfr ds izfr ijaijkxr Hkkjrh;
n'kZuksa dh izfrfØ;k gSA ;g izfrfØ;k lcls igys jktkjkeeksgu jk; vkSj n;kuUn
ljLorh ds le; esa vkjaHk gqbZ vkSj vkt rd pyh vk jgh gSA bl izfrfØ;k ds fuEu
fyf[kr fofo/k :i gSa&
¼a½ ik'pkR; n'kZu vkSj laLdfr dks Lohdkjuk vkSj mldk iz;ksx Hkkjrh;
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa djukA
¼b½ ik'pkR; n'kZu vkSj laLdfr dks iw.kZr;k udkjuk vkSj ijaijkxr Hkkjrh;
n'kZu vkSj /keZ dk leFkZu djukA
¼c½ ik'pkR; vkSj Hkkjrh; n'kZu ds mHk;kxr fl)kUrksa dh [kkst djuk vkSj
muds vk/kkj ij ,d rqyukRred n'kZu dk ltu djuk] tks ijaijkxr
Hkkjrh; n'kZu vkSj ik'pkR; n'kZu ls fHkUu gSA
¼d½ ijaijkxr Hkkrh; n'kZu dk ik'pkR; n'kZu dh ;qfä;ksa }kjk ik'pkR; n'kZu
dh 'kCnkoyh esa ik'pkR; n'kZu ds vUrxZr vfojks/k fn[kykuk gSA
¼e½ ijaijkxr Hkkjrh; n'kZu dks uohu ;qfDr;ksa }kjk ik'pkR; n'kZu ls Js"Brj
fn[kykuk rFkk ik'pkR; n'kZu dk [kaMu djuk gSA
¼f½ ik'pkR; n'kZu ds nf"Vdks.k ls Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh O;k[;k djukA
¼g½ Hkkjrh; n'kZu ds nf"Vdks.k ls ik'pkR; n'kZu dh O;k[;k djukA
¼h½ ijEijkxr Hkkjrh; n'kZu vkSj ik'pkR; n'kZu dk eaFku dj ,d u;s fo'o
n'kZu dk fuekZ.k djukA
jktkjkeeksgu jk;] Lokeh n;kuun ljLorh] vuqdqypUnz eq[kthZ] MkW-
jk/kkd".ku~] d".kpUnz HkV~Vkpk;Z] jkgqy lkadR;k;u] MWk- jkepUnz nŸkk=s;] jkukMs] egkRek
vjfoUn ?kks"k vkfn ds nk'kZfud dk;Zdyki mi;Zqä izofr;ksa ds Øe'k% mnkgj.k gSaA
nwljh izfrfØ;k izkphu Hkkjrh; n'kZu ds izfr ledkyhu Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh
izfrfØ;k gSA bl izfrfØ;k ds fuEufyf[kr :i gaS&
¼aa½ izkphu Hkkjrh; n'kZu lM+ x;k gS vkSj mldk ifjR;kx visf{kr gSA blls
izkphu Hkkjrh; n'kZu ds izfr ?k.kk dk Hkko iSnk gksrk gSA
¼b½ izkphu Hkkjrh; n'kZu mŸke gSA mldks Lohdkj djuk mfpr gSA blls mlds
izfr J}k dk Hkko iSnk gksrk gSA fQj bl Hkko dks j[kusokys izkphu n'kZu dk
vk/kqfud mi;ksx djus yxrs gaSA
¼c½ izkphu Hkkjrh; n'kZu ds izfr rVLFkrk vkSj ,sfrgkfldrk dk nf"Vdks.k j[kuk
vkSj mlls fHkUu rFkk uohu n'kZu dh [kkst djukA
¼d½ izkphu Hkkjrh; n'kZuksa dk leUo; djuk vkSj bl leUo; dk fodkl djukA
¼e½ izkphu Hkkjrh; n'kZu dk ifj"dkj ;k la'kks/ku ;k ifjo)Zu] u djuk vkSj
mudks ,d u;h fn'kk esa eksM+us dk iz;kl djukA
Jh vjfoUn ds vuq;k;h izFke i{k dk leFkZu djrs gSaA n;kuUn ljLorh]
MkW- jk/kkd".ku~] MkW- jkepUnz nŸkk=s;] jkukMs] xksihukFk dfojkt vkfn nk'Zfud f}rh;
i{k dk leFkZu djrs gSSA gfjeksgu >k us vius ijekFkZ n'kZu dks lIre~ n'kZu dgk gSA
gfjeksgu >k us nk'kZfud =Sekfld esa bl n'kZu ij dkQh izdk'k Mkyk gSA vU; yksxksa
ds n'kZu dk Hkh o.kZu bl iqLrd esa vU;= fn;k x;k gSA prqFkZ i{k dk leFkZu vusd
fo}ku djrs gS] ftuesa ls Mk- mes'k feJ] cynso mik/;k;] MkW- lqjsUnzukFk nklxqIrk
vkfn dks fy;k tk ldrk gSa] ikpos i{k dk leFkZu djus okyks esa dqIiwLokeh 'kkL=h]
izks- fgfj;..kk] yksdekU; ckyxaxk/kj fryd] n;kuUn ljLorh vkfn fy;s tk ldrs gSaA
dqIiwLokeh 'kkL=h us osnkUr vkSj ehekalk dk ifj"dkj fd;k gSaA izks- fgfj;..kk us lka[;
vkSj osnkUr dk ifj"dkj fd;k gSA fryd us Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk ds n'kZu dk ifj"dkj
fd;k gS vkSj n;kuUn ljLorh us oSfnd /keZ n'kZu dk ifj"dkj fd;k gSA Mk- Vh- vkj-
oh- ewfrZ] jkgqy lkadR;k;u] Mk-W pUnz/kj 'kekZ vkfn us ckS} n'kZu dk ifj"dkj djds
fn[kyk;k gS fd 'kwU;okn vln~okn ugha gS gekjh nf"V esaa bu fo}kuksa us mi;qZä n'kZu
dk ifj"dkj ugha fd;k cfYd ns'k] dky vkSj ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkj lkekU; turk ;k
fo}kuksa ds chp tks le> cuh Fkh ¼eqlyekuksa ,oa vaxzstks ads izHkko ds dkj.k rFkk
eSDlewyj vkfn us ge Hkkrokfl;ksa ds fy;s xqykeh ekufldrk dks mRiUu djus ds fy;s
tks Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh O;k[;k dh gS½ mldh leh{kk dj loZxzkg~; cuk;k gSA iq:"kkFkZ
laca/kh vo/kkj.kkvksa ds laca/k esa Hkh ;gh ckr gSA Hkkjrh; n'kZu ek= eks{kijd dHkh
ugha FkkA bls ek= Meditative vFkok eks{kijd ekudj >qBykus dh dksf'k'kdh x;h
gSA ledkyhu Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa us lalkj ds lkeus ;g fl) dj fn;k gS fd Hkkjrh;
n'kZu vius vki esa iw.kZ gSA iq:"kkFkZ thou dh laiw.kZrk dk |ksrd gSA
Lokeh foosdkuUn us ;gk¡ rd cryk;k gS fd Hkkjrh; n'kZu esa vlaxfr;ka ;k
fojks/kkHkkl nf"Vxr gksrk gS og fcYdqy fujFkZd ugha gSA lalkj dh dksbZ oLrq lkFkZd
gS ;k fujFkZd gS] bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS] fd mlds izfr gekjk nf"Vdks.k D;k gS
vFkok O;ogkj esa ml oLrq dk fdl izdkj iz;ksx djrs gSaA foKku dk ,d mnkgj.k
nsrs gq;s Lokeh th us dgk fd vkWDlhtu vkSj gkbMªkstu feydj 'kq} BaMs ty dk
fuekZ.k djrs gSa] ftls ihdj yksx viuh I;kl cq>krs gSa] ij ogh vkWDlhtu vkSj
gkbMªkstu ls ,d ,slh xSl dk Hkh fuekZ.k dj ldrs gaS tks fouk'kdkjh vfXu dks
mRiUu djrh gSA txr esa lc cqjkb;k¡ gh ugha ik;h tkrh& ;g lr~&vlr~]
iq:"k&izdfr] Lora=rk&ijra=rk vkSj cqf}&okluk nksuksa dk leqPp; gSA gesa cqjkb;ksa
,oa dqizofŸk;ksa ds lkFk la?k"kZ djrs gq, ml eafty rd ig¡qpuk gS] tks lkalkfjdrk ls
ijs gSA
ekuo tkfr dk bfrgkl izkdfrd fu;eksa ,oa mlls mRiUu foinkvksa ds
fo:) ;q) dk bfrgkl gS vkSj vUr esa euq"; gh izdfr ij fot; izkIr djrk gSA
vkt vxj ge ledkyhu Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa ds }kjk izLrqr iq:"kkFkZ dh vo/kkj.kk dk
v/;;u djsa rks cgqr gn rd izdfr ,oa lkalkfjd foinkvksa ij fu;a=.k ik ldrs gSaA
bUgksuas izkphu fpUrdksa ls izsj.kk ysdj uohu ,oa ekSfyd fl)akr dh LFkkiuk dh gSA
Mk- jk/kkd".ku~ us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd& ^^vk/kqfud dky essa ;fn izkphu fo|k ds
izfrfuf/k Hkwrdky ls izsj.kk ysa rks os vU; 'kfä;ksa ds lkFk lg;ksx djus dh vis{kk
ekSfydrk rFkk Lorka=; ds lkFk ,d uohu ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k dj ldsaxs D;ksafd muds
ikl iwoZtksa ds Kku dh 'kfä gSA fdUrq ,slk u djds os fopkj rFkk deZ nksuks a gh ds
}kjk vk/;kfRed rFkk ykSfdd nksuksa gh fo"k;ksa esa 'kkL= izek.k ds fy;s vfr'k; vknj
dk Hkko j[krs gaSA8
orZeku xzUFk izkphu ;qx ds loksZŸke xzUFkksa ds Lrj ls vR;Ur uhps ik;s tkrs
gSa] rks blesa dqN vk'p;Z ugha gSA pwfd mPp vkn'kZ dks /;ku esa j[kdj gh loksZŸke~
xzUFkksa dh jpuk laHko gks ldrh gSA ek= orZeku lq[k dh izkfIr ds fy, ;fn xzUFkksa dh
jpuk dh tk; rks fu'p; gh og xzUFk fuEu dksfV dk gksxkA orZeku ;qx ds fy;s
Hkkjrh; n'kZu ds vfLrÙo dk vFkZ U;k;ksfpr rHkh fl) gks ldsxk] tcfd ;g vkxs c<+s
vkSj gekjs thou dks mŸke cuk,A Hkkjrh; n'kZu ds fodkl dks Hkwrdky dh izxfr gesa
viuh vk'kk ds izfr izksRlkgu nsrh gSA
euq"; ds iq:"kkFkZ dk y{; ,d ,slh voLFkk izkIr djuk gS] tgk¡ igq¡pdj
ge lq[k ,oa nq[k nksuksa dks leku :i esa 'kkUr Hkko ls fcuk fopfyr gq, xzg.k dj
ldsaA9
ledkyhu Hkkjrh; fpUrd ek= vius ns'k ds n'kZu vFkok fopkj ls gh
izHkkfor ugha Fks] cfYd ik'pkR; fopkjksa ls Hkh izHkkfor utj vkrs gSaA bUgksaus ik'pkR;
fopkjksa dks viuk;k fdUrq vius ikjaifjd fopkjksa dks iquthZfor djus dh Hkh dksf'k'k
dh gSA nsoh izlkn pV~Vksik/;k; us Hkh cryk;k gS fd& ^^ftls ledkyhu Hkkjrh;
n'kZu dgk tkrk gS] mlds vf/kdka'k izkf/kdr ekxZ n'kZd ik'pkR; fopkj/kkjk ls
izHkkfor gksus ds ckotwn vius fopkjksa dks vk/kj iznku djus ds fufeRr ikjaifjd
fopkjksa ij fuHkZj jgus dk Hkjld iz;kl djrs gSaA os bl laca/k esa lkekU;r;k bruk
mRlkg fn[kkrs gaS fd izkphu rFkk e/; dkyhu Hkkjrh; n'kZu dks FkksM+k cgqr izkIr fd;s
fcuk ckrksa dks iwjh rjg le> ikuk dfBu gSA oLrqr% Hkkjr esas vkt Hkh ;g iqjkuh
ijaijk fuewZy ugha gqbZ gSA10
gekjh le> esa bldk fuewZy gksuk laHko Hkh ugha gSA lp rks ;g gS fd
izkphu ,oa e/;;qxhu _f"k;ksa vFkok fo}kuksa ds }kjk izLrqr fopkjksa dh ns'k] dky ,oa
ifjfLFkfr ds vuqdwy uohu O;k[;k vo'; izLrqr dh x;h gSA egkRek xka/kh] johUnzukFk
VSxksj egkRek JhvjfoUn ?kks"k vkfn us Hkh oSfnd ekU;rkvksa dh lehphu foospuk izLrqr
djrs gq, iq:"kkFkZ dk leFkZu fd;k gSA
tgk¡ rd iq:"kkFkZ 'kCn ds rkRi;Z dk iz'u gS] iq:"kkFkZ 'kCn ls gh Li"V gks
tkrk gSA ;g 'kCn nks 'kCnksa ds ;ksx ls cuk gS&iq:"k vkSj vFkZA iq:"k 'kCn dk vFkZ
foosd'khy izk.kh gS vkSj vFkZ 'kCn y{; ds fy;s iz;qä gqvk gSA vr% iq:"k dk tks y{;
gS ogh iq:"kkFkZ gSA bl lalkj esa gjsd O;fä dk dqN u dqwN mís'; jgrk gSA mlh
mís'; vFkok y{; dh izkfIr ds fy, lHkh iz;Ru'khy jgrs gSaA ;gh y{; ftls izkIr
djus dh dksf'k'k psruk ds ry ij vFkok foosd ls fd;k tkrk gS] iq:"kkFkZ dgykrk
gSA ts- ,u- efYyd us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd&fiaM czãk.M ds rŸo dks igpkuuk gh
iq:"kkFkZ gSA ;gk¡ ij euq"; dh ml 'kfä dh vksj funsZ'k fd;k x;k gS ftlls fiaM
czãk.M dh igpku gksrh gA iq:"k ogh gS] ftlesa foosd] cqf) vkSj Lora=rk dh Hkkouk
vUrfuZfgr gksA bl nf"V ls ns[kus ls lHkh izk.kh iq:"k ugha fxus tk ldrs gSaA euq";
gh iq:"k gS] D;ksafd euq"; esa gh foosd vkSj Lor=ark dh Hkkouk jgrh gSA vr% ;g
fl) gksrk gS fd iq:"kkFkZ dk laca/k cqf)eku ,oa foosd'khy izk.kh ls gSAÞ
izkphu ,oa e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa ls ysdj vkt rd iq:"kkFkZ dk
fu/kkZj.k nks nf"Vdks.kksa ls fd;k x;k gS&¼d½ O;kogkfjd ¼[k½ ikjykSfdd vFkok
ikjekfFkZdA O;kogkfjd nf"V ls vFkZ vkSj dke dks gh loksZRd"V iq:"kkFkZ ekuk x;k gSA
fdUrq ijekfFkZd nf"V ls iq:"kkFkZ dk ,d nwljk :i gSA bl nf"V ls /keZ vkSj eks{k dks
gh ije iq:"kkFkZ cryk;k x;k gSA
ns'k] dky ,oa ifjfLFkfr ds ifjorZu ds lkFk lkFk iq:"kkFkZ dk :i Hkh
cnyrk jgk gSA nf"V gekjh pkgs tSlh Hkh gks] ge laiw.kZ fo'o ¼iziap½ dks fuR;
ifjorZu'khy ikrs gSA ifjorZu'khyrk gekjs vius laLdkj ls brus vf/kd ,dkdkj gks
pqdh gS fd ge ;Fkk fLFkfr dks lH;rk dh fodkl;k=k ds fy;s fo:)– fLFkfr le>rs
gSaA bldk eryc ;g ugh fd 'kk'or lŸkk dqN gS gh ughaA vkpk;Z 'kadj us Hkh
O;kogkfjd lŸkk dks ifjorZu'khy cryk;k gSA okLro esa iq:"kkFkZ dh vo/kkj.kk 'kk'or
gSA ;g lHkh dkyksa esa vkSj lHkh O;fDr;ksa ds }kjk fdlh us fdlh :i esa Lohdkj fd;k
x;k gSA vUrj mlds :i dk gSA izkphu] e/; ,oa ledkyhu fpUrdksa ds }kjk izLrqr
iq:"kkFkZ dh vo/kkj.kk ds lkFk Hkh ;gh ckr gSA lkekU;r% ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd pkokZd
dks NksM+dj vU; Hkkjrh; nk'kZfudksa us eks{k dks izkIr djus ds fy;s vkJe /keZ] o.kkZJe
/keZ izofr] fuofr] Lo/keZ ikyu ,oa iq:"kkFkZ ij cy fn;k gSA oLrqr% Hkkjrh; n'kZu
vk/;kfRed gksus ds dkj.k ,d 'kk'or uSfrd O;oLFkk esa vkLFkk j[krk gSA ;gk¡ ds
fpUrdksa us ekuo thou ds vkR;kafrd nq%[k fuofr ds fy;s iq:"kkFkZ dh ifjdYiuk dh
gSA blh ds ek/;e ls os vius O;kogkfjd ,oa ikjekfFkZd vkn'kZ dks izkIr djus esa
lQy gks lds gSaA
blh iq:"kkFkZ ds laca/k esa dfiy us cryk;k gS fd&ßfofo/k nq[keR;ara
fuofR;Ura iq:"kkFkZ%Aß*12 vFkkZr~ fofo/k nq%[kksa ls NqVdkjk ikuk gh iq:"kkFkZ gSA dfiy eqfu
dk ,slk er ,adkxh izrhr gksrk gSA bl er esa y{; ds dsoy vHkkokRed igyw ij
tksj fn;k x;k gS] fdUrq y{; esa ldkjkRed igyw dk gh lkekos'k gS vkSj og gS
Lora=rk ,ao vkuUn dh izkfIrA euq";ksa dk y{; flQZ nq%[k ls fuor gksuk gh ugha]
oju~ lq[k ds izfr J)k djuk Hkh gSA gkykafd izkphu ,oa e/;dkyhu fpUrdksa us Hkh
eqfä vFkok Lora=rk ds laca/k esa udkjkRed ,oa ldkjkRed nksuksa igyqvksa ij /;ku
fn;k gS fdUrq ftruk /;ku udkjkRed igyw ij x;k gS] mruk ldkjkRed igyw ij
ughaA ;kuh ledkyhu fpUrdksa us eqfä vFkok Lora=rk ds udkjkRed igyw dh vis{kk
ldkjkRed igyw ij vf/kd tksj fn;k gSA blhfy;s ds- nkeksnju us viuh izfl)
iqLrd ßHkkjrh; fpUru ijEijkÞ dh izLrkouk esa fy[kk gS fd vkt gekjs vrhr dh
vksj] fo'ks"kdj gekjh nk'kZfud ijEijkvksa dk v/;;u dsoy vewrZ vkSj 'kkL=h; ugha
gSA gekjs ns'k ds vusd cqf)thfo;ksa us vuqHko fd;k gS fd ,d fo'o&nf"V dk fosdkl
djuk tks gekjh turk dh ltukRed 'kfä dks mŸksftr djsA mlds thou dks
vkRefo'okl dh ,d cyorh Hkkouk vkSj thou dh mís';rk iznku djs vkSj ,d
lektoknh Hkkjr ds Li"V n'kZu ds lkFk jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds fØ;k dykiksa esa mldh igy
dks izksRlkfgr djs] ,d eq[; jk"Vªh; dŸkZO; cu x;k gSA ,sls nf"Vdks.k dks rsth ls
cnyrh nqfu;ka vkSj oSKkfud [kkst dh Hkkouk ds izfr ldkjkRed gksuk gSAÞ13
vr% gekjk mís'; fofHkUu fopkj&i)fr;ksa ds o.kZu ,oa mu ewY;ksa ds
izfriknu rd gh lhfer ugha gksuk pkfg;s] ftUgsa geus fojklr esa ik;k gS] gesa mUgsa
lw{e fujh{k.k vkSj vuqdwyu dh rdZlaxr fof/k;ksa ds v/khu djuk pkfg;s rkfd os
vk/kqfud efLr"d ds fy;s Lohdk;Z gks ldsA ;g vkys[k ['kks/k izcU/k] blh fn'kk esa
,d iz;kl gSA nsohizlkn pV~Vksik/;k; us Hkh viuh iqLrd Hkkjrh; n'kZu esa ÞD;k thoar
gS vkSj D;k er\ß esa dgk gS fd&ßikjEifjd Hkkjrh; n'kZu tgk¡ lpeqp vlQy gksrk
gS og gS eqfä laca/kh leL;k dk lkek/kku djus ds ekeys esaA e/;dkyhu Hkkjr ds
egku~ fpard fu/kkZfjr lkekftd lac/kksa ij ikj ugha ik ldsA eqfä laca/kh ldkjkRed
vo/kkj.kk dh igyh >kadh csdu vkSj nsdkrZ vk/kqfud foKku ds nks elhgkvksa vkSj
izpkjdksa&us izLrqr dhAÞ14 bl ckr esa vkaf'kd lR;rk vo'; gS fdUrq bruk rks lHkh
Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa us Lohdkj fd;k gS fd eqfä fo'o ls dkYifud vFkok ldkjkRed
iyk;u ds :i esa udkjkRed vo/kkj.kk ugha gSA cfYd ;g fo'o dks :ikarfjr djus
okyh eqfä dh ldkjkRed vo/kkj.kk gSA buls Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa us Hkh lh[k
yh gSA fdUrq /keZ ,oa n'kZu laca/kh ckrsa gekjh viuh gh gSA jke/kkjh flag
fnudj us Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gS fd&Þgeus ;wjksi ls lkbal fy;k gS] dy dkj[kkus fy;s
gaS] iztkra= vFkok MseksØslh dk u;k :i fy;k gS vkSj lekt lq/kkj dh Hkh cgqr&lh
f'k{kk,¡ yh gSA fdUrq /keZ geus viuk gh j[kk gSAß
oLrqr% Hkkjr us /keZ ;k n'kZu dh lef) ds fy;s fdlh ds vkxs fHk{kk dh
>ksyh ugha QSyk;h gSA tc dHkh blesa fodfr;kW vkus yxh gSa rks ;gka ds fpUrdksa us
Lo;a mlesa lq/kkj djds mldh e;kZnk dks lqjf{kr j[kk gSA jktk jkeeksgujk;] Lokeh
n;kuan ljLorh] Lokeh foosdkuUn] MWk- jk/kkd".ku~] Jh vjfoUn ?kks"k vkfn dks blh
vFkZ esa vk/kqfud ;qx dk elhgk vFkok lw=ikr&dŸkkZ Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA johUnzukFk
Bkdqj us jktk jkeeksgujk; ds laca/k esa Bhd gh cryk;k gS fd ßjktk jkeeksgujk; us
gh Hkkjr esa vk/kqfud ;qx dk lw=ikr fd;k gSA muds erkuqlkj fgUnw /keZ O;kid
ekuorkoknh vkn'kkZas ij vk/kkfjr FkkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd mUgkssaus fgUnw /keZ dks 'kq)
djus dk dke vius gkFkksa esa fy;k vkSj lfn;ksa ls ,d= gq;s v/kafo'okl :ih dwM+k
djdVksa dks mBkdj Qsadus dk chM+k mBk;k gSÞ16
buds vuqlkj vk/kqfud foKku ls izkIr izcq)rk ds fcuk fofHkUu tuksa ds chp
vk/;kfRed ,drk dk LFkkfir gksuk vlaHko gSA17 Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh us ;Kksa rFkk
vU; oSfnd deZdkaMksa dks iqu:Tthfor fd;k gSA bUgksusa o.kkZJe izFkk vkSj pkrqoZ.;
O;oLFkk dk Hkh iqu:RFkku ds fy;s dksf'k'k dh gSA fQj Hkh tkfr&izFkk] ngst izFkk]
lrh izFkk vkfn dk fojks/k dj oSfnd laLdfr dks ifj"dr djus dk iz;Ru fd;k gSA
buds laca/k esa MkW- jk/kkd".ku~ us fy[kk gS fd&Þvk/kqfud Hkkjr ds fuekZrkvksa esa Lokeh
n;kuUn ljLorh dks izeq[k LFkku izkIr gSAß^18
n;kuUn ljLorh us czãp;Z ds egRo dks n'kkZrs gq;s cryk;k gS fd tks
euq"; bl czãp;Z dks izkIr gksdj yksi ugha djrs os lc izdkj ds jksxksa ls jfgr gksdj
/keZ] vFkZ] dke vksj eks{k dks izkIr gksrs gSaAß*19 bUgksaus /keZ dks dÙkZO; ds vFkZ esa Hkh
le>us vkSj le>kus dh ps"Vk dh gSA vkpk;Z _.k] ekr _.k] fir _.k vkfn ik¡p
izdkj ds _.kksa ls eqfDr ikuk gh /keZ gS vkSj ;gh okLrfod dÙkZO; Hkh gSA bUgha drZO;ksa
ds ek/;e ls ije iq:"kkFkZ dh izkfIr gksrh gSA vk;Z lekt vkt Hkh bldh izklafxdrk
dks fl) dj jgk gSA
egf"kZ vjfoUn dh nsu Hkh de egRoiw.kZ ugha gSA budk ekuuk gS fd
vk/kqfud tM+rkoknh nf"Vdks.k us ftKklk ls ihfM+r euq"; dh vusd 'kadkvksa dk
lek/kku djds mlds thou ds uhpys Lrj&laca/kh Kku dk HkaMkj ;Fks"V :i ls c<+k
fn;k gSA20
;kuh vFkZ vkSj dke laca/kh vo/kkj.kk dks vk/kqfud HkkSfrdokfn;ksa us vo';
lEiUu cuk;k gSA fdUrq mPp Lrj vFkkZr~ /keZ vkSj eks{k laca/kh vo/kkj.kk ij leqfpr
/;ku ugha fn;k gSA egf"kZ vjfoUn dh nf"V esa ;g Hkh ¼/keZ vkSj eks{k Hkh½ mi;qZä nksuksa
iq:"kkFkksZa dh rjg vko';d gSA budk dguk gS fd oSjkfx;ksa dh ofr esa euq"; dks
lalkj ds eksg ls eqDr gksdj vKkr dh [kkst esa fudy iM+us dk lkgl iznku fd;k
,oa vkRek dh lrg dh >kadh ysus esa mldh lgk;rk dhA fdUrq ;s nksuksa gh ekxZ
lhfer vkSj viw.kZ gSA lp rks ;g gS fd&vkRek dk Lora= gksdj QSyus dk nkok mruk
gh mfpr gS] ftruk nzO; dk ;g vkxzg fd og bl izdkj dk lk¡pk vkSj vk/kkj
cusxkA vkf/kHkkSfrd nf"Vdks.k vkSj oSjkX; lk/kuk ;s nksuksa ,d gh okLrfodrk ds nksuksa
fojks/kh igyw gSa] fdUrq loZO;kih lR; rks og gS tks bu nksuksa dks vius esa lesV dj Hkh
bu nksuksa ls cgqr vkxs rd tkrk gSA21
Fodkl izfØ;k dh O;[;k djrs gq, egf"kZ vjfoUn us dgk gS& fodkl dh
vxyh dM+h ij igaqp dj euq"; vfo|k ds izkphj dks rksM+ Mkysxk vkSj lkekU;
efLr"d ds Lrj ls Nykax ysdj og vfrekul ds psruk Lrj dks izkIr dj ysrk gSA
bl voLFkk esa vkrs gh lalkfjdrk ls nwj gks tk;sxkA budh dforkvksa esa Hkh bl ckr
dh lEiqf"V ikrs gSaA budh egŸkk dks Lohdkj djrs gq;s bdcky us cryk;k gSa fd&
ßdfork thou rd igaqpus dk lcls lh/kk vkSj de nwjh okyk ekxZ gSA exj vjfoUn
thou rd dnkfpr ;ksx ds }kjk igaqpsA22Þ
yksdeku~ cky xaxk/kj fryd us Hkh cryk;k gS fd iq:"kkFkZ ds fuEu Lrj dks
ikj djus ds i'pkr~ gh mPp dksfV dk iq:"kkFkZ ;kuh eks{k izkIr gks ldrk gSA mUgksusa
Lo;a fy[kk gS fd& ^ßfpŸk dks 'kq) djus ds fy;s cgqr le; yxrk gSA blfy;s eks{k
dh nf"V ls fopkj djus ij Hkh ;gh fl) gksrk gS fd rRiwoZ dky esa igys igy lalkj
ds dŸkZO;ksa dks /keZ ¼vFkkZr~ mPp iq:"kkFkZ½ ls iwjk dj ysuk pkfg;sA^^23
mudk dguk gS fd tks O;fä lkalkfjd deZ gh Bhd&Bhd ugha lk/k ikrk
gS] og ijekFkZ vkSj eks{k tSls dfBu iq:"kkFkZ dks dSls lk/k ik;sxk\24 budh nf"V esa
LokHkkfod izofr dh nf"V ls igyk LFkku dke dk rc vFkZ dk fQj /keZ dk vkSj ckn
esa eks{k dk gSA ijUrq vkn'kZ thou dh nf"V ls eks{k dk vf/kd egŸo gSA /keZ vkSj vFkZ
ekuo thou ds eq[; y{; ugha gaSA ;s dke vkSj eks{k ds lk/ku ek= gSaA 'kqØuhfr esa
Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf"V ikrs gSaA ogka Hkh cryk;k x;k gS fd&”euq";ksa dks vFkZ ls gh
/keZ] dke vkSj eks{k ¼lHkh½ iq:"kkFkZ izkIr gksrs gSaA25”
oLrqr% Hkkjr o"kZ esa igys /keZ dk fQj vFkZ dk vkSj rc dke vkSj eks{k dk
lsou djus dk funsZ'k fn;k x;k gSA egkHkkjr esa Hkh dgk x;k gS fd igys /keZ dk]
rRi'pkr~ /keZ;qä vFkZ dk] fQj /keZ;qä dke vkSj vUrr% eks{k dk lsou djuk
pkfg;sA26
/keZ lekpjsr~ rrksFkZ /keZ la;wDre~A rr% deZ pjsr~ i'pkr~ fl}kFkZ lfgrRije~A
iq:"kkFkkZas ds Øfed lsou ds fy;s gh czãp;Z] xgLFk] okuizLFk rFkk lU;kl& ;s pkj
vkJe cuk;s x;s gSaA czãp;Z vkJe esa dsoy /keZ dk lsou gksrk gSA x`gLFk vkJe esa
Øe'k% /keZ;qä vFkZ vkSj dke dk lsou gksrk gSA okuizLFk vkJe esa vFkZ vkSj dke ds
lsou ls /keZeŸkk fuofr izkIr dh tkrh gSA vUrr% lU;kl vkJe esa /keZ ls Hkh fuor
gksdj eks{k dh izkfIr dh tkrh gSA bl izdkj pkj iq:"kkFkZ rFkk pkj vkJe ds }kjk
ekuo thou dks iw.kZRo&ykHk ds yk;d cukus dh ps"Vk dh x;h gSA bl ps"Vk dh
loksZŸke~ dfr euqLefr dks ekuk tkrk gSA blesa euq us Lo;a eks{k dks gh loksaZPp
iq:"kkFkZ ekuk gS] fdUrq vU; iq:"kkFkkZsa dh D;k fLFkfr jgh gS] mldh lqUnj foospuk
izLrqr dh gSA dkyZ ekDlZ] jkgqy lkaLdR;k;u] nsoh izlkn pV~Vksik/;k;] ekuosUnzukFk
jk; vkfn HkkSfrdokfn;ksa dh nf"V ls vFkZ lcls egRoiw.kZ gS vkSj lHkh iq:"kkFkZ blh ds
pkjksa vksj pDdj dkVrs jgrs gSaA vr% budh nf"V esa vFkZ vkSj dke gh okLrfod
iq:"kkFkZ gSaA euq us cgqr igys gh cryk;k gS fd&dksbZ vFkZ dks Js; crykrs gSa rks dksbZ
dke dks] rks dksbZ /keZ vkSj dksbZ eks{k dksA euq ds 'kCnksa esa&Þ /kekZFkkZoqP;rs Js;% dekFkksZ
/keZ,o p AA vFkZ ,osgok Js;fL= oxZ bfr rq fLFkfr%AA 224AA27
vFkkZr~ dksbZ vkpk;Z dgrs gSa fd lq[k ds dkj.k gksus ls /keZ vkSj vFkZ Js; gS
vkSj dksbZ dgrs gaS fd lq[k dk gsrq vkSj vFkZ dke dk mik; gksus ls /keZ gh Js; gS
vkSj dksbZ dgrs gaS fd /keZ vkSj dke dk Hkh mikld gksus ls vFkZ gh Js; gSA /keZ] vFkZ]
dke :i f=oxZ gh iq:"kkFkZrk ls Js; gS+++a A eqeq{kq ds fy;s eks{k gh Js; gSAA 224AA
egkHkkjr ds 'kkafr ioZ ds ,d LFky esa fcnqj rFkk ikaMoksa ds chp bl ckr
ij fopkj fofue; gqvk fd /keZ] vFkZ vkSj dke esa fdldh iz/kkurk gS&dkSu lcls Js"B
gS] dkSu e/;e vkSj dkSu y?kqA bu rhuksa ij fot; ikus ds fy;s fo'ks"kr% fdlesa eu
yxkuk pkfg;s \ bl laca/k esa lcus vyx&vyx er izdV fd;s gSaA fonqj us dgk
vusd 'kkL=ksa dk vuq'khyu] riL;k] R;kx] J)k] ;K&fØ;k] Hkko 'kqf)] n;k] lR; vkSj
la;e] ;gh eq[; gS( ;gh /keZ vkSj vFkZ ds ewy gSaA /keZ loZJs"B gS] vFkZ e/;e vkSj dke
y?kq gSA28
vtqZu ds eqrkfcd vFkZ gh eq[; gSA /keZ vkSj dke vFkZ ds gh nks vo;o gSaA
udqy vkSj lgnso dh nf"V esa Hkh vFkZ gh egŸoiw.kZ gSA bUgksausa Hkh ekuk gS fd /ku ls
;qä /keZ vkSj /keZ ls ;qä /ku] ;gh egRoiw.kZ gSA Hkhe dh nf"V esa dke gh eq[; gSA
budk dguk gS fd ftl izdkj ngh dk lkj eD[ku gS] mlh izdkj /keZ vkSj vFkZ dk
lkj dke gSA fQj Hkh bUgksausa ekuk gS fd /keZ] vFkZ vkSj dke rhuksa dk ,d lkFk gh
lsou djuk pkfg;sA tks dsoy ,d dk lsou djrk gS og fud"V gS] nks dk lsou
djus okyk e/;e vkSj rhuksa dk lsou djus okyk mŸke gSA29
dkSfVY; ds vFkZ'kkL= esa Hkh f=oxZ vFkkZr~ /keZ] vFkZ vkSj dke dks gh thou
dk y{; ekuk x;k gSA f=oxZ dh ppkZ djrs gq, okpLifr xSjksyk us fy[kk gS fd&ß;g
yksd vkSj bl yksd ds leLr dk;Z&dyki /keZ vFkZ vkSj dke&bl f=oxZ ij vk/kkfjr
gSaA blfy;s thou flf) vkSj yksd eaxy ds fy;s ;g vko';d fo/kku gS fd 'kkL=
}kjk izfrikfnr fof/k;ksa ds vuqlkj bl f=oxZ dk lap;] laxzg vkSj mi;ksx bl izdkj
fd;k tk;] ftlls muesa ijLij rkjrE; cuk jgsA vFkkZr~ os ,d nwljs ds ck/kd u
gksdj lk/kd cus jgsaAÞ30
dkSfVY; ds iwoZ 'kqØkpk;Z us cgqr igys gh cryk;k gS fd&f=oxZ dk ikyu
u NksMs+aA mUgha ds 'kCnksa esa&ßlq[ka p u fcuk /kekZRrLekn~/keZijks HkosrA f=oxZ 'kwU;a
ukjEHka Hktsra pkfojks&/;;uA 2A vuq;k;k"izfrins loZ/kesZ"kq e/;e%AÞ31
vFkkZr~ /keZ ds fcuk lq[k u feyus dk funsZ'k&/keZ ds fcuk lq[k ugha gksrk gSA
vr% /keZ esa rRij gksuk pkfg,A /keZ] vFkZ vkSj dke dks f=oxZ dgk tkrk gSA blls
'kwU; fdlh dk;Z dks u djsaA mä f=oxZ ds fojks/k dks cpkrs gq;s e/;eorhZ gksdj lHkh
dk;ksZa esa f=oxZ dk vuqlj.k djsa vFkkZr~ f=oxZ dk ikyu u NksM+saA iztkifr us Hkh /keZ]
vFkZ vkSj dke dh f'k{kk nh gSA32
cgLifr ,oa pkokZd us dsoy nks dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA budh nf"V esa f}oxZ
dk ikyu gh mfpr gSA budk dguk gS fd vFkZ dke dk lk/ku gS vkSj dke thou
dk pje y{; gSA cgLifr us dke dh egŸkk dks Lohdkj djrs gq;s cryk;k gS
fd&;koTthosr lq[ka thosUukfLr eX;ks’xkspj%A HkLehHkwrL; nsgL; iqujkxeua dqr%AA**33
Jh nqxkZ izlkn us bldk vuqokn djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd “O my good fellow, the
body which has consumed food and drink is reduced to ashes after death. It
will never come to the world again. Hence, try any how to enjoy life in the
society as the law directs increases your wealth, and obtain the pleasures of
life by its means. Believe this world to be lead, and the so-called next world
to be nothing.”34 vFkkZr~ lkalkfjd lq[k gh okLrfod lq[k gSa vkSj ugha okLrfod vkSj
mPpre iq:"kkFkZ gSaA
bruk gh ugha bUgksusa ;gk rd dgk gS fd&“vax okfyaxok tU;a lq[keso
iqeFkZrkA”35 vFkkZr~ L=h vkfn ds vkfyaxu ls mRiUu lq[k gh iq:"kkFkZ gSA Lokeh
n;kuUn ljLorh us buds er dk [k.Mu djrs gq;s cryk;k gS fd ;fn nsg ds fouk'k
dks gh eks{k eku fy;k tk; rks i'kq vkSj euq"; esa vUrj gh D;k jg tk,xkA budk
dguk gS fd&”Now it is plain that if the charvaka or the Indian materialists
and other atheists hadread heard or studied the Veda and other books of
truth or genuine scripture they would not have condemned them and said
that the Vedas were written by buffoons, rogues ans devilish persons; they
would not have used such abusive language. Yes Mahidher and other
commentators of the Vedas were like jestors rascals and friends it is their
roguery and not of the vedas but it is a pity that the charvaka Abhanaks and
Buddhists have not seen or heard the exposition of the Vedas or studied
them with learned people therefore losing the balance of mind and guide of
sound understsnding they have unreasonably laid.
vr% n;kuUn ljLorh us pkokZd vkfn ds erksa dk [kaMu dj oSfnd _f"k;ksa
ds dFkukuqlkj ;Kksa ,oa vU; deksZa dks iquLFkkZfir djusa dh dksf’k’k dh gSA budk
dguk gS fd & pkj izdkj ds iq:"kkFkZ ds iz;kstu dks tkudj gh bldk ikyu djuk
pkfg;sA mUgha ds 'kCnksa esa& “bl pkj izdkj ds iq:"kkFkZ ds iz;kstu dks tkusaA vkyL;
NksM+ dj bldk Hkyh Hkk¡fr fuR; vuq"Bku djas nzO;kfn inkFkZ vkSj cy of) dj 'k=q
dks thruss ds fy;s flag ds leku ijkØe djsaA37
budk dguk gS fd ijes’oj dh vkKk ikyu djuk] v/keZ] vfo|k] dqlax]
dqlLadkj] cqjs&O;luksa ls vyx jgusa vkSj lR; Hkk"k.k] ijksaidkj] fo|k i{kikr jfgr
U;k;] /keZ dh of) djus] lcls mRre lk/kuksa dks viukus ls vkSj tks dqN djsa og
i{kikr jfgr U;k; iwoZd ,oa /kekZuqlkj gh djasA bR;kfn lk/kuksa lsa eqfDr vkSj buls
foijhr vkpj.k djus ij jktHk -] djus ij dke esa ck/kk gksrk gSA38 blh ck/kk dks nwj
djus ds fy;s n.Mfo/kku fd;k x;k gS vkSj loksZÙke iq:"kkFkZ dh izkfIr ds fy;s funsZ’k
fn;k x;k gSA
egkRek xka/kh us Hkh izR;sd Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks iq:"kkFkhZ cuus dh lh[k nh gSA
leRo&fo/kku ds fy;s tgk¡ ekDlZ dk dguk gS fd tks Å¡ps gaS mUgsa Bksd dj uhsps djks
ogk¡ xka/khth dgrss gSaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaa fd tks yksx uhps gSa mUgsa mBkdj Åij ys tkvkssssssss sssss ssss ssssA**39 jke/kkjh
flag fnudj us fy[kk gS fd&ÞdkyZekDlZ ds fl)kUr vkSj xka/khokn ds chp [kM+k
Hkkjro"kZ ;g lksp jgk gS fd og fd/kj tk;saAß40
gekjh nf"V essssss ssss sss vUrrksxRok Hkkjr dks gh ugha lEiw.kZ fo’o dks ,d fnu xk¡/kh
ds jkLrs ij vkuk gh gksxk pw¡fd xk¡/kh vkSj mudk fl)kUr gh nqfu;k dh fgalkRed
izo`fr vFkok ik’kfod izofr dks eksM+ dj ekuoh; izofr dh vksj mUeq[k djus esa leFkZ
gks ldrk gSA budk dguk gS fd o.kkZJe euq"; ds LoHkko esa ?kqyk&feyk gS] fgUnw /keZ
us mls foKku dsssssssss ssss sssss ssss Lrj ij ig¡qpk fn;k gSA tSlk fd igysa cryk;k tk pqdk gS fd
o.kkZJe vFkkZr~ czkã.k] {kf=;] oS’; ,oa 'kwnz rFkk vkJe /keZ&czãp;kZJe] xgLFkkJe]
okuizLFkkJe ,oa lU;kl vkJe lHkh iq:’kkFkZ lEcU/kh vo/kkj.kk ds iks’kd gh gSaA xk¡/kh
dh nf"V esa buesa ¼vkJe /keZ esa½ dsoy ofr dk vUrj gS vkSj dqN ughaA og dŸkZO; gS
vf/kdkj ughaAß41
bl rjg egkRek xk¡/kh vkfn us iq:"kkFkZ] o.kkZJe ,oa vkJe fl)kUr dh
O;k[;k le;kuqdwy djusa dh dksf’k’k dh gSA xka/kh vkSSSSSS SS Sj muds fl)kUr vFkkZr~ xka/khokn
;qx dh ekax gSA xk¡/kh vkSj muds fl)kUr ds egRo dks n’kkZrs gq;s lqfe=kuUnu iar us
fy[kk gS fd Þeuq";Ro dk rÙo fl[kkrk fu’p; gedks xka/khokn] lkewfgd thou
fodkl dh lkE; ;kstuk gS vfooknAß42 vr% jkgqy lkaLd`R;k;u] ,l-,u-jke] nsohizlkn
pÍksik/;k;] ds- nkeksnj.k] MkW- jkefoykl 'kekZ vkfn ls xka/khth dk er vf/kd
izklafxd gSA
vr% egkRek xka/kh dk fl)kUr dk;jrk vkSj iyk;uoknh dk ugha cfYd
iq:"kkFkZ ,oa ijkdehZ cukus dk fl)kUr gSA pkj voLFkkvksa esa czãp;Z ds laca/k esa
xk¡/khth dk dguk gS fd vkt ckyczãpkjh gksdj fojys O;fä thou O;rhr dj ldrs
gSaA blfy;sa czãp;Z dh izkphu ijEijk dks lqxe fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA buds vuqlkj
izR;sd O;fä fookfgr jg dj Hkh czãpkjh jg ldrk gS] vxj og ,d iRuh ¼,d ifr½
ozr j[krk gS vkSj dsoy lUrkuksRifŸk ds fy;sa _rqdky esa eSFkqu djrk gS rks mls
czg~epkjh le>uk pkfg;sA xsVs (Goothe) us Hkh ekuk gS fd izfrHkk dk fodkl ,dkUr
es gksrk gSA exj pfj= dk fodkl lalkj dh eq[;/kkjk esa gksrk gSA xka/kh us iq:"kkFkZ
laca/kh vo/kkj.kk dh vk/kqfud O;k[;k dj bls vk/kqfud ;qx ds fy;sa Hkh mi;ksxh ,oa
vko’;d cuk fn;k gSA ;g dqN fo}kuksa ds fy;s Hkys gh ekU; u gks fdUrq tulk/kkj.k
ds fy;s lqyHk izrhr gksrk gSA /kkfeZd fu;e dks ;gk¡ <hyk fd;k x;k gSA
oLrqr% eks{k laca/kh vo/kkj.kk us ckn esa pydj vR;kf/kd egRo ik;k gSA
Lokeh foosdkuUn us Bhd gh dgk gS fd Hkkjro"kZ esa eks{kkdka{kh O;kl] 'kqØ rFkk
ludkfn ds lkFk &lkFk /keZ ds mikld ;qf/kf’Bj] vtqZu] nq;ksZ/ku] Hkh’e vkSj d.kZ Hkh
orZeku FksA cq)nso ds ckn /keZ dh fcYdqy mis{kk gqbZ rFkk dsoy eks{k ekxZ gh iz/kku
cu x;kAÞ44 vU;Fkk lcdk ;FkkLFkku egŸo FkkA
bl laca/k esa egkRek vkuUn Lokeh ljLorh us viuh dfr& rÙoKku uked
iqLrd esa ;FkkLFkku dke vkSj eks{k dh egRrk dks crykrs gq, dgk gS fd & lkjs
lalkj dks bl ver ls rIr djuk vk;Z dk drZO; gS] ijUrq Hkkjr ¼ns’k½ dks rks bldh
;g [kks;h gqbZ lEifr vfr’kh?kz feyuh pkfg;sa] D;ksafd ;g Hkkjr ,slk ns’k gS ftlds
xhr LoxZ esa Hkh xk;s tkrs gSaA fo".kqiqjk.k esa fy[kk gS & ^^xk;fUr nsok% fdy xhrdkfu]
/kU;kLrq rsa Hkkjr Hkwfe HkkxsA LoxkZioxZL; pgsrq Hkwrs HkofUr Hkw;% iq:"kk lqjRokr~A**
vFkkZr~ LoxZ esa nsork Hkh xhr xkrs gS fd os iq:"k /kU; gSa tksa Hkksx rFkk eks{k dh
lk/kUkk&Hkwr Hkkjr Hkwfe esa tUe ysrs gSaAß45
mi;ZqDr foospu ls Li"V gks tkrk gS fd le;dkyhu Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa us
izkphu ,oa e/;dkyhu fpUrdksa dh rjg vFkZ vkSj dke dks fuEu iq:"kkFkZ dgk gS vkSj
/keZ ,oa eks{k dh loksZPprk dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA euqLefr esa Hkh izofr vkSj fuofr&nks
izdkj ds thou dk o.kZu feyrk gSA Hkxoku euq us Lo;a dgk gS fd lq[kk·H;qnkf;da
pSo us Js;fldkesopA izor'p fuora p f}fo/ka deZ oSfnde~ AA46
oSfnd deZ ds nks Hksn gS&izofr vkSj fuofrA igyk lkalkfjd lq[k dk gsrq gS
vkSj nwljk eks{k dkA ;g Bhd gS fd eks{k laca/kh vo/kkj.kk dh foosssssss ssss ssssspuk mifu’knksa esa
foLrkj iwoZd dh x;h gS fdUrq cht :Ik esa ;g ckr osnksa esa igys ls gh fo|eku gSA
ogka Hkh bl ckr dh ppkZ dh x;h gS fd izofr ekxZ ij pyus okys vius vkidks cM+k
HkkX;oku~ vkSj lq[kh Hkys gh dksbZ le>s vUr esa lka[; ds eqfu] ;;kfr jktk] jktk
HkrZgfj] lksyksaeu vkfn dh rjg ;g dgus ij ckf/kr gksrs gSa fd bl ekxZ ij pyus
okyksa ds fy, dksbZ larqf"V ugha] dksbZ HkykbZ ugha vkSj u dksbZ foJke gh gSA lksykseu
ds vfUre 'kCn ;s Fks& ‘Vanity at all Vanities all is Vanity.’47 ;kuh vFkZ vkSj dke
loZLo ugha gSaA
;;kfr jktk dk Hkh vuqHko ;gh gS fd& u tkrq dke% dkekuka miHkksxsu
'kkE;frA gfo"kk d".koReso Hkw; ,okfHko/kZrsaAA48 vFkkZr~ Hkksx }kjk dke dh 'kkafr ugha
gksrhA Hkksxksa ls rks og oSls gh c<+rk gS tSls ?kh Mkyus ls vfXu izcy gks mBrh gSA
Lokeh dkjik=hth egkjkt] Lokeh foosdkuUn] MkW- jk/kkd".ku~] jkuMs] xk¡/kh] fryd]
xks[kys] n;kuUn ljLorh] jktkjkeeksgu jk;] HkÍkpk;Z] johUnzukFk VSxksj vkfn
le;dkyhu fpUrdksa us Hkh ekuk gS fd ri vkSj R;kx ds }kjk gh loksZPp iq:"kkFkZ dks
izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vk/kqfud ;qx dh iq:"kkFkZ laca/kh vo/kkj.kk ,oa nkLkrk dh
vkykspuk djrs gq;s bUgksaus dgk gS fd ßfopkj rFkk dk;Z nksuksa ds {ks= esa ,oa vO;oLFkk
rFkk nklrk nksuksa gh voLFkvksa esa euq"; ds vkRecy dk âkl gks tkuk fuf’pr gS] tgka
rd laLdfr rFkk lH;rk dk laca/k gS] mldsa fy, nksuks voLFkk;sa ,d leku gSSSSaA49
vO;oLFkk dk rkRi;Z gks ldrk gS HkkSfrd vlqfo/kk] vkfFkZd vfLFkjrk vkSj
lkekftd v'kkfUr Hkh gks ldrk gSA fdUrq lH;rk ds ekun.Mksa rFkk vkfFkZd dY;k.k
,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk ds j{k.k dks ,d leku le> ysuk vuqfpr gksxkA gekjs fy;sa
mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds izkjfEHkd dky ds Hkkjrokfl;ksa dh Hkkoukvksa dks le> ysuk
vklku gSA ftUgksusa ihf<+;ksa rd pyus okys lkoZtfud dyg rFkk O;fäxr nq%[kkssssss sss ss ssss sss dks
lgus ds ckn fczfV’k 'kklu dk Lokxr ,d LoxZ ;qx dk izHkkr ekudj fd;kA fdUrq
lkFk&lkFk gesa vk/kqfud ;qx ds Hkkjrokfl;ksa dh Hkkoukvksa ds izfr Hkh lgkuqHkqfr izdV
djuh pkfg;s D;ksafd euq"; dh vkRek dh mRd"V vfHkyk"kk dsoy vkjke ikusa dh gh
ugha gksrh oju~ lq[k lef) izkIr djus dh Hkh gksrh gSA ;kuh vFkZ vFkok /ku ikus dh
gh ugha gksrh] oju~ thou rFkk LokrkU=~;&ykHk dh Hkh gksrh gS] rFkk dsoy vkfFkZd
fLFkjrk vFkok U;k;ksfpr Hkk"k.k dh gh ugha vfirq viuh eqfä ds fy;s vf/kdkjiwoZd
dk;Z djusa dh Hkh gksrh gSA pkgs mlds fy;s mls fdruk gh dBksj ifjJe rFkk Dys’k
D;ksa u mBkuk iMsA49A Hkxrflag] pUnz’ks[kj vktkn] lqHkk"kpUnz cksl vkfn us bldk
ToyUr mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;k gSA
mi;qZDr foospu ls tkfgj gks tkrk gS fd nsoh izlkn pêksssss sssss ssss ssssik/;k;] dsñ
nkeksnju] jkgqy lkaLd`R;k;u] ekuosUnzukFk jk; vkfn vk/kqfud HkkSfrdokfn;ksa dks
NksM+dj lHkh Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa ds mís’; dFku esa lekurk gSA lcusssss sssss sssss ss vFkZ] dke] /keZ
vkSj eks{k dh lRrk dks Lohdkj fd;k gSaA ,lñ ihñ nqcs us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd&
“There may be difference of opinion among thinkers regarding the
importance of one value of the other, but every Hindu thinker has accepted
some values or ends which are common to all. There are four ends or
purusarthas of human life.”50
oLrqr% Hkkjrh; nk’kZfud fpUru ijEijk esa vk/;kfRedrk dk fu"ks/k fdlh Hkh
gkyr esa laHko ugh gSA vk/;kfRedrk ds fy;s uSfrd O;oLFkk esa fo’okl vko’;d gks
tkrk gSA laHkor% blfy;s ;gk¡ ds fpUrdksa us ekuo thou ds vR;f/kd nq%[k fuofr ,oa
vkuUn dh izkfIr ds fy;sa iq:"kkFkZ dh ifjdYiuk dh gSA blh ds ek/;e ls og vius
O;kogkfjd rFkk ikjekfFkZd vkn’kZ dks izkIr djusa esaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaa lQy gks lds gSaA iq:"kkFkZ dh
dYiuk ekuo&thou dks vk/;kfRed] HkkSfrd rFkk uSfrd nf"Vdks.k ls leqUur djusa ds
fy;s gh dh x;h gSA ije iq:"kkFkZ dh izkfIr ds fy;s gh xka/khth dks cfynku nsuk iM+k
gSA vkt egkRek xk¡/kh yhtsaM vkWQ fnl vFkZ cu x;s gSaA vius vfgalkRed vkanksyu
ds ek/;e ls bUgksaus gjsd eqf'dy dks vklku cuk fn;k vkSj fcuk ckg~; ;q) fd;s
Hkkjr dks vktkn djok fn;kA ;g buds ije iq:"kkFkZ dk ToyUr mnkgj.k gSA fouksok
Hkkos yksduk;d t;izdk’k ukjk;.k] ia- nhun;ky mik/;k; vkfn us Hkh bl ckr dh
lEiqf"V dh gSA
Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa ds eqrkfcd thou ds lq[k ,oa vkuUn ds nks vk/kkj gSa&
HkkSfrd ,oa vk/;kfRedA HkkSfrd lq[k esa lkalkfjd ,s’o;Z vUrfuZfgr gS ,oa vk/;kfRed
vkuUn esa R;kx vkSj riL;k fufgr gSA HkkSfrd lq[k ifjorZu’khy ,oa {kf.kd gS fdUrq
vk/;kfRed lq[k fuR;] ije vkuUn vkSj lR; gSA ekuo thou ds fodkl esa HkkSfrd
lEink ,oa mlls izkIr lq[k dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gS] fdUrq vk/;kfRed vkuUn ,oa
Hkkouk dk loksaZPPk LFkku gSA
Hkkjrh; euhf”k;ksa us ;g Lohdkj fd;k gSa fd tc rd thou gS] isV Hkjuk gh
iMs+xkA thou rks gks tk; yEck vkSj /ku ikl u gks rks og thou eR;q ls dgha vf/kd
nq[knk;h gks tkrk gSA blfy;s /kuktZu dk mik; rks djuk gh pkfg;s ijUrq mik; ,sls
gks fd& Js"B iq:"kksa dh utj esa fuUnuh; ugha gks vFkkZr~ 'kq) dekbZ ls thou&;kiu
djuk pkfg;sA dke dh Hkh egŸkk gSa fdUrq mlh dks thou dk y{; ugha ekuuk pkfg;sa
vkSj lkFk gh lkFk /keZ ,oa eks{k ds fy;s ges’kk iz;Ru’khy jguk pkfg;sA
vc iq:”kkFkZ ds vaxksa dh vyx&vyx O;k[;k djuk mfpr izrhr gksrk gS&
/keZ&/keZ’kkL=ksa ds eqrkfcd thus ds rkSj&rjhdksa dks /keZ dgk tkrk gSA
bu fnuksa /keZ dh ckr Hkkjr dh vf/kdka’k turk dj jgh gSA vc iz’u mBrk
gS( fd D;k okLro esa os /keZ dk foLrkj djuk pkgrs gaS \ /keZ dks le>uk gS rks gesa
izdfr dh ml vts; ‘kfDr dks le>uk gksxk ftl ij ;g lkjh lf”V] lkjk vfLrÙo
dk;e gSA thou dh ewyHkwr ‘kfDr izdfr dh ;gh vts; ‘kfDr gS] vkSj ;gh /keZ gSA
/keZ dk okLrfod vFkZ /kkj.k djus ;ksX; deZ gksrk gSA /keZ laLdr ds&?k&/kkrq ls cuk
gSA ftldk vFkZ /kkj.k djuk gksrk gSA egkHkkjr esa /keZ dk y{k.k djrs gq;s dgk x;k
gS fd tks /keZ ds }kjk Lo;a /kr gksdj /keksZa dks Lo:i esa vofLFkr j[krk gSa ogh /keZ
gSaA&^/kj.kkn~/keZ feO;kgq/kekZs /kkj;rs iztk%A ;”ekn~/kkj.kla;qDra l /keZ bfr fu’p;%A*51
mnkgj.k ds fy;s vfXu esa ;fn nkgdrk /keZ u gks vkSj blh izdkj ty esa
nzoRo /keZ u gks rks os vfXu rFkk ty ugha gSaA bl nf”V ls ;g fl} gksrk gS fd
izR;sd oLrq dh lRrk gh mldk /keZ gSA johUnzukFk VSxksj ,oa MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~ us Hkh bl
ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA johUnzukFk VSxksj ds ‘kCnksa esa& “In the Sanskrit language
religion goes by the name dharma, which in the derivative meaning implies
the principle of relationship that holds us firm, and in its technical sense
means the virtue of a thing the essential quality of it, for instance, heat is the
essential quality of fire through in certain of its stages it may be absent” 52
fdUrq ekuoh; /keZ dk vUr ugha gksrk gSA og fuR; gSaA
budh nf”V esa tSls rki vfXu dk /keZ gSa oSls gh ekuork] euq”; dk /keZ gSA
blhfy;s bUgksaus fy[kk gSa fd& “humanity is the dharma of human beings.” 53
ykvksRls us Hkh bl ckr dh iqf”V cgqr igys dh gSA ykvksRls dk dguk gS& ßThose
who have virtue attend to their obligatin those who have no virtue attend to
their claim.Þ
;gka /keZ ls euq”; ds mu lHkh dÙkZO;ksa dk cks/k gksrk gS ftUgsa ‘kkL=ksa us Hkh
lHkh ekuoh; {ks= dks /;ku esa j[kdj fu/kkZfjr fd;k gSA thou dsa lHkh {ks=ksa eas dÙkZO;ksa
dks leqfpr ikyu djus okyk O;fDr gh lPpk /kkfeZd O;fDr gSA yks- cky xaxk/kj
fryd us Hkh /keZ ‘kCn dk vFkZ uhfr ,oa drZO; gh yxk;k gSA mUgha ds ‘kCnksa esa& geusa
Hkh bl xzUFk xhrk esa &^uhfr*] dÙkZO;*] vkSj /keZ ‘kCnksa dk mi;ksx ,d gh vFkZ esa fd;k
gS --------A*54
/keZ ;Fkk fLFkfr ugha cfYd ifjorZu’khy pht gSA ;g vkReghurk ugha cfYd
vkReks)kj dh fLFkfr esa igq¡pus okyh oLrq gSA blhfy, MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~ us fy[kk gS fd
& ^/keZ vk/;kfRed ifjorZu gS] ,d vUreqZ[kh :ikUrj.k gSA ;g vU/kdkj ls izdk’k dh
vksj tkuk gS] vkReghurk ls vkReks)kj dh fLFkfr esa ig¡qpuk gSA*55 blhfy;s fgUnw
‘kkL=ksa esa dgk x;k gS& vlr~ ls lr~ dh vksj vU/kdkj ls izdk’k dh vksj ,oa eR;q ls
vejrk dh vksj izLFkku djuk pkfg;sA
^budh nf”V esa lPps /kkfeZd thou dh vfHkO;fDr izse ds :i esa gksuh pkfg;s
vkSj mldk mís’; ekuo tkfr;ksa ds chp ,dRo LFkkfir djus okyk gksuk pkfg;sA* 56
egkRek xka/kh vkSj eksgEen bdcky us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA budh nf”V esa
izse ds }kjk ije iq:”kkFkZ dh izkfIr laHko gSA
vr% ledkyhu Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa dh nf”V esa /keZ thou dk ,d va’k ugha
cfYd ;g laiw.kZ thou esa O;kIr gSA blhfy;s lcus Lohsdkj fd;k gS fd euq”;Ro vFkok
ekuork dh j{kk djus esa tks lgk;d gks ogh /keZ gSA vFkZ vkSj dke mlh va’k rd
okNuh; gS ftl gn rd buls /kkfeZd vkpj.k esa enn feyrh gSA egkHkkjr esa ‘kkfUr
iwoZ esa /keZ v/keZ dh foospuk djrs gq, Hkh”e vkSj mlds iwoZ esa Jhd”.k us cryk;k gS
fd /keZ ls gh lc iztk c¡/kh gqbZ gSaA ;g fuf’p; fd;k x;k gS] fd ftlls /kkj.k gksrk
gS ogh /keZ gSA57
fryd us rks ;gka rd dgk gS fd ^;fn ;g /keZ NwV tk;] rks le> ysuk
pkfg;s fd lekt ds ca/ku VwVs] rks vkd”kZ.k ‘kfDr ds fcuk vkdk’k ds lw;kZfn
xzgekykvksa dh tks n’kk gks tkrh gS] vFkok leqnz esa eYykg ds fcuk uko dh tks n’kk
gksrh gS] Bhd ogh n’kk lekt dh Hkh gks tkrh gSA58
Lokeh foosdkuUn us Hkh /keZ dks O;fDr vkSj lekt ds fy;s mi;ksxh cryk;k
gSaA*59 ik’pkR; nk’kZfud cSzMys us Hkh vius <ax ls bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA MkW-
lksgu jkt rkrsM us n tSu MkWDVªhu vkWQ deZ ,.M n lkbUl vkWQ tSusfVDl esa Bhd
gh fy[kk gS& ”Bradley believes that leads us beyond good and bad. The
dualism of good and bad rules in moral life but that dualism must come to
an end in the state of self fulfilness. Broadly agrees that rightousness
(spiritualism) is above morality…. the same is differentiated by Indian
philosophics between practical morality and spiritual morality…Here the
vision of conduct is relative to the society and its objective is public welfare
spiritual morality pertain to the realm of pure consciousness and it is relative
to the individual. Its ultimate objective is to lead man from bondage to
salvation.” ;gh lkYos’ku ije iq:”kkFkZ gS vkSj v/;kRe vFkok /keZ mlh dk mik;
ek= gSA
/keZ ds :i ds laca/k esa Lokeh th us dgk gS fd ß/keZ ;fn lexz ekuo tkfr
dk dY;k.k djuk pkgrk gS rks mls bl izdkj dk gksuk mfpr gS fd euq”; gj le;
mldk lgkjk ys lds] lHkh le; og ekuo&tkfr dh leku Hkko ls lgk;rk dj
ldsAÞ60
egkRek xk¡/kh us Hkh cryk;k gSa fd /keZ ‘kfDr gS bl ‘kfDr ds }kjk vke
turk ds okLrfod fgrksa dh j{kk dh tk ldrh gSA ds- nkeksnju ds ‘kCnksa esa&
^^egkRek xka/kh us /keZ vkSj jktuhfr ds chp fgrks dh le:irk LFkkfir djus dh
dksf’k’k dhA og /keZ dks ,d ,slh ‘kfDr ekurs Fks] tks vke turk ds okLrfod fgrks
dh j{kk dj ldrh FkhA fdUrq nSfud thou ls vlEc) /keZ esa fujFkZd Fkk vkSj /keZ
foghu jktuhfr lPph lQyrk izkIr ugha dj ldrh FkhA**61 fouksok Hkkos] yksduk;d
t;izdk’k ukjk;.k vkfn us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA
vFkZ&/ku lEifr thou ds fy;s vfuok;Z ‘krZ gSA pwafd blds fcuk O;fDr
vFkok lekt dh vko’;dkrkvks dh iwfrZ laHko ugha gSA thus dh izofr tUetkr gSA
blfy;s vFkZ dh izkfIr djuk t:jh gSA bl laca/k esa vkpk;Z Jh jtuh’k us Bhd gh
dgk gS fd& ^^ yksx dgrs gS fd /ku esa dqN Hkh ugha j[kk gSA xyr dgrs gSa] eksg dk
izk.k gS og A eksg dh vkRek /ku esa clrh gSA bruk /ku D;ksa egŸoiw.kZ gks x;k gS \
D;k yksx ikxy gS \ ugha] yksx ikxy ugha gSA /ku ds fcuk thuk cgqr dfBu gSA
thus dh vkdka{kk ftruh izcy gS] /ku ij idM+ Hkh mruh gh izcy gksrh gSA**62
vxj xgjs es ns[ksa rks thou dk tks vkxzg] og NwVus dh otg ls /ku NwV
tkrk gSA Hkxoku cq) dks ys os Lo;a vius f’k”; ls ,d Hkw[ks O;fDr ds le>kus ds
lUnHkZ eas dgk gS fd^& bls igys Hkkstu djkvks rc bls nh{kk nks] vU;Fkk nh{kk dk
blds fy;s dksbZ egRo ugha gSA Lokeh foosdkuUn us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA
vkt dk ;qx vFkZ dk ;qx dgk tkrk gSA fdlh fo}ku us oŸkZeku ;qx esa vFkZ
dh egrk dks crykrs gq;s dgk gS fd ftlds ikl /ku gS ogh dqyhu] iafM+r] Jqroku~
vkSj xq.kh gSA ogh n’kZuh; ,oa LoxZ dh Hkkafr ewY;oku gSA egkRek vkuUn Lokeh
ljLorh us vius fe= dks ,d i= fy[kk vkSj ml fe= us tokc esa tks fy[kk gS]
mldk ftØ djrs gq;s cryk;k gS fd& ^^;L;kfLr for l uj% dqyhu% l% Jqroku~
xq.kK%A l ,o oDrk l p n’kZuh;% losZxq.k% dkapukJ.kkfUrA**63 vkxs bUgkasus vius fe=
dh ckr dks j[krs gq;s dgk gS fd /ku dk lap; djksA ;g lalkj /ku ewyd gh gSA /ku
nsork ds HkDr rks izkphu dky esa Hakh FaksA Hkh”e firkeg us ;gh ?kks”k.kk dh Fkh
fd&^^vFkZLFk iq:”kksnklks nkloLo~FkksZ u dL;fprA bfr lR; egjkt c}ks·LE;FksZu
dkSjoS%A**64
vFkkZr~ euq”; vFkZ dk nkl gS] vFkZ fdlh dk nkl ugha gSA egkjkt ! ;g
ckr lR; gS] bl le; dkSjoksa ds vFkZ ls ca/kk gwWaA ckgZLiR; lw=e vFkkZr~ ckgZLiR;
vFkZ’kkL=e~ esa Hkh dgk x;k gS] fd ^^/kuewya txr~AA10AA lokZf.k r= lfUrAA11AA
fu/kZuks er’p.Mky’pAA12AA*65 iapra= esa Hkh cryk;k x;k gSa fd&^^’khy] ‘kqfprk] {kek]
f’k”Vrk] fiz; Hkkf”krk rFkk mŸke dqy esa tUe ysuk] ;s lHkh xq.k fu/kZu iq:”kks dks ‘kksHkk
ugha nsrs gaSA**66
bruk gh ugha pk.kD; us rks ;gka rd dg fn;k gS fd ok.kh dk yxk gqvk
?kko vFkZ ls nwj gks tkrk gSA ledkyhu Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa esa jkgqy lkad`R;k;u] nsoh
izlkn pV~Vksik/;k;] ekuosUnz ukFk jk;] ds nkeksnju] MkW- jkefoykl ‘kekZ vkfn us Hkh
vFkZ dks vR;f/kd egŸo fn;k gSA jkgqyth us rks ;gka rd dg fn;k gS fd&^^nqfu;k esa
vkt dh O;oLFkk fo’ks”kdj lkE;oknh ns’kksa ds ckgj ,slh gS ftlesa fuf’pr thou
fcrkuk eqf’dy gSA vkfFkZd fpUrk --------- vusd fe=ksa okys vkneh ds fy;s lcls eqf’dy
gSA**67 vFkkZr~ vk/kqfud HkkSfrdokfn;ksa dh nf”V esa vFkZ gh loZLo gSA ;gh lq[k vFkkZr~
ije iq:”kkFkZ gSA
fdUrq ;g fopkj.kh; gS fd ;fn /ku lq[k dk dkj.k gksrk rks lksus dh yadk
dk Lokeh jko.k D;ksa nq[kh gksrk \ dk: D;ksa ejrk \ jktk HkrZgfj jkT; vkSj /ku
NksM+dj ouksa dks D;kas pys tkrs \ Lo;a vFkZ dh egrk dks crykus okys Hkh”e us /keZ ds
fy;s tku D;ksa ns nh \ vkt vehj O;fDr vFkok jk”Vª nq%[kh utj vk jgs gSaA blls
Li”V gS fd vFkZ gh lc dqN ugha gSA Hkh”e firkeg] HkrZgfj vkfn us /ku dh egrk dks
vo’; Lohdkj fd;k gS fdUrq mls loksZPp iq:”kkFkZ ds :i esa Lohdkj ugha fd;k gSA
oLrqr% ;fn lc dqN vFkZ gh gksrk rks vkt dh nqfu;k ds vjcifr nq%[kh D;ksa fn[kkbZ
nsrs \ lkalkfjd O;ogkj dks pykus ds fy;s fulansg vFkZ vko’;d inkFkZ gSA bldk
loZFkk frjLdkj djuk vuqfpr gSA tSls vius okLrfod mís’; dh izkfIr ds fy, ‘kjhj
dh j{kk djuk t:jh gS] fnYyh ls cEcbZ tkus ds fy;s jsyxkM+h vFkok ok;q;ku dh
vko’;drk gS] mlh rjg thou ds fy;s /ku dh vko’;drk gSA fdUrq euq”; thou
dk ;g vfUre /;s; ugha gSA*68 vfUre Lora= thou vFkkZr~ thou eks{k gh gSA
vf/kdka’k ledkyhu Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa us vius&vius <ax ls bl ckr dh
iqf”V dh gSA egkjkt ds- pksiM+k us Hkh HkkSfrd lEink vFkkZr~ vFkZ dh egrk dks crykrs
gq;s fy[kk gS fd& “Material conditions are a paramount factor contributing to
the strength of people. There are other factors also environment, traditions,
philosophy, institutions, but satisfactions of the body are fundamental.
People without adequate food, clothes and shelter and the infra-structure
which caters to them are discounted dangerous and dimsd…… It must find
the proper road between economic necessities and uneconomic burdens of
powers.”69
vr% vFkZ iq:”kkFkZ dk egŸoiw.kZ vax gSA ;g lp gS fd vFkZ gh ,d ek=
iq:”kkFkZ ugha gS fdUrq blds vHkko esa iq:”kkFkZ ds vU; vaxks dh fLFkfr Hkh detksj iM+
tkrh gSA vFkZ dh egRrk dks igys Hkh Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS vkSj vkt Hkh gSA ;g lc
Lohdkj djrs gSaA ledkyhu Hkkjrh; fpUrdks us Hkh vFkZ dh egRrk dks Lohdkj djrs
gq;s O;fDr vkSj ifjokj] jk”Vª vkSj fo’o ekuo lekt nksuksa dks iq:”kkFkhZ cuus dh lh[k
nh gSA budh nf”V esa vFkZ dks utj vUnkt djus ls u O;fDr dk dY;k.k gksxk] u
jk”Vª ;k lekt dk ghA thus ds fy, bldh vko’;drk lc dks gSA miyfC/k esa vU;
iq:”kkFkZ& dke] /keZ vkSkj eks{k esa enn gh feyrh gS] vojks/k ughaA Lokeh foosdkuUn us
rks ;gk¡ rd dgk gS fd ftUgsa Hkj isV jksVh Hkh ugha feyrh gS og osnkUr D;k fl[ksxk
\ budh nf”V esa ‘kjhj dh vko’;drk iwjk dj ysus ds mijkUr gh vkRek dh rfIr ds
fy;s dkssbZ iz;Ru djrk gSA dgk Hkh x;k gS fd izFke ‘kjhj dh vko’;drk,¡ gksrh gSa
rRi’pkr~ eu dh vkSj rc fQj vkRek dh vko’drk,a le> esa vkrh gSA vFkkZr~ ‘kjhj
dh vko’;drk dh iwfrZ ds ckn gh eu vkSj vkRek dh vko’;drk vFkkZr~ /keZ dh vksj
mUeq[k gks ldrs gSaA frydth vkSj Lokeh foosdkuUn us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh
gSA foosdkuUn dk dguk gS fd Hkw[k ls ihfM+r tukas ds xys esa /keZ vkSj eks{k laca/kh
vo/kj.kk dks mMs+yuk] mudk vieku djuk gSA**70 gfjeksgu >k] jke/kkjhflag fnudj
vkfn us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA vU; ledkyhu Hkkjrh; fpUrdks us Hkh bl
ckr dh leiqf”V dh gSA
¼3½ dke
bls nks vFkkZs esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gS & lkekU; vkSj fof’k”V vFkZ esaA
lkekU; vFkZ esa fo”k;kuHkokstU;a lq[k dke gS] vFkkZr~ ckg~; oLrq tks lq[kn izrhr gks
mlds vuqHko dh bPNk dke gSA dke ds vUrxZr dsoy bfUnz; lq[k gh ugha] cfYd
ekufld lq[k Hkh vk tkrs gSaA fdlh lq[kizn oLrq dh bPNk ;k vkdka{kk dke gS]
fof’k”V vFkZ esa dke dk vFkZ bfUnz; tU; lq[k gSA ;g oklukRed lq[k gSA okeu
f’kojke vkIVs us dke dk vFkZ dkeuk] bPNk&lUrku dkek;&j?kq02A 65] 3A 67 ¼izk;%
rqUeqUuUr ds lkFk iz;qDr½ xUraq dke% tkus dk bPNqd Hkx0 2162 euq 21642 vHkh”V
inkFkZ&Lusg] vuqjkx] izse ;g fo”k; Hkksx dh bPNk tks tho ds pkj mís’;ksa ¼iq:”kkFkZ½
esa ls ,d gS] cryk;k gSA71
pkokZdkfn fopkjdkas ds vuqlkj dke izFke iq:”kkFkZ gSA okRl;k;u us vius
<ax ls bl ckr dk leFkZu fd;k gSA okRl;k;u us dke dks nks vFkksZa esa iz;ksx fd;k gS
& foLrr ,oa ladqfprA foLrr vFkZ esa dke dk lEcU/k gekjh lkjh bfUnz;kas ls izkIr
fd;k gqvk lq[k gSA gekjh bfUnz;k¡ ckg~~; txr dh oLrqvksa ls lq[k dh izkfIr djrh gS
vkSj blh bfUnz;tfur lq[k essa euq”; dk iq:”kkFkZ fufgr gSA ladqfpr vFkZ esa dke dk
laca/k lHkh bfUnz;ksa ls mRiUu lq[k ls gSA bl fl)kUr dks ekuus okyksa dks fud”V
lq[koknh vFkkZr~ /kwrZ pkokZd dh laKk nh x;h gSA ,sls pkokZd iafFk;kas us gh cryk;k gSa
fd ^^vax o fyaxoktU; lq[keso iqeFkZrk**72 vFkkZr~ ukfj;ksa dk vkfyaxu lq[k gh iq:”kkFkZ
gSA ;gk¡ ukfj;ksa dks Hkksx dh oLrq cryk;k x;k gSA
bl fl)kUr dk [k.Mu izkphu dky ls ysdj vkt rd gks gh jgk gSA dqN
ledkyhu fpUrdksa dks NksM+dj vU; lHkh fpUrdkas us mi;qZDr nksuksa vFkksZa esa euq”; dk
dke :ih iq:”kkFkZ dks lkjghu cryk;k gSA ;g Bhd gS fd mUgksusa ;g Lohdkj fd;k
gS fd dke izofRr euq”;ksa dk LokHkkfod xq.k gS] bls nfer ugha cfYd fu;afa=r fd;k
tkuk pkfg;sA fdUrq vxj bldks dksbZ pje y{; vFkok izFke iq:”kkFkZ ekurs gS a rks ;g
mudh uknkuh gSA vr% ledkyhu fpUrdksa dh nf”V esa /keZ vkSj eks{k gh okLrfod
iq:”kkFkZ gSA dke vkSj vFkZ iq:”kkFkZ ugha cfYd iq:”kkFkZ izkfIr ds lk/ku ek= gS aA oLrqr%
fgUnw ‘kkL= esa dke dks lnSo ogr~ vFkZ esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk jgk gSA ;gk¡ bfUnz;ksa ij
fu;U=.k dh ckr crykbZ x;h gSA MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~ us Hkh cryk;k gS fd fgUnw /keZ esa
;kSu&thou dks fdlh Hkh izdkj vuSfrd ugha ekuk x;k gSA budk dguk gS fd ;gh
dkj.k gS fd fgUnqvksa ds egku~ nsork czãk] fo”.kq] egs’k] jke] d”.k] vkfn us Hkh oSokfgd
thou O;rhr fd;k gSA fdUrq mUgsa dksbZ vuqfpr ugha dgrk gSA jktk tud lalkj esa
jgrs gq, Hkh laklkfjdrk ls ijs Fks] ftl izdkj dey ty esa jgdj Hkh mlls iFkd ;k
fufyZIr jgrk gS] mlh izdkj tud ln’k O;fDr;kas us ifo= ,oa vkn’kZ thou O;rhr
djds ge lc ds fy;s iFk&izn’kZd dk dke fd;k gSA Lokeh foosdkuUn] MkW-
jk/kkd”.ku~] johUnzukFk VSxksj] egf”kZ n;kuUn ljLorh] jktk jkeeksgu jk;] Jh vjfoUn
?kks”k] egkRek xk¡/kh vkfn us ,d Loj ls ge lc dks fl[kk;k gS fd dke rfIr esa gesa
vius foosd dks ugha Hkwyuk pkfg;sA ;kuh dke dks iq:”kkFkZ ugha cfYd thou dks
LokHkkfod xq.k ekuuk pkfg, rFkk lUrkuksRifŸk ,oa lkekftd dY;k.k gsrq vU;
vkdka{kkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy;s iz;Ru’khy jguk gh mfpr gSA dke&oklukvksa dks tykdj
vFkok nfer djds vFkok lekt ls vyx gksdj thou O;rhr djuk mfpr ugha gSA
lekt esa jgdj ;FkkLFkku vkSj ;Fkkle; lHkh iq:”kkFkksZa dk lE;d~ mi;ksx djuk
pkfg;sA
la{ksi es ledkyhu Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa dh n`f”V esa dke dks ‘kkjhfjd ,oa
dykRed vkuUn ds :i esa rks Lohdkj fd;k tkuk gh pkfg;s] lkFk gh lkFk lkekU;
oklukRed thou dks Hkh utj vUnkt ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA blhfy;s rks
Jhen~Hkon~ xhrk esa Hkh dgk x;k gS& ßeSa gh dke gw¡Þ ;g d”.k dk dFku gSaA vFkkZr~
bZ’oj us Hkh Hkh dke ds egRo dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA fdUrq ;gk¡ bls ije iq:”kkFkZ ugha
cfYd fuEu iq:”kkFkZ gh ekuk x;k gSA ije iq:”kkFkZ eks{k gh gSA
eks{k
bls pkSFkk ,oa vfUre vFkok loksZPp iq:”kkFkZ ekuk tkrk gSA tSlk fd igys
ladsr fd;k tk pqdk gS fd pkokZdkfn fopkjdksa dks NksM+dj vU; lHkh Hkkjrh;
nk’kZfudksa us eks{k dks thou dk pje y{; ekuk gSA eks{k ds Lo:i ,oa bldh izkfIr
ds lk/kuks dks ysdj fopkjdksa ds chp Hkys gh erSD; ugha gks fdUrq eks{k dks pje y{;
ds :i esa lHkh fpUrdkas us Lohdkj fd;k gSA ckS)ksa us bls fuokZ.k ds uke ls lacksf/kr
fd;k gSA lka[; vkSj ;ksx us bls dSoY; dgk gSA U;k;&oS’ksf”kd n’kZu esa bls viox Z
dgk x;k gSA tSu vkSj osnkUr bls eks{k dh laKk nsrs gSaA
uS;kf;dksa dh nf”V esa vioxZ vFkkZr~ eks{k ,d ,slh voLFkk gS] tgka¡ nq%[kksa dk
uk’k gks tkrk gSA oS’ksf”kd n’kZu ds izorZd d.kkn dk Hkh dguk gS fd rnHkkos
la;ksxkHkkoksizknq’Hkfop eks{k% ¼oS0 lw0 5@2@18½ ckS)] tSu vkSj osnkUr n’kZu esa eks{k ds
HkkokRed ,oa vHkkokRed nksukas i{kksa dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA ckS)kas ds vuqlkj thou
esa nq[k% ,oa O;kf/k;ksa dk u”V gksuk gh fuokZ.k gSA ;gk¡ mi;ZqDr nksuksa fopkjksa dh rjg
gh eks{k ds fu”ks/kkRed igyw dks Lohdkj djuk gqvkA ckS)ksa us blds HkkokRed igyw dks
Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gSA ts- ,u- flUgk us ckS)ks ds izfl} xzUFk /kEein dh fuokZ.k lac/kh
vo/kkj.kk dks Li”V djrs gq;s fy[kk gS fd& “Dhamapada describes Nirvana as a
state of bliss, crown of happiness, perfect peace, free from greed, hate and
delusion.”73
MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~ vkfn ledkyhu Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa us Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gS fd
fuokZ.k] tks vk/;kfRed la?k”kZ dh flf) gS] HkkokRed vkuUn dh voLFkk gSA vf/kdka’k
izkphu Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudksa us eks{k ds nksukas igyqvkas dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA buds vuqlkj
eks{k nks rjg ds gksrs gSa& thou eqfDr vkSj fonsg&eqfDrA tSu] ckS)] lka[; rFkk osnkUr
ds vuqlkj O;fDr blh thou esa ¼‘kjhj /kkj.k djrs gq;s½ eks{k izkIr dj ldrk gSA bl
rjg dh eqfDr ikuk thoUeqfDr dgykrk gSA eR;q ds i’pkr~ feyus okyh eqfDr dks
fonsg eqfDr dgk tkrk gSA
ik’pkR; nk’kZfudkas dh nf”V esa jktuhfrd Lok/khurk ds lkFk lkFk
vk/;kfRed Lok/khurk Hkh vko’;d gSA Lokeh foosdkuUn us Bhd gh dgk gS fd fgUnw
dgrs gSa fd jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd Lok/khurk vFkkZr~ eqfDr gSA74 budh nf”V esa ;gh
tkrh; thou dk mís’; gS oSfnd] tSu] ckS)] n~oSr] fof’k”Vk}Sr vkSj v}Sr lHkh bl
laca/k esa ,d er gSaA blesa gkFk u yxkuk] ugha rks loZuk’k gks tk;sxkA75 ;kuh eqfDr
dh loZJs”Brk lc ds fy;s ekU; gSA
vr% iq:”kkFkZ dk xyr vFkZ yxk ysus ds dkj.k gh lalkj lkEiznkf;drk ,oa
vU; jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa lkaLdfrd fo}s”k dh vkx es >qyl jgk gSA
ekuoh; psruk ls /keZ ,oa okLrfod eks{k dh vo/kkj.kk dk fodr vFkok ladqfpr gks
tkus ds dkj.k gh vkt lalkj esa vFkok gekjs ns’k esa vFkZ yksyqirk ,oa lkEiznkf;drk
dh vkx lHkh yksxkas dks >qylk jgh gSA vkt dqN Hkh iq:”kkFkZ laca/kh vo/kkj.kk ij
vk/kkfjr dyk] laxhr] foKku vkSj laLdfr cjdjkj gS] og ledkyhu Hkkjrh; fpUrdkas
ds dkj.k gh gSA bUgksaus HkkSfrd lEiUurk ds lkFk&lkFk vk/;kfRed lEiUurk esa
fo’okl j[kus ds fy;s tks gesa funsZ’k fn;k gS og vkt ds fy;s gh ugha Hkfo”; ds fy;s
Hkh vuqdj.kh; gSA iq:”kkFkZ ds O;kid lRrk ds vHkko esa fo’o vFkok Hkkjr esa ruko]
fpUrk] O;kdqyrk] v’kkafr] fgalk] Øks/k vkSj ?k.kk esa rsth ls of} gqbZ gS] mldk dyk]
foKku ,oa laLdfr ij cgqr izfrdwy izHkko iM+k gSA
vHkh ;fn Lokeh foosdkuUn dh iafDr ^^lkjs izfrjks/kksa ds ckotwn izR;sd /keZ
dh irkdk ij fy[kk jgsxk lgk;rk djks] yM+ks er] ijHkko&xzg.k ds LFkku ij ijHkko
fouk’k] leUo; vkSj ‘kkafr] u fd erHksn vkSj dygA76 ;fn ;g fd;k tk; rks cgqr
gn rd leL;k dk funku gks ldrk gSA egkRek Jh vjfoUn |ks”k us Hkh fy[kk gS fd
thou dh lkjh leL;k,a lkj :i esa lkeatL; dh leL;k;sa gSaA budk ¼Jh vjfoUn
|ks”k dk½ dguk gS fd leL;kvksa dk mnxe~ gksrk gS fdlh ,sls vlkeatL; ds cks/k ls
ftldk lek/kku u gqvk gks vkSj bl lgt izsj.kk ls fd ,slk dksbZ lkeatL; ;k ,dRo
gS ftldk vHkh rd vUos”k.k ugha gqvk gSA fdlh vlkeatL; dk lek/kku fd;s fcuk
larks”k eku ysuk euq”; ds O;kogkfjd vkSj vf/kd i’kqHkkokiUu vax ds fy;s rks laHko gS]
fdUrq mlds iwjh rjg tkx`r eu ds fy;s vlaHko gSA77
yks + cky xaxk/kj fryd] egkRek xk¡/kh] MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~ vkfn us Hkh Lohdkj
fd;k gS fd fgUnqvksa dh nf”V essa euq”; Hkze ls lR; dh vksj ugha tkrk oju~ lR; ls
lR; dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gSA fuEurj lR; ls mPprj lR; dh vksj tkrk gSA78
ftl rjg tc rd dksbZ euq”; fdlh oLrq dk miktZu u djs] rc rd og mls izkIr
ugha gks ldrhA mlh rjg tc rd fuEu iq:”kkFkZ ls mPprj iq:”kkFkZ ds fy;s iz;Ru
ugha djsaxs rks loksZPp iq:”kkFkZ dh izkfIr ugh gks ldrhA blh mPprj iq:"kkFkZ dh
izkfIr ds fy;s fo’o esa vfgalk fnol euk;k tkrk gSA cjkd vksckek us Hkh xk¡/kh ds
iq:”kkFkZ dh ljkguk dh gSA vkt fo’o ekufld LokLF; fnol euk;k tk jgk gS] og
Hkh xk¡/khth dh gh nsu gh gSA
xka/kh vkSj n;kuUn ljLorh us ;FkkLFkku vFkZ] /keZ] dke vkSj eks{k dks
Lohdkj fd;k gSA MkW- lksgu jkt rkrsM us czSMys vkfn ik’pkR; vkSj Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa
ds vfYVesV vkWctsfDVo dks crkrs gq, Bhd gh fy[kk gS& ßNumerous western
thinkers consider it essential to rise above good and bad for fullness of
moral life. Bradley believe that morality leads us beyond good and bad…
what Bradly differentiated between is morality and spirituality and the same
is differentiated by Indian philosophies between practical and spiritual
morality…. Its objective is public welfare. Spiritual morality pertains to the
realm of pure consciousness. (detached or renunciatory vision of life) and it
is relative to the individual. Its ultimate objective is to lead man from
bondage to salvation.79
vFkkZr~ iq:”kkFkZ ds vU; vaxksa ds }kjk iki ls eqfDr ikdj eks{k izkIr djuk
gh ledkyhu Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa dk /;s; jgk gSA vkSj ;gh osn] mifu”kn~] iqjk.k]
czg~elw=] Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk] jkek;.k vkSj jke pfjr ekul dk Hkh dFkugSA ;gh
ledkyhu Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa dh Hkh ekU;rk gSA vUrj ns’k] dky vkSj ifjfLFkfr dk gSA
lanHkZ&lwph
1 MkW- loZiYyh jk/kkd”.ku~ ¼vuqoknd jes’k oekZ½] iwoZ vkSj if’pe % dqN fopkj] jktiky
,.M lUt] fnYyh 1970 bZ-] i”B& 118
2 MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~ ¼vuqoknd mekifr jk; pUnsy½] gekjh laLdfr ] jktiky ,.M lUt]
d’kehjh xsV] fnYyh 1972 bZ-] i”B& 5
3 MkW- eueksgu lgxy] miU;kldkj tSusUnz ¼ewY;akdu vkSj ewY;kadu½] lkfgR; Hkkjrh]
fnYyh 1976 bZ-] i- &281
4 Lokeh dkjik=h th egkjkt ¼vuqoknd ia + ozt oYyHk f}osnh½] osnkFkZ ikfjtkr [k.M ,d
Jh jk/kkd”.k /kkuqdk izdk’ku laLFkku]& 14 usrkth lqHkk”k jksM] dydrk 1979 bZ- A
izLrkouk i”B&10
5 MkW- ‘kkfUr Lo:i f=ikBh] vkpk;Z pk.kD;] fgUn ikdsV cqDl] ‘kkgnkjk] fnYyh& 110032]
1990 bZ-] izkDdFku& i”B& 8
6 Lokeh dkjik=h th egkjkt] osnkFkZikfjtkr [k.M& ,d i”B& 10
7 Lokeh foosdkuUn ¼vuqoknd Jh cãkuUnz ‘kekZ½ Kku;ksx] Jh jk/kkd”.k vkJe] ukxiqj]
1977 bZ-] i- 31&38
8 MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~ ¼vuqoknd Jh uUnfd’kksj xksfHky½ Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx&2] jktiky ,.M
lUl] d’ehjh xsV] fnYyh& 6 1972 bZ-] i`- & 776
9 egkHkkjr ‘kkfUr ioZ& 25] 26 mn?kr MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~ ¼vuqoknd uUn fd’kksj xksfHky½]
Hkkjrh; n’kZu] izFke Hkkx] jktiky ,.M lUt d’ehjh xsV fnYyh&6A 1976 bZ-] i”B& 465
10 nsoh izlkn pV~Vksik/;k; ¼vuqoknd& dUgS;k½] Hkkjrh; n’kZu eS D;k thoar gS vkSj D;k er
\ ihiqYl ifCyf’kax gkml izk- fy- ] ubZ fnYyh& 1985 bZ-] i- &2
11 izks + txnh’k ukjk;.k efYyd]& fgUnw uhfr’kkL=] Hkkjrh Hkou iVuk& 4 1956 bZ-] i”B&84
12 egf”kZ dfiy] lka[; lw= mn~/kr ts +,u + efYyd] fgUnw uhfr ‘kkL= i`- & 45
13 ds- nkeksnju] ¼vuqoknd th +/kju½] Hkkjrh; fpUru ij ijEijk] ihiqYl ifCyf’kax gkml]
izk-fy-] u;h fnYyh] 1982 bZ-+] i`-+&4
14 nsoh izlkn pV~Vksi/;k;] Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa D;k thoar gS vkSj D;k er\] i- &685&686
15 jk”Vªdfo jke/kkjh flag fnudj & esjh ;k=,a] mn;kpy] jktsUnz uxj iVuk & 16 1970 bZ-+]
i”B 233
16 ds- nkeksnju] Hkkjrh; fpUru ijEijk] i- 362&363
17 ogh] i- 37A
18 MkW +jk/kkd”.ku~ ¼vuqoknd galjkt jgcj½] mn~ns’;iw.kZ thou] fgUn ikWdsV cqDl fnYyh
1989 bZ-]i`-36
19 Ekgf”kZ n;kuUn ljLorh] lR;kFkZ izdk’k] vk;Z lkfgR; izpkj VªLV fnYyh & 6 1988 bZ-] i`-
+32A
20 jkek/kkjh flag fnudj] v/kZukjh’oj] mn;kpy] jk”Vª dfo fnudj iFk] jktsUnz uxj] iVuk&
800016] 1980 bZ-+
21 ogh] i- & 151
22 ogh] i- & 166
23 yks- cky xaxk/kj fryd ¼vuqoknd Jheku~ ek/kojko lxzs½] Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk jgL; vFkok
deZ;ksx ‘kkL=] fryd eafnj iwuk] 1984 bZ-+] i`-+ & 466
24 ogh] i- &466
25 ia- czg~e’kadj feJ ¼O;k[;kdkj½] ‘kqØuhfr ¼egf”kZ ‘kqØkpk;Z fojfpr½] pkS[kEck laLdr
lhfjt vkWfQl] okjk.klh&2 1968 bZ-] i`- &402
26 egkHkkjr mn~/kr laxeyky ikaMs;] uhfr’kkL= dk losZ{k.k] lsUVªy cqd fMiks bykgkckn]
1962 bZ-] i-&304
27 iafMr ds’ko iz- ’kekZ] ¼Vhdkdkj½] euqLefr ¼ Hkk”kk Vhdk lesr½] LVhe izsl] cEcbZ
laor&1986 f}- v/;k;] i- &58
28 MkW- nsojkt] Hkkjrh; laLdfr] mrj izns’k fgUnh laLFkku lfefr] iz;kx] y[kuÅ 1989 bZ-]
i`-& 45&46
29 ogh] i-&46
30 okpLifr xSjksyk] oSfnd lkfgR; vkSj laLdfr] pkS[kEck] laLdr izfr”Bku] fnYyh&110006]
1989 bZ-] i”B&334
31 Jh czg~e’kadj feJ] ¼O;k[;kdkj½] ‘kqØuhfr] i`- &125A
32 okpLifr xSjksyk] dkelw= ifj’khyu ¼okRL;k;u dr dkelw= dk izkekf.kd ‘kkL=h;
foospu½] laofrZdk izdk’ku dsjy okx dkWyksuh] bykgkckn] 1967 bZ- i`- &72
33 Jh nqxkZ izlkn ¼,u baxfy’k VªkUlys’ku vkWQ n lR;kFkZ izdk’k½] ykbV vkWQ VªqFk] n;kuUn
laLFkku osn efUnj] fnYyh&36 1983 bZ-] i`- &406
34 ogh] i- &407
35 th- Mh- fxfj] pkokZd “k”Bh] T;ksfr izdk’ku iVuk] 1980 bZ-] i- 101&102
36 Jh nqxkZ izlkn] ykbV vkWQ VqªFk] i-&411
37 Ekgf”kZ n;kuUn ljLorh] lR;kFkZ izdk’k] vk;Z lkfgR; izpkj VªLV fnYyh & 6 1988 bZ-] i`-
101
38 ogh] i- &161
39 jkek/kkjh flag fnudj] v/kZukjh’oj] i`- &68
40 ogh] i- &68
41 jksek jksyk ¼vuqoknd izQqYypUnz vks>k ^eqDr^½] egkRek xk¡/kh&thou vkSj n’kZu] yksd
Hkkjrh izdk’ku bykgkckn&1986 bZ-] i`- 24
42 lqfe=kuanu iar] ;qxok.kh] i- &46 m)r&mes’kpanz feJ] izxfroknh dkO; xzaFke] jkeckx
dkuiqj & 1966 bZ-] i`- &106
43 laxeyky ik.Ms; uhfr’kkL= dk losZ{k.k] i`- &419
44 Lokeh foosdkuan] izkP; vkSj ik’pkR;] jked”.k eB] ukxiqj] 1982 bZ-] i`- &6
45 fo”.kqiqjk.k] mn/kr egkRek vkuanLokeh] ljLorh] rÙoKku] vk;Z lkfgR; Hkou] fnYyh&6
1998 bZ-] izLrkouk i”B&23
46 euqLefr] mn~/kr] ogh i- &92
47 ogh] i- &91
48 ogh] i- &91
49 MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~ ¼vuqoknd Jh uUnfd’kksj xksfHky½ Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx&2] i- & 773&774
50 egsUnzukFk nqcs ¼,fllVsaV ,fMVj½] izKk] dk’kh fgUnw fo’ofo|ky;] Lo.kZ t;fUr fo’ks”kkad]
jk”Vªifr Hkou] u;h fnYyh&4] 18 fnlEcj 1965 bZ- i- &85
51 mn~/kr okpLifr xSjksyk] oSfnd lkfgR; vkSj laLdfr] i”B & 336
52 jfoUnzukFk VSxksj] n fjfytu vkWQ eSu] tktZ ,yu ,.M vufou fy-] E;qft;e LVªhV
yanu&1962 bZ-] i”B&143&144
53 ogh] i”B&154
54 yks- cky xaxk/kj fryd] Jh en~Hkxon~xhrk jgL; vFkok deZ;ksx ‘kkL= ¼vuqfnr½] i”B&65
55 MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~ gekjh] laLdfr ¼vuqfnr½] i”B&45
56 ogh] i- &21
57 egkHkkjr] d.kZ ioZ] 6959A mn~/kr yks +cky xaxk/kj fryd] ¼vuqfnr½] Jh en~Hkxon~xhrk
jgL; vFkok deZ;ksx ‘kkL=] i- &66&67
58 ogh] i”B&67
59 Lokeh foosdkuUn] O;kogkfjd thou esa osnkUr] Jh jked”.k vkJe ukxiqj] 1974] i`- &16
60 jkek/kkjh flag fnudj] laLdfr ds pkj v/;k;] mn;kpy] jk”Vª dfo fnudj iFk] jktsUnz
uxj] iVuk& 1990] bZ- i”V&598
61 ds- nkeksnju] ¼vuqoknd th- /kju½] Hkkjrh; fpUru ijEijk] i`-&466
62 Hkxoku Jh jtuh’k] xhrk n’kZu v/;k;&4&5] jtuh’k QkmaMs’ku izdk’ku] iVuk&1987 bZ-]
i`-& 359&60
63 mn/kr egkRek vkuanLokeh ljLorh] rÙoKku] i-&100
64 ogh] i”B&101
65 ,Q- MCyw- FkkWel] ckgZLiR; lw=e~ vFkkZr~ ckgZLiR; vFkZ‘kkL=e~ eksrh yky cukjlhnkl
ykgksj] 1921 bZ-] i-&32
66 Jh ‘;kekpj.k ik.Ms; ¼O;k[;kdkj½] iaprU= ¼Jh fo”.kq ‘kekZ fojfPr½] eksrhyky
cukjlhnkl] iVuk&4] i- &3
67 Jh jkgqy lkadR;k;u] esjh thou ;k=k] jktdey izdk’ku fnYyh&6 1967] i`- &435
68 egkRek vkuanLokeh ljLorh] rÙoKku] i`- &102
69 egkjkt ds- pksiM+k bafM;k n lpZ Qksj ikoj] ykook.kh ifCyf’kax gkml U;w fnYyh 1969 bZ-
] i`-& 323
70 ds- nkeksnju ¼vuqfnr½] Hkkjrh; fparu ijaijk] i”B&373
71 okeu f’kojke vkIVs] laLdr fganh dks’k] eksrh yky] cukjlh nkl] u;h fnYyhA 1969 bZ-]
i`-& 265
72 mn~/kr ts- ,u- efYyd] fgUnw uhfr’kkL=] i`- &86
73 ts- ,u- flUgk] , fgLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh oksY;we II, flUgk ifCyf’kax gkÅl
dydrk 1971 bZ- i”B 332
74 Lokeh foosdkuUn] izkP; vkSj ik’pkR;] jke d”.k eB ukxiqj] 1982 bZ-] i- &18
75 ogh] i-&18
76 Lokeh LokuUn ¼izdk’kd½] foosdkuan lkfgR;] izFke [k.M] v}Sr vkJe&5 fMgh ,.Vyh
jksM+] dydŸkk&14 1989 bZ-] i- &27
77 Jh vjfoan ¼vuqoknd] ‘;kelq.nj >qu>quokyk½] fnO; thou] Jh vjfoan lkslk;Vh]
ikaMspsjh&2 1970 bZ-] i”B&3
78 ogh] i-&3
79 MkW- lksgu jkt rkrsM] n tSu MkWDVªhu vkWQ deZ ,.M n lkbUl vkWQ tSusfVDl] i”B 14
v/;k; & 4
Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa deZ ,oa iqutZUe dh vo/kkj.kkpkokZd ds vfrfjDr vU; lHkh Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudksa ,oa fopkjdksa us deZ ,oa
iqutZUe lEcU/kh vo/kkj.kk dh iqf”V dh gSA pwafd Hkkjrh; n’kZu ds fy, osn gh vk/kkj
gS] blfy, mUgkssaus bl vo/kkj.kk dks Hkh oSfnd vo/kkj.kk ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gSA
“kMn’kZu ds lkFk&lkFk ckS) ,oa tSu n’kZu esa fo’okl djus okys fopkjdksa us Hkh fo’o
dh uSfrd O;oLFkk esa fo’okl O;Dr fd;k gSA lc esa erkUrj gS fdUrq lHkh vk/;kfRed
O;fDr gSaA budk v/;kfRed pfj= gSA blfy, bUgkssaus fo’o esa fpjUru uSfrd O;oLFkk
dk leFkZu fd;k gSA ik’pkR; nk’kZfud fofy;e tsEl us Hkh bl ckr dh iqf”V dh gSA
mUgksaus v/;kReokn dk vFkZ djrs gq, fy[kk gS& “Spiritualism means the
affirmation of an external moral order and letting loose of hope.” bl uSfrd
O;oLFkk dh nk’kZfud foospuk deZ fl)kUr ds :i esa gksrh gSA
deZ fl)kUr ds eqrkfcd deksZa dk ifj.kke fudyrk gh gSA ;kuh gesa vius
deksZsa dk Qy Hkksxuk gks iM+rk gSA ‘kqHk ;k mfpr deksZa ls lq[k ;k vkuUn vkSj vuqfpr
rFkk v’kqHk deksZa ds ifj.kkeLo:i nq%[k >syuk iM+rk gSA bl vYi vk;q esa O;fDr }kjk
lEikfnr lHkh deksZa dk Qy Hkksxuk laHko ugha gSA blds fy, O;fDr dks ckj&ckj tUe
ysuk iM+rk gS] rkfd og vius iwoZtUe esa fd;s x;s deksaZ dk Qy izkIr dj ldsA
ckj&ckj tUe ysuk gh iqutZUe gSA bl rjg iqutZUe dh lrk fl) gSA bl rjg
iwutZUe dk fl)kUr deZ&fl)kUr ls tqM+k gqvk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa
deZokn ds lkFk&lkFk iqutZUe dh vo/kkj.kk dk Hkh tksjnkj leFkZu fd;k x;k gSA
Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa eks{k dks ije iq:”kkFkZ dgk x;k gSA ;kuh eks{k dks thou
dk pje y{; cryk;k x;k gSA O;fDr vKkuo’k dqfRlr deZ dj cSBrs gSa vkSj
dqfRlr vFkok vuqfpr deksZa ds dkj.k O;fDr cU/ku xzLr gksrk gSA cU/kuxzLr O;fDr
dks ckj&ckj tUe ysuk iM+rk gS vkSj fQj eR;q dks izkIr djrk gSA tUe&ej.k ds
pDdj esa Qaluk nq%[k dk dkj.k gSA nq%[kksa ds iw.kZ fouk’k ls vkuUn dh izkfIr gksrh gS
vkSj mlh ds fy, lHkh fpfUrr gSaA tUe&ej.k ds pDdj ls eqDr gksuk gh eks{k
dgykrk gSA nwljs ‘kCnksa esa iqutZUe ls futkr ikuk gh eks{k gSA
bl rjg ge ns[krs gSa fd eks{k dh lkFkZdrk fl) djus ds fy, iqutZUe esa
vkLFkk j[kuk vko’;d gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd osnksa] mifu”knksa] Lefr;ksa] iqjk.kksa] vkSj
jkek;.k ,oa Hkxon~xhrk esa eks{k lEcU/kh vo/kkj.kk ds lkFk&lkFk iqutZUe dh vo/kkj.kk
dh fo’kn~ foospuk dh xbZ gSA pkokZd ,oa muds leFkZdksa dks NksM+dj lHkh Hkkjrh;
nk’kZfudkssa us vius&vius <ax ls iqutZUe lEcU/kh vo/kkj.kk dh lEiqf”V dh gSA
eks{k vkSj iqutZUe lEcU/kh vo/kkj.kk ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa us deZ
,oa deZ&Qy lEcU/kh vo/kkj.kk dk Hkh leFkZu fd;k gSA budk dguk gS fd tks
O;fDr tSlk deZ djrk gS og oSlk gh Qy izkIr djrk gSA tks LFkku HkkSfrd txr~ esa
dk;Z&dkj.k fu;e dk gS] ogh LFkku uSfrd txr~ esa deZ fl)kUr dk gSA ftl izdkj
HkkSfrd lalkj dh O;oLFkk dh O;k[;k dk;Z dkj.k fu;e ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gS
Bhd mlh rjg uSfrd txr~ dh O;k[;k ds fy, deZ&fl)kUr dh lgk;rk ysuh iM+rh
gSA
fofHkUu euq”;ksa esa tks vUrj nf”Vxr gksrk gS mldk dkj.k vkSj ml dkj.k
dh O;k[;k deZ&fl)kUr dh lgk;rk ls gh lEHko gks ikrh gSA O;fDr dk orZeku
thou mlds foxr dekZsa dk gh ifj.kke gS vkSj mldk Hkkoh thou orZeku thou ds
deksZa dk Qy dgk tk ldrk gSA tks O;fDr bl thou esa lq[kh ,oa lEiUu utj vkrs
gSa] os fu’p; gh iwoZ thou esa mfpr ;k ‘kqHk dk;Z fd;s gq, gSaA blh rjg tks nq%[kh
thou O;rhr dj jgs gSa ;k nfjnzrk dh HkV~Bh esa ty jgs gSa os fuf’pr gh foxr
thou esa vuqfpr deZ fd;s gq, gSaA lcus Lohdkj fd;k gS fd O;fDr viuk
HkkX;fo/kkrk Lo;a gSA orZeku thou esa vPNs ;k ‘kqHk deksZa dh cnkSyr og Hkkoh thou
dh lqUnj ,oa etcwr bekjr [kM+h dj ldrk gSA ;tqosZn Hkk”kk Hkk”; ds f}rh; v/;k;
esa Bhd gh cryk;k x;k gS] fd “vXus czrkrs czrepkfj=rn’kda rUes·jk/khjeg
;M,ok·fLe lks·fLeA”1
osnksa ls ysdj vkt rd ds lHkh Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa us deZ&fl)kUr dk leFkZu
fd;k gS] ;gh dkj.k gS fd buds reke /kkfeZd xzUFkksa esa bldh ppkZ ,oa lEiqf”V ikrs
gSaA oSfnd _f”k;ksa us fo’o dh uSfrd O;oLFkk esa vVwV vkLFkk O;Dr dh gSA osnksa dk
^_r^ ‘kCn blh vkLFkk ,oa O;oLFkk dk |ksrd gSA Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh us fy[kk gS
fd “euq”; dks ;gh fu’p; djuk pkfg;s fd eSa vc tSlk deZ djrk g¡w oSlk gh
ijes’oj dh O;oLFkk ls Qy Hkksxrk g¡w vkSj Hkksxw¡xkA vc lq[k Hkksxus ds fy, /keZ;qDr
deZ gh djuk pkfg;s fd ftlls dHkh nq%[k ugha gksA”2 vr% _r vkLFkk ,oa O;oLFkk
dk |ksrd gSA MkW. jk/kkd”.ku~ us _r dk vFkZ djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd “og fu;eftldk o:.k vfHkj{kd gS] _r dgykrk gSA _r dk ‘kCnkFkZ gS] oLrqvksa dh
dk;Zfof/kA _r ls rkRi;Z lk/kkj.kr% lc izdkj ds fu;eksa ls gS vkSj U;k; ds
loZO;kihHkko dk Hkh |ksrd gSA bl Hkko dk lq>ko izkjEHk esa lw;Z] pUnz vkSj u{k=x.k
dh fu;fer xfr;ksa ,oa fnu vkSj fu;fer ifjorZuksa ls ,oa _rqvksa ds fu;fer Øe ds
dkj.k gqvk gksxkA _r ls rkRi;Z fo’o dh O;oLFkk ls Hkh gSA bl fo’o ds izR;sd
inkFkZ esa tks O;oLFkk ikbZ tkrh gS og _r ds gh dkj.k gSA ;g ogh fu;e gS ftls
IysVks us O;kid fu;eksa ds uke ls iqdkjk gSA n’;eku~ txr~ mlh _r dh Nk;kek=
gS] tks fd ,d fLFkjrk gS tks lc izdkj ds mFky&iqFky ,oa ifjorZu dh izfØ;kvksa esa
vifjofrZr jgrh gSA
leLr fo’o&czg~ek.M _r ij vkfJr gS vkSj blh ds vUnj jgdj xfr
djrk gSA vr% deZ fl)kUr dh O;kidrk leLr lalkj esa ikbZ tkrh gSA euq”; rks D;k
nsork Hkh blds cU/ku ls eqDr ugha gSA ;fn lalkj esa dksbZ fu;e gS rks og vo’; gh
viuk izHkko MkysxkA ;fn deZ dk Qy fdlh dkj.ko’k bl lalkj esa ugha feyk rks
og vU;= feysxk gh og viuk Qy iznku fd;s fcuk ugha jg ldrk gSA tgk¡ fu;e
^_r^ gS ogka vU;k; rFkk mPNa[kyrk dsoy lkef;d ckr gh ekuh tk ldrh gSA
oLrqr% Hkkjrh; fopkj/kkjk esa deZ&fl)kUr dh tks fo’ks”krk nh[k iM+rh gS] mldk
vk/kkj ;gh ^_r^ gSA4
mifu”kn~ dks osn dk Kku dk.M Hkkx ekuk tkrk gSA blesa (mifu”kn~ esa) bl
^_r^ dks deZokn dh laKk nh xbZ gSA uS;kf;dksa ,oa oS’ksf”kdksa us bls (deZ fl)kUr)
vn”V vFkok viwoZ ds uke ls lEcksf/kr fd;k gSA vn”V Lo;a vpsru gksus ds dkj.k
O;fDr dks muds deksZa ds fy, n.M ;k iqjLdkj nsus esa leFkZ ugha gSA blfy, bZ’oj
dh vko’;drk gSA vn”V dk lapkyu bZ’oj gh djrk gSA bZ’oj ds fu;a=.k esa jgdj
vn”V thoksa esa dekZuqlkj lq[k&nq[k dk c¡Vokjk djrk gSA blhfy, egf”kZ xkSre us
cryk;k gS fd “bZ’ojdkj.kaiq:”kdekZQY;n’kZukr~A” (U;k; lw=) ehekldksa dk dguk gS
fd deZ&fl)kUr Lopkfyr ,oa LorU= gSA bl ij bZ’oj ds fu;a=.k dk iz’u gh ugha
mBrk gSA tSfu;ksaa dh nf”V esa deZ gh cU/ku dk dkj.k gSA deZ gh vkRek dks ‘kjhj ls
tksM+rk gSA lh.Mh. ‘kekZ ds ‘kCnksa esa “Karma is the link which unites the soul to
the body. Ignorance of truth and four passions-anger, greed, pride and
delusion which are called Kasaya or sticky substances where karmic
particles stick, attract the flow of the karmic matter towards the soul.”5 vr%
tho vkSj deZ ds la;ksx dks gh cU/ku dgk tkrk gSA tSfu;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd deZ
iqn~xy (tM+ inkFkZ) dk lw{e :i gSA tho vius dekZsa ,oa laLdkjksa ds dkj.k ‘kjhj
/kkj.k djrk gS vkSj oklukvksa dk f’kdkj gksrk gSA budh nf”V esa ‘kjhj nks rjg ds
gksrs gSa& LFkwy vkSj lw{e ‘kjhjA vr% ‘kjhj dk vFkZ dsoy LFkwy ‘kjhj ugha cfYd
bfUnz;] eu ,oa izk.k Hkh gksrk gS] D;ksafd ckg~; bafnz;k¡] eu ,oa izk.k Hkh blh ds vUrxZr
vkrs gSaA O;fDr dk fdlh fo’ks”k ifjokj] oa’k ;k lEiznk; esa tUe ysuk mlds iwoZ dekZsa
,oa laLdkjksa ij fuHkZj gSA tSfu;ksa dh nf”V esa deZ Hkh vusd izdkj ds gksrs gSaA Kku
vkSj n’kZu ds fo”k; esa fd;s x;s iznks”k] fug~uo] ekRl;Z] vUrjk; vklknu ,oa mi?kkr
;s Kkukoj.k deZ vkSj n’kZukoj.k deZ ds vklzo gSaA fut vkRek esa] nwljh vkRek esa ;k
mHk; vkRekvksa esa fLFkr nq%[k] ‘kksd] rki] vkØUnu] o/k vkSj ifjnsou ;s vklzo osnuh;
deZ ds vklzo gSaA d”kk; ds mn; ls gksus okyk vkRek dk rhoz ifj.kke pfj=] eksguh;
deZ dk vklzo gSA6 xks= deZ O;fDr dk xks= fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA vk;q deZ vk;q dks
fuf’pr djrk gSA blh rjg vkSj dbZ rjg ds dekZsa dh foospuk tSu ‘kkL=ksa esa dh xbZ
gSA fdUrq vkB izdkj ds dekZsa dh /kkj.kk vf/kdka’k tSfu;ksa dks ekU; gSA MkW- ,e- vkj-
xsyM+k ¼laLFkkid dqyifr] ts-oh-ch-vkbZ- ykMuwa½ us deZ vkSj deZokn dks ¼tSfu;ks ds
fy;s½ lewps tSu n’kZu dh jh<+ cryk;k gSA mUgh ds ‘kCnksa esa “According to
Jainism, the principle of Karma, called karmavada, is the backbone intire of
the Jain philosophy.” Karmas are the blueprint of one’s past deeds on which
the edifics of present can be constructed on the future couse can be charted.
vFkkZr~ deZ ds dkj.k gh euq”; v?kksyksd pyk tkrk gSA ,ykpk;Z mik/;k;
duduUnhth us fo’o foKku jgL; uked iqLrd esa Bhd gh fy[kk gS& tgk¡ iq.; vkSj
iki ds Qy lq[k&nq%[k :i esa fn[kkbZ nssrs gSa og yksd gSA----- Kkukoj.k] n’kZukoj.k
eksguh; vUrjky] osnuh;] vk;q deZ] uke deZ] xks= deZ dh vis{kk yksd ds vkB Hksn
gSaA deZ ds dkj.k gh euq”; Åij ;k uhps vkrs&tkrs jgrs gSaA
ckS)n’kZu esa deZ&fl)kUr dh LFkkiuk izrhR;leqRikn ds }kjk dh xbZ gSA
blds vuqlkj orZeku thou foxr thou dk ifj.kke gS vkSj orZeku thou dh
vk/kkjf’kyk ij Hkkoh thou dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA bl lEcU/k esa MkW. jk/kkd”.ku~ us Bhd
gh fy[kk gS ^^ckS) /keZ ds vuqlkj deZ ,d ;kfU=d fl)kUr ugha gS oju~ Lo:i esa
bfUnz; gSA vkRek c<+rh gS vkSj foLrr gksrh gSA ;gk¡ vkRek ugha gS vfirq ,d fodflr
gksrh gqbZ psruk gS] tks voLFkkvksa dh J`a[kyk esa foLrr gks ldrh gSA ;|fi orZeku
dky dk fu.kZ; Hkwrdky ls gksrk gS Hkfo”; fQj Hkh gekjs vkxs pquko ds {ks= ds :i esa
[kqyk gS] ftls ge LosPNk dh izsj.kk ds Åij fuHkZj dj ldrs gSa vkSj Hkwrdky }kjk
orZeku dk fu.kZ; Hkh dsoy ;kfU=d ugha gSA deZ fo/kku gesa crykrk gS fd Hkwrdky
vkSj orZeku ds e/; esa rkjrE; gS vkSj ;g fd orZeku dky Hkwrdky ds lkFk
vuqdwyrk j[krk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g ugha fd orZeku dky Hkwrdky dh gh lEHko
mit gSA”7 budh nf”V esa fuR; dqN Hkh ugha gS] tks n’kZu fuR; dkj.k vkSj vkRek dh
ckr djrk gS og feF;k gSA The interests of religion and metaphysics are
therefore safe in the keeping of this doctrine of universal flux and the theory
of permanent cause and permanent self is only a false guardian and a false
philosophy”7A vaxqrj fudk; uked xzUFk esa Hkh cryk;k x;k gS fd 7B ;fn dksbZ
euq”; ,slk dgrk gS fd euq”; dks vius dekZsa ds vuqdwy gh iqjLdkj feyrk gS rks
ml voLFkk esa /kkfeZd thou dh lEHkkouk gS vkSj nq%[k ds loZFkk fouk’k dk Hkh volj
izkIr gks ldrk gSA”8 deZ fo/kku dh ;kfU=d feF;k O;k[;k dk uhfr’kkL= ,oa /keZ ds
lkFk fojks/k gS] ;FkkFkZ O;k[;k dk ughaA9
bl leL;k esa lkjh dfBukbZ;ka cq) ds nf”Vdks.k ds euksfoKku ;qDr vkSj
rdZlEer gksus ds dkj.k gSaA xEHkhjrk iwoZd fopkj djus ij Li”V gks tkrk gS fd
ckS)/keZ dk fojks/k dsoy vfu;frokn ds bl voSKkfud er ds lkFk gS tks ;g dgrk
gS fd euq”; ds dk;Z mlds mn~ns’;ksa ls gh lapkfyr ugha gksrs vkSj ftlds vuqlkj
Lora= bPNk’kfDr ,d ,slh vifjfer ‘kfDr gS tks fdlh u fdlh izdkj ls eu ds
lqO;ofLFkr dk;Z lEiknu esa ck/kk nsrh gSA njvly bl lalkj esa ;kfU=d fo/kku ls
Hkh mij dqN gS] ;|fi O;fDrxr fopkjksa ,oa bPNkvksa dk ,d lEiw.kZ izkdfrd bfrgkl
Hkh gSA10
ckS)ksa ds vuqlkj nks rjg ds deZ gSa & izFke izdkj ds os deZ gSa tks LokFkZ]
okluk] eksg] Hkksx] bZ”;kZ] }s”k vkfn ds o’khHkwr gksdj fd;s tkrs gSaA ;s deZ O;fDr dks
cU/ku esa Mkyrs gSaA f}rh; izdkj ds deZ os gSa tks fu%LokFkZ Hkko ls yksd dY;k.k dh
Hkkouk ls fd;s tkrs gSaA ;s fu”dke deZ O;fDr dks cU/ku esa ugha Mkyrs gSaA fou;
fiVd esa bu dekZsa ,oa uhfr;ksa dh lqUnj foospuk feyrh gSA buds lEcU/k esa fy[kk
x;k gS fd “Great minds make individual contribution of permanent value to
the thought of their age, but they do not and can not altogether transcend the
age in which they live.”
ckS)ksa dk dguk gS fd ftl izdkj ,d nhid ls nwljk nhid ty mBrk gS
mlh izdkj ,d thou&T;ksfr ls nwljh thou&T;ksfr ty mBrh gSA ,d thou dk
vfUre lk¡l nwljs thou dh izkjfEHkd lk¡l cu tkrh gSA
ckS)ksa dh rjg tSfu;ksa us Hkh iqutZUe ,oa deZ&fl)kUr dk leFkZu fd;k gSA
tSfu;ksa ds vuqlkj euq”; vius deksaZ ds eqrkfcd gh fdlh ;ksfu&fo’ks”k esa tUe ysrk
gSA euq”; vius deksaZ ds vk/kkj ij gh iqu% euq”;] i’kq] dhV&irax ;k isM+&ikS/kksa vkfn
dh ;ksfu esa tUe ys ldrk gSA MkW- lksgu jkt rkrsM us Bhd gh fy[kk gS&
“Obviously, atoms of Karmarira are the subtlest of all.”
tgk¡ rd Hkkjrh; n’kZu ds vUrZxr ehekalk n’kZu dk iz’u gS] blesa vU;
n’kZuksa dh vis{kk deZ&fl)kUr ij vf/kd tksj fn;k x;k gSA blhfy, bls osnksa dk
deZdk.M Hkkx Hkh dgk tkrk gSA tSlk fd igys Hkh ladsr fd;k tk pqdk gS fd osn
ds nks Hkkx gS & eU= vkSj czkg~e.k HkkxA czkg~e.k xzUFkksa ds vUrxZr ;Kkfn deZ dk.M
gS vkSj nwljk vkj.;d vFkok mifu”kn~ Kku dk.M gSA Jh. ,e. jaxkpk;Z us Hkh fy[kk
gS fd “In keeping with the division of the revealed scripture of the Hindus
into the karmakanda and the Jnanakanda there are two systems of
philosophical enquiry known as the Karmamimansa and the
Brahmmimansa.10A
ehekalk dk eq[; mn~ns’; oSfnd deZ dk.M dh iqf”V djuk gSA blfy, bls
osn dk czkg~e.k Hkkx dgk tk ldrk gSA11 mlesa deZ dk.M (oSfnd izfd;kvksa) dks
bruk vf/kd egRo fn;k x;k gS fd nsorkvksa dk LFkku xkS.k gks x;k gSA12 ehekaldksa ds
fy, drO;Zrk dk ewy lzksr ,d ek= vikS:”ks; osn&okD; gS tks fu”dke deZ djus ds
fy, vkns’k nsrk gSA13 lEHkor% dkUV us blh ls lh[k ysdj cryk;k gS fd dÙkZO;
ikyu blfy, ugha djuk pkfg, fd mlls gekjk midkj gksxk cfYd blfy;s fd
drZO; ikyu djuk gekjk /keZ gSA vc iz’u mBrk gS fd ehekaldksa dh nf”V esa deZ
D;k gS\ _fRod vkSj ;teku ds O;kikj dk uke deZ gSA Jh ‘kadjkpk;Z us Hkh cryk;k
gS fd “_fRod vkSj ;teku ds O;kikj dk uke deZ gS vkSj ml deZ ls ftldh
mRifRr gksrh gS og viwoZ:i ;K deZ ls mRiUu gksrk gSA14 oSfnd vkKk,¡ /keZ ds O;kSjksa
dk izfriknu djrh gSaA ;fn ge mu vkKkvksa dk ikyu ugha djrs rks dsoy ;gh ugha
fd ge vius lq[k ls oafpr gksrs gaS] cfYd nq%[k Hkksxrs gSaA budh n`f”V esa vuqfpr deZ
gh cU/ku dk dkj.k gSA mfpr deZ ls eks{k dh izkfIr gksrh gS vkSj vuqfpr deZ cU/ku
dk tky fcNkrs gSaA ehekalk n’kZu ds vuqlkj mfpr deZ og gS tks osnksa ds fu;eksa ds
vuqdwy gksaA euqLefr esa Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh xbZ gSA ehekalk n’kZu dks
iwoZehekalk Hkh dgk x;k gSA bls bZ’ojh; Kku Hkh dgk x;k gSSSA MkW. jk/kkd”.ku~ ds
‘kCnksa esa “iwoZehekalk }kjk izfrikfnr uhfr’kkL= bZ’ojh; Kku ij vk/kkfjr gSA oSfnd
vkKk,¡ /keZ ds C;kSjksa dk izfriknu djrh gSaA ehekald ds vuqlkj lRdeZ og gS tks
osnfofgr vFkok osnkuqdwy gSaA ,d fgUnw dk thou oSfnd fu;eksa ls ‘kkflr gS] vkSj
blfy, fgUnw fo/kku dh O;k[;k ds fy, ehekalk ds fu;e cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA”15
ehekaldksa dk dguk gS fd osn fØ;kFkZd gS vkSj tks fØ;kFkZd ugha gS mls fujFkZd
ekuuk pkfg,A ‘kkL= dh ;g fo’ks”krk gS fd og izofr ;k fuofr ekxZ dk mins’k djs]
osnksa dk vfHkizk; euq”;ksa dks muds dÙkZO;ksa dh f’k{kk nsuk gSA blh f’k{kk dks /keksaZins’k
dgk tkrk gSA bl lEcU/k esa MkW. nsojkt us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “ehekaldksa ,oa euq
ds vuqlkj Hkh tks O;fDr _f”k;ksa] nsorkvksa rFkk firjksa ds _.kksa dk ifj’kks/ku fd;s
fcuk gh eks{k dh bPNk djrk gS og v/kksxfr dks izkIr gksrk gSA”16 blfy;s ik¡p izdkj
ds _.kksa dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA bu _.kksa ls futkr ikus ds i’pkr~ gh eqfDr
feyrh gSA
Jhen~Hkkxon~xhrk jgL; vFkok deZ;ksx’kkL= esa dgk x;k gS fd ^^ehekaldksa
dh nf”V ls leLr deksZa ds fuR;] uSfefrd] dkE; vkSj fuf”k) ,sls pkj Hksn gksrs gSaA
buesa ls fuR; deksZa dks u djus ls iki yxrk gS vkSj deZ rHkh djuk iM+rk gS tc
muds fy, dksbZ fo’ks”k ¼lU/;k vkfn½ uSfefrd fufeŸk mifLFkr gksA blfy;s ehekaldksa
dk dguk gS fd bu nksuksa deksZas dks djuk gh pkfg,A ckdh jgs fuf”k) vkSj dkE;
deZA buesa ls fuf”k) deZ djus ls iki yxrk gS vkSj dkE; deksZa dks djus ls muds
Qyksa dks Hkksxus ds fy, fQj tUe ysuk iM+rk gSA blfy, mUgsa Hkh ugha djuk
pkfg,A** vFkkZr~ osn O;kl dh utj esa fuR; deksZa ds lkFk&lkFk ;K] nku vkfn dk
ifjR;kx ugha djuk pkfg;sA pSfjVh vkSj fiukUl dks ckS)ksa vkSj tSfu;ksa us Hkh djrs
jgus dh lykg nh gS] D;ksafd og O;fDr dks ifo= cukrk gSA
osnkUr dk dguk gS fd Jqfr vkRe Lo:i gSA blfy, og blh dk cks/k
djkrh gSa ehekaldksa dk dguk gS fd ;g osnkfUr;ksa dh Hkwy gSA osnkfUr;ksa dh nf”V esa
Jqfr vUr esa deZ R;kx dh f’k{kk nsrh gSA ehekaldksa dh nf”V esa Jqfr dk rkRi;Z deZ
R;kx ugha cfYd izofr ekxZ dk mins’k nsuk gSA osnkUr ds izpkj ds iwoZ de ls de
fgUnqvksa esa ehekaldksa dk ;g fl)kUr loZekU; lk Fkk fd izR;sd euq”; dks czg~ep;Z
rFkk xgLFk vkJeksa ds ckn gh okuizLFk rFkk laU;kl dh fLFkfr;ksa esa izos’k djuk
pkfg,A”17 budk ;g Hkh ekuuk gS fd Jqfr ls ;g vk’kk ugha j[kuh pkfg, fd og
vkRek vkSj ijekRek dk Lo:i le>k;sA vkRek D;k gS\ bldk mRrj nsuk Jqfr dk
dke ugha gSA vkRek dks ysdj D;k djuk pkfg, ;g Jqfr dk fo”k; gks ldrk gSA
blhfy, cryk;k x;k gS fd “vkRek oS vjs JksrO;ksearO;ksa fufn/;kflrO;%A” vFkkZr~
vkRek ds fo”k; esa lquuk pkfg,A mlh dk euu vkSj mikluk djuh pkfg,A
HkkLdjkpk;Z us Hkh ekuk gS fd /keZ Kku dk ,d vko’;d vax gS ftldk ifj.kke eks{k
gSA os jkekuqt (fof’k”Vk}Srokn dk izorZd) ds er dks Lohdkj djrs gSa vkSj muds er
dks gh vius <ax ls izLrqr djrs gSaA vFkok bls vf/kd lgh :i esa Kku&deZ&leqPp;
vFkok deZ Kku dk la;ksx dguk pkfg,A jkekuqt dk izHkko fgUnw /keZ ds ijorhZa
bfrgkl esa cjkcj ik;k tkrk gSA ek?kokpk;Z] oYyHkkpk;Z] pSrU;] jkekuUn] dchj vkSj
ukud }kjk izpkfjr /kkfeZd vkUnksyu rFkk caxky dk czg~e /keZ vFkok czã lekt dk
lq/kkjoknh laxBu jkekuqt ds bZ’ojoknh vkn’kZokn ds cgqr dqN _.kh gSA17 xksLokeh
rqylhnkl us rks tu&tu rd bu ekU;rk dks igq¡pk fn;k gS vkSj vkt rd tks dqN
jkekuqt dh ekU;rk,¡ lqjf{kr cph gqbZ gSa vkSj vkxs Hkh izsj.kk nsrh jgsxh og xksLokeh
rqylhnkl vkSj lwjnkl ds dkj.k gh gSA ehjk us Hkh jkekuqt dh ijaijk dk gh fuokZg
dh gSA tgk¡ rd ehekaldks dk iz’u gS] og ckn esa pydj nks Hkkxksa esa caV x;sA ,d
er dk izfrfuf/kRo izHkkdj us fd;k vkSj nwljs dk dqekfjy HkV~V us fd;k gSA dqekfjy
ds vuqlkj /keZ v/keZ fØ;kvksa ds uke gaSA ;kfKd vuq”Bku /keZ gS vkSj fgalkfn deZ
v/keZ gSA ;g U;k;&oS’ksf”kd n’kZu dks Hkh ekU; gSA Jh lqjs’ojkpk;Z us ehekalk n’kZu
dh eks{k izfd;k dh foospuk djrs gq, cryk;k gS fd dkE; vkSj fuf”k) deksaZ dk R;kx
dj nsus ls vkSj fuR;] uSfefrd deksZa dk vuq”Bku djrs jgus ls eqfDr ykHk gksrk gSA
fookg]tUe] eR;q vkfn ds le; tks deZ fd;s tkrs gSa os uSfefrd deZ dgykrs gSaA
ch.ds. yky ds ‘kCnksa esa “dqN ,sls deZ gksrs gSa ftUgsa fo’ks”k voljksa ij fd;k tkrk gS]
tSls fookg] tUe] eR;q vkfn ds le; dqN deZ fd;s tkrs gSa& bUgsa uSfefrd deZ dgk
tkrk gSA”18 bls dHkh ugha NksM+uk pkfg,A Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh us ;tqosZn Hkk”kk
Hkk”; esa Hkh cryk;k gS fd “/keZ esa izofr] v/keZ ls fuofr] fØ;k&dq’kyrk dh flf)
vkSj ;K fØ;k ds vuq”Bku vkfn djus esa lnk izor jgksA” ;K ds djus ls ok;q vkSj
of”Vty dh ‘kqf) }kjk lalkj esa vR;Ur lq[k fl) gksrk gSA20 blfy, bls djrs jguk
pkfg,A bruk gh ugha cfYd vius vki ls of) dks izkIr gq, ge yksx vPNs dkeksZa dks
djds rFkk vkSjksa ls vPNs dke djkds lc izkf.k;ksa dk lq[k vkSj fo|k dh mUufr fuR;
djsaA21
lkeosn esa Hkh cryk;k x;k gS fd “dY;k.kdkjh ;Kksa dk Lokeh lcdks
clkus okyk rFkk vR;Ur iz’kaluh; gSA20 dkE; deksaZ dk Qy LoxZ izkfIr vkfn gS]
ftlls eks{kkFkhZ dks cpuk pkfg,A fuf”k) deksaZ ls v|ksxfr feyrh gS blfy, os loZFkk
R;kT; gh gSA fuR;] uSfefrd deksZa dk dksbZ fo’ks”k Qy ugha gS] muls dsoy nks”k nwj
gksrs gSa blfy, mUgsa djrs jguk pkfg,A22 MkW.jk/kkd”.ku~ ds ‘kCnksa esa “eks{k dh izkfIr
ds fy, gesa lU/;k bR;kfn fuR; deksaZ dk ikyu djuk pkfg, vkSj mfpr volj ij
uSfefrd deksaZ dk ikyu djuk pkfg,A ;s fcuk fdlh izfrcU/k ds drZO; gaSA ;fn bUgsa
ge iw.kZ ugha djrs rks gesa iki yxrk gSA23 vr% uSfefrd deksZs dk ikyu bl lalkj esa
,d vfuok;Z ‘krZ gSA yksdekU; ckyxaxk/kj fryd us buds iwoZ ¼MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~ ds½ Hkh
bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA
ehekaldksa dh nf”V esa uSfefrd deZ izfrcU/k jfgr drZO; dgykrs gSaA
blfy, bu drZO; deksZa dk ikyu djrs jguk pkfg, vkSj blh ls eks{k ykHk gksxkA
blds vfrfjDr ehekaldksa us fuR;] dkE;] fuf”k)] izk;f’pr deZ bR;kfn dbZ rjg ds
deksZa dks ekU;rk iznku dh gSA ehekaldksa ds vuqlkj eks{k ds fy, Kku i;kZIr ugha gSA
mudk fo’okl gS fd Kku;qDr deZ ls eks{k dh izkfIr gks ldrh gSA24 ehekalk n’kZu
ekuoh; Lora=rk dks ekurk gS] vU;Fkk euq”; dks vius deksaZ ds fy, mÙkjnk;h ugha
Bgjk;k tk ldrkA deZ fo/kku dk rkRi;Z ;fn Bhd le> fy;k tk; rks ekuoh;
Lora=rk ds lkFk bldh vlaxfr ugha gSA25
Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa eq[; :i ls nks rjg ds deZ ekus x;s gSa& vukjC/k vkSj
izkjC/k deZA vukjC/k deZ mls dgrs gSa ftldk vHkh feyuk vkjEHk ugha gqvk gksA
vukjC/k deZ Hkh nks rjg ds gksrs gSa& lafpr deZ vkSj fØ;eku~ vFkok lafp;eku deZA
foxr thou esa fd;s x;s deksaZ dks lafpr deZ dgk tkrk gSA vkSj orZeku thou esa
fd;s tk jgs deZ fØ;eku~ ;k lafp;eku deZ dgykrs gSaA izkjC/k deZ dk eryc og
vkjC/k deZ gksrk gS ftldk Qy feyuk vkjEHk gks pqdk gSA bu deksaZ ds QyLo:i
O;fDr dks ‘kjhj ,oa vU; oLrq;sa izkIr gksus yxrh gSA blds ifj.kke Hkksx ysus ds
i’pkr~ gh O;fDr dks eqfDr fey ldrh gSA
mi;qZDr foospuk ls Li”V gks tkrk gS fd ehekaldksa dh nf”V esa fuR;]
uSfefrd ,oa fu”dke deZ ls O;fDr cU/ku esa ugha iM+rs gSa blfy, bldk R;kx ugha
gksuk pkfg,A
vc Li”V gS fd iwoZtUe ds laLdkj ds QyLo:i euq”; cU/ku esa iM+rk gSA
iwtk] gou] jhfr&fjokt vkfn dk ikyu djus ls iwoZ laLdkj u”V gks tkrs gSa] vkRek
fQj iqutZUe ;k tUe ej.k ds pDdj esa ugha iM+rh gSA
tgk¡ rd ehekaldksa ds iqutZUe vFkok deZ&fl)kUr ds vkSfpR; ,oa vukSfpR;
dk iz’u gS] blds lEcU/k esa MkW. jk/kkd”.ku~ us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd ^^osnkUr ;kfU=d
fØ;kdyki (deZdk.M) dk fojks/k mlh Hkkouk dks ysdj djrk gS ftl Hkkouk ls
bZlkelhg us ikfi;ksa dk fojks/k fd;k vkSj ywFkj us deksZa }kjk vkSfpR; fu.kZ; ds
fl)kUr dk fojks/k fd;kA ge pkgs fdrus gh ;K D;ksa u djsa] fQj Hkh gks ldrk gS fd
os vkUrfjd Hkkouk esa dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu u yk ldsA ;fn iq.; vFkok /keZ ls rkRi;Z
uSfrd lq/kkj vFkok lw{e ifjorZu ls gS rks deZ dk.M lEcU/kh ;K ugha cfYd LokFkZ
R;kx vko’;d gSA26 blhfy;s fu”dke deZ djus dh ckr crykbZ xbZ gSA
Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk esa bldh ¼fu”dke deZ dh½ fo’kn~ foospuk dh xbZ gSA
osnkUr er bl ‘kCn dk ;kSfxd vFkZ&osn dk vUr gSA ;g osn ds vfUre
v/;k;ksa esa izfrikfnr fd;k x;k fl)kUr gSA MkW. jk/kkd”.ku~ ds ‘kCnksa esa “^osnkUr^ ‘kCn
dk ;kSfxd vFkZ gS& osn dk vUr] vFkok os fl)kUr tks osnksa ds vfUre v/;k;ksa esa
izfrikfnr fd, x, gSa vkSj os gh mifu”knsa gSaA mifu”knksa ds fopkj Hkh ogh gSa tks osn
dk vfUre y{; vFkok osnksa dk lkj gSA osnkUrlw= dk nwljk uke czg~elw= Hkh gS]
D;ksafd ;g czg~e&lEcU/kh fl)kUr dh O;k[;k gS vkSj ‘kkjhfjd lw= Hkh blh dk ,d
vU; uke gS] blhfy, ;g fu:ikf/kd vkRek dh vfHkO;fDr ds fo”k; esa izfriknu
djrk gSA”27 fdUrq ;gk¡ Hkh iqutZUe ds fopkj nf”Vxr gksrs gaSA ;kuh mifu”knksa esa Hkh
cryk;k gS fd tc ‘kjhj {kh.k gks tkrk gS rks vkRek mls NksM+dj uohu ‘kjhj /kkj.k
dj ysrh gSA ,d txg iqutZUe dh O;k[;k miek dh lgk;rk ls dh xbZ gS& vUu dh
rjg Hkze.k’khy izk.ksa mRiUu gksrs gSa vkSj mlh rjg feV~Vh esa fey tkrs gSa] fQj mRiUu
gksrs gSa (‘like corn the mortal grows, like corn it is born again’)A ognkj.;d
mifu”kn~ esa cryk;k x;k gS fd “eR;q ds ckn euq”; dh jks’kuh (vka[k dh) lw;Z esa]
lk¡l ok;q esa] ok.kh vfXu esa] eu pUnzek esa] ‘kCn fn’kkvksa esa] ‘kjhj iFoh esa] tho
vkdk’k esa] ds’k ikS/kkas vkSj o{kksa esa vkSj jDr ty esa pyk tkrk gSA”
vc iz’u mBrk gS fd O;fDr dk fQj jg D;k tkrk gS\ mifu”knksa dh nf”V
eas jg tkrk gS mldk deZA ‘kqHk deZ ls og ‘kqHk vkSj v’kqHk deZ ls v’kqHk Qy Hkksxrk
gSA ;gk¡ ;g Hkh cryk;k x;k gS fd O;fDr dekZuqlkj gh ;ksfu xzg.k djrk gSA ;g
dksbZ vko’;d ugha gS fd og iqu% euq”; ;ksfu esa gh tUe ysA yksdeku~ cky xaxk/kj
fryd ds ‘kCnksa esa ^^xhrk esa] osnkUr lw=ksa esa vkSj mufu”knksa esa Li”V dgk gS] fd ;g
deZ fyax ‘kjhj ds vkJe vFkkZr~ vk/kkj ls jgk djrk gS] vkSj tc vkRek LFkwy nsg
NksM+dj tkus yxrk gS] rc ;g deZ Hkh fyax&’kjhj }kjk mlds lkFk tkdj mldks
ckj&ckj fHkUu&fHkUu tUe ysus ds fy, ck/; djrk gSA**28 fryd dh nf”V esa ek;k]
uke:i vkSj deZ ,d Lo:i gh gSA vr% fyax ‘kjhj vkSj deZ bu nksuksa dk Hkh fopkj
djuk iM+rk gSA
vr% Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk esa Hkh iqutZUe ,oa deZ&fl)kUr dh lR;rk fl) dh
xbZ gSA bldh lR;rk dk thrk&tkxrk mnkgj.k gS& “oklkafl th.kkZfu ;Fkk fogk;
uokfu xg~.kkfr ujks·ijkf.k rFkk ‘kjhjkf.k fogk; th.kkZU;U;kfu la;kfr uokfu nsghAA”[As a man shedding worn-out garments takes other new ones, like wise the
embodied soul, casting off worn out bodies, enters into others which are
new.]
¼v/;k; 2] ’yksd 22½
njvly pkokZd dks NksM+dj vU; lHkh Hkkjrh; n’kZfudksa us vius&vius <ax
ls deZ&fl)kUr vkSj iqutZUe dk leFkZu fd;k gSA ckS)ksa dk dguk gS fd ftl izdkj
,d nhid ls nwljk nhid ty mBrk gS mlh izdkj ,d thou&T;ksfr ls nwljh
thou T;ksfr ty mBrh gSA ,d thou dh vfUre lkal nwljs thou dh izkjfEHkd
lkal cu tkrh gSA blh rjg tSfu;ksa us Hkh ekuk gS fd euq”; vius deksaZ ds eqrkfcd
gh fdlh ;ksfu fo’ks”k esa tUe ysrk gSA euq”; vius deksZa ds vk/kkj ij gh iqu% euq”;]
Ik’kq ;k ikS/kksa vkfn dh ;ksfu esa tUe ys ldrk gSA ,ykpk;Z mik/;k; duduUnh th us
viuh iqLrd ^fo’o foKku jgL;* uked iqLrd esa Hkh mi;qZDr ckrksa dh lEiqf”V dh
gSA budk dguk gS dh lalkj voL;k esa tks fofHkUu xfr gksrh gS] og LokHkkfod xfr
ugha gSA tho dh lalkjkoLFkk esa v/kksxfr] frFkZoxfr] Å/oZxfr dk dkj.k deZ tfur
gSA lEiw.kZ deZ ls jfgr tho dh dsoy ,d LokHkkfod Å/oZxfr gh gksrh gSA
duduUnhth dh nf”V esa izfl)] oSKkfud U;wVu ds xfr lEcU/kh fl)kUr ls Hkh bl
ckr dh iqf”V gks tkrh gSA
U;k;&oS’ksf”kdksa us Hkh mi;qZDr ckrksa dh iqf”V dh gSA bUgksauss ;qfDr;ksa dh
lgk;rk ysrs gq, cryk;k gS fd dksbZ uotkr f’k’kq tUe ysrs gh g¡lus ;k jksus yxrk
gS rks ;g LoHkkor% iz’u mBrk gS fd ,slk D;ksa djrk gS\ ;k ,slk D;ksa gksrk gS\ U;k;
,oa oS’ksaf”kdksa ds vuqlkj iwoZtUe esa fu’p; gh mlus lq[k&nq%[k dk vuqHko fd;k gS]
blhfy, og tUe ysrs gh g¡luk ;k jksuk ‘kq: dj nsrk gSAgW¡luk lq[k dk |ksrd gS
vkSj jksuk nq%[k dkA tc iwoZtUe lR; gS rks iqutZUe fl) gh gSA
U;k;&oS’ksf”kd n’kZu
bl n’kZu esa ,d vkSj ;qfDr dk lgkjk fy;k gS& fo’o esa dqN O;fDr nq%[kh
gS rks dqN lq[khA vPNs ;k ‘kqHk deZ djus okys O;fDr dHkh&dHkh nq%[k >syrs nh[k
iM+rs gSa vkSj cqjs deZ djus okys lq[k Hkksxrs gSaA uS;kf;dksa dh nf”V esa O;fDr vius
iwoZtUe esa fd;s x;s deksaZ dk Qy bl thou esa Hkksx jgk gSA blhfy, lTtu nq%[k
>syrs gSa vkSj nqtZu lq[k Hkksxrs gSaA ;g iwoZ dh dekbZ gh gSA bl rjg iqutZUe vFkok
iwoZtUe dh ckrsa vFkok deZ&fl)kUr dh ckrsa fl) gks tkrh gSaA orZeku thou vrhr
thou dk ifj.kke gS vkSj Hkkoh thou orZeku thou ls fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSA mi;qZDr
ckrksa ls fl) gks tkrk gS fd orZeku thou dk Hkkoh thou ds :i esa izfrfcfEcr gksuk
LokHkkfod gSA
Lkak[;&;ksxer
vU; nk’kZfudksa dh rjg lak[; ,oa ;ksx n’kZu ds laLFkkid rFkk mlds
erkoyfEc;ksa us Hkh iwutZUe vkSj deZ fl)kUr dk leFkZu fd;k gSA buds eqrkfcd
‘kjhj nks rjg ds gksrs gSa& (d) LFkwy ‘kjhj ,oa ¼[k½ lw{e ‘kjhjA ¼d½ LFkwy ‘kjhj
(Gross Body) iapHkwrksa ls cus ‘kjhj dks LFkwy ‘kjhj dgk tkrk gSA ;g ‘kjhj lc dks
nf”Vxr gksrk gSA ;kuh bldk bfUnz;kuqHko gksrk gSA lw{e ‘kjhj dk cks/k rks gksrk gS
fdUrq gj fdlh ds fy, cks/kxE; ugha gSA bldk cks/k eqfu;ksa ,oa _f”k;ksa dks gh lEHko
gks ldk gSA vkt Hkh dqN gh fpUrd bldh lR;rk dks Lohdkj dj ikrs gSaA bldk
bfUnz;kuqHko ugh gks ikrk gSA ;g lw{e rUek=kvksa] KkusfUnz;ksa] desZfUnz;ksa ,oa vUr%dj.k
(cqf)] vgadkj vkSj eu) ls fufeZr gksrk gSA lka[; ,oa ;ksx n’kZu dk dguk gS fd
LFkwy ‘kjhj ds u”V gksus ij lw{e ‘kjhj u”V ugha gksrk gSA ;kuh og cpk jg tkrk gSA
LFkwy ‘kjhj ds fouk’k vkSj lw{e ‘kjhj ds iqutZUe ds chp dh fLFkfr dks ^vf/k”Bku
‘kjhj^ dgk tkrk gSA blls iqutZUe fl)kUr dh lEiqf”V gks tkrh gSA lw{e ‘kjhj gh
vU; ‘kjhj dks /kkj.k djrk gSA tgk¡ vU; Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudksa dk ekuuk gS fd vkRek
dk gh iqutZUe gksrk gS ogk¡ lka[; ,oa ;ksx n’kZu dk dguk gS fd vkRek vFkok iq:”k
tUe ugha ysrk cfYd lw{e ‘kjhj gh tUe ysrk gSA
bl rjg ge ns[krs gS fd lka[; vkSj ;ksx’kkL= vU; Hkkjrh; n’kZu ls fHkUu
gSA budk ekuuk gS fd ‘kjhj /kkj.k djuk ;k tUe ysuk iq:”k dk xq.k ugha cfYd
lw{e ‘kjhj dk xq.k gSA mŸkjehekalk vFkok osnkUr er&osnkUr er Hkh ,d ugh gSaA ;gk¡
eq[; :i ls v}Sr er ,oa fof’k”Vk}Sr er dh ppkZ dh tk;sxhA
v}Sr osnkUr er
bl er ds izorZd Jh ‘kadjkpk;Z th gSA buds vuqlkj vKku ;k vfo|k gh
iqutZUe dk dkj.k gSA O;fDr tc rd vKkuo’k lksprk gS fd vkRek czg~e ls fHkUu gS
rc rd og iqutZUe ds pDdj esa Q¡lk jgrk gSA bUgksaus Hkh lak[;;ksx dh rjg gh
ekuk gS fd vKku dh fo’ks”k ‘kfDr;ksa ds dkj.k gh ;g fØ;k gksrh gSA bu ‘kfDr;ksa dks
lRo] jtl ,oa rel izdkj dh f=fo/k /kekZ dgk x;k gSA ‘kq) pSrU; dks vf/k”Bku
ekudj re% iz/kku vfo|k ls lEcU/k vkoj.k ‘kfDr }kjk izFke vkdk’k dh mRifr gqbZ
gS] vkdk’k ls ok;q] ok;q ls rst] rst ls ty ,oa ty ls iFoh dh mRifŸk gqbZ gSA
viuh lw{e ,oa vHkkSfrd voLFkkvksa esa ;s rŸo gh lka[; ,oa iqjk.kksa dh nf”V esa rUek=k
gSA bUgh rŸoksa ls LFkwy inkFkksZa ds lkFk lkFk lw{e ‘kjhjksa dk fodkl gqvk gSA29 bl
rjg ek;k ;k vKku ds o’khHkwr gksdj O;fDr ckj&ckj tUeej.k ds pDdj esa Q¡lrk
gSA bl rjg ge ns[krs gSa fd v}Sr osnkfUr;ksa us Hkh vius <ax ls iqutZUe ,oa
deZ&fl)kUr dh iqf”V dh gSA
fof’k”Vk}Sr er
bl fl)kUr ds izorZd Jh jkekuqtkpk;Z th gSA bUgksusa Hkh vius <ax ls
iqutZUe ,oa deZ fl)kUr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA budk dguk gS fd tho lq[k Hkksxus dh
dkeuk ls bruk izHkkfor jgrk gS fd mls ckj&ckj tUe ysuk iM+rk gSA O;fDr dks
lq[k dh dkeuk,¡ vFkok bPNk,¡ bl thou esa iwjh ugha gks ikrh gS] blfy, mls
ckj&ckj tUe ysuk iM+rk gSA ;ksa dgk tk; fd mls vU; tUeksa dks /kkj.k djuk iM+rk
gSA vU; ;ksfu ;k vU; ‘kjhj dks izkIr dj og viuh iwoZ bPNkvksa dh iwfrZ djrk gSA
jkekuqt dh nf”V esa thokRek nks rjg ds gksrs gSaA
MkW. jk/kkd”.ku~ us muds fl)kUrksa dh ppkZ djrs gq, fy[kk gSa& “lalkj ds
vUnj thokRekvksa ds foHkkx nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa& ,d os tks lq[kksiHkksx dh bPNk
j[krs gSa vkSj nwljs os tks eks{k ds bPNqd gSaA tc rd thokRek eks{k dks izkIr ugha dj
ysrk bldk iqutZUe gksuk vko’;d gS ftlls fd og vius deksZa ds Qy dk miHkksx
dj ldsA”30 lalkj pd esa Hkze.k djrs gq, thokRekvksa ds pkj oxZ gaS& vkdk’kh;
vFkok vfrekuo] ekuo] i’kq vkSj LFkkojA ;|fi jkekuqt dh nf”V esa lc thokRek ,d
gh dksfV ds gSa rks Hkh muesa mu ‘kjhjksa ds dkj.k Hksn fd;s tkrs gSa tks mUgsa fn;s x;s
gSaA vFkok dekZuqlkj izkIr gq, gSaA
bl rjg ge ns[krs gSa fd vU; nk’kZfudksa dh rjg jkekuqt us Hkh iqutZUe
,oa deZ&fl)kUr dh lEiqf”V vius <ax ls dh gSA ;g nwljh ckr gS fd tgk¡ vU;
Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudksa us Kku vFkok deZ dks vf/kd egRoiw.kZ cryk;k gS] ogk¡ jkekuqt us
HkfDr dh lRrk Lohdkj dh gSA njvly vkfLrd gksus ds dkj.k jkekuqt dk fo’okl
gS fd eks{k Kku vkSj deZ ds }kjk ugha] oju~ HkfDr vkSj bZ’oj ds izlkn ds }kjk laHko
gSA31 osadVukFk us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA budk izHkko Hkkjrh; tuekul ij
bruk vf/kd iM+k fd buds xqtjus ds ckn HkDrksa dk rkark yx x;kA HkDr dfo;ksa dh
dfr;ksa ls ;qx dh /kkjk gh cny xbZA ,d [kkl le; rd HkfDr ;qx dk le; ekuk
tkrk gSA Jh jkekuUn Lokeh] dchjnkl] xksLokeh rqylhnkl] jfonkl] ehjk] lqjnkl
vkfn us Hkkjrh; tuekul dks gh ugha cfYd fo’o ekuo dks izHkkfor dj fn;k] ftlds
pyrs vkt Hkh mudh vko’;drk eglwl dh tk jgh gSA ;g lc jkekuqt ds dkj.k
gh laHko gks ldk gSA bUgksaus Hkh iqutZUe ,oa deZ&fl)kUr dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA fl[k
/keZ ds izorZd ukud ,oa muds vuq;kf;;ksa us Hkh bl ckr dh iqf”V dh gSA MkW.
jk/kkd”.ku~ ds ‘kCnksa esa “ukud vkSj muds vuq;k;h deZ vkSj iqutZUe ds fl)kUr esa
fo’okl djrs gSaA”32 budh nf”V esa lalkj&R;kx djuk vkSj laU;klh cu tkuk
vko’;d ugha gSA ‘kfDr ds }kjk bZ’oj ls ,dRo vuqHko djds lalkj ds vkokxeu ds
pØ ls vius dks eqDr dj ldrs gaSA
vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; er& johUnz ukFk Bkdqj] Lokeh foosdkuUn] egf”kZ vjfoUn
?kks”k] pSrU; egkizHkq] n;kuUn ljLorh] egkRek xk¡/kh] MkW. jk/kkd”.ku~ vkfn ledkyhu
Hkkjrh; fpUrdks us Hkh iqutZUe ,oa deZ&fl)kUr esa viuh vkLFkk O;Dr dh gSA MkW.
jk/kkd”.ku~ us mi;qZDr ckrksa dh lEiqf”V ,d miek dh lgk;rk ls dh gS& ßnks izseh
izFke nf”V esa gh ,d&nwljs ls izse djus yxrs gSa vkSj os vkil esa bruk ?kqy&fey
tkrs gSa] ekuks mudk lkFk tUetUekrj ls gksAÞ budk (jk/kkd”.ku~ dk) dguk gS fd
iqoZtUe esa os nksuksa izseh vo’; gh ?kfu”B lEcU/kh jgs gksaxs] rHkh muesa vdLekr izse ,oa
vkd”kZ.k dk Hkko nh[k iM+rk gSA VSxksj us Hkh fy[kk gS fd “We know that life of a
soul which is finite in its expression and infinite in its principle must go
through portable of death in its journey to realise intinite.” (R. N. Tagore,
Sadhana )
xka¡/kh us Hkh iqutZUe dks izekf.kr djus dh dksf’k’k dh gSA fgUnw ds fo’okl
vkSj ijaijk esa budh vlhe vkLFkk ,oa buds fof’k”V O;fDrÙo dks O;Dr djrs gq, B.
K. Lal us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “Gandhi believes in rebirth also. This belief is
obviously a product of his extreme respect for Hindu beliefs and tradition.
But there is a significant sense in which Gandhi’s faith in the possibility of
rebirth carries the distinctive mark of his own personality and genius, he
gives a moral interpretation to this doctrine by emphasising the pragmatic
and ethical value of this belief.”33
vr% xka/kh dh nf”V essa iqutZUe ,oa deZ&fl)kUr ls ;fn uSfrd ewY;ksa dh
j{kk gksrh gS vkSj tuekul esa mnkÙkhdj.k dh Hkkouk txrh gS rks bldk vkSfpR; fl)
gh gSA johUnz ukFk Bkdqj us Hkh izse vkSj R;kx dh ljkguk dh gSA buds izse ,oa R;kx
lEcU/kh vo/kkj.kk dks O;Dr djrs gq, B. K. Lal us dgk gS fd “Tagore recomends
of that our acts of love and sacrifice, whose scope, we keep on wadening,
must be expressed in suitable actions performed for the good of others that
is so because soul finds its freedom in action. Action for others gives him a
prelude to his finding freedom.”34 eksgEen bdcky us Hkh izse dh lÙkk ,oa egÙkk
dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA
;g Bhd gS fd dqN vkykspdksa us iqutZUe ,oa deZ&fl)kUr dh vkykspuk
dh gSA iqutZUe dks dkYifud] HkkzfUriw.kZ] oa’k ijaijk ds fo:) cryk;k gSA bruk gks
ughsa blls HkkX;oknh gksus dk Hk; Hkh cuk jgrk gSA fdUrq xEHkhjrk ls fopkj djus ij
;g Li”V gks tkrk gS fd ;g u oa’k ijEijk ds fo:) gS] u dkYifud gS] u HkzkfUriw.kZ
gh gSA HkkX;oknh cudj fufӯ; gksus dh ckr Hkh mfpr ugha gSA bl fl)kUr esa vkLFkk
j[kus okyksa us rks thou Hkj iz;kl fd;k gS vkSj vU; tUeksa esa Hkh deZ djus dh Hkkouk
tkxr djus esa lg;ksx iznku fd;k gSA uSfrd ewY;ksa dh j{kk ,oa mnkŸk Hkkouk ls
tksM+us dk dke fd;k gSA vr% ;g fl)kUr fujk’kkokn dk ugha cfYd vk’kkokn dk
izlkj djrk gSA oLrqr% ftl deZ ls euq”; dks vkuUn izkIr gksrk gS vkSj tudY;k.k
laHko gks ikrk gS ,oa ftls djus dh bPNk Lo;a gh gksrh gS og iq:”kkFkZ gSA lq[k ;k
vkuUn dk lk/ku deZ ls iFkd ugha gSA vr% ije iq:”kkFkZ dh izkfIr ds fy;s dk;Zjr
jguk pkfg;s blhfy;s Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk ds “k”B v/;k; ds 45osa ‘yksd esa cryk;k x;k
gS& ßiz;RukP;rekuLrq ;ksxh la’kq)fdfYo”k%A vusd tUelafl)Lrrks ;kfr ijkaxfre~AA
(The yogi, however, who diligently takes up the practice attain perfection in
this very life with the help of latencies of many births and being thoroughly
purged of sin, forth with reaches the supreme state) vFkkZr~ ln~deZ ds }kjk ije
Js; dh izkfIr gksrh jgrh gS vkSj gksrh jgsxhA ckS) vkSj tSu /keZ ,oa n’kZu dh rjg gh
fgUnw /keZ ,oa n’kZu esa Hkh cryk;k x;k gS fd ln~deZ ds }kjk ije ‘kkfUr dh izkfIr
gksrh gS vkSj cqjs deksZa ds }kjk v/kksxfr dks izkIr djrk gSA Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk esa Hkh
cryk;k x;k gS fd ujd ds rhu gh }kj gS& f=fo/ka ujdLesna }kj uk’kukekReu%A
dke% Øks/kLrk yksHkLrLeknsrR=;a ytsr~ (Desire, anger and gred, this triple gate of
hell brings about the ruination of the soul. Therefore, one should the avoid
all these three). blhfy;s vkxs cryk;k x;k gS& ,rSfoZeqDr% dkSUrs; reks}kjSfL=fHkuZj%A
vkpjI;kReu% Js;Lrrks Hkkafr ijka xfre~AA vFkkZr~ dke] Øks/k vkSj yksHk ¼fuf”k) deZ½ ls
eqDr gksdj fuR; vkSj uSfefrd deZ ds }kjk y{; dh izkfIr dh tk ldrh gSA ;kuh
ln~deZ ds }kjk gh LoxZ vFkok bZ’oj vFkok gsou vFkok eks{k izkIr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA _Xosn esa Hkh dgk x;k gS fd loZ’kfDreku bZ’oj ls dkSu ugha ekaxrk\ bZ’oj dh
‘kj.k esa tkus ls lk/kd dh nf”V bZ’oj dh d`ik dh rjQ gks tkus ls mlds djus ds
fy, dqN ckdh ugha jgrk gSA bZ’oj tho ek= dks viuk fe= ekurs gSa vkSj mUgsa
Lora=rk nsrs gSa fd os deZ;ksx] Kku;ksx] jkt;ksx] HkfDr;ksx vkfn ftrus Hkh lk/ku gSa
muds }kjk mls izkIr dj ldrs gSaA eqgEen bdcky] xk¡/kh vkSj johUnzukFk VSxksj dh
nf”V esa HkfDr vkSj izse lcls vf/kd egRo j[krk gSA izse ds }kjk tulk/kkj.k Hkh mls
izkIr dj ldrk gSaA D;ksafd og ljy vkSj lqxe gSA
lanHkZ lwph
1 Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh ,oa vkpk;Z oS|ukFk ‘kkL=h] (Hkk”kk Hkk”;drkZ) ] osn (;tqosZn)
(lkeosn) n;kuUn laLFkku] ubzZ fnYyh 1985 bZ.] i”B 14
2 ogh]
3 MkW. jk/kkd”.ku~ (vuqoknd Lo. uUn fd’kksj xksfHky)] Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx&1] i”B 7071
4 ogh] i”B 71
5 lh. Mh. ‘kekZ] , fdfVdy losZ vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh] i”B 65
6 ia. QwypUnz ‘kkL=h (foospu dÙkkZ) rŸokFkZ lw=] i”B 285
7 MkW. jk/kkd”.ku~ (vuq. Lo. uUnfd’kksj xksfHky)]Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx&1] i”B 406
7A lRdkjh eq[kthZ] n cqf)LV fQykWlkWQh vkWQ ;wfuolZy QyDl] fnYyh 1980 bZ-] i”B
85&86
8 MkW. jk/kkd”.ku~ (vuq.Lo. xksfHky)] Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx&1] i”B 406&7
9 ogh] i”B 407
10 ogh] i”B 407
10A Jh jkekuqtkpk;Z (vuqoknd ,e. jkaxkpk;Z)] osnkUr lw=kt foFk Jh Hkk”; oksY;we 1, eqU’kh
jke euksgj ifCy’klZ izk. fy. bUV~zksMD’ku U;w fnYyh] 1988] i”B XXI
11 Jh ‘kadjkpk;Z Hkk”;drkZ (vuqoknd gfjd”.k nkl xks;Unk)] ‘akdj Hkk”; Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk]
xhrk izsl Xkksj[kiqj la. 2041] Hkwfedk i”B 4
12 Jh lrh’k pUnz pV~Vksik/;k; ,oa /khjsUnz eksgu nRr (vuqoknd >k ,oa feJ)] Hkkjrh;
n’kZu] iqLrd HkaMkj iVuk&4] 1960 bZ.] i”B 212&13
13 ogh] i”B 213
14 Jh ‘kadjkpk;Z (vuq. gfjd”.knkl xks;Undk)] ‘kadj Hkk”; Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk] i”B 90
15 MkW. jk/kkd”.ku~] Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx& 2] i”B 412
16 MkW. nsojkt] Hkkjrh; laLdfr] mRrj izns’k fgUnh laLFkku y[kuÅ] 1979 bZ.] i”B 155
17 ogh] i”B 155
18 ch.ds. yky Hkkjrh; n’kZu] tu&tkxj.k izsl iVuk] 1961 bZ.] i”B 255
19 Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh ,oa vkpk;Z oS|ukFk ‘kkL=h (Hkk”kk Hkk”;drkZ)] osn (;tqosZn)
(lkeosn)] n;kuUn laLFkku fnYyh& 5] 1970 bZ.]i”B 3
20 ogh] i”B 4
21 ogh] i”B 15
22 ogh] (lkeosn Hkk”kk Hkk”;s iwokZfpZd%)] i”B 11
23 MkW. jk/kkd”.ku~ (vuqJh. xksfHky) Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx &2] i”B 412
24 ogh] i”B 417
25 ogh] i”B 413
26 ogh] i”B 414
27 ogh] i”B 423
28 yksdeku~ ckyxaxk/kj fryd] Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk jgL; (vu. Jheku~ ek/ko jko lxzs)] vFkok
deZ;ksx ‘kkL=] iwuk& 41103] 1984 bZ. i”B 264
29 osnkUrlkj ,oa lqcks/kuh] i”B 17 m)r] ,l. ,u. nklxqIr (vuq. olkoM+k) Hkkjrh; n’kZu
dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&2] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh t;iqj&4 1974 bZ. i”B 70
30 MkW. jk/kkd”.ku~ (vuq. xksfHky)] Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx&2] i”B 697
31 ogh] i”B 704
32 MkW. jk/kkd”.ku~ (vuqoknd mekifr jk; pUnsy)] gekjh laLdfr] jktiky ,.M lUl]
d’ehjh xsV] fnYyh] 1972 bZ. ] i”B 97
33 ch. ds. yky] dkWUVsEikWjjh bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl fnYyh] 1978 bZ. i”B
105&6
34 ogh] i”B 85
v/;k; & 5
Hkkjr n’kZu esa cU/ku vkSj eks{k dh vo/kkj.kkizR;sd lH; lekt dk viuk nk’kZfud fpUru gksrk gSA nk’kZfud fpUru ,d
izkphu flyflyk gSA izkphu dky esa nk’kZfud fpUru dk leqfpr fodkl dqN gh ns’kksa
esa gks ldk] buesa izkphu ;wuku vkSj Hkkjr izeq[k gSA n’kZu Hkkjrh; thou dk ,d vax
jgk gSA blhfy, izR;sd Hkkjrh; dks tUetkr nk’kZfud dgk tkrk gSA ,slh ckrsa
blfy, dgh tkrh gSa fd Hkkjr esa n’kZu dk lEcU/k lnSo O;kogkfjd thou ls jgk gSA
tgk¡ rd HkkSfrdokfn;ksa dk loky gS os rks n’kZu dks O;kogkfjd cuk gh nsrs gaSA ,sls
vU; Hkkjrh; nk’kZfud Hkh de O;kogkfjd ugha gSaA
Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokn vFkok ukfLrdksa dk f’kjksef.k pkokZd dks cryk;k tkrk
gSA buds vuqlkj blh thou esa vf/kd ls vf/kd lq[k izkIr djus dh dksf’k’k dh
tkuh pkfg, D;ksafd ;gh thou lc dqN gS] blds i’pkr~ dqN Hkh ugha gSA nwljs
Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudksa us thou vkSj n’kZu ds lEcU/k dh egÙkk dks vkSj xEHkhjrk iwoZd
le>k ,oa le>kus dh dksf’k’k dh gSA Hkkjr esa rks nk’kZfud fpUru dk flyflyk
_XoSfnd dky esa gh ‘kq: gks x;k Fkk] ijUrq n’kZu dk O;ofLFkr :i mifu”knksa esa
nf”Vxr gksrk gSA mifu”kn~ n’kZu dk vkjEHk fcUnq /kkfeZd ,oa vk/;kfRed ftKklk gSA
;gk¡ Kku ds egRo ij tksj fn;k x;k gS] fo’ks”kr% czg~e vkSj vkRek dh ,drk ds Kku
ij] ftlls fd eks{k laHko gksrk gSA vr% bu fpUrdksa us] ftudk y{; eks{k jgk gS]
cU/ku ls eqfDr dk jkLrk Hkh fn;k gSA buds vuqlkj euq”; dh lcls cM+h leL;k nq%[k
gSA vkSj nq%[k ls NqVdkjk ikuk gh Hkkjrh; n’kZu vkSj /keZ dk mn~ns’; jgk gSA ch- ds-
yky us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “Ancient Indian philosophy is said to be based on,
what can be called a tragic sense of life. It somehow believes that life is full
of suffering and that the aim of religion and philosophy is to attain freedom
from suffering.”1.
Hkkjrh; n’kZu dks O;kogkfjd blhfy, dgk tkrk gS fd ;g thou dh lcls
cM+h leL;k nq%[k dk funku djus dk mik; crykrk gSA ;kuh nq%[k dk gy nsrk gSA
mes’k feJk dk dguk Bhd gh gS fd “All activities are meant to remove pain
alone.”2 vr% Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa pkokZd (yksdk;r) dks NksM+dj vU; lHkh nk’kZfudksa us
eks{k dks thou dk pje y{; ekuk gSA vFkZ] /keZ] dke vkSj eks{k] ;s pkj yksd thou
ds y{; ekus tkrs gaS] ftuesa eks{k dks ftls vU; ‘kCnksa eaas eqfDr] fuokZ.k] vioxZ vkfn
dgk tkrk gSA eks{k loZJs”B y{; gSA cU/ku ls eqDr gksuk gh eks{k gSA cU/ku dk vFkZ
tUe vkSj ej.k ds pDdj esa QW¡lk jguk gS ;kuh tks fo”k; Lusg ls ;qDr gksdj thrk
gS] ;g c) dgykrk gSA vkSj tks bl ca/ku ls eqfDr ik ysrk gS mls eqDr dgk tkrk
gSA
eks{k dk vFkZ&tUe&ej.k ds pDdj ,oa nq%[kksa ls iw.kZ NqVdkjk ikuk gSA tgk¡
vU; n’kZu ;k rks cqf)oknh gS ;k vuqHkooknh] fQj dqN ;k rks oLrqoknh gS ;k
O;ogkjoknhA Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa bl rjg dk ,dkaxhiu ugha gSA blds ewy esa lalkj ds
loksaZre~ fopkj fo|eku gSA Hkkjrh; n’kZu vkRek dh lw{e vkSj lqUnj O;k[;k djrk gSA
bZlkbZ vkSj bLyke /keZ esa bZ’oj dks vkRek dk lz”Vk cryk;k x;k gS] bZ’oj vkRek dks
u”V ugha dj ldrk gS] ijUrq Hkkjrh; n’kZu crykrk gS fd vkRek vukfn] vej ,oa
fuR; gSA bldk uk’k ugha gks ldrk gSA ,sls dqN fopkjdksa dh nf”V esa Hkkjrh; n’kZu
/;ku iz/kku n’kZu gSA bl lEcU/k esa ch +ds yky dh ckrsa mYys[kuh; gS& “It is that
every philosophy bears the mark of its origin that is why British philosophy
is generally impirical and American philosophy is rooted in realistic and
pragmatic considerations. French philosophy is rationalistic, while German
philosophy is pre-eminently speculative. In that vein. Indian philosophy can
be described as meditative.”3 bls /;ku iz/kku ;k eks{k n’kZu blfy, dgk tkrk gS
fd ;gk¡ lcdk vk/kkj ;k y{; eks{k gh gSA eks{k gh thou dk pje mn~ns’; ;k y{;
gSA eSDlewyj us Hkh ekuk gS fd Hkkjr esa n’kZu ek= Kku ds fy, ugha] cfYd loksaZPp
y{; ds fy, Fkk] ftlds fy, euq”; bl thou esa iz;Ru’khy jg ldrk gSA Hkkjrh;
nk’kZfudksa ds eqrkfcd iq:”kkFkksZa (vFkZ] /keZ] dke ,oa eks{k) esa eks{k gh loZJs”B gSA bldh
loksZPprk esa ek= pkokZd us gh vkifÙk O;Dr dh gSA vc iz’u mBrk gS fd D;k vU;
lHkh Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudksa us eks{k ds Lo:i ,oa mldh izkfIr ds lk/kuksa ds lEcU/k esa ,d
gh er j[kk gSA bl iz’u dk mŸkj HkkokRed u gksdj fu”ks/kkRed gSA pawfd eks{k dh
loksZPprk esa fo’okl O;Dr djus ds ckotwn fofHkUu Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudksa us blds Lo:i
,oa bldh izkfIr ds lk/kuksa dks ysdj eroSfHkUurk O;Dr dh gS blfy;s ;gk¡ l{ksi esa
bu ij vyx&vyx fopkj izLrqr djuk mfpr izrhr gksrk gS&
(d) pkokZd n’kZu
;g n’kZu izR;{koknh] HkkSfrdoknh] lq[koknh gksus ds dkj.k vkRek dh vejrk
esa fo’okl O;Dr ugha djrk gSA bl n’kZu ds eqrkfcd eR;q ds i’pkr~ ‘kjhj ds lkFk
vkRek dk Hkh uk’k gks tkrk gSA blfy, eks{k dh loZJs”Brk ;k lokZasPprk dh ckr ,d
feF;k dYiuk gSA pkokZd dh nf”V esa eR;q gh vioxZ (eks{k) gS (ej.keso vioxZ%)A
nsohizlkn pÍksik/;k;] ,e-,u- jk;] jkgqy lkad`R;k;u] ds- nkeksnju vkfn us Hkh bl
ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA
([k) ckS) n’kZu
Hkxoku cq) ,oa muds vuq;kf;;kas us eks{k dks fuokZ.k ds uke ls lEcksf/kr
fd;k gSaA bUgksaus fuokZ.k ‘kCn dk iz;ksx dbZ vFkksZa esa fd;k gSA fuokZ.k ‘kCn dk ‘kkfCnd
vFkZ cq> tkuk gksrk gSA ;kuh nq%[k :ih vfXu dk cq> tkuk gh fuokZ.k dgykrk gSaA
dqN fo}kuksa dk dguk gS fd ^ok.k^ ‘kCn dh mRifr ou ls gqbZ gS] blfy, fu%+ok.k
dk vFkZ taxy ;k ou dk u”V gksuk gksrk gSA ok.k dk vFkZ nqxZU/k Hkh gksrk gSA fu% dk
vFkZ NqVdkjk Hkh gSA blfy, fuokZ.k dk vFkZ deksaZ dh nqxZU/k ls NqVdkjk ikuk Hkh gksrk
gSA dqN fopkjdksa ds vuqlkj fuokZ.k dk eryc deZ:ih pknj ls eqDr gksuk gh fuokZ.k
gSA egf”kZ ikf.kfu ds vuqlkj ^fuokZ.k^ ‘kCn dk vFkZ ^cgrh gok dk :d tkuk^ gSA cq)
ds vuqlkj f=fo/k nq%[k ls eqfDr gh fuokZ.k gSA ;g xq: ds vuq’kklu esa jgdj
v”Vkafxd ekxZ ds }kjk izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA lr~dkjh eq[kthZ ds ‘kCnksa esa Nirvana is
the highest goal, the ultimate objective of human aspiration and the
summum bonum of rational life and was declared by the lord Buddha in his
clarion voice to the suffering denizens of the three world (Tridhukha) as the
panacea to the ills and sufferings of existence, to which all sentient beings
from the amoeba to the highest god are subject without exception. And this
ideal state in which all suffering and pain are extinguished totally and
irrevocably was declared by the master to be within the reach of all mortals
provided, they elected to pass through the course of discipline which was
styled the eight fold path (astangikamarga) whatever be the differences of
views regarding the nature of nirvana, all schools of Buddhism have
accepted it to be the most cardinal principle of their religion and
philosophy.”3A ckS) /keZ ,oa n’kZu vkSj muds lHkh lEiznk; ds yksxksa us thou ds
vfUre y{; ds :i esa fuokZ.k dks gh Lohdkj fd;k gSA
fuokZ.k dh mi;qZDr vFkksZa esa lekurk ;g gS fd fuokZ.k ,d nq%[k jfgr
voLFkk gSA ;g bldk fu”ks/kkRed igyw Hkh gSA fuokZ.k ‘kCn dk ,d HkkokRed igyw Hkh
gSA bls vkuUn ,oa ‘kkfUr dh voLFkk dgk tkrk gSSA fuokZ.k dh izkfIr ds i’pkr~ ,d
vthc ‘kkfUr dh izkfIr gksrh gSA blfy, bldh ‘kkUrkoLFkk dgk x;k gSA MkW- ,l-
jk/kkd”.ku~] izks +eSDlewyj] jk;t MSfoM~l vkfn us bls vkuUne; ,oa ‘kkfUriw.kZ ekuk gSA
/kEein esa Hkh bls vkuUne; ,oa iw.kZ ‘kkfUr dh voLFkk cryk;k x;k gSA ts-,u- flUgk
ds ‘kCnksa esa “Dhamapada describes nirvana as a state of bliss, crown of
happiness, perfect peace, free from greed, hate and delusion.”4 jk;t MsfoM~l
us cryk;k gS fd fuokZ.k eu dh ikighu ‘kkUrkoLFkk ds leku gS] ftls lcls vPNh
ifo=rk] ‘kkfUr] f’koRo vkSj izKk dgk tk ldrk gSA dqN yksx fuokZ.k dk vFkZ fouk’k
yxkrs gSaA fdUrq blesa okLrfodrk ugha gSA okLro esa fuokZ.k dk vFkZ O;fDrÙo ds mu
nqxqZ.kksa ,oa cU/kuksa dk uk’k gks tkuk gS tks euq”; dk Hksn&Hkko ls vuqizkf.kr dj LokFkZ
dh vksj izor djrs gSaA lj pkYlZ bZfy,V us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA budh
nf”V esa eqDrkRek ek= LokFkZ dks NksM+ gh ugha nsrk cfYd nwljs dh j{kk Hkh djrk gSA
blhfy, bUgksaus fy[kk gS fd “In the pali cannon we hear of Arhats pacceka
Buddhas and perfect Buddhas. For all there the ultimate goal is the same,
namely nirvana, but a pacceka Buddha is greater than an Arhat, because he
has greater intellectual powers though he is not omniscient and a perfect
Buddha is greater still partly because he is omniscient and partly because he
saves others.”4A fgUnw nk’kZfudksa us tSlk o.kZu fLFkrizK vkSj thoUeqDr dk fd;k gS
oSlk gh ckS)ksa us fuokZ.k&izkIr O;fDr dk fd;k gSA vr% fuokZ.k dk vFkZ fouk’k ugha
cfYd iw.kZrk gSA Dr. Pierre Schmidt ds ‘kCnksa esa “Nirvana is not the abolition of
personality, on the contrary, it is the completeness of personality.”5 tgk¡ rd
fuokZ.k ds HkkokRed vkSj fu”ks/kkRed i{k dh ckr gS dqN fo}kuksa us tSlk fd igys Hkh
cryk;k tk pqdk gS fd bls vkuUn dh voLFkk ekuk gS vkSj dqN us bls nq%[k jfgr
voLFkk cryk;k gSA fu”ks/kkRed igyw ij ;gkW¡ (ckS) xzUFkksa esa) vf/kd tksj fn;k x;k
gSA
thoUeqfDr vkSj fonsgeqfDr dh lÙkk dks Lohdkj djrs gq, ckS)ksa us uo thou
dk lapkj fd;k gSA budh nf”V esa fuokZ.k dh izkfIr bl thou esa Hkh laHko gSA bldh
izkfIr ds fy, egkRek cq) us v”Vkax ekxZ dks viukus dh lh[k nh gSA /kEein uked
iqLrd esa MkW +jk/kkd”.kUk~ us fy[kk gS fd “The noble eight fold path represents a
leader of perfection. The first step is right views, knowledge of the four
truths, which is not to be confused with the gnosis, Jhana of the Upnishads
or the faith of the theists.”6 vr% v”Vkax ekxZ ij pydj ge fuokZ.k izkIr dj
ldrs gSaA bl lEcU/k esa ckS) /keZ ,oa n’kZu dh lgefr dks O;Dr djrs gq, lgdkjh
eq[kthZ us Bhd gh fy[kk gS ”...through the course of discipline which was
styled the eightfold path. Whatever be the differences of view regarding the
nature of nirvana. All schools of Budhism have accepted it to be the most
cardinal principle of their religion and philosophy.” tgk¡ rd O;fDrxr vkSj
lkewfgd eqfDr dk iz’u gSa] bl lEcU/k esa ckS)ksa ds chp erSD; ugha gSaA ghu;kuh
lEiznk; ds fo)ku O;fDr&eqfDr dks gh laHko ekurs gaS vkSj egk;kuh lkewfgd eqfDr esa
fo’okl O;Dr djrs gSaA johUnzukFk VSxksj us bl lEcU/k esa Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “Like
the religion of the Upanishads, Buddhism also generated two divergent
currents; the one impersonal, preaching the negation of self through
discipline, and the other personal, preaching the caltivation of sympathy for
all creatures and devotion to the infinite truth of love and the object of
Buddha’s meditation and his teachings was to free humanity from
sufferings.”6A izse gh lkeqfgd vkSj O;fDrxr R;kx dk vk/kkj gS vkSj ogh lkeqfgd
eqfDr dk vk/kkj gSA
tSun’kZu
ckS)ksa dh HkkSfr tSfu;ksa us Hkh vKku dks gh cU/ku dk eq[; dkj.k cryk;k
gSA vKku ds dkj.k gh O;fDr cU/kuxzLr gksdj nq%[k >syrk gSA mUgha dh (ckS)ks dh)
rjg gh bUgksaus vfgalk dks viuk;k gSA blhfy, ts-,u- flUgk us fy[kk gS fd
“There are great similarities between the Buddhist ethics and the Jains
ethics. First both incalculate the universal and unconditional duty of ahimsa
or nonkilling and noninjury in thought, word and deed.”7nksuksa us gh ekuk gS fd
deZ gh cU/ku dk dkj.k gSA lh +Mh +’kekZ us tSfu;ksa ds deZ ,oa cU/ku lEcU/kh
vo/kkj.kk dks Li”V djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd “Karma is the link which unites the
soul to the body. Ignorance of truth and four passions anger, greed, pride
and delusion which are called Kasaya or sticky substances where karmic
particles stick, attract the flow of the karmic matter towards the soul”8 vc
Li”V gS fd tho deksZa ds dkj.k cU/kuxzLr gksrk gS vkSj bldh LokHkkfod fLFkfr fNi
tkrh gSA bl d”kk; dh fLFkfr vkSj izHkko dh ppkZ djrs gq, MkW- lksgu jkt rkrsM+ us
viuh The Jaina Doctrine of Karma and the science of Genetics uked iqLrd
esa fy[kk gS & “This Kasaya binds the soul to endless sansara. This Kasaya
usually lasts more than 12 months. It adds bondage to bondage and impets
the cycle of life and death to go on endlessly. Jiva under the influence of this
Kasaya commits sins like violence and other evil actions with out fear and
any hesitation.”
tSun’kZu ds vuqlkj tho dk iru igys ekufld Lrj ij gksrk gS] vkSj rc
nzO; cU/ku esa QW¡l tkrk gSA blfy, bUgkssaus nks izdkj ds cU/kuksa dks Lohdkj fd;k gS
& HkkocU/ku rFkk nzO;cU/kuA eu esa cqjs Hkkoksa dks ykus ls Hkko cU/ku esa O;fDr QW¡lrk
gS rFkk iqn~xyksa ls okLrfod :i ls lEcfU/kr gks tkus ls nzO;cU/ku gksrk gSA bl
lEcU/k esa MkW- rkrsM+ us Bhd gh fy[kk gS “Penetration by matter is due to activity
(yoga) and activity arises from mind, body and speech. Bondage of soul is
due to thought activity and that thought is accompanied by desire, passions,
inflammation and infatuation (or intoxication). The rise of Karma, its causes
and consequences are discussed in many Jaina texts. According to
Tattvartha sutra, the self because of its association with passions attracts
Karmic particles which are fit to turn into Karmas.”9A vkB izdkj ds deZ ds
cU/k dks deZcU/k dgk tkrk gSA oSKkfud /kekZpk;Z JhduduUnhth us vuUr ‘kfDr
lEiUu ijek.kq ls ysdj ijekRek uked iqLrd esa cryk;k gS fd O;qIrfÙkiwoZd ßcU/kuÞ
ds pkj Hksn fd;s x;s gSa& cU/k] cU/kd] cU/kuh vkSj cU/kfo/kkuA tho Hkko cU/k ds leku
vtho vFkok iqn~xy Hkko cU/k Hkh rhu izdkj dk cryk;k x;k gSA le vkSj fo”ke cU/k
dh Hkh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA vkSj lE;d~ n’kZu] Kku vkSj pfj= ds }kjk reke cU/kuksa ls
eqfDr fey tkrh gSA tSu n’kZu esa ckS)ksa dh vis{kk pfj= dh ‘kq)rk ij vf/kd cy
fn;k gSA
vc iz’u mBrk gS fd ,slk D;ksa gksrk gS\ tSfu;ksa dh nf”V esa ,slk vKku ds
dkj.k gksrk gSA vKku ds dkj.k gh O;fDr cU/ku xzLr gksdj nq%[k >syrk gSA cU/ku ls
NqVdkjk ikuk gh eks{k gSA ;ksa dgk tk; fd tho vkSj iqn~xyksa (Matter) dk
ikjLifjd izos’k gh cU/ku gS vkSj tho dk iqn~xyksa ls eqDr gksuk gh eks{k dgykrk gSA
;kuh lEiw.kZ deZ&in~xyksa ls eqDr gks tkus ij tho (vkRek) oLrqr% eqDr gks tkrk gSA
;fn eks{k izkIr djuk gS rks fuEu Js.kh dh izdfr dk mPprj vkRek ds }kjk neu
fd;k tkuk vko’;d gSA tc thokRek ml cks> ls eqDr gksrh gS rks fuEu izdfr dks
og nck nsrh gS vkSj fodkl ds Øe esa og f’k[kj rd igq¡p tkrh gSA
tSfu;ksa ds vuqlkj eks{k dh izkfIr ds fy, eq[; rhu ekxZ gSA
“lE;Xn’kZuKkupfj=kf.k eks{k ekxZ%A”9 fVªiqy TosYl ds lEcU/k esa MkW- lksgu jkt
rkrsM+ us Bhd gh fy[kk gS & The path way to emancipation “right attitude,
right knowledge and right conduct constitute according to Jainas, the path
way to final emancipation.” vFkkZr~ lE;d~ n’kZu] lE;d~ Kku vkSj lE;d~ pfj= gh
eks{k dk jkLrk gSA bu rhuksa dks f=jy dgk tkrk gSA eks{k dh izkfIr ds ckn tho
viuh LokHkkfod fLFkfr esa vk tkrk gSA eks{k&izkfIr ds ckn tho vuUr prq”V~; dh
miyfC/k dj ysrk gSA blds vUrxZr vuUr n’kZu] vuUr Kku] vuUr oh;Z ,oa vuUr
vkuUn vFkkZr~ ‘kkfUr vkrh gSA blhfy;s ,ykpk;Z mik/;k; duduUnh th us dgk gS f
dbl voLFkk esa lEiw.kZ tM+psrukRed fo’o ,d gh le; esa Li”V izfrHkkfor gksrk gSA
‘osrkEcj ‘kkL= esa Hkh cryk;k x;k gS& tks ,Xx tk.kbZ lCc tk.kbZA tks lCc tk.kbZ
lks ,Xx tk.kbZAA t;lsukpk;Z us Hkh izopu lkj esa cryk;k gS& ,d Hkko loZrks ,u
nz”Vk] loZHkko ldZrks rsu nz”VkA loZHkko loZrks ,u nz”Vk] loZHkko loZrks rsu nz”VkAA
vFkkZr~ vuar Kku ls og vf[ky fo’o esa fLFkr lEiw.kZ nzO; dks tku ysrk gSA vkSj ogh
eqDr tho dgykrk gSA
ckS)ksa ,oa tSfu;ksa ds eks{k lEcU/kh fopkjksa esa lerk vo’; gS fdUrq nksuksa ,d
ugha gSA nksuksa esa vUrj crykrs gq, ts +,u +flUgk us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “The
Buddhist nirvana is indescribable and indefinable, while the Jaina Moksa is
the omniscience of the eternal soul attended with infinite bliss and infinite
power.”10 ,sls vuUr vkuUn ,oa vuUr ‘kfDr izkIr thoksa ds fy;s gh dgk x;k gS&
,dksHkko% loZHkko LoHkko% losZHkk”kk ,d Hkko LoHkko%] ,dks HkkoLr Rorks ;su cq)% losZ
HkkoLrÙor LÙksu cq)k% vFkkZr~ ftluss Kkrk dks tkuk mlus lc Kseh dks tkuk gSA vkSj
ogh iw.kZ tho gSA
lka[; n’kZu
blds vuqlkj iq:”k vkSj izdfr nks fHkUu LoHkko okyh lÙkk gSA vr% ;g
}Sroknh n’kZu gSA budh nf”V esa iq:”k izdfr ls loZFkk fHkUu gSA vkKuo’k tc iq:”k
vius dks izdfr ls vfHkUu le>us yxrk gS rks og cU/ku esa iM+rk gS vkSj mls vusd
d”V >syus iM+rs gSa ;kfu vfo|k gh mls ‘kjhj ls vius dks vfHkUu ekuus ds fy,
foo’k djrh gSA ‘kjhj ds nq%[k ls iq:”k Lo;a nq%[k dk vuqHko djus yxrk gSA ;gh
cU/ku gSA vr% vKku ,oa Kku gh Øe’k% cU/ku rFkk eks{k ds fu.kkZ;d gSA lka[; n’kZu
ds eqrkfcd ‘kjhj nks rjg ds gksrs gSa&LFkwy ‘kjhj vkSj lw{e ‘kjhjA
LFkwy ‘kjhj iapHkwrksa ls curk gS vkSj bl ‘kjhj ls vklDr gksus ij O;fDr
cU/kuxzLr gksrk gSA cqf)] vgadkj] ,dkn’k bfUnz; vkSj ikap rUek=kvksa ds lewg dks
lw{e ‘kjhj dgk tkrk gSA dqN fo}kuksa dh nf”V esa ‘kjhj rhu rjg ds gksrs gaS vkSj
eks{k dh izkfIr ds i’pkr~ rhuksa ‘kjhj dk uk’k gks tkrk gSA bls fonsg] eqfDr dgk
tkrk gSA ‘kjhj esa jgrs gq, eqDr gksuk thoUeqfDr dgykrk gSA lka[; n’kZu esa nksuksa
eqfDr dh ekU;rk gSA bl n’kZu ds vuqlkj Kku ;k foosd ls euq”; blh thou esa
eqDr gks ldrk gSA (KkukeqfDr%)10A ik’pkR; nk’kZfud fLiukstk us Hkh Kku dks gh
eqfDr dk ekxZ cryk;k gSA jkekdkUr f=ikBh us Bhd gks fy[kk gS fd “As in the
samkhya alone and the Vedanta, in Spinozism also, Knowledge alone is
enough for freedom.”11 cSzMys us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA
tgk¡ rd eks{k ds fu”ks/kkRed ,oa HkkokRed igyw dk iz’u gS] lka[; n’kZu esa
nksuksa dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS] fdUrq blds fu”ks/kkRed igyw ij vf/kd tksj fn;k
x;k gSA dqN fpUrdksa dks nf”V esa eks{k dk Lo:i fu”ks/kkRed gSA ;g dsoy nq%[k jfgr
voLFkk dk uke gSA eks{k dh voLFkk esa O;fDr f=fo/k nq%[kksa (vk/;kfRed] vkf/kHkkSfrd
,oa vkf/knSfod) ls NqVdkjk izkIr dj ysrk gSA rhuksa nq%[k ls fcYdqy fuor gks tkuk
gh okLrfod iq:”kkFkZ gSA blhfy, lka[; n’kZu esa dgk x;k gS& “f=fo/k nq%[kkR;Ura
fuofr jR;Ura iq:”kkFkZ%”11A
;ksx n’kZu
;g Hkh lka[; n’kZu dh rjg ?kksf”kr djrk gS fd tc vKkuo’k iq:”k izdfr
,oa mlds fodkjksa ls vius dks vfHkUu eku ysrk gS rks og cU/kuxzLr gksdj vusdkusd
d”V >syrk gSA foosd gksus ij gh iq:”k vius dks izdfr ls loZFkk iFkd~ le> ldrk
gSA ;ksx ‘kCn dk vFkZ tksM+uk gksrk gSA tksM+us ds fy, dbZ ekxZ gSA muesa Kku ;ksx]
deZ;ksx vkSj HkkfDr ;ksx izeq[k gSA ih +Vh +jktw ds ‘kCnksa esa “The way of life is the
way, main plans of his life for realizing and ideal or value whatever it be. It
is called yoga and also marga. Yoga is derived from the verbal root yuj
meaning “to Join” Marga means path or way. Many margas or yogas were
recognized by Indian thinkers, of which three are now considered to be
important.”11B pkSFkk ekxZ jkt ;ksx Hkh fdlh ls de egRoiw.kZ ugha gSA vkt foKku
ds ;qx eas Hkh bldh mikns;rk T;ksa dh R;ksa cjdjkj gSA blds }kjk Hkh ewy lÙkk ds
lkFk rknkRE; lEcU/k LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA
bldk (;ksx n’kZu dk) eq[; fl)kUr mu mik;ksa dh f’k{kk nsuk gS] ftuds
}kjk ekuo vkRekiw.kZ :i ls ijekRek esa fey tk; vkSj ;gh eqfDr Hkh gSA bl mn~ns’;
dh izkfIr ds fy, xEHkhj Hkko fpUru dks gh eq[; lk/ku cryk;k x;k gSA bl rjg ds
;ksx ;k eu ds ldsUnzhdj.k ds leqfpr vH;kl ds fy, foLrkj ds lkFk fu;eksa dks
izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gSA ;ksx dh ifjHkk”kk nsrs gq, Lo;a iratfy us dgk gS fd
“;ksxf’profr fujks/k%”12 fprofr;k¡ oSls rks cgqr lh gSa] ij ik¡p eq[; gSa& izek.k]
foi;Z; (feF;k Kku)] fodYi] funzk vkSj Lefr (;ks +lw +1%6) eqeq{kq O;fDr dks budk
fujks/k djuk pkfg;sA vH;kl vkSj oSjkX; ds }kjk budk fujks/k laHko gSA eu ds
ldsUnzhdj.k ds leqfpr vH;kl ds fy, ;ksx n’kZu esa fuEufyf[kr fu;e cryk;s x;s
gSa& “;efu;ekluizk.kk;keizR;kgkj/kkj.kk/;kulekf/k;ks·”Vkoaxkfu” (;ksx lw= 2/29)
vFkkZr~ ;e] fu;e] vklu] izk.kk;ke] izR;kgkj] /kkj.kk] /;ku vkSj lekf/k gh Kku izkfIr
ds mik; gaSA
;e dk vFkZ eu] opu vkSj deZ ij fu;a=.k gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa
of.kZr ikap ozrksa ;k /keksZa dk eu] opu vkSj deZ ls ikyu djuk gh ;e gSA ;gk¡ ;g
Hkh cryk;k x;k gS fd “vfgalklR;kLrs;czg~ep;kZifjxzg;ek%A vFkkZr~ vfgalk] lR;]
vLrs; vifjxzg ,oa czg~ep;Z gh ;e dgykrk gSA fu;e ds vUrxZr ‘kkSp] lUrks”k]
riL;k] Lok/;k; ,oa bZ’oj izf.k/kku vkrk gSA ‘kjhj dk ,d fo’ks”k eqnzk esa j[kuk gh
vklu gSA ‘okl&fØ;k ij fu;a=.k j[kuk gh izk.kk;ke dgykrk gSA izR;kgkj dk vFkZ
[khapuk gkssrk gSA viuh bfUnz;ksa dks ckg~; ,oa vkUrfjd fo”k;ksa ls [khapdj eu dks
vius o’k esa djuk gh izR;kgkj dgykrk gSA vHkh”V fo”k; ij fpŸk dks dsfUnzr djuk
/kkj.kk dgykrk gS (ns’kcU/kf’prL;/kkj.kk)A fpÙk dks b/kj m/kj HkVdus ls jksddj
vHkh”V fo”k; ij vf/kd le; rd tekuk gh /;ku gS (r= izR;Sdrkurk/;kue ~)A
lekf/k ;ksx lk/kuk dh vfUre lksiku gSA /;ku dh voLFkk esa Kkrk dks vkRe psruk
jgrh gS fd veqd fo”k; ij og viuk fpÙk dsfUnzr j[k jgk gSA ijUrq lekf/k dh
voLFkk esa lk/kd vkRe psruk [kks nsrk gSA og vHkh”V fo”k; esa bruk yhu gks tkrk gS
fd mls vius vfLrÙo dh psruk ugha jgrh gSA vkSj bl voLFkk esa og vius dkj.k esa
foyhu gks tkrk gSA blhfy;s cryk;k x;k gS fd “iq:”kkFkZ’kwU;kuka xq.kkuka izfrizlo%
dSoY;a Lo:i izfr”Bk ok fpfr’kfDrsfjfrAA” (;ksx lw=) vFkkZr~ ftudk iq:”k ds fy,
dksbZ drZO; ‘ks”k ugha jgk] ,sls xq.kkuke xq.kksa dk izfrizlo% vius dkj.k esa foyhu gks
tkuk dSoY; gSA vFkok ;ksa dgk tk; fd n”Vh dk vius Lo:i esa izfrf”Br gks tkuk
dSoY; gSaA xhrk esa Hkh cryk;k x;k gS fd “o’k esa fd;k gqvk fpÙk ;kuh fo’ks”k :i ls
,dkxzrk dks izkIr gqvk fpÙk] tc ckg~; fpUru dks NksM+dj dsoy vkRek esa gh fLFkr
gksrk gS& vius Lo:i esa fLFkfr ykHk djrk gS( rc ml le; Hkksxksa dh ykylk ls
jfgr gqvk ;ksxh vFkkZr~ n”V vkSj vn”V leLr Hkksxksa ls ftldh r”.kk u”V gks xbZ gS
,slk ;ksxh ;qDr gS& (lekf/kLFk ijekRek esa fLFkfr okyk) gS] ,slk dgk tkrk gSA”13
blds fy;s ;ksxh dks lnSo iz;Ru’khy jguk iM+rk gSA laHkor% blhfy, xhrk esa dgk
x;k gS fd “iz;Ruk|rekuLrq ;ksxh la’kq)fdfYo”k%A vusd tUelafl)Lrrksa ;kfr ijka
xfre~AA14 vFkkZr~ tks iz;Ru iwoZd fo}ku ;ksxh lE;d~ Kku dks izkIr djds ijexfr
¼eks{k½ dks izkIr gksrk gSA bl voLFkk esa czg~e dk n’kZu gks tkrk gSA Lokeh foosdkuUn
us Hkh dgk gS fd lekf/k dh loksZPp voLFkk rks og gS] tc gesa lR; Lo:i czg~e ds
n’kZu gksrs gaSA15
U;k;n’kZu
bl n’kZu ds vuqlkj vkRek ‘kjhj] czkg~;] bfUnz;k¡ ,oa eu ls loZFkk fHkUu gSA
vfo|k ;k vKku ds dkj.k tc vkRek ‘kjhj] eu ,oa bfUnz;ksa dks viuk vax eku ysrh
gS rks mls nq%[k >syuk iM+rk gSA ;gh cU/ku dgykrk gSA bl voLFkk esa vkRek dks
tUe&ej.k ds pDdj esa Q¡luk iM+rk gSA vkRek tc vius ‘kjhj] eu ,oa bfUnz;ksa ds
izHkko ls vius vki dks iw.kZr;k eqDr dj ysrh gS rks mls eks{k dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
uS;kf;dksa ds eqrkfcd eks{k ,d ,slh voLFkk gS tgk¡ nq%[kksa dk iw.kZr;k uk’k gks tkrk gS
(vR;fUrdks nq%[kkHkko%) U;k; dUnyh esa Hkh cryk;k x;k gS fd ^vfgr
fuofrjkR;fUrdhA ia- vkuUn >k ds ‘kCnkssa esa “eks{k dsoy nq%[kkHkko ugh vfirq vR;Ur
nq%[kkHkko gSA15A vr% lalkj ls NqVdkjk ikuk ;k laklkfjdrk ls fuor gksuk gh ije
Js; dh izkfIr gSA ije Js; lq[k dh izkfIr esa ugha] vfirq nq%[k ls eqfDr ikus esa gS]
D;ksafd lq[k ;k vkuUn lnSo nq%[k ds lkFk fefJr jgrk gSA lalkj nq%[ke; gS] ;|fi
dHkh&dHkh ;g lq[ke; izrhr gksrk gSA nq%[k] tUe] izofr] nks”k] feF;k Kku ,oa Ja[kyk
dh ,d&,d ijorhZ dM+h ds u”V gksus ls ml dh iqf”V gks tkrh gSA uS;kf;dksa dh
nf”V esa tgk¡ lq[k gksxk ogk¡ nq%[k Hkh gksxkA eks{kkoLFkk esa u rks lq[k dh izkfIr gksrh gS
vkSj u nq%[k dh ghA vr% eks{k dh voLFkk esa vkRek ‘kjhj ls iw.kZr;k eqDr gksdj
lq[k&nq[k ls ijs gks tkrk gS vkSj fcYdqy vpsru dh voLFkk esa lq[k] nq[k] /keZ] v/keZ
vkfn dsk dksbZ psruk ugha jgrh gSA uS;kf;dksa us eks{k dks vioxZ dgk gSA vooxZ ls
rkRi;Z ‘kjhj vkSj bfUnz;ksa ds cU/kuksa ls vkRek dk foeqDr gksuk gSA16
tgk¡ rd eks{k ikus dk mik; dk iz’u gS] uS;kf;dksa dh nf”V esa] lcls igys
/keZ&xzUFkksa ds vkRe&fo”k;d muns’kksa dk Jo.k djuk pkfg, mlds ckn euu dk LFkku
vkrk gSA euu ds }kjk vkRek fo”k;d Kku dks lqn<+ cukuk pkfg,A vkSj rc
fufn/;klu dh ckjh vkrh gSA blds }kjk vFkkZr~ ;ksx ds cryk;s x;s ekxZ ds eqrkfcd
ijekRek dk fujUrj /;ku djuk pkfg,A
vius lafpr deksZa dk Qy Hkksx ysus ij fQj og (vkRek) tUe xzg.k ugha
djrk gSA ;kuh tUe&ej.k ds pØ esa ugha iM+rk gS vkSj bl rjg iqutZUe dk vUr gks
tkus ij ‘kjhj ds cU/kuksa ds lkFk gh lkFk nq%[kksa dk Hkh vUr gks tkrk gSA ;gh U;k;
dh eks{k ;k vioxZ lEcU/kh vo/kkj.kk gSA
oS’ksf”kd n’kZu
U;k; vkSj oS’ksf”kd nksuksa gh tqM+ok¡ n’kZu gSaA nksuksa us gh vKku dks ca/ku dk
ewy dkj.k ,oa foosd dks eks{k dk lk/ku cryk;k gSA nksuksa eks{k dks thou dk pje
y{; ekurs gSaA f/kjsUnz ‘kekZ us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “The negative Dialectic of the
Nyaya-Vaisesika emancipation like most Indian philosophical writers.
Gautama and kanada the authours of the Nyaya and Vaisesika sutras,
proclaimed emancipation (Moksa or apavarga) as the ultimate aim of their
respective schools of thought reward of a thorough knowledge of their
respective system.”17A nksuksa dh nf”V esa eks{k nq%[kjfgr voLFkk dk uke gSA ftl
izdkj egf”kZ xkSre izek.k] izes; vkfn “kksMl ¼lksyg½ inkFkksZa ds Kku ls eks{k gksuk
crykrs gSa mlh izdkj egf”kZ d.kkn “k”B inkFkZ vkSj ckn esa pydj muds vuq;kf;;ksa us
lkr inkFkZ ;Fkk&nzO;] xq.k vkfn ?kV inkFkksZa ds rŸo Kku ls eks{k gksuk cryk;k gSA
d.kkn us Lo;a cry;k gS fd ^/keZfo’ks”kizlwrnzO;xq.kdeZlkekU;fo’ks”k leok;kuka
inkFkkZuka lk/E;ZoS/kE;kZH;ka rÙoKkukfUu% Js;le~A (oS.lw. 1-1-4) vr% foosd gh eks{k dk
dkj.k gSA eks{k dh ifjHkk”kk nsrs gq, mUgksaus (d.kkn us) cryk;k gS fd
“rn~Hkkosla;ksxkHkkoks·izknqHkkZo’p eks{k% (oS.lw.5-2-18) vFkkZr~ deZ pØ dh xfr dk vUr
gks tkus ij vkRek dk ‘kjhj ls lEcU/k foPNsn gks tkrk gSA tUe&ej.k ijEijk dk
volku gks tkus ij ldy nq%[kksa ls loZnk ds fy, NqVdkjk fey tkrk gSA ;gh eks{k
gSA vc tkfgj gS fd U;k; vkSj oS’ksf”kd nksuksa esa cgqr gn rd lekurk gSA vkRek]
bZ’oj] fnd~] dky] v.kq rFkk cU/ku ,oa eks{k lEcU/kh vo/kkj.k nksuksa dh leku gh gSA
ts +,u +flUgk us Hkh fy[kk gS fd “The Nayaya and the Vaisesika are the allied
system ( Samanatantra). They both recognize the reality of God, the finite
souls, physical things, atoms of earth, water, fire and air, space, time and
ether. They both hold the same views of the nature of the finite soul and its
bondage and liberation.”17 fQj Hkh ;g ugha dgk tk ldrk gS fd nksuksa dh eks{k
lEcU/kh /kkj.kk ,d gh gSA oS’ksf”kd n’kZu esa izfrikfnr eks{k ds fl)kUr rFkk U;k;
n’kZu esa izfrikfnr eks{k dh vo/kkj.kk esa FkksM+k lk Hksn Hkh gSA ek/kokpk;Z us Hkh bl
ckr dh iqf”V dh gS] “MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~ ds ‘kCnksa esa “ek/ko vius ^’kadj fot;^ esa dgrk
gS fd d.kkn ds n’kZu ds vuqlkj eks{k dh voLFkk esa vkRek lc izdkj ds xq.kksa ls
vlEc) jgrh gS rFkk vkdk’k dh Hkk¡fr lc izdkj dh mikf/k;ksa rFkk xq.kksa ls Lora=
jgrh gSA fdUrq uS;kf;dksa ds vuqlkj eks{kkoLFkk vkuUn rFkk Kku dh voLFkk gSA”18
ehekalk n’kZu
izkphu ehekaldksa us LoxZ dks gh thou dk pje y{; ekuk gSA ijUrq ijorhZ
ehekaldksa us eks{k dks gh pje y{; ;k fu%Js;l cryk;k gSA izkphu ehekaldksa dks nf”V
esa lHkh deksZa dk vfUre mn~ns’; LoxZ&izkfIr gSA budk dguk gS fd tks LoxZ pkgrk
gS og ;K djs (LoxZ dkeks ;tsr) fdUrq lqjs’ojkpk;Z ds vuqlkj dkE; vkSj fuf”k)
deksaZ dk R;kx djus ls vkSj fuR;] uSfefrd deksZa dk vuq”Bku djrs jgus ls eqfDr
ykHk gksrk gSA dkE; deksaZ dk Qy LoxZ izkfIr vkfn gSa] ftlls eks{kkFkhZ dks cpuk
pkfg,A fuf”k) deksZa ls v/kksxfr feyrh gS blfy, mUgsa Hkh NksM+ nsuk pkfg,A fuR;
uSfefrd deksZa ls dksbZ fo’ks”k Qy ugh gksrk gS] muls ek= nks”k nwj gksrs gS] blfy,
mUgsa djrs jguk pkfg,A bl izdkj eheakldksa dh nf”V esa thfor jgdj izkjC/k dekZsa
dk Hkksx dj ysus ds i’pkr~ fu%Js;l dh izkfIr gksrh gSA eqfDr ds fy, Kku ls dgha
deZ dkjxj fl) gqvk gSA eqfDr ds {k.k rd Hkh fuR; deksaZ dks ugha R;kxuk pkfg,A
‘kkL=ksa esa tks cryk;k x;k gS fd ^deZ.kk cº;rs tUrq%] vFkkZr~ deZ ls izk.kh cU/krk gSA
lqjs’oj dh nf”V esa ;g fu;e fuR; deksaZ ds fy, ykxw ugha gSA blfy, ehekaldksa us
deZ;ksxh gksus dh f’k{kk nh gS u fd laU;kl ekxZ viukus dhA budh nf”V esa fujis{k
deZ ls Hkh eks{k dh izkfIr laHko gSA bruk gh ugha ehekaldksa dk dguk gS fd fuR;
deksZa dk R;kxuk izR;sd fLFkfr esa nks”kksa esa Q¡lk nsus okyk fl) gksrk gSA vc iz’u gS
fd eheakldksa dh n`f”V esa eks{k dk Lo:i D;k gS\ bl iz’u dk HkkokRed mÙkj nsrs gq,
ehekaldksa us cryk;k gS fd tc vkRek] lq[k] nq%[k] bPNk] iz;Ru] /keZ] v/keZ] nks”k] xq.k
vkfn u’oj ¼fouk’k’khy½ (vkus tkus okys vfuR;) /keksZa ls NwV tkrk gS] rc mls eqDr
dgrs gSa] eqDrkoLFkk esa lq[k] nq%[k nksuksa ugha gksrs gaSA vkuUn vkRek dk Lo:i ugha
gSA blfy, eqDr voLFkk dks HkkokRed vkuUn dh voLFkk ugha ekuuh pkfg,A vkRe
KkuLo:i Hkh ughsa gSA Kku fcuk eu ds ugha gks ldrk gS vkSj eqDr voLFkk es eu
dk foy; gks tkrk gSA blfy, eqfDr esa vkReKku jgrk gS] dgrk mfpr ugha gS %
eks{kkoLFkk esa vkRek esa Kku ‘kfDr jgrh gS u fd KkuA vc iz’u gS fd eks{k esa vkuUn
ugha gksrk rks mls iq:”kkFkZ dSls dgk tkrk gS\ mŸkj esa ehekaldksa dk dguk gS fd nq%[k
dk vR;Ur u”V gksuk vFkok djuk gh lcls cM+k iq:”kkFkZ gS] ogh eks{k gSA
vr% iwoZtUe ds laLdkjksa ds dkj.k Hkh cU/ku gksrk gSA vkRe Kku ,oa fu”dke
deZ /khjs /khjs lafpr laLdkjksa dks uk’k djds O;fDr dks iquTkZUe ls NqVdkjk fnykrs gaSA
ehekald pSrU; dks vkRek dk vko’;d xq.k ugha ekurs gSaA blhfy, eks{k izkIr djus
ij vkRek dks lq[k ;k nq%[k dh dksbZ psruk ugha jgrh gSA bl rjg ge ns[krs gaS fd
ehekaldksa us Hkh vU; nk’kZfudksa dh Hkkafr eks{k ds fu”ks/kkRed i{k ij gh vf/kd tksj
fn;k gSA dqekfjy Hkê dk dguk gS fd nq%[k dk vR;Ur uk’k gks tkus ls vkRek esa iwoZ
ls fo|eku gksus okys lq[k vFkok vkuUn dk tc eu ds }kjk mi;ksx vFkok vuqHko
gksus yxrk gS] ogh eqDrkoLFkk gSA bl izdkj dqekfjy Hkê eqfDr esa vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr
dks ekurs gSa] tcfd izHkkdj feJ us U;k; ,oa oS’ksf”kd n’kZuksa dh rjg mls vkuUnkuqHko
ls ‘kqU; ekuk gSA fdUrq NkUnksX;ksifu”kn~ esa cryk;k x;k gS fd eqDrkoLFkk izkIr iq:”k
lq”kqEuk ukM+h }kjk Åij mBdj ver rŸo dks izkIr gksrk gSA ik’kqirerkoyfc;ksa us Hkh
nq%[kksa dh vkR;fUrd fuofr dks gh nq[kkar vFkok eks{k dgk gSA19 ;gk¡ Hkh eks{k ds
fu”ks/kkRed igyw ij gh tksj fn;k x;k gSA
osnkUr n’kZu
‘kadjkpk;Z ds v}Sr osnkUr ds vuqlkj vkRek vksj czg~e nksuksa oLrqr% ,d gh
lrk ds nks uke gSA lh +Mh +’kekZ ds ‘kCnksa esa “Atma is the same as Brahman. It is
pure consciousness. It is the self, which is self luminous and which
transcends the subject-object duality and the trinity of knower, known and
knowledge, and all the cotegories of the intellect. It is the Unqualified
Absolute.”20
vr% vkRek vkSj czg~e esa dksbZ vUrj ugha gSA vKkuo’k O;fDr vkRek dks
‘kjhj ;k bfUnz; ls vfHkUu eku ysrk gS vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i cU/kuxzLr gksrk gSA vkRe
Kku ls gh eks{k laHko gSA ,e- jaxkpk;Z us Hkh fy[kk gS fd “The cause of the
bondage of the soul is merely the perception of distinctions, which is based
on unreality has its origin in the avidya (ignorance) that veils the true nature
of the Brahman. This bondage it self is unreal, on solely by reason of its
unreality, it is destroyed to the very roots by means of knowledge. The
knowledge that so destroys the bondage is derived out of scriptural passages
such as that thou art etc. ^rqe ogh gks* dh vo/kkj.kk blds fy, i;kZIr gSA”20A
thou ‘kadj ;kfKd us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “eks{k dk Lo:i gS thokRek ijekRek dh
vfHkUurk dk Kku gSA nksuksa ,d Lo:i gS] blh Kku dk uke eks{k gSA21 eks{k dh
voLFkk esa og lfPpnkuUn Lo:i gks tkrk gSA
vxLr~; eqfu us Hkh eks{k ds fy, Kku dks vko’;d cryk;k gSA gkykafd
blds fy, mUgksaus deZ dks Hkh lkFk esa ys fy;k gSA nklxqIrk ds ‘kCnksa esa vxLR; us Hkh
cryk;k gS fd ftl izdkj i{kh vius nks ia[kksa ds lgkjs mM+rk gS mlh izdkj euq”;
dsoy Kku vkSj deZ ds }kjk gh ijein dks izkIr dj ldrk gSA”22 fdUrq ‘kadj dh
nf”V esa Kku gh eks{k ds fy, i;kZIr gSA budk dguk gS fd vkReKku gh czg~e Kku
gSA tc vkRek vius dks czg~e ds :i esa tku ysrh gS rks og cU/ku ls eqDr gks tkrh
gSA ‘kadj dh nf”V esa vkRek ges’kk eqDr gh jgrh gSA vKku ds dkj.k gh og vius
okLrfod Lo:i dks Hkwydj fofo/k nq[kksa dks Hkksxrh gSA Jqfr ls Hkh bl ckr dh iqf”V
gksrh gSaA ts +,u +flUgk us Hkh fy[kk gS fd “The srutisays ‘Bondage is terminated
by the knowledge of Brahma.”23 ‘kadj ds oDrO;ksa ls Li”V gks tkrk gS fd eks{k
dh izkfIr esa euq”; dksbZ uohu oLrq dh izkfIr ugha djrk gS cfYd izkIr dh gqbZ oLrq
dks iqu% izkIr djrk gSA nwljs ‘kCnksa esa eks{k dh izkfIr izkIr dh gqbZ oLrq dh fQj ls
izkfIr ek= gSA ‘kkadj Hkk”; Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk esa Li”V cryk;k x;k gS fd dkekREkk
ftUgksaus dke dks gh viuk LoHkko cuk fy;k gS ,sls dke ijk;.k vkSj LoxZ dks iz/kku
ekuus okys ;kuh LoxZ gh ftudk ije iq:”kkFkZ gS ,sls iq:”k:i deZ Qy dks nsusokyh
gh ckrsa fd;k djrs gaS (dkekReku% LoxZ iqutZUe deZQyiznke~A fØ;k fo’ks”k cgqyka
Hkksxs’o;Zxfr izfrAA43AA)24 ‘kadj dh nf”V esa Kkfu;ksa ds fy, deZ dh vko’;drk ugha
gSA ftls iw.kZ Kku dh izkfIr ugha gqbZ gS] mls vkRe ‘kqf) ds fy, fu”dke deZ djuk
vko’;d gSA bl lEcU/k esa MkW +jk/kkd`”.ku~ us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “’kadj us deZ ds
fo/kku dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA O;fDrÙo vFkkZr~ iFkDRo deZ ds dkj.k gSa vkSj vfo|k dh
mit gSA”25 vgadkj vkSj LokFkZ ds ca/ku ls Øe’k% eqDr gksus ds fy, fu”dke deZ
vko’;d gS u fd fuf”Ø;rkA vkSj tks rÙoKku ;k eqfDr ik pqdk gS mls Hkh vU;
cU/kuxzLr thoksa ds midkjkFkZ fu%LokFkZ deZ djuk pkfg,A jktk tud vkfn blds
toyUr mnkgj.k gSA mUgsa fonsg Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
vr% osnkar ftl uSfrd vkSj vk/;kfRed lk/kuk ij tksj nsrk gS mldk
y{k.k vkRen’kZu vFkok czg~e lk{kkRdkj gS vFkkZr~ lc fo”k;ksa esa czg~e dh lrk ns[kuk
gh osnkUr dh lh[k gSA uSfrdrk ,d izdkj dh lh<+h dk iRFkj gS] foJke LFky ugha
gSA ,sls lHkh deZ] tks Qy dh vkdka{kk ls fd;s tkrs gaS] deZ fo/kku ds vuqlkj gh
Qy feyrk gSA fdUrq ,sls deZ tks] fu%LokFkZ vFkkZr~ bZ’ojkiZ.k ds Hkko ls fd;s x;s gS a]
eu dks ifo= djrs gSaA blhfy;s Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk ds 18osa v/;k; ds ikapos ‘yksd eas
cryk;k x;k gS fd ^^;Knkuri% deZ u R;kT;a dk;Zesorr~A ;Kks nkua ri’pSo
ikoukfu euhf”kuke~AA** vFkkZr~ ;g 'kq) vFkok ifo= cukrk gSA ifo=rk eqfDr ds fy;s
vko’;d gSA
eks{k lHkh lÙkk ds lk{kkRdkj dk ,d fo”k; gS tks vuUr dky ls fo|eku
gS] ;|fi og gekjs nf”V {ks= ls ijs gSA tc izfrcU/k nwj gks tkrs gSa rks vkRek eqDr gks
tkrh gSA e/kqlwnu ljLorh us Hkh ekuk gS fd “vfo|k ls eqDr vkRek dks gh eks{k dk
okLrfod Lo:i ekuuk pkfg,A26
vc iz’u mBrk gS fd ‘kadj dh nf”V esa Kku D;k gS\ ‘kadj dh nf”V esa
‘kkL=ksDr inkFkksZa dks le>us dk uke Kku gS] vkSj ‘kkL= ls le>s gq, Hkkoksa dks oSls gh
vius vUr%dj.k esa izR;{k vuqHko djus dk uke ^foKku^ gS] ,sls ^Kku^ vkSj foKku ls
ftldk vUr%dj.k rIr gSA mldh nf”V ls feV~Vh] iRFkj vksj lksuk lc leku gS] ogh
eqDr gS vkSj ogh czg~e:i Hkh gSA27 Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk esa Hkh bl ckr dh iqf”V dh xbZ
gSA
dqN fo}kuksa dk dguk gS fd lR; Kku dh izkfIr ls vusdRo dk fouk’k gks
tkrk gS] fdUrq okLro esa ckr ,slh ugha gSaA blesa ek= vusdRo dk vHkko gks tkrk gSA
blhfy, dgk tkrk gS fd ^Kkrs}Sr u fo|rs A MkW +jk/kkd”.ku~ us fy[kk gS fd “lR;
Kku dh izkfIr ls rkRi;Z vusdRo dk fouk’k ugha fdUrq dsoy vusdRo ds Hkko dk
vHkko gSA ;g ,d izdkj dh vUrnZf”V gS tks txr~ ds fp= dks gh cny nsrh gS vkSj
lc oLrqvksa dk u;s fljs ls fuekZ.k djrh gSA ;g vUrnZf”V thou rFkk bldh ?kVukvksa
ds izfr bl izdkj dk ifjofrZr nf”Vdks.k eks{k dh voLFkk ugha] vfirq lk{kkr~ eks{k
gSA28 eqDrkRek ds mij vkoj.k Lo:i ek;k dk dksbZ o’k ugha gSA tc vuqHko ds }kjk
czg~e rFkk vkRek ds ,dRo rd ge igq¡p tkrs gSa rks og cU/ku] tks gesa ukuk :iksa ls
tdM+s gq, gS] dV tkrk gSA vkSj mDr :iksa ds vUrxZr dksbZ vkd”kZ.k ugha jg tkrk
gSA
‘kadjkpk;Z ds vuqlkj osnkUr ds os gh vf/kdkjh gaS tks igys lk/ku prq”V~;
dks viukrs gSaA ;s gSa “lk/kukfu fuR;kfuR;oLrqfoosdkgkeq=kFkZ Qy Hkksx&fojkx’kenekfn
“kV~dlEifr eqeq{kqRokfu”29 vr% ‘kadj dh nf”V esa dsoy czg~e gh fuR; oLrq gS vkSj
mlls fHkUu lc dqN vfuR; gS] ,slk foospu djuk fuR;kfuR; oLrq foosd gSA bl
yksd esa ekyk] pUnu] dkfeuh vkfn fo”k; Hkksx ftl izdkj deZ ls tUe gksus ls
vfuR; gS] mlh izdkj ijyksd esa gksus (izkIr) gksus okys verkfnfo”k; Hkksx Hkh vfuR;
gS] blfy;s mu Hkksxksa ls vR;Ur fojfr dk gksuk bgkeq=kFkZ Qy Hkksx fojkx gSA ‘ke]
ne] mijkfr] frfr{kk] lek/kku vkSj J)k] ‘kenekfn dgykrs gaSA Jo.k] euu vkSj
fufn/;klu ls fHkUu fo”k;ksa ls eu dks gVk ysus dks ‘ke dgk tkrk gSA ckg~; bfUnz;ksa
dk Jo.k vkfn ds vfrfjDr fo”k;ksa ls gVkus dks ne dgrs gSaA fQj ls fo”k;ksa dh vksj
izor gksus dk mRlkg u jg tkus ls fLFkj gks tkuk mijfr gSA ‘khr&m”.k vkfn }U}ksa
dks lgu djuk frfr{kk gSA
/;kuxghr fpÙk dk Jo.k ,oa Jo.k vkfn ds vuqdwy fo”k;ksa esa fLFkj gks
tkuk lek/kku gSA xq: vkSj f’k”; ijaijk dk fuokZg djrs gq, muds oDrO;ksa esa vkLFkk
mRiUu gksuk J)k gSA eks{k dh bPNk ls ;qDr gksuk eqeq{kqRo (Desire for self-
realisation) gSA ;kuh lk/kd dks eks{k izkfIr ds fy, n<+ ladYi dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSaA
mi;qZDr pkj lk/kuksa ls ;qDr gksus ij gh dksbZ O;fDr osnkUr dk vf/kdkjh gks ldrk
gSA osnkUr ds v/;;u ds fy, Jo.k] euu ,oa fufn/;klu dh Hkh vko’;drk iM+rh
gSA xq: ds mins’k lquuk vFkok Jo.k dgykrk gSA mu mins’kksa ij ;qfDr iwoZd fopkj
djuk euu dgykrk gSA ,oa mu lR;ksa dk ckjackj /;ku djuk gks fufn/;klu gSA
iwoZ ds lafpr deZ ,oa mlls mRiUu laLdkj brus izcy gksrs gaS fd ,d ckj
osnkUr ds v/;;u ek= ls gh os u”V ugha gksrs gSaA ckjackj czg~efo|k ds vuq’khyu rFkk
rnuqdwy vkpj.k ds vH;kl ls gh dze’k% mu laLdkjkaaas dk {k; gks ldrk gSA tc lHkh
feF;k laLdkj nwj gks tkrs gaS vkSj czg~e dh lR;rk esa vpy fu”Bk gks tkrh gS rc
eqeq{kq dks xq: rÙoefl (rw czg~e gS) egkokD; dh nh{kk nsrs gSaA bl egkokD; dh nh{kk
ikdj eqeq{kq ,dkxzfpr gksdj lR; dh vuqHkwfr izkIr djus yxrk gS vkSj vUr esa
vkRe&lk{kkRdkj gks tkrk gSA ,e- jaxkpk;Z us Hkh fy[kk gS fd “The knowledge that
so destroys the bondage is derived out of scriptural passages such as “That
thou art” etc. works are of no use in causing the origination of such
knowledge in its own true nature, or in producing the effect of this
knowledge that is so derived out of such passages, but the use of works
consists only in producing the desire to know the Brahman.”29A ,slh fLFkfr esa
mls “vga czg~ekfLe” (eSa gh czg~e gw¡) dh vuqHkwfr fey tkrh gS vkSj og iw.kZ eqDr gks
tkrk gSA nklxqIrk u Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “Vedanta Says that when a duly
qualified man takes to the study of Vedanta and is instructed by the
perceptor “ thou art that” he attains the emancipating knowledge and the
world appearance becomes for him false and illusory.”30
‘kadjkpk;Z ds vuqlkj eks{k nks rjg ds gksrs gSaA & thoUeqfDr vkSj fonsg
eqfDrA egf”kZ Jh ofl”B us Hkh cryk;k gS fd “j?kquUnu bl yksd esa nsg/kkjh thoksa dh
nks izdkj dh eqfDr feyrh gS& ,d rks lnsg eqfDr vkSj nwljh fonsg eqfDrA”30A
thforkoLFkk esa gh eqfDr ik tkuk thoUeqfDr dgykrk gSA vkSj tks fo}ku fo”k;&Lusg
ls jfgr gks tkrk gS og thoUeqDr dgykrk gSA euq”; tc rd cU/ku esa jgrk gS rks
mldh eR;q ds lkFk LFkwy ‘kjhj dk vUr gks tkrk gS] fdUrq lw{e ‘kjhj jg tkrk gS
vkSj og nwljs ‘kjhj ds lkFk tqV tkrk gSA thoUeqfDr ds lkFk ,slh ckr ugha gSA bl
eqfDr ds i’pkr~ tc LFkwy ‘kjhj dk uk’k gksrk gS rks lw{e ‘kjhj dk Hkh uk’k gks tkrk
gSA fQj uohu tUe dh vko’;drk ugha iM+rh gS] vkRek ‘kjhj ds cU/ku ls iw.kZr;k
eqDr gS vkSj fpj vkuUn dh voLFkk esa gSA ;g ^fonsg eqfDr^ gSA ,e- fgfj;Uuk us Bhd
gh fy[kk gS fd “When in the end of jivan mukta is dissociated from his
physical accompaniments, he becomes Brahman it self; ‘Brahma vid
brahmaiva bhavati’ that is known as videha mukti.”31 jkekuqt dh nf”V esa ;g
eqfDr (fonsg eqfDr) laHko gSA fdUrq ‘kadj us nksuksa eqfDr dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA
xksLokeh rqylhnkl us Hkh fonsg eqfDr ij vf/kd cy fn;k gSA
‘kadj dh nf”V esa bl voLFkk esa O;fDr vlhe vkuUn dk vuqHko djrk gSA
;g eks{k dk HkkokRed igyw dgykrk gS vkSj fu”ks/kkRed :i esa ;g nq%[k jfgr voLFkk
gSA Jhlqjs’ojkpk;Z us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA tgk¡ lka[; er dks ekuus okys
fo}kuksa] ehekaldksa vkSj dqN uS;kf;dksa us eks{k ds fu”ks/kkRed igyw ij tksj fn;k gS ogka
‘kadj us bldh nq%[k jfgr voLFkk ds lkFk&lkFk vkuUn dh voLFkk Hkh ekuk gSA
vr%’kadj dh eks{k&lEcU/kh /kkj.kk vU; dbZ Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa ls vf/kd lUrks”kizn ,oa
mRlkg c)Zd nh[k iM+rh gSA
eks{k vØe.;rk ,oa fuf”Ø;rk dh voLFkk ugha cfYd ;g iw.kZ lfØ;rk ,oa
iw.kZrk dh voLFkk gSA eqDr tho yksd dY;k.k ds fy, fu%LokFkZ Hkko ls lnSo de
djrs jgrs gSaA Lo;a ‘kadjkpk;Z dk thou bl ckr dk ToyUr mnkgj.k gSA cq) ds
lEcU/k esa Hkh ;gh ckr dgh tkrh gSA jkekuqt fof’k”Vk}Sr osnkUr ds izorZd gSaA budk
dguk gS fd esk{k dh voLFkk esa vkRek czg~e esa ,dkdkj ,oa foyhu ugha gks tkrh
cfYd vkRek eqDr gksus ij bZ’oj ds ln’; gks tkrh gSA lrr~ mikluk ,oa HkfDr ds
}kjk tho bZ’oj dks izlUu j[kdj vlhe czg~ekuUn izkIr djrk gSA lPph HkfDr ls
izlUu gksdj bZ’oj vius HkDrksa ds lEeq[k vius okLrfod :i esa izdV gksrs gaSA bls gh
bZ’oj dk lk{kkRdkj dgk tkrk gSA
;g t:jh ugha fd ;g eqfDr ,d gh tUe esa fey tk; cfYd
tUe&tUekrj ds iz;kl ls laHko gks ikrk gSSSA blfy, deZ djuk dHkh ugha NksM+uk
pkfg,A bUgksusa (jkekuqtkpk;Z us) Lo;a dgk gS fd “deZ ;ksx ls ;qDr fo’kq)kRek] eu
ij fot; ik;k gqvk bfUnz; fot;h] leLr Hkwr izkf.k;ksa dh vkRek dks viuh vkRek
le>us okyk iq:”k deZ djrk gqvk Hkh fyIr ugha gksrkA”32 jkekuqt dh nf”V esa HkfDr
pkSFkk iq:”kkFkZ gSA lPph izhfr loZJs”B mik; gSA ;g eqfDr ds fy, lqxe ,oa loZJs”B
lk/kuk gSA buds vuq;kf;;ksa us blfy, eqfDr ugha cfYd izHkq in ds izfr vuqjkx dh
dkeuk dh gSA jke ds HkkbZ Hkjr us ¼jkek;.k ,oa jkepfjr ekul eas½ blh ckr dh
lEiqf”V dh gSA vr% budh nf”V esa fonsg eqfDr gh lPph eqfDr gSA budk dguk gS
fd ‘kjhj ds u”V gksus ij gh mls okLrfod eqfDr feyrh gSaA Hkjr dk dguk gS fd
vFkZ] /keZ] dke vkSj eks{k dh dkeuk ugha cfYd jke ds izfr vuqjkx dh fujUrjrk dh
dkeuk gSA
Ekks{k dh mi;qZDr Hkkouk ds dkj.k gh HkfDr ;qx dk Jhx.ks’k gqvk gSA
JhoYyHkkpk;Z] ek/kokpk;Z] fuEckdkZpk;Z] pSrU; egkizHkq vkfn HkDr nk’kZfudksa dh nf”V esa
vkRek dk ifj.kke vt gS] vkRek loZO;kid ughas gSA buds vuqlkj thokRek fdlh u
fdlh :i esa bZ’oj ij fuHkZj gSA eks{k vkRek dk LoHkko ugha gS] eks{k dk vFkZ gS
Hkxoku dk fujUrj lEidZ] tks Hkxoku dh HkfDr vkSj mudh dik }kjk gh laHko gSA
eks{k ds vusd :i gaSA lkyksD; eqfDr esa tho bZ’oj ds lkFk ,d gh LFkku ij jgrk
gSA tgka mls fujUrj bZ’oj dk n’kZu gksrk jgrk gS] lkehI; eks{k esa og bZ’oj ds vkSj
vf/kd utnhd gks tkrk gSA blhfy, jkekuqtkpk;Z us HkfDr dk vFkZ lk;qT; yxk;k
gSA vr% eqfDr dks vo/kkj.kk ek= fo’okl dh oLrq ugha gS] cfYd lPph ?kVukvksa ij
vk/kkfjr gSA lk/kd Lo;a vius thou esa bldk vuqHko dj ldrk gSSaA lUr Kkus’oj
,oa ehjk us Hkh HkfDr dks gh egŸoiw.kZ crk;k gSA
mi;qZDr foospuksa ls tkfgj gks tkrk gSS fd eqfDr ds fy, lU;kl ekxZ dks
Lohdkj djuk vfuok;Z ugha gSA ;ksxof’k”B esa rks cryk;k x;k gS fd vkRe lk{kkRdkj
ds fy, ije iq:”kkFkZ djds Lo;a vius mij vuqxzg ugha djrk rc rd foosd fopkj
dk mn; ugha gksrk gSA ;g HkfDr vkSj deZ ls laHko gks ldrk gSA v/;kRe&txr~ esa
rhu gh fu”Bk,W¡ egRoiw.kZ gS& Kku] deZ vkSj HkfDr euq”; esa nks izdkj ds O;fDrÙo gSa&
cfgeqZ[kh rFkk vUreqZ[khA cfgeqZ[kh ds fy, deZ o HkfDr&ekxZ vuqdwy iM+rk gSA rFkk
vUreqZ[kh ds fy, /;kuA33 ;kuh muds fy, Kku vuqdwy iM+rk gSA vkRe Kku ds fy,
cks/k gh i;kZIr gSA nqfu;k¡ esa tks Hk;] Øks/k] yksHk] ,oa eksg dh ckrsa nf”Vxr gks jgh gaS
og vKku ds dkj.k ghA v”VkoØ us Bhd gh dgk gS fd nqfu;k dk ‘kks”k.k dj viuk
isV Hkjuk pkgrs gks rks ;g lc rqEgkjs vKku ds dkj.k gks jgk gSA v”VkoØ us ,slk
dsoy mins’k gh ugha fn;k cfYd jktk tud ij iz;ksx djds oSKkfud nf”V ls lR;
fl) djds fn[kk fn;k fd ;g dksbZ lS)kfUrd oDrO; ugha gSA cfYd iz;ksx&fl)
oSKkfud lR; gSA ;g u jktusrkvksa ds vk’oklu tSlk gS] u T;ksfrf”k;ksa dh
Hkfo”;ok.kh tSlk] u iqjk.kksa dh dFkkvksa tSlk gS] u osnksa dh izkFkZukvksa tSlk ;g lcls
vuwBk oDrO; gS] tks lh/ks gh cks/k dks tkxzr djrk gSA35 bl nf”V ls bUgsa Hkkjr dk
gh ugha fo’o&v/;kRe dk f’kjksef.k xzUFk ekuk tkuk pkfg,A
;fn bl xzUFk ls fo’o lh[k ys rks cgqr gn rd orZeku leL;k dk
lek/kku gks ldrk gS] vkSj lkFk gh lkFk eqfDr&ykHk ;kuh vkuUn dh izkfIr Hkh gks
tk;sxhA bu lcdk vk/kkj osn gSA ;fn osnkuqdwy vkpj.k fd;k tk; rks lkalkfjd
d”Vksa ls fuofr ,oa eqfDr ykHk fey ldrk gSA Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh us Hkh fy[kk gS
fd “euq”; yksx bZ’oj dks NksM+dj fdlh dk iwtu u djs D;ksafd osn ls vfofgr vkSj
nq%[k:i Qy gksus ls ijekRek ls fHkUu nwljs fdlh fd mikluk u djuh pkfg,A tSls
[kjcwtk Qy yrk ls yxk gqvk vius vki id dj le; ds vuqlkj yrk ls NwVdj
lqUnj Lokfn”V gks tkrk gSA oSls gh yksx iw.kZ vk;q dks Hkksxdj ‘kjhj dks NksM+ dj
eqfDr dks izkIr gksrs gSaA dHkh eks{k dh izkfIr ds fy;s vuq”Bku ok ijyksd dh bPNk ls
vyx u gksos] vkSj u dHkh ukfLrd i{k dks ysdj bZ’oj dk vuknj djasA tSls O;ogkj
ds lq[k ds fy;s vUu] ty vkfn dh bPNk djrs gSa oSls gh ge yksx bZ’oj] osn]
osnksDr /keZ vkSj eqfDr ikus ds fy;s fujUrj J)k djasA”36 budh nf”V esa /kkfeZd
vuq”Bku ds lkFk&lkFk J)k ,oa HkfDr dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA
bl rjg ge ns[krs gSa fd lHkh Hkkjrh; /keZ rFkk nk’kZfud xzUFkksa esa eqfDr dh
vo/kkj.kk dh iqf”V dh xbZ gSA johUnzukFk VSxksj us Hkh cryk;k gS fd lHkh mPprj
Hkkjrh; /keksZa esa vkRek dh eqfDr dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA mUgh ds ‘kCnksa esa “All the
higher religions of India speak of the training for mukti, the liberation of the
soul.”37
rÙofpUru dh nf”V ;s ;|fi ckS)ksa] tSuksa rFkk fgUnw fopkjdksa esa erHksn gS]
fQj Hkh lc xzUFkksa esa eqfDr ;k fuokZ.k dh izkfIr ds fy, izk;% ,d&lh lk/kuk dk
funZs’k fn;k x;k gSA bl lk/kuk esa] bl yksd rFkk ijyksd ds Hkksxksa ds izfr vuklfDr]
bfUnz;ksa rFkk eu ij fu;a=.k] jkx&}s”k vkfn fodkjksa ij fot; dk lekos’k gSA38 Jh
jkekuqtkpk;Z dh HkfDr ,oa izse dh Hkkouk dh vfHkO;fDr nsrs gq, ,e +jaxkpk;Z us Bhd
gh fy[kk gS fd “In accordance with the general fashion of Indian writer,
Ramanuja begins his sri bhasya with a stanza in praise of God, where in he
lays particular stress on man’s duty of love and devotion to God preferring
this love and devotion even to the wisdom of the understanding.”39
HkfDr ,oa mikluk dh ppkZ djrs gq, ;g dguk mfpr gh gS fd “,oa:ik
/kzokuqLefr jsoHkfDr ’kCnsu vfHk/kh;rs] mikluki;kZ;Rokr~ HkfDr’kCnL;A vr,o
JqfrLefrfHk% ,oefHk/kh;rs&res;&fofnRok∙freR;qesfr reso fo}ku~ bg HkofrA ukU;%
iUFkk v;uk; fo|rs”40 ;|fi iz’kLrikn us /keZ dks eqfDr ds fy, vfuok;Z ekuk gS rks
Hkh bZ’oj dh bPNk ,oa d`ik ds fcuk eqfDr dks laHko ugha ekuk gSA nqxkZ/kj >k ds
‘kCnksa esa “/keZ Hkh rc rd vdsyk eks{k dk lEiknu ugha dj ldrk] tc rd mls
bZ’oj dh bPNk dh lgk;rk u feysA blhfy, iz’kLrikn us “rPps’ojpksnuk
fHkO;Drk)EekZnso”41 vr% eks{k ds fy, HkfDr% vkSj mlds QyLo:i bZ’ojhs; d`ik
vko’;d gSA blhfy;s os loZizFke /keZ] ftKklk dh ckr djrs gS vkSj rc vU; inkFkksZa
dh O;k[;k djrs gSaA _Xosn esa Hkh cryk;k x;k gS fd bZ’oj ls dkSu ugha vis{kk
djrk gS\ bZ’oj dh v/khurk Lohdkj djus ls O;fDr dh nf”V bZ’ojh; d`ik dh vksj
gks tkus ls mlds djus ds fy;s dqN ckdh ugha jgrk gSA bZ’ojh; funsZ’k ds dkj.k
le> tkrk gS fd eu] cqf)] bfUnz;k¡] ‘kjhj o /ku dk ge vkJ; ugha ys D;ksafd ;s lc
gekjs vkfJr gSaA bZ’oj vFkok xq: dk vkJ: feyus ij thou vk/;kfRedrk ds izdk’k
ls mTtoy gksdj mUufr ds ekxZ ij vxzlj gks tkrk gSA ;ksxn’kZu esa dgk x;k gS&
ßl% ,”k iwosZ”kkefi xq:% dkys ukuoPNsjkr~Þ vFkkZr~ og ijes’oj dky }kjk u”V u gksus
ds dkj.k iwoZ _f”k&egf”kZ;ksa dk Hkh xq: gSA vkSj ml bZ’oj dk ;FkkFkZ :i
crykusokyk uke iz.ko vks∙e~ gSA
lanHkZ lwph
1 olar dqekj yky] dkWUVsEikWjsjh bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh] eksrhyky cukjlh nkl fnYyh] 1978
bZ.(bUVªksMDlu)] i”B 13
2 mes’k feJ] ghLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh] oksY;we I (bUVªksMDlu)
3 ch. ds. yky] dkWUVsEikWjSjh bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh] (bUVªksMDlu)] i”B 12
3A lRdkjh eq[kthZ] n cqf)LV fQykWlkWQh vkWQ ;wfuolZy QyDl] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl fnYyh]
1980bZ-] i”B 237
4 ts. ,u. flUgk] , ghLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh oksY;we 11] flUgk ifCyf’kax gkml
dydrk 1971] i”B 331
4A ljpkYlZ bZfy,V] fgUnwbTe ,.M cqf)Te oksY;we II, jksVyst ,.M dsxu ikSy fy +yanu]
1985 bZ-] i”B 8
5 tqfy;u tkWUlu] n ikFk vkWQ n ekLVlZ] iatkc 1985] i”B 22
6 MkW. loZiYyh jk/kkd”.ku~ VªkUlysVj ¼Hkk”;drkZ½ /kEein
6A johUnz ukFk VSxksj] fØ;sfVo ;wfuVh] esdfeyu ,UM da-fy( 1939 bZ-] i”B 70&71
7 ts. ,u. flUgk] , ghLVz~h vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh] oksY;we II] i”B 337
8 MkW +pUnz/kj ‘kekZ] , fØfVdy losZ vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl] fnYyh]
1987] i”B 65
9 ia +QwypUnz fl)kUr ‘kkL=h] rÙokFkZlw= (x)fiPN vkpk;Z iz.khr) Jh x.ks’k izlkn o.khZ
tSu xzUFkekyk HknSuh?kkV] cukjl fo fu +la 2476] i”B 19
9A MkW- lksgu jkt rkrsM+] n MkWDVªhu vkWQ deZ ,.M n lkbUl vkWQ tSusfVDl] i”B 93
10 ts. ,u. flUgk] , ghLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlQh oksY;we II] i”B 338
10A foKku fHk{kq] lka[; n’kZue~] pkS[kEHkk laLdr lhfjt] cukjl 1928 bZ-i”B 99
11 jkekdkUr f=ikBh] fLiukstk bu n ykbV vkWWQ osnkUrk] fgUnw ;wfuoflZVh cukjl 1957 bZ-
i”B 64
11A foKku fHk{kq] lka[; n’kZue~] i”B 167
11B ih +Vh +jktw] LVªDpjy MsRFk vkWQ bfUM;u FkkWV] lkmFk ,fl;u ifCy’klZ U;w fnYyh 1985
bZ- bUVªksMDlu i”B 7
12 Lokeh foosdkuUn] jkt;ksx (ikraty ;ksx lw=] lw=kFkZ vkSj O;k[;k lfgr) Lokeh jked”.k
eB ukxiqj 1987 bZ-] i”B 96
13 Jh gfjd”.knkl xks;Undk (vuqoknd ,oaa O;k[;kdkj)] ‘kadj Hkk”; Jh en~Hkxon~xhrk]
xhrkizsl xksj[kiqj la 2044] Hkwfedk i”B 183
14 ogh] i”B 194
15 Lokeh foosdkuUn] jkt;ksx] i”B 43
15A ia. vkuUn >k] inkFkZ’kkL=] fgUnh lfefr] lwpuk foHkkx] y[kuÅ] 1965] i”B 385
16 Jh lrh’kpUnz pV~Vksik/;k; ,oa Jh /khjsUnz eksgu nr] (vuqoknd >k ,oa feJ)] Hkkjrh;
n’kZu] iqLrd&HkaMkj iVuk& 4] 1960 bZ-] i”B 135
17 ts. ,u. flUgk] , ghLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh oksY;we I] flUgk ifCyf’kax gkml
dydrk 1971
17A /khjsUnz ‘kekZ] n fuxsfVo Mk;ysfDVDl bu bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh] LVfyZax ifCy’klZ] U;w fnYyh
1974] i”B 3
18 MkW- ,l- jk/kkd”.ku~ (vuqoknd Jh uUnfd’kksn xksfHky) Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx& 2] jktiky
,.M lUt] d’ehjh xsV] fnYyh & 6] 1972 bZ-] i”B 224
19 /khjsUnz ‘kekZ (iz/kku lEiknd)] fgUnh lkfgR; dks’k Hkkx&1] cukjl Kku e.My fy- 1985]
i”B 838
20 lh. Mh. ‘kekZ] , fØfVdy losZ vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh] i”B 283
20A Jh jkekuqtkpk;Z] (Hkk”;drkZ] vuqoknd ,e. jkaxkpk;Z)] n osnkUr lw=kt foFk Jh Hkk”;
vkWQ jkekuqtkpk;Z] oksY;we 1, eqU’khjke euksgjyky ifCy’klZ izk.fy.U;w fnYyh 1988 bZ-
(bUVªksMDlu) i”B XXII
21 Jh gfjd”.knkl xks;Undk (vuq.)] ‘kadj Hkk”; Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk Hkwfedk] i”B 6
22 lqjsUnzukFk nklxqIrk] (vuqJh.O;kl), Hkkjrh; n’kZu dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&2] 1973 bZ-] i”B
220
23 ts ++,u +flUgk] , fgLVªh vkWl bfUM;u fQykWlQh oksY;weI1I, flUgk ifCyf’kax gkml
dydrk 1971 bZ-] i”B 259
24 Jh gfjd”.knkl xks;Undk (vuq.)] ‘kkadj Hkk”; Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk (v/;k; 2)] i”B 58
25 MkW ++jk/kkd”.ku~ (vuqoknd Jh uUnfd’kksj xksfHky) Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx& 2] i”B 635
26 ,l +,u +nklxqIr] (vuq.O;kl) Hkkjrh; n’kZu dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&2] i”B 219
27 Jh gfjd”.knkl xks;Undk (vuq.)] ‘kkadj Hkk”; Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk (v/;k; 6)] i”B 177
28 MkW ++jk/kkd”.ku~] Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx& 2] i”B 637&38
29 MkW +lUrukjk;.k JhokLro (vuq.)] osnkUrlkj (Jh eRijegalifjczktdkpk;Z lnkuan ;ksxhUnzz
fojfpr%)] lqn’kZu izdk’ku bykgkckn] 1970] i”B 21
29A izks +,e +, +y{ehvkpk;Z (iz/kku lEiknd)] (vuqoknd ,e. jkaxkpk;Z)] n osnkUr lw=kt foFk
Jh Hkk”; vkWQ jkekuqtkpk;Z] oksY;we 1, i”B XXII
30 ,l +,u +nklxqIr] , ghLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh oksY;we I] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl]
fnYyh] 1975 bZ-
30A guqeku izlkn iksn~nkj (lEiknd) dY;k.k (laf{kIr ;ksx okfl”B vad)] o”kZ 35] la[;k 1
31 ,e +fgfj;.kk] (osnkUrlkj)] i”B 337
32 Jh gfjd”.knkl xks;Undk (vuq.)]Jh jkekuqt Hkk”; Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk] xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj
(v/;k; 5)] i”B 175
33 Jh uUnyky n’kksjk (O;k[;kdkj) v”VkoØ xhrk (fgUnh vuqokn vkSj O;k[;k lfgr)
j.k/khj cqdlsYl (izdk’ku) gfj}kj 1986] i”B 6
34 guqeku izlkn iksn~nkj (lEiknd), dY;k.k ¼if=dk½ (laf{kIr ;ksx okfl”B vad)] o”kZ 35]
la[;k ,d xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj] la +2050] i”B 283
35 Jh uUnyky n’kksjk (O;k[;kdkj), v”VkoØ xhrk] i”B 6
36 egf”kZ n;kuUn ljLorh ,oa vkpk;Z oS|ukFk ‘kkL=h] (Hkk”;drkZ) ,oa O;k[;kdkj vkpk;Z
oS|ukFk ‘kkL=h] osn (;tqosZn)] (lkeosn) Hkk”kk Hkk”;] n;kuUn laLFkku] ubzZ fnYyh] 1985
bZ., i”B 24 ;tqosZn Hkk”kk Hkk”;s rrh;ksn/;k;%
37 johUnz ukFk VSxksj] n fjfytu vkWQ eSu] tkWtZ ,ysu ,.M vufou fy yanu] 1930 bZ-] i”B
181
38 MkW +nsojkt] Hkkjrh; laLdfr] mrj izns’k fgUnh laLFkku] xka/kh ekxZ] y[kuÅ] 1979]
(Hkwfedk) i”B 35
39 izks +,e +, +y{ehvkpk;Z (iz/kku lEiknd)] ,oa vuqoknd ,e. jkaxkpk;Z] n osnkUr lw=kt
foFk Jh Hkk”; vkWQ jkekuqtkpk;Z] oksY;we 1, i”B XX
40 ogh] i”B 19
41 Jh/kj HkV~V (lEiknd ,oa vuqoknd ia- nqxkZ/kj >k)] U;k; dUnyh] lEiw.kkZuUn laLdr
fo’ofo|ky; okjk.klh] 1977 bZ-] Hkwfedk i”B 19
v/;k; & 6
Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa ek;kokn dh vo/kkj.kkek;k ‘kCn dk iz;ksx loZizFke _Xosn esa fd;k tkr gSA ogk¡ ;g ‘kCn
ckj&ckj vk;k gS vkSj lk/kkj.kr% bldk iz;ksx nsorkvksa fo’ks”kdj o:.k] fe= vkSj bUnz
dh vykSfdd ‘kfDr dk ladsr djus ds fy, fd;k x;k gSA vusd izkphu _pkvksa esa
ek;k dh iz’kalk djrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd ;g txr~ dks /kkj.k djusokyh ‘kfDr gS
(_Xosn 3 % 38] 7 % 83] 3 % 1 % 159 ]4] 5 % 85] 5)A ek;k] izoapuk rFkk pkykdh ds
vFkZ esa] mu vlqjksa dk fo’ks”kkf/kdkj gS] ftuds fo:) nsork yksx fujUrj ;q) esa jr
jgrs gSaA MkW. jk/kkd”.ku~ us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “ _Xosn dh izfl) _pk 6 % 47]
18 esa tgk¡ banz ds fo”k; esa dgk x;k gS fd og viuh vykSfdd ‘kfDr ls ukuk:i
/kkj.k djrk gS] gesa bldk ,d vU; gh vFkZ feyrk gSA :i :ia izfr:iksa oHkwo rnL;
:ia izfrpN{k.kk;A bUnzks ek;kfHk% iq:”k:i bZ;rs ;qDrk g;~L;a g’;% ‘krkn’kA1
izR;sd :i esa bldh dYiuk dh xbZ gS vkSj ;s lc mlds fofHkUu :i gSaA2
bUnz viuh ek;k vFkok vn~Hkqr ‘kfDr ds tfj;s fofHkUu :iksa esa fopj.k djrk gSA
mlds gtkj ?kksM+s rS;kj jgrs gSA ;gka ek;k ‘kCn dk vFkZ og ‘kfDr gS ftlls :i
ifjorZu fd;k tk lds vFkok vn~Hkqr :i /kkj.k fd;k tk ldsA ;tqosZn ,oa vFkoZosn
esa Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh xbZ gSA ogkW bls vlqj ‘kfDr ds :i esa n’kkZ;k x;k gSA
jkeewfrZ ‘kekZ ds ‘kCnksa esa In the Atharvaveda, the word has been used in the
sense of creating power, magic power of Asuras.”3 ;tqosZn esa Hkh ,slh ckrsa
feyrh gSaA blhfy, jkeewfrZ ‘kekZ us fy[kk gS fd “In the yajurveda the word refers
to the meaning of prajna or maya related to Asuras.”4 iz’u mifu”kn~ (1 % 16)
esa ek;k ‘kCn dk iz;ksx yxHkx HkzkfUr ds vFkZ esa gqvk gSA ‘osrk’oj mifu”kn~ (4 % 10)
vkSj Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk (4 % 5&7] 18 % 61) esa gesa ,d ‘kkjhj/kkjh bZ’oj dk fopkj
feyrk gSA ftlesa ek;k mu dh ‘kfDr gSA5 blhfy;s mUgsa ek;k jfgr eqdqUn dgk x;k
gSA
fgUnh lkfgR; dks’k Hkkx ,d esa ek;k ‘kCn dk vFkZ djrs gq, cryk;k x;k
gS fd “ek;k v}Sr osnkUr esa fuxqZ.k czg~e ds gh lEiw.kZ txr~ dk vf/k”Bku] ewy]
miknku] fLFkfr rFkk izy; dk gsrq vkSj fufoZdYi rÙo ekuk x;k gSA ek;k ls la;qDr
gksdj gh og fufoZdYi] fufoZ’ks”k vkSj fu:ikf/k czge~ vusd fo/k izkiafpd :iksa esa
foHkkftr gksrk gSA ;kuh f’ko ;k czge~ gh tho ds :i esa ifj.kr gksrk gSA ^’kkadj
v}Sr^ ds vuqlkj *thokczg~esoukij%^ gSSA ^ij’kqjke dYi lw=^ esa blh ckr dks ;ksa dgk
x;k gS fd “’kjhjdaapqfdr% f’koks thoks fu”dapqda ije f’ko%” vFkkZr ek;k ds dapqdksa
“nks dapqd” ;k eyksa ls vkPNkfnr f’ko gh tho gS vkSj ek;k ds dapqdksa ls vukor]
tho gh ije f’ko gSA”6 blhfy;s mUgsa ek;k jfgr eqdqUnk dgk x;k gSA
‘kadj dh nf”V esa ek;k] vfo|k vkSj vKku lekukFkZd ‘kCn gSA blhfy,
bUgksus vfo|k rFkk ek;k ‘kCn esa QdZ ugha fd;k gSA ysfdu ckn esa muds vuq;kf;;ksa
us nksuksa ds chp Hksn fd;k gSaA buds eqrkfcd ek;k bZ’oj dh mikf/k gS vkSj vfo|k
O;fDr dhA MkW. jk/kkd”.ku~ ds ‘kCnksa esa “’kadj us rks vfo|k rFkk ek;k ‘kCnksa ds iz;ksx
esa dksbZ fo’ks”k Hksn ugha fd;k fdUrq ijorhZ v}Sroknh nksuksa ds e/; Hksn djrs gSaA tgk¡
,d vksj ek;k bZ’oj dh mikf/k gS nwljh vksj vfo|k O;fDr dh mikf/k gSA”7
‘osrk’osrjkaifu”kn~ esa ek;k dks izdfr ,oa ek;koh egs’oj dks cryk;k x;k gSA ogk¡
Li”V dgk x;k gS& “vLekUek;h ltrs fo’oesrr] (4/9) ek;kUrq izdfr fo|kUekf;uUrq
egs’oje~ (4/10) vFkkZr~ og ek;koh blls lkjs txr~ dh lf”V djrk gSA izdfr dks
ek;k le>uk pkfg,A vkSj egs’oj ;k f’ko dks ek;h ;k ek;koh vFkok ek;k dk Lokeh
tkuuk pkfg,A jkeewfrZ ‘kekZ ds ‘kCnksa esa “In the svetasvatara the word has been
used entirely in a different sense and it means the power of Mahesvara and
here prakrti has been given as synonym of maya.”8 vr% ek;k bZ’oj dks ‘kfDr
gSA ;g ek;k gh tks czg~e ds Lo:i ij inkZ Mkydj mls fo’o ds :i esa izLrqr djrh
gSA ;g ‘kfDr bZ’oj ls vyx ugha dh tk ldrh gSA ftl rjg ykS izdk’k ls iFkd~
ugha jg ldrh gS] mlh rjg ek;k Hkh bZ’oj ls iFkd~ ugha jg ldrh gSA ek;k
bZ’oj:ih tknwxj dk tknw gSA
tSlk fd igys cryk;k tk pqdk gS fd ‘kadjkpk;Z us ek;k vkSj vfo|k dks
lekukFkZd ekuk gSA bUgksaus vkoj.k dks ek;k vkSj fo{ksi ‘kfDr dks vfo|k ekudj nksuksa
dks ,d gh oLrq ds nks igyw ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gSA fdUrq ckn esa osnkfUr;ksa us
nksuksa esa vUrj cryk;k gSA nksuksa ds chp fuEufyf[kr eq[; vUrj cryk;s x;s gaS&
(d) ek;k HkkokRed gS] fdUrq vfo|k fu”ks/kkRed gSA czg~e ek;k ds }kjk fo’o dk
izn’kZu djrk gSA fo’o dks izLFkkfir djuk gh ek;k dk dk;Z gSA blhfy, bls
HkkokRed ekuk tkrk gSA blds foijhr vfo|k vFkok vKku dk vFkZ Kku dk
vHkko gSA blfy, bls fu”ks/kkRed dgk tkrk gSA
([k) ek;k bZ’oj dks izHkkfor djrh gS] fdUrq vfo|k thoksa dks izHkkfor djrh gSA
;kuh vuUr pSrU; dk vfo|k ds niZ.k ij tks izfrfcEc iM+rk gS ogh tho gSA9
izdk’kkRek vkSj muds vuq;kf;;ksa us vKku dks ,d gh cryk;k gS budk ekuuk
gSA fd ;g tho vkSj bZ’oj ij vyx&vyx izHkko ugha Mkyrk gSA ,l- ,u-
nklxqIr us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “Prakasatma and his followers think that
since ajnana is one there can not be two separate reflections such as
Jiva and Isvara, but it is better to admit that Jiva is the image of
Isvara in the ajnana. The totality of Brahma-cit in association with
maya is Isvara and this when again reflections through the ajnana
gives us the Jiva. The manifestation of jiva is in the antahkarna as
states of knowledge. The Jiva thus in reality is Isvara and apart from
jiva and Isvara there is no other separate existence of Brahma-
caitanya. Jiva being the image of Isvara is this dependent on him, but
when the limitation of Jiva are removed by right knowledge, Jiva is
the same Brahman it always was.”10
(x) Kku ds mn; ls vfo|k u”V gks tkrh gS] ijUrq ek;k dk vfLrÙo lekIr ugha
gksrk gSA ;g cny rks tkrh gS] ijUrq ek;k dk vfLrÙo lekIr ugha gksrk gSA
;g rks bZ’oj dh ‘kfDr gSA fdUrq vKkurk dk uk’k gksrk gSA
(?k) ek;k esa lRo xq.k dh iz/kkurk jgrh gS] ij vfo|k esa reksxq.k dh iz/kkurk jgrh
gSA
oLrqr% ek;k ,oa vfo|k ,d gh pht ds nks igyw gSA tknwxj dh ‘kfDr ,d
nf”Vdks.k ls ,d ‘kfDr gS ij blds pØ esa vkus okyksa ds fy, ;g ‘kfDr vKku ;k
vfo|k gSA Bhd blh rjg Lo;a bZ’oj dh nf”V ls ek;k ‘kfDr gS fdUrq ;g ek;k
izHkkfor thoksa ds fy, vKku gSA ek;k dks Hkko:i vKku dgk tkrk gSA ;g czg~e ds
Lo:i ij inkZ Mkydj mls fo’o ds :i esa iznf’kZr djrh gSA ek;k vukfn ekuh x;h
gSA blesa tks txr~:ih Hkze iSnk djus okyk rÙo gS] Kku ds vHkko ls vf/kd ekuk
x;k gS] vkSj blds dkj.k muds leku gh gS] tks lk/kkj.k Hkzeksa ds Hkwy] vfo|k ds] tks
fd ek;k ls feyrh tqyrh gS] Lo;a bl rF; ls fd ;g n’; txr~ dk dkj.k gS]
bldk HkkokRed gksuk fl) gksrk gSA ek;k dh rjg vfo|k esa Hkh vkoj.k vkSj fo{ksi
dh ‘kfDr;ka fo|eku jgrh gSA fo{ksi&’kfDr ls ;g uke:ikRed txr~ dks izdV djrh
gSA vkoj.k dk dke lRrk dh ,drk dks fNikuk gS fdUrq og ,drk bZ’oj ls dHkh
fNih ugha jg ldrh gS vkSj blfy, ek;k dh vkoj.k ‘kfDr dks bZ’oj ds lkeus
vfpZfpRdj ekuk x;k gSA tM+&psru dks mlls fNik ugha ldrk gSA
blls tho vkSj bZ’oj ds chp cgqr cM+k vUrj iSnk gks tkrk gSA oLrqr% ;gh
tho dks c) vkSj bzZ’oj ds eqDr gksus dk gsrq gSA ,e + fgfj;..kk us osnkUrlkj uked
iqLrd esa bls ;ksa O;Dr fd;k gS& “But in neither case is ignorance to be taken
in the negative sense that there is no Janana. It is not absence of
apprehension, but misapprehension and that is the reason why it is described
as positive or bhavarupa in advaita.”
vc iz’u mBrk gS fd ek;k jgrh dgk¡ gS\ ‘kadj dh nf”V esa czg~e gh ek;k
dk fuokl&LFkku gSA ;kuh ek;k dk vkJ; czg~e gh gSA ek;k ,oa czg~e vfoHkkT; gSA
ek;k czg~e dh ‘kfDr gSA blh ds }kjk og (czg~e) fo’o dk izn’kZu djrk gSA
vc fQj ‘kadk mRiUu gks ldrh gS fd ek;k czg~e dks izHkkfor djrh gS ;k
ugha\ ‘kadj dk dguk gS fd ek;k tho dks izHkkfor djrh gS czg~e dks ughaA tknwxj
vius tknw ls Lo;a izHkkfor ugha gksrs gSa] fdUrq nwljs O;fDr dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA mlh
rjg czg~e ek;k ls izHkkfor ugh gksrk gSA czg~e rks czg~e gS] ftUgsa Kku fey pqdk gS]
tks okLrfodrk ls voxr gks pqds gaS] tks eqDr gks pqds gaS] os ek;k ls izHkkfor ugha gksrs
gSaA11 tknw ds [ksy dks tkuusokyksa ij bldk izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA ftl izdkj jaxghu
vkleku ij vkjksfir uhyk jax vkleku dks lpeqp uhyk ugha cuk nsrk] mlh izdkj
ek;k czg~e dks izHkkfor ugha dj ikrh gSA okpLifr feJ us czg~elw=e ‘kkjhfjd ehekalk
Hkk”;e~ esa cryk;k gS fd og leLr mikf/k;ksa ls jfgr fufoZ’ks”k czg~e dh izfrizfr ¼Kku½
izkIr djus ds fy;s mik; Hkwr vUukfn ik¡p dks’kksa dk miLFkkid okD;&lewg izLrqr
fd;k x;k] ogk¡ dks’k :i mikf/k;kW foof{kr ugha] eU=of.kZd fufoZ’ks”k czg~e gh ^^czg~e
iqPN izfr”Bk** & bl okD; ds }kjk fuf.kZr gqvkA
vc ‘akdk mifLFkr dh tk ldrh gS fd D;k czg~e dks ek;k lhfer ugha
djrh gS\ ‘akdj dk dguk gS fd vxj ckny lw;Z dks <d ys rks D;k lw;Z dh ‘kfDr
lhfer gks tkrh gS\ vkSj fQj lcls cM+h ckr rks ;g gS fd czg~e ij vkoj.k iM+rk gh
dgk¡ gS\ vKkuo’k ge le>rs gSa fd vkoj.k iM+k gSA ;kfu vkoj.k dh ek= izrhfr
gksrh gS] fdUrq ogka vkoj.k dh lrk gS gh ughaA
ek;k dh fo’ks”krk,¡
(d) ;g czg~e dk foorZ ek= gSA ;g v/;kl (superimposition) :i gh gSA ek;k
ds dkj.k czg~e fo’o esa :ikUrfjr gksrk tks nh[k iM+rk gS og vfo|k ds dkj.k
gh gSA okLro esa czg~e fo’o esa :ikUrfjr ugha gksrk gSA bldk gesa dsoy
vkHkkl gksrk gSA
([k) ek;k vfuoZpuh; gSA bls u rks lr~ dgk tk ldrk gS vkSj u vlr~ ghA ;g
lr~ ugh gS D;ksafd czg~e ls ;g LorU= ugha gSA bls vlr~ Hkh ugha tk ldrk
gS D;ksafd blh ds }kjk fo’o czg~e dk :ikUrj.k ,oa ukuk:ikRed nh[k iM+rk
gSA blhfy, bls vfuopZuh; dguk mi;qDr tku iM+rk gSA ‘akdj ds
vuq;kf;;ksa ds gkFkksa esa ;g (ek;k) Øe’k% ,d ,sls miknku ds :i esa ?kuhHkwr
gksrh xbZ fd mlds fodkl vFkok :ikarj.k }kjk txr~ izziap dh leLr
?kVukvksa dh O;k[;k gks ldsA osnkfUr;ksa dk er gS fd ;g ek;k ;|fi czg~e ls
vuqc) jgrh gS] viuh ,sfUnztkfyd lf”V dks ml ij Nk nsrh gS] rFkkfi ;g
vdFkuh;] vfuoZpuh;] vifjHkk”;] fodkjh ,oa vfopk;Z gksus ds dkj.k Loizdk’k
vfodkjh czg~e ls ,dne fHkUu gSA12 thou ‘kadj ;kfKd us Bhd gh fy[kk gS
fd “}Sr tks Hkklrk gS] mldk dkj.k ek;k gSA vkSj og ek;k vfuoZpuh;k gSA
u rks og lr~ gS vkSj u vlr~ gS vkSj nksuksa gh ds /keZ mlesa Hkklrs gSaA
blhfy;s mldks vfuoZpuh; fo’ks”k.k fn;k x;k gSA13
(x) ek;k czg~e dh vkarfjd ‘kfDr gSA blh ‘kfDr ds }kjk czg~e ukuk:irked fo’o
dks iznf’kZr djrk gSA lka[; ftls izdfr dgrs gSa v}Sr osnkfUr;ksa us mls ek;k
dgk gSA lka[; us izdfr ds leku gh ek;k (vKku vFkok vfo|k) dh fo{ksi
‘kfDr;ksa dks lRo] jtl vkSj rel izdkj dh vf/k”Bk=h ‘kfDr dks f=fo/k/kekZ
dgk gSA ‘kq) pSrU; dks vf/k”Bku ekudj iz/kku ek;k ls lEc) vkoj.k ‘kfDr
}kjk izFke vkdk’k dh mRifr gqbZ gS] vkdk’k ls ok;q] ok;q ls vfXu ;k rst]
rst ls ty vkSj ty ls iFoh dh mRifr gqbZ gSA iqjk.kksa esa blsa rUek=k
dgykrs gSaA bUgh rÙoksa ls LFkwy inkFkkZsa ds lkFk&lkFk lw{e ‘kjhjksa dk fodkl
gqvk gSA rSfrjh; mifu”kn~ esa blds iwoZ gh blh rjg lf”V dk o.kZu fd;k x;k
gS& ml vkRek ls vkdk’k] vkdk’k ls ok;q] ok;q ls iFoh] iFoh ls ouLifr;kW]
ouLifr;ksa ls vUu vkSj vUu ls iq:”k mRiUu gqvk gSSA14 egf”kZ oknjk;.k
¼osnO;kl½ iz.khre~ czg~elw=e~ vFkkZr~ ‘kkjhfjd ehekalk Hkk”;e~ uked xzUFk ds
izFke Hkkx esa okpLifr feJ us cryk;k gS fd ^^LoHkkor% vfuokZP; ¼lr~ vkSj
vlr~ ls fHkUu½ ,oa ewykfo|k vkSj rqykfo|k ds Hksn ls nks izdkj dh vfo|k
¼Hkko:i vKku½ ds lg;ksx ls czg~e ls vkdk’k] ok;q] rst] ty vkSj iFoh & ;s
ik¡p Hkw foorZ ¼vrkfRod dk;Z½ gks tkrs gSaA**
(?k) ek;k vukfn gSA ;g fuf’pr :i ls ugha dgk tk ldrk gS fd txr~ dh
okLrfodrk dk Hkze dc vkjEHk gqvkA
(M+) ek;k dk vUr lE;d~ Kku ds }kjk gh laHko gSA vkSj lE;d Kku ds fy,
mfpr xq: dh vko’;drk gSA
,l +,u + nklxqIr ds ‘kCnksa esa “A right realization of such Upnishad texts
as “thou art that” initiation by the right teacher, is by itself sufficient to
dispel all the false illusions of world appearance.”15
(p) ek;k czg~e esa fuokl rks djrh gS] ijUrq czg~e dks izHkkfor ;k lhfer ugha dj
ikrh gSA
(N) ek;k czg~e ds foijhr vpsru dgk tkrh gSA
(t) ek;k dh O;kogkfjd mi;ksfxrk gSA blh ds }kjk fo’o dks ge okLrfod ekudj
vius nSfud thou esa dk;Z djrs jgrs gSaA vxj fo’o dh okLrfodrk ds fo”k; eas
lnsg gks tk; rks gekjs nSfud dk;Z BIi gks tk;sxsA ek;k gh gesa fo’o dh okLrfodrk
esa fo’okl fnykdj O;kogkfjd {ks= eas vkxs c<+krh jgrh gSA vr% ;g euq”; ds thou
vkSj txr~ lkisf{kd vfLrÙo dk izfriknu djrh gSA txr~ lr~ vkSj vkHkkl ,oa Hkze
dk ,d vifjHkk”; feJ.k gSA ;g vlaxfr;ksa ,oa O;k?kkrksa ls ifjiw.kZ gSA bldk eryc
;g ugh fd ;g fcYdqy fujFkZd gSA blhfy;s ih- Vh- jktw dh ek;k laca/kh vo/kkj.kk
dks Li”V djrs gq, ,oa ‘kadj vkSj jfoUnzukFk VSxksj dh ek;k laca/kh vo/kkj.kk dks Li”V
djrs gq, ch-ds- yky us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “P.T. Raju has explained this point
and in that connection, has clarified the nature of Maya itself as it has been
conceived by Tagore. He says that Maya has been conceived by Tagore not
exactly in the way of Sankara. According to Sankara, Maya nither ‘is’ nor
‘is not’. for Tagore it is both ‘is’ and ‘is not.’ It has being because finitude
which is produced by Maya, is a matter of experience, it has non-being
because when infinity is realized it vanishes. Maya also gives knowledge,
but that is not final knowledge, it requires a going beyond Naya to attain the
find realization. Tagore says “The mystery is like the darkness of night, it is
great delusions of knowledge is like the fog of the morning. The darkness of
the fog can not be as profound as the darkness of the night. That is why
Maya is called the mist and not the sun.”
dksbZ oLrq lkFkZd gS ;k fujFkZd bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd mlds izfr
gekjk nf”Vdks.k D;k gS\ txr~ ;k lalkj ds lkFk Hkh ogh ckr gSA lalkj dh dksbZ oLrq
fujFkZd gS ;k lkFkZd bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd O;ogkj esa ge oLrq dk iz;ksx
fdl izdkj djrs gSa Lokeh foosdkuUn us foKku dk ,d mnkgj.k ysrs gq, dgk gS fd
vkWDlhtu vkSj gkbMªkstu feydj ‘kq) BaMs ty dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa ftls ihdj izk.kh
viuh I;kl cq>krs gSa] ij mlh vkWDlhtu vkSj gkbMªkstu ls ,d ,sls xSl dk Hkh
fuekZ.k dj ldrs gaS] tks fouk’kdkjh vfXu vFkok ce dks mRiUu djrh gSA txr~ esa
lc cqjkb;k¡ gh ugha ik;h tkrh gS& ;g lr~&vlr~] iq:”k&izdfr] LorU=rk&ijra=rk
,oa cqf)&okluk nksuksa dk leqPp; gSA gesa ek;k ds lkFk la?k”kZ djrs gq, ml rF; rd
igq¡puk gS tks ek;k ls vrhr gSA ekuo tkfr dk bfrgkl izkdfrd fu;eksa ds lkFk
mlds ;q) dk bfrgkl gS vkSj vUr esa euq”; gh ek;k vFkok izdfr ij fot; izkIr
djrk gSA vr% ek;k dh /kkj.kk gesa fujk’kk dh xrZ esa ugha <dsyrh gS cfYd vk’kk dk
lapkj djrh gSA
vkykspdksa dk dguk gS fd vfo|k vFkok ek;k dh /kkj.kk ‘akdj dh viuh
gSA fFkoks vkfn fo}kuksa us bUgh ckrksa dh lEiqf”V dh gSA fFkoks vkfn fo}kuksa dk ekuuk
gS fd blh dkj.k ‘akdj dks lw=dkj ds ifj.kkeokn dh txg foorZokn dk izfriknu
djuk iM+k vkSj ;gh dkj.k gS fd muds lw=ksa ds vFkZ esa txg&txg [khapkrkuh dh
xbZ gSA vfo|k dh mikf/k ls gh czg~e bZ’oj cu tkrk gSA vij czg~e vkSj ij czg~e dk
Hksn ‘kadj dk viuk ekywe iM+rk gS] lw=dkj dk ughaA fdUrq xEHkhjrkiwoZd fopkj
djus ij ;g Li”V gks tkrk gS fd mi;qZDr vk{ksi mfpr ugha gSA bUgsa ek;koknh dguk
vuqfpr gS] D;ksafd budh eulk vkReokn dh LFkkiuk djuk gS u fd ek;kokn dhA
thou ‘kadj ;kfKd us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “Hkxor~ ‘kadjkpk;Z dks ^ek;koknh^ dguk
U;k;&lxar ugha gSA mUgksaus ek;k dk izfriknu ugha fd;k gSA tc foi{kh n’;eku
ijUrq feF;k txr~ dk dkj.k vkxzgiwoZd iwNrk gS] rks ek;k dks] tks Lo;a feF;k gS]
crk fn;k tkrk gSA”16 nwljh ckr ek;k dh ckr mudh viuh ugha cfYd osn]
mifu”kn~] vkj.;d iqjk.k vkfn dh gS] ogk¡ Hkh ek;k dh ckrsa ns[kus dks feyrh gSaA ek;k
dh /kkj.kk czg~e&lw= esa Hkh gSA ‘akdj us bl fl)kUr dks fodflr ,oa le;kuqdwy
cuk;k gSA
ek;k vkSj lka[; dh izdfr esa lEcU/k
fo|kj.; vkfn us ek;k dks izdfr dgk gSA bl lEcU/k esa ts +,u flUgk us
Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “Vidyaranya identified Maya with prakriti, since the sruti
says “maya should be known as prakriti and Isvara as endowed with the
power of Maya.”17
Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk esa Hkh cryk;k x;k gS fd vfo|k ds dkj.k vksfjftu dk
fu”ks?k fd;k tkrk gSA lka[; dh rjg ;gk¡ Hkh cryk;k x;k gS fd izdfr vkSj iq:”k
fcuk vksfjftu ds gSaA ts +,u + flUgk dk oDrO; ;gka mYys[kuh; gS& “He proves
avidya to be devoid of origin, since the Bhagavad Gita Says “know prakriti
and purusa to be without origin.”18
tgk¡ rd lka[; vkSj v}Sr osnkUr ds Øe’k% izdfr vkSj ek;k esa lerk dk
iz’u gS] os fuEufyf[kr gSa&
(d) ek;k vkSj izdfr nksuksa ds vk/kkj ij uke:ikRed fo’o dh O;k[;k dh tk
ldrh gSA Jh ‘kadjkpk;Z th dk dguk gS fd ek;k ds }kjk gh czg~e fo’o
dks iznf’kZr djrk gSA blh rjg lka[; n’kZu esa Hkh cryk;k x;k gS fd
izdfr ls gh fo’o dh mRifr vkSj fodkl gksrk gSA
([k) ek;k vkSj izdfr nksuksa gh HkkSfrd vFkkZr~ vpsru gSA
(x) nksuksa gh f=xq.kkRed gSA nksuksa dk gh fuekZ.k lRo] jtl vkSj rel ls gqvk
gSA lak[;&dkfjdk esa cryk;k x;k gS fd lRo] jtl vkSj reksxq.k Øe’k%
izhfr] vizhfr ,oa fo”kknkRed gSA lRo] xq.k izdk’k Lo:i gS] jtl fØ;k esa
yxkus okys ;kuh izorZd gS] rel deZ ls jksdusokyk ¼vkyLkhiu dk dkj.k½
gSA ,l +,u +nklxqIr ds ‘kCnksa esa “The Karika speaks of the gunas as
being of the nature of pleasure, pain and dullness (Sattva, rajas and
tamas). It also describes sattva as being light and illuminating, rajas
as of the nature of energy and causing motion, and tamas as heavy
and obstructing.”19
blesa ls dksbZ xq.k lekIr ugha gks tkrk gS cfYd ,d ds c<+us ls nwljk ?kV
tkrk gSA ,d iz/kku gks tkrk gS vkSj nwljk xkS.k iM+ tkrk gSA rhuksa xq.k
,d nwljs dks nckus esaa yxs jgrs gSA tks xq.k izcy gks tkrk gS] og O;fDr
dks oSlk gh cuk nsrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lRo xq.k dh iz/kkurk ls lar]
eqfu] egf”kZ ;k egkRek cu tkrs gSa vkSj re dh iz/kkurk ls dqfVy] pksj]
csbZeku vkfn cu tkrs gSaA vr% cqf)eku ,oa larksa esa lRo xq.k dh iz/kkurk
jgrh gSa] i’kq] LFkkoj vkfn esa rel dh iz/kkurk jgrh gS vkSj euq”; vkfn esa
jtksxq.k dh cgqyrk jgrh gSaA blhfy, lka[; dkfjdk esa cryk;k x;k gS fd
^m/oZ lRo fo’kkyLreksfo’kky’p ewyr% lxs% e/;s jtksfo’kkyks
czg~ekfnLrEoi;ZUr%AA^ Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk esa Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh xbZ
gSA xhrk ds pkSngosa v/;k; ds 18osa ‘yksd esa cryk;k x;k gS fd ^^Å/oZ
xPNfUr lOoLFkk e/;s fo”BfUr jktlk%A t?kU;xq.kofŸkLFkk v/kks xPNfUr
rkelk%AA** tSfu;ksa us Hkh ekuk gS fd deZ ds vuq:i gh mŸke oa’k ;k xks=
esa iSnk gksrk gSA blls Hkh mi;qZDr ckrksa dh lEiqf”V gksrh gSA
(?k) ek;k vkSj izdfr nksuksa gh cU/ku ds dkj.k gSaA tc rd O;fDr ek;k ds
o’khHkwr jgrk gS rc rd og u rks viuk Lo:i le> ikrk gS u fo’o dk
okLrfod Lo:i tku ikrk gSA czg~e dk Lo:i le>uk vlaHko Hkys gh ugha
gks fdUrq dfBu vo’; gSA vr% czg~e dk vlyh Lo:i mldh le> esa ugha
vkrk gSA og vius dks czg~e ls vyx le>dj ukuk izdkj ds d”V >syrk
jgrk gSA ;gh cU/ku gSA johUnzukFk Bkdqj us Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gS fd “All
obstacles to this union create misery, giving rise to the baser
passions that are expressions of finitude, of that separateness which
is negative and there fore Maya.”20 lka[; n’kZu dk Hkh dguk gS tc
rd O;fDr vius dks izdfr vkSj blds fodkjksa ls vfHkUu le>rk gS rc rd
cU/ku xzLr jgrk gS vkSj f=fo/k nq%[k dk Hkkxh cu tkrk gSA bl rjg ek;k
vkSj izd`fr nksuksa gh nq%[kn gSa vkSj nksuksa gh eks{k ekxZ esa ck/kk mifLFkr djrs
gSaA
mi;qZDr foospuksa ds vk/kkj ij nksuksa dks ,d le>us dh Hkwy gksrh gSA oLrqr
nksuksa ,d ugha gS] nksuksa esa fuEufyf[kr vUrj gS& (a) ek;k czg~e ds fcuk ugha jg
ldrh gSA vius vfLrÙo ds fy, bls czg~e ij vkfJr jguk iM+rk gS] blhfy, bls
ijrU= dgk tkrk gSA blds foijhr] izdfr Lora= gSA ;g viuh lÙkk ds fy, fdlh
vU; ij fuHkZj ugha gSA ;g lcdk dkj.k gS fdUrq Lo;a vdkj.k gSA vf/kdka’k
HkkSfrdoknh fopkjd izdfroknh gS fdUrq ek;koknh ugha gSA dqN vk/;kReoknh nk’kZfud
Hkh izd`froknh gS fdUrq ek;koknh ugh gSA
(b) ‘kadj ds vuqlkj czg~e ds flok vU; lc feF;k gSA czg~e ds vfrfjDr
fdlh dh lÙkk ugha gSA blfy, ek;k dh Hkh lrk ugha gSA blds foijhr izdfr dh
viuh lÙkk gSA og iw.kZr;k okLrfod gSA
bl rjg ge ns[krs gaS fd tgk¡ ek;kokn v}Srokn dh iqf”V djrk gS ogk¡
lka[; dk fl)kUr }Sroknh fl) gksrk gS D;ksafd lka[; dh n`f”V esa izdfr vkSj iq:”k
nksuksa dh okLrfod lÙkk gSA ;ksxn’kZu esa Hkh izdfr vkSj iq:”k dh lŸkk dks Lohdkj
fd;k x;k gSaA
ek;kokn dh leh{kk
fof’k”Vk}Sr osnkUr ds izorZd Jh jkekuqtkpk;Z ,oa mlds vuq;kf;;ksa us
ek;kokn dh dVq vkykspuk dh gSA bUgksaus buds (v}Sroknh ‘kadj ds) fl)kUr ij dbZ
vkis{k yxk;s gSaA jkekuqt ds f’k”; osadVukFk us rks 66 rjg ds vk{ksi yxk;s gSaA
lqjsUnzukFk nkl xqIrk ,oa lh-Mh- ‘kekZ vkfn us bldh foLrr ppkZ dh gSA fdUrq dqN
eq[; fcUnqvksa ij gh ;gk¡ fopkj djuk mfpr izrhr gksrk gSA jkekuqt dk iz’u gS fd
ek;k dk vkJ; ;k fuokl&LFkku dgk¡ gS\ ‘kadj dh nf”V esa ek;k dk vkJ; czg~e gSA
jkekuqt dk dguk gS fd ;fn ek;k dks czg~e esa fLFkr eku fy;k tk; rks ‘akdj dk
v}Sr osnkUr v}Sroknh ugha jgdj }Sroknh cu tkrk gSA blfy, czg~e ek;k dk
fuokl LFkku ugha gks ldrk gSA tho dks Hkh ek;k dk fuokl LFkku ugha ekuk tk
ldrk gS D;ksafd tho rks ek;k dk gh dk;Z gS vkSj dkj.k vius dk;Z ij vkfJr ugha
jg ldrk gSA
f}rh; ‘kadjkpk;Z dk dguk gS fd czg~e Lor% izdk’ke; gS vkSj ek;k bl ij
inkZ Mkydj mls fNik nsrh gSA jkekuqt dk dguk gS fd vxj czg~e Lo;a izdk’ke; gS
rks fQj bls ek;k inkZ Mkydj fNik dSls ldrh gS\ vr% ;g dguk mfpr ugha gS fd
ek;k czg~e ds Lo:i dks insZ ds Hkhrj fNik nsrh gSA
rrh;] ek;k dk Lo:i D;k gS\ ;g HkkokRed gS ;k fu”ks/kkRed \ bl iz’u
dk larks”ktud mRrj u ‘kadj ds ikl gS vkSj u muds vuq;kf;;ksa ds ikl ghA buds
}kjk ek;k dks vfuoZpuh; crykuk Hkh fujk/kkj ekywe iM+rk gSA
prqFkZ] ek;k dk Kku dSls izkIr gksrk gS\ izR;{k izek.k }kjk ek;k dk Kku
ugha fey ldrk gSA ,e + jaxkpk;Z ds ‘kCnksa esa Acoordingly, avidya of the
Advaitins can not be proved by perception.”21 D;ksafd ;g u rks okLrfod vkSj
u vokLrfod gh gSA vuqeku ls Hkh ;g laHko ugha gS D;ksafd vuqeku ds fy, izR;{k
Kku dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA bruk gh ugha blds fy, O;kfIr vkSj ek/;e dk Hkh gksuk
vko’;d gSA jkekuqt dk dguk gS fd ek;k dk Kku izR;{k] vuqeku] ‘kCn vkfn fdlh
Hkh lk/ku ls ugha izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
iape] jkekuqt ds f’k”; osadVukFk us cryk;k gS fd v}Srokfn;ksa dh nf”V esa
vKku czg~e esa ugha fdUrq tho esa jgrk gS] ;g ekU;rk xyr gSA vxj tho ds vius
Kku ls vfo|k u”V gks tkrh gS rks fQj txr~ fdl izdkj orZrk jgrk gS\ ;fn ,slk
dgk tk; fd vfo|k ds u”V gks tkus ij Hkh okluk,¡ jg ldrh gS] rks bldk fu”d”kZ
fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd vxj okluk,¡ vfLrÙo j[k ldrh gaS rks v}Srokn dk Lor%
[k.Mu gks tkrk gSA vxj okluk czg~e dk vax gS rks og muds lEcU/k ls nwf”kr gks
tk;sxkA
“k”B] osadVukFk dk dguk gS fd ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd vfo|knks”k czg~e esa
gSA fdUrq ‘kadj bls ugha ekurs gSA ;fn ;g vfo|k nks”k czg~e ls fHkUu gS rks og
okLro esa }Srokn Lohdkj djus tSlk gS] ;fn ,slk ugha gS vFkkZr~ czg~e ls fHkUu ugha gS
rks czg~e Lo;a lHkh Hkzeksa vkSj Hkwyksa ds fy, mrjnk;h gS] tks vfo|k tfur gS] vkSj czg~e
ds fuR; gksus ls] lHkh Hkze vkSj Hkwy lPps Lo:i esa jgrk gS] rks vKku oLrqr% czg~e esa
gh jgrk gSA ;fn ,sls ekuk tkrk gS fd vKku izR;sd tho ds vius okLrfod Lo:i
esa ugha fdUrq lkekU;r;k le>s tkus okys tUe&ej.kkfn /keZ;qDr :i esa jgrk gS] rks
dgus dk vFkZ ;g gksrk gS fd vKku HkkSfrd nzO; ls lEcfU/kr gS vkSj og nwj ugha
fd;k tk ldrk gSA D;ksafd HkkSfrd cU/kuksa esa tho ds vUrxZr vKku feVkus dh bPNk
dHkh ugha gks ldrh gSA22 mlesa mls uk’k djus dh ‘kfDr Hkh ugha gSA vr%
v}Srokfn;ksa dh ek;k lEcU/kh vo/kkj.kk nks”kiw.kZ gSA dqN fo}kuksa us rks bldh ek;koknh
,oa foorZoknh nf”Vdks.k dks gh Hkkjr dh nqnZ’kk dk dkj.k eku fy;k gSA bldh ppkZ
lRdkjh eq[kthZ us Hkh vius <ax ls dh gSA mUgha ds ‘kCnksa esa & “The down fall of
India is not the result of vigorous pursuit of philosophy in the past. The
great protagonist of Vedanta, I mean sankaracarya, whose philosophy is
believed to have weaned away the Indian masses from their worldly
interests and thus hastened the political down fall of India was however, one
of the most indigestible workers that the world knows were these
philosophers them false to their own teaching.?23
vfpUR;HksnkHksnokn ds izorZd pSrU; egkizHkq us Hkh bls nks”kiw.kZ ekuk gSA bl
er esa foorZokn ugha gSA pSrU; dh nf”V esa Hkxoku dh vfpUR;dkj ‘kfDr;ksa esa rhu
eq[; gS& Lo:i&’kfDr] rVLFk ‘kfDr vkSj ek;k ‘kfDrA24
fQj Hkh ek;kokn dk fl)kUr fQtwy ugha gSA vkSj u Hkkjr dh nqnZ’kk dk
dkj.k gh gSA v}Srokn vU; nk’kZfudksa ,oa fpUrdksa ds fy, ckSf)d [kqjkd dk dke
dj jgk gSA jk/kkd”.ku~ ,oa Lokeh foosdkuUnth us budh vf}rh; cqf) dh ljkguk dh
gSA ckSf)d jk; esa buls vkxs c<+uk eqf’dy gSA Hkkouk vkSj ân; dh nf”V ls jkekuqt
dk er loksZijh gSA
lanHkZ lwph
1- MkW- losZiYyh jk/kkd”.ku~ (vuqoknd uUnfd’kksj xksfHky), Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx& 2] jktiky ,.M
lUt] d’ehjh xsV] fnYyh & 6] 1972 bZ-] i”B 564
2- ogh
3- jkeewfrZ ‘kekZ] le vlisDV~l vkWQ v}Sr fQykWlkWQh] bZLVuZ cqd fyadlZ 5825] tokgj uxj
fnYyh 110007] 1985] i”B 13
4- ogh] i”B 12
5- MkW +,l +jk/kkd”.ku~ (vuqJhxksfHky) Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx 2] i”B 564
6- /khjsUnz oekZ (iz/kku lEiknd)] fgUnh lkfgR; dks’k Hkkx 1] okjk.klh Kku e.My fy( 1985bZ-]
i”B 480
7- MkW +,l jk/kkd”.ku~ (vuq +xksfHky) Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx&2] i”B 587&88
8- jkeewfrZ ‘kekZ le vlisDV~u vkWQ v}Sr fQykWlkWQh] i”B 13
9- Jh lrh’kpUnz pV~Vksik/;k; ,oa Jh /khjsUnz eksgu nÙk vuqoknd Jh gfjeksgu >k ,oa Jh
fuR;kuUn feJ)] Hkkjrh; n’kZu] iqLrd&HkaMkj iVuk& 4] 1960 bZ-] i”B 256
10- ,l ,u nklxqIrk] , fgLVªh vkWl bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh] oksY;we 1] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl] fnYyh
1975 bZ-] i”B 477
11- ch +ds +yky] Hkkjrh; n’kZu] tu tkxj.k izsl iVuk] 1962 bZ-] i”B 202
12- ,l +,u nklxqIrk (vuqoknd olkoM+k)] Hkkjrh; n’kZu dk bfrgkl Hkkx&2] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk
vdkneh t;iqj&4] 1973 bZ- i”B 212
13- gfjd”.knkl xks;Undk (vuqoknd)] ‘kadj Hkk”; Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk] xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj] la- 2044]
Hkwfedk i”B 7
14- osnkUrlkj ,oa lqcks/kuh] i”B 17 m)r] ,l-,u- nklxqIrk (vuqoknd olkoM+k)] Hkkjr; n’kZu dk
bfrgkl Hkkx&2] i”B 70
15- ,l +,u nklxqIrk] , fgLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlQh oksY;we ou
16- gfjd”.knkl xks;Undk (vuqoknd)] ‘kakdj Hkk”; Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk] i”B (Hkwfedk) 7
17- ts ++,u +flUgk] , fgLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh oksY;we (1), flUgk ifCyf’kax gkml dydÙkk]
1971 bZ-] i”B 260
18- ogh] i”B 260
19- ,l +,u + nklxqIrk] , fgLVªh vkWQ fQykWlQh] oksY;we ou] i”B 255
20- johUnz ukFk VSxksj] fØ;sfVo ;wfuVh] esdfeyu ,UM da- fy-] 1939 bZ-] i”B 5
21- jkekuqtkpk;Z ¼Hkk”;drkZ½ ¼vuqoknd ,e- jaxkpk;Z½] n osnkUr lw=kt foFk Jh Hkk”;] eqUlhjke
euksgj yky ifCy’klZ izk- fy- U;w fnYyh] 1988 bZ-] bUVªksMDlu i”B XXXV
22- lqjsUnzukFk nklxqIrk] (vuqoknd ,- ;w- olkoM+k) Hkkjrh; n’kZu dk bfrgkl] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk
vdkneh t;iqj & 4] 1974 bZ-] i”B 304 &5
23- Jh lr~dkjh eq[kthZ] n cqf)LV fQykWlQh vkWQ ;wfuolZy QyDl] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl fnYyh]
1980] i”B XIII-III
24- /khjsUnz oekZ (iz/kku lEiknd)] fgUnh lkfgR; dks’k Hkkx ,d] i”B 8
v/;k; & 7
Hkkjrh; n’kZu dh lkekU; fo’ks”krk,¡Hkkjrh; n’kZu gh ugha cfYd leLr Kku dk vk/kkj osn gh gSA osn Hkkjr ds
fy, gh ugha cfYd fo’o dk loksZre vkSj vukfn Kku dk HkaMkj gSA ftl
‘kCnkRed osn dks lqurs vkSj i<+rs gSa og ;|fi HkkSfrd ,oa ns’k] dky dh lhek esa
vkc) gS] ij mldk lw{e ;k vHkkSfrd :i] ftldks ijkokd~ vFkok ijkokuh dgk
tkrk gS] vukfn vkSj vuUr gSA blesa lf”V fo|k ds ftu ewy rÙoksa dk o.kZu
fd;k x;k gS os iw.kZr% foKku ,oa rdZlEer gaSA buesa fo’o dh mRifr] fLFkfr
vkSj izy;] vkRek vkSj tho] lekt] laxBu bR;kfn ds ewy fl)kUr izfrikfnr
fd;s x;s gSa vkSj ekuo thou ds mu dÙkZO;ksas dk fu:i.k fd;k x;k gS] ftuds
fcuk mldh lQyrk vlEHko gSA budh lcls cM+h fo’ks”krk ;g gS fd oSfnd
_f”k ,oa egf”kZ tkfr] lEiznk; ,oa ns’k ls cU/ks ugha FksA vkSj blhfy, ;g (osn)
ekuo izdfr dks /;ku esa j[kdj euq”; ek= ds dY;k.kkFkZ mudh ;kstuk fufeZr
djus dh lh[k nsrk gSA tSlk fd igys cryk;k tk pwdk gS fd Hkkjrh; n’kZu dk
vk/kkj osn gh gSA blfy, osn dh fo’ks”krk,¡ LoHkkor% blesa vk x;h gSaA bu
fo’ks”krkvksa ds vk/kkj ij gh izkphu ;qx esa Hkkjr gh txn~xq: FkkA ;fn vkt Hkh
mls thou esa viukus dh dksf’k’k dh tk; rks cgqr gn rd fo’o dh leL;k dk
lek/kku gks ldrk gSA Hkkjr dh cukoV gh dqN ,slh gS fd bldh lH;rk ,oa
laLdfr esa fofo/krk ikbZ tkrh gSA blfy, bldk n’kZu Hkh oSfo/;iw.kZ nh[k iM+rk
gSA blesa dqN vkfLrd gSa rks dqN ukfLrdA vkfLrd vkSj ukfLrd ‘kCn ds
lkekU;r;k rhu vFkZ cryk;s tkrs gSa&
(d) vkfLrd og gS tks bZ’oj esa fo’okl j[krk gS] vkSj ukfLrd og gS tks
bZ’oj esa fo’okl ugha j[krk gSA
([k) egku~ fopkjd ikf.kfu dh nf”V esa vkfLrd ‘kCn dk vFkZ ijyksd esa
fo’okl j[kus okyk vkSj ukfLrd ‘kCn dk vFkZ ijyksd esa vfo’okl djus okyk gksrk
gSA
(x) ^vkfLrd^ ‘kCn dk vFkZ osnksa dh loZFkk funksZ”krk ,oa mudh pje
izkekf.kdrk esa fo’okl djus ;k j[kus okyk vkSj bldh (osn dh) izkekf.kdrk esa
vfo’okl j[kus okyk vFkok mldh lÙkk dk fu”ks/k djus okyk ukfLrd dgykrk gSA
bl lEcU/k esa dqIiwLokeh ‘kkL=h us vUuaHkÍ }kjk jfpr xzUFk rdZ laxzg dh ckrksa dks
vius <x ls j[kk gSAmUgha ds ‘kCnksa esa “A Long established and widely accepted
tradition classifies there darsanas into astika and nastika. The history of the
meaning of these two words throw some light on the manner in which the
ground of classification happened to be shifted under varying circumstances.
Panini’s sutra 4.4.60 (asti nasti daistika) gives the derivation of the words
astika, nastika and daistika and according to Panini, astika is one who
believes in the other world, nastika is one who does not believe in the other
world, and daistika is a ‘predestinarian or fatalist…. A post-Buddhist, but
pre-christian, tradition fixed the meaning. If the word astika as one who
believes in the infallibility and the supreme authority of the Veda, and of the
word nastika as one who does not believe in it. This tradition has been
widely accepted for a long time.”2
;gk¡ osn dh izkekf.kdrk esa fo’okl djuk gh vkfLrdrk dh dlkSVh ekuk
x;k gSA ;|fi vU; izkekf.kdrk dks Hkh ;gk¡ utj vUnkt ugha fd;k x;k gS] fQj Hkh
osn dh izkekf.kdrk ij vkSj vf/kd tksj fn;k x;k gSA vr% vkfLrdksa esa Hkh dqN yksx
bZ’oj dks] dqN iqutZUe dks] rks dqN osn dh izkekf.kdrk ij vf/kd cy nsrs jgs gSaA
osnkfUr;ksa us bZ’oj dh lÙkk] iqutZUe dh vo/kkj.kk rFkk osn dh lrk esa viuk fo’okl
O;Dr fd;k gSA tqfy;u tkWulu ds ‘kCnksa esa “All Vedantic systems agree on
three things first, a belief in God, or the gods, second, that the Vedas
constitute the revealed message of God, or the gods, and third a belief in the
cycles of world history.”2A fQj Hkh dqN ,slh lkekU; ckrsa vo’; gSa ftu ij lHkh
Hkkjrh; lEiznk; ,der gaSA bl lEcU/k esa MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~ us Bhd gh fy[kk gSa fd
“pawfd n’kZu’kkL= fo’o dh leL;k dks le>us dk ,d ekuoh; iz;kl gS] blfy, bl
ij tkfr vkSj laLdfr ds izHkkoksa dk iM+uk fuf’pr gSA izR;sd jk”Vª dh viuh fof’k”V
euksofr gksrh gS vkSj mldk ckSf)d >qdko Hkh viuk fo’ks”k gksrk gSA bfrgkl dh
‘krkfCn;ksa ds izokg vkSj mu leLr ifjorZuksa ds chp ftuls Hkkjr xqtjk gS] ,d fo’ks”k
,d:irk ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA ;s fo’ks”krk,¡ Hkkjrh; tuksa ds fof’k”V y{k.kksa ds :i esa
rc rd fo|eku jgsaxh tc rd Hkkjrh;ksa dks vius LorU= vfLrÙo dks v{kq..k cuk;s
j[kus dk lkSHkkX; izkIr jgsxkA”3 bUgha lkekU; ckrksa dks Hkkjrh; n’kZu dh izeq[k
fo’ks”krk,¡ ekuh tkrh gSA bl n’kZu dh ekSfyd ckrsa (basic features) vFkok eq[;
fo’ks”krk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa&
(d) thou ds izfr ,d fuf’pr nf”Vdks.k
tgk¡ ik’pkR; fopkjdksa ds fy, n’kZu ,d ekufld O;k;ke ek= gS ogk¡
Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudksa ds fy, n’kZu ;qfDriwoZd rÙofoospu djus dk iz;Ru gSA Hkkjr esa
ftls n’kZu dgk tkrk gS mls ;wjksih; ‘kCnkoyh esa fo’o nf”V dguk ‘kk;n vf/kd
mi;qDr gksxkA fo- fujo.ks vkfn us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA tgk¡ ik’pkR;
txr~ esa n’kZu ‘kCn ds fy, fQykWlkWQh ‘kCn iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA ftldk vFkZ
cqf)&izse gksrk gS] ogk¡ Hkkjr esa n’kZu ‘kCn dk vFkZ ftlds }kjk ns[kk tk; gksrk gS
(n’;rs vusu bfr n’kZue~) vkSj ‘kkL= ‘kCn dh O;qRifÙk nks /kkrqvksa ls gqbZ gSA ‘kkl
vFkkZr~ vkKk djuk ,oa dqN yksx bls ‘kal ls ekurs gSa ftldk vFkZ izdV djuk ;k
o.kZu djuk gksrk gSA vr% n’kZu’kkL= dk vFkZ lR; dk lk{kkr~ vuqHko djds o.kZu
djuk gSA ch +ds +yky ds ‘kCnksa esa “ Philosophy in India is defined as Darsan or
Vision. It is believed that philosophy is capable of giving a vision of
reality.”4 ik’pkR; n’kZu dh mRifr ekuo ftKklk dh ‘kkafr ds fy, gksrh gSA
blfy, bls ekufld dljr ;k dkSrwgy dh mit dgk tk ldrk gS] fdUrq Hkkjrh;
n’kZu dks dsoy ekufld dljr ;k dkSrwgy dh mit ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA bldk
O;kogkfjd i{k blds lS)kfUrd i{k ls vf/kd lcy gSA ledkyhu Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa
us bl ij vkSj vf/kd cy fn;k gSA blhfy, ch- ds- yky us fy[kk gS fd “That is
how philosophy comes to be associated with the actual and practical
problem of pain and suffering.”5
vr% Hkkjrh; n’kZu thou ds vR;Ur utnhd gSA ek= cqf) dks lUrq”V
djuk bldk mn~ns’; ugha cfYd Kku ds izdk’k esa thou dks lqO;ofLFkr cukuk
bldk eq[; y{; gSA blhfy, ;gk¡ n’kZu dk vFkZ thus dk <ax (way of life)
cryk;k tkrk jgk gSA thou dh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku <w¡<uk Hkkjrh; fopkjd viuk
ifo= dÙkZO; ekurs gSaA MkW +jk/kkd”.ku~ vkSj ewj us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA
budk dguk gS fd “Indian philosophy is for life, it is to be lived. It is not
enough to know the truth, the truth must be lived. The goal of Indian
philosophy is to know the ultimate truth but to realize it, to become one with
it.”6 ,l- lh- pVthZ ds ‘kCnksa esa “For almost all the Indian thinkers philosophy
is direct experience or vision of absolute truth (darsana). According to them
the visible world of space and time, of matter, is not ultimately real. The
spiritual order of reality is the ground of the existence and order of the
physical world.” 7 bl rjg ge ns[krs gSa fd budk (Hkkjrh; n’kZu dk) nf”Vdks.k
thou ls tqMs+ jgus ds dkj.k mfpr ,oa O;kogkfjd gSA eSDlewyj us Hkh ekuk gS fd
Hkkjr esa n’kZu ek= Kku ds fy, gh ugha cfYd mPp vkn’kksZa dh izkfIr ds fy, Hkh Fkk
vkSj vkt Hkh mlds fy, iz;Ru’khy jg ldrk gSA mUgha ds ‘kCnksa esa “Philosophy
was recommended in India not for the sake of knowledge, but for the
highest purpose that man come strive after in this life.”8
([k) bldk O;kid rFkk mnkj nf”Vdks.k
;|fi Hkkjrh; n’kZu dh vusd ‘kk[kk;sa gSa vkSj muesa erSD; ugha gS] fQj Hkh
os ,d nwljs dh mis{kk ugha djrs gSaA lHkh erkoyEch ,d nwljs ds fopkjksa dks le>us
dh dksf’k’k djrs gSA MkW +jk/kkd”.ku~ us Hkh fy[kk gS fd izR;sd O;fDr] pkgs og fdlh
Hkh lEiznk; esa tUek gks] rdZ }kjk ml lEiznk; dh leh{kk dj ldrk gSA ;gh dkj.k
gS fd Hkkjr Hkwfe esa fo/kfeZ ;k /keZHkz”V] la’k;oknh] ukfLRkd] gsrqoknh ,oa Lora=
fopkjd] HkkSfrdoknh ,oa vkuUnoknh lHkh Qyrs&Qwyrs jgs gSaA egkHkkjr esa Hkh dgk
x;k gS% ,slk dksbZ eqfu ugha tks viuh fHkUu lEefr u j[krk gksA”8 blh mnkj nf”V
ds dkj.k ;gkW igys nwljs er dh leh{kk djds vius er dh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, osnkUr n’kZu esa pkokZd] ckS)] tSu] lka[;] U;k;&oS’ksf”kd vkfn erksa
ij fopkj fd;k x;k gSA ;g jhfr dsoy osnkUr esa ugha cfYd vU; Hkkjrh; n’kZuksa esa
Hkh nf”Vxr gksrh gSA jkekuqt us vU; erksa ds lkFk lkFk v}Sr er dh Hkh vkykspuk
dh gS vkSj rc viuk er izLrqr fd;k gSA JhHkk”; bldk ToyUr mnkgj.k gSA
oLrqr% Hkkjr dk gjsd n’kZu Kku dk ,d&,d isVh gS vFkkZr~ lHkh Kku ds
HkaMkj gh gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ftu fo}kuksa dks ek= Hkkjrh; n’kZu dk Kku
Hkyh&HkkWafr izkIr gS os cM+h lqxerk ls ik’pkR; n’kZu dh tfVyrk dks le> ysrs gaS
vkSj mu tfVy leL;kvksa dk lek/kku Hkh dj ysrs gSA9 bldh (Hkkjrh; n’kZu dk)
mnkj&n`f”V gh mldh izkphu lef) rFkk mUufr dk dkj.k gSA
(x) Hkkjrh; n’kZu dh mRifr vk/;kfRed vlarks”k ls gqbZ gS
fo’o esa nq%[k ,oa cqjkbZ dks ikdj ;gk¡ ds fpUrdksa esa vlarks”k mRiUu gks
x;kA bl vlrks”k dks vk/;kfRed vlarks”k dgk tkrk gSA blh vlarks”k ds QyLo:i
mudk nk’kZfud fpUru izkjEHk gksrk gSA bl lEcU/k esa ,p +,e +HkV~Vkpk;Z us Bhd gh
fy[kk gS fd “so Indian mind has viewed philosophy not as mere intellectual
gymnastics but rather as a means of spiritual salvation.” vr% Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa
dk iz/kku y{; ekuo dks nq%[kksa ,oa ikiksa ls eqDr djkuk gSA MkW +mes’k feJ us Hkh
fy[kk gS fd “All activities are meant to remove pain alone.” ch-ds- yky ds
‘kCnksa esa “Ancient Indian philosophy is said to be based on, what can be
called, a tragic sense of life. It somehow believes that life is full of suffering
and that the aim of religion and philosophy is to attain freedom from
suffering.”11 Hkxoku cq) ,oa muds vuq;kf;;ksa dh jpukvksa esa nq%[k dh fo’kn~
foospuk dh xbZ gSA budk prqFkZ vk;Z lR;] bldk Li”V mnkgj.k gS& (a) nq%[k gS
(There is suffering ) (b) nq%[k dk dkj.k gS (There is a cause of suffering ), (c)
nq%[k fujks/k laHko gS] (There is cessation of suffering ), ,oa (d) nq%[k fujks/k dk
ekxZ gSA (There is way leading to the cessation of suffering ) prqFkZ vk;Z lR;
lHkh ckS)ksa ds fy, ekU; gSA vyQkWUlks onwZ us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “The noble
truths are at the basis of all Buddhist fores to explain the nature of existence,
the structures of the psychocosmic reality of life.11A vU; Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudksa us
Hkh nq[k dh foospuksa dh gSA os Hkh nq%[k ds Hkkoksa ls vksr%izksr fn[k iM+rs gaSA
dqN vkykspdksa us Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa nq%[kks dk fo’kn~ o.kZu ikdj bls
fujk’kkoknh dgk gSA fdUrq xEHkhjrkiwoZd fopkj djus ij Li”V gks tkrk gS fd ;g
vk{ksi mfpr ugha gSA bldk (Hkkjrh; n’kZu dk) vkjEHk Hkys gh fujk’kkokn ls gqvk gks]
ijUrq bldk vUr vk’kkokn esa gksrk gSA tgk¡ rd Hkkjrh; n’kZu ds vUrxZr ckS)kssa ds
fujk’kkoknh gksus dk iz’u gS] bl lEcU/k esa MkW +jk/kkd”.ku~ us Bhd gh fy[kk gS&
ßfujk’kkokn dk rkRi;Z ;fn ;g fy;k tk; fd lalkj esa ,slk thou thus ds ;ksX; ugh
gS tc rd fd og ifo= ,oa vuklDr u gks] rc ckS) /keZ vo’; fujk’kkoknh gSA ;fn
fujk’kkokn ls rkRi;Z ;g gks fd bl lkalkfjd thou dk uk’k dj nsuk pkfg, D;ksafd
mlls ijs vkuUn gS] rc Hkh ckS) /keZ fujk’kkoknh gSA fdUrq ;g ;FkkFkZ esa okLrfod
fujk’kkokn ugha gS12Þ ml i)fr dks ge fujk’kkokn dg ldrs gSa ;fn og leLr vk’kk
dks cq>kdj Ba<k dj ns vkSj fQj ?kks”k.kk djs fd ;g lkalkfjd thou rks mdrk nssus
okyk gSA blds ijs dksbZ Hkh vkuUn ugha gSA ckS) /keZ ds dqN Lo:i ,slh ?kks”k.kk djrs
gSa vkSj mUgsa fujk’kkoknh dguk U;k;laxr gksxk fdUrq tgk¡ rd cq) dh vkjfEHkd
f’k{kkvksa dk lEcU/k gS] os ,slk ugha gaSA13 vr% vU; Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudksa dh Hkk¡fr gh cq)
us Hkh fujk’kkokn dks lk/ku ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gS u fd lk/; ds :i esaA ;fn
nq%[kksa dk vfLrÙo Lohdkj djds gh cq) cSB tkrs rks fu’p; gh mUgsa fujk’kkoknh dgk
tkrkA fdUrq izFke vk;Z lR; ds vykok vkSj rhu vk;Z lR;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh gSA Lo;a
cq) fuokZ.k izkfIr ds ckn Hkh vLlh o”kZ dh mez rd yksdjfgr vFkok yksd laxzg ds
dk;Z esa layXu jgs gSaA
bl rjg nq%[k&fujks/k dk ekxZ fn[kykkdj bUgksaus vk’kkokn dk lapkj fd;k
gSA bUgksaus fopkj la?k”kZ fd;k vkSj tc cksf/k o{k ds uhps cSBs Fks rc mUgas lEcksf/k izkfIr
gqbZ ,oa bUgksaus bl nq%[ke; txr~ ls ijs vej ekxZ iz’kLr fd;k gSA vr% vU; Hkkjrh;
nk’kZfudksa dh rjg bUgksaus Hkh vej ekxZ fn[kykdj vk’kkokn dh iqf”V dh gSA orZeku
Hkkjr dh tks fLFkfr mRiUu gks xbZ] mldk dkj.k izkphu Hkkjrh; n’kZu ugha gSA
lrdkjh eq[kthZ us Hkh fy[kk gS fd “It is said that Indians were more interested
in the problems of the next world than in the stern realities of present life
things of the earth were looked upon with contempt. Like the proverbial
stargazer of old their eyes were fixed upon heaven and the result was a
deterioration of physical and economic prosperity. The down fall of India is
not the result of vigorous pursuit of philosophy in the past.’13A bUgksaus blds
fy, ‘kadjkpk;Z dks mÙkjnk;h Bgjk;k gS fdUrq okLro esa ,slh ckr ugha gSA ckS) Lo;a
blds fy, mŸkjnk;h gSaA cq)] egkohj vkSj ‘kadj ij vkjksi yxkuk mfpr ugha gSA
erkoyfEc;ksa ij nks”kksjksiu djuk dqN gn rd mfpr yx ldrk gSA
(?k) fo’o dks ,d uSfrd jaxep ekuuk
izk;% lHkh Hkkjrh; fopkjd fo’o dks ,d uSfrd jaxeap ekurs gSaA euq”;
vius iwoZ deZ ds eqrkfcd bZ’oj ;k izdfr ls ‘kjhj] bfUnz; ,oa okrkoj.k ls izkIr
laLdkj ds dkj.k fo’o :ih jaxep ij mifLFkr gksrk gSA ftl izdkj fdlh jaxep ij
ik= fofHkUu oL=ksa esa lt&/kt dj viuk vfHku; djrk gS vFkok [ksy iznf’kZr djrk
gS vkSj mlds ckn jaxeap ls vyx gks tkrk gS] Bhd mlh izdkj fo’o:ih jaxeap ij
Hkh fofHkUu O;fDr vius dekZsa dk deky fn[kykdj lkalkfjd eap ls fonk ysrk gSA
blhfy, Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudksa dk dguk gS fd izkf.k;ksa ds vPNs ;k ‘kqHk dekZsa ds }kjk
lQy vfHkusrk cuus dh dksf’k’k djuh pkfg,A mes’k feJk us deZ ds fu;e dks
Hkkjrh; n’kZu dk ân; ekuk gSA njvly fgUnw dk n’kZu thou dk n’kZu gSA ftl
rjg lk/kkj.k jaxeap ij iqjkus ik= LFkku fjDr djrs tkrs gSa vkSj uohu ik= muds
LFkku ij vkrs jgrs gSa mlh rjg fo’o Hkh ,d ,slk eap gS tgk¡ iqjkus vkSj u;s psgjs
vius dÙkZO;ksa dk [ksy fn[kykus gsrq vkrs&tkrs jgrs gaSA LVhg~soulu vkfn us Hkh bl
ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA
(M+) fo’o dh ‘kk’or uSfrd O;oLFkk esa fo’okl
fo’o esa ,d uSfrd O;oLFkk dk;e gSA og {kf.kd ugha cfYd ‘kk’or gS] osnksa
ls ysdj vkt rd Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudksa us bl O;oLFkk dks vius&vius <ax ls iqf”V dh
gSA oSfnd dky ds _f”k;ksa dks ‘kk’or uSfrd O;oLFkk esa vxk/k J)k FkhA os bls _r~
‘kCn ls lEcksf/kr djrs jgs gSaA _r~ ‘kCn dk vFkZ txr~ dh O;oLFkk gksrk gSA txr~
dh O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr uSfrd O;oLFkk Hkh lekfo”V jgrh gSA ;gh _r~ dk fopkj
mifu”knksa esa vkdj deZokn dk :i ys ysrk gSA U;k; oS’ksf”kd n’kZu esa deZ&fl)kUr
dks vn”V dgk tkrk gSA fo’o dh leLr oLrq,¡ ;gk¡ rd fd ijek.kq Hkh bl fu;e ls
izHkkfor utj vkrs gSaA osnkUr esa ftls deZ dgk tkrk gS] mls lka[; cqf) dk O;kikj]
/keZ ;k fodkj dgrs gSaA14 ckS)ksa ,oa tSfu;ksa us Hkh deZ fl)kUr dh iqf”V vius <ax ls
dh gSA ehekaldksa us deZ fl)kUr dh lEiqf”V cM+s gh foy{k.k <ax ls dh gSA buds deZ
fl)kUr dks viwoZ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA loZn’kZu laxzg esa viwoZ ds lEcU/k esa Bhd
gh dgk x;k gS fd “Therefore, as the principle apurva, produced by the great
new and full moon sacrifices, necessitates and establishes the subordinate
apurvas produced by the inferior sacrificial acts as unhusking the rice etc so
the mass of apurva produced by all the sacrifices necessitates and establishes
a previous apurva produced by the restricting injunction (niyama), which
prescribes reading the veda as the means to know how to perform these
sacrifices, If you hesitate to concede that a niyama could have this future
influence called apurva, the same doubt might equally in validate the
efficacy of a vidhi.” 14A
Lkedkyhu Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa us cMs+ gh lqUnj <ax ls mi;qZDr ckrksa dh
lEiqf”V dh gSA MkWDVj ch-,l- ujo.ks us mu dqNsd fpUrdksa dk fooj.k] ftUgksaus
vk/kqfud ifjorZuksa ds lUnHkZ esa vuqHkwfr dh ubZ O;k[;k djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
mUgkasus ,d gh iqLrd esa izLrqr djds Hkkjrh; fpUru ds lHkh v/;srkvksa dh drKrk
dk vtZu tks lnSo Hkkjrh; fpUru ijEijk dh fo’ks”krk jgh gS] bu ledkyhu
nk’kZfudksa dks muds thou ds lkFk feykdj le>kus dh dksf’k’k dh gSA budk dguk
gS fd pkokZd dks NksM+dj lHkh Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa ds fy, ‘kk’or uSfrd O;oLFkk ,oa
deZ fl)kUr ekU; gSA deZ&fl)kUr dks Lohdkj djus ij gh fo’o dh mfpr O;k[;k
laHko gSA deZ&fl)kUr ds vuqlkj gekjk orZeku thou gekjs foxr thou dk ifj.kke
gS vkSj Hkkoh thou dh vk/kkjf’kyk gekjs orZeku thou ds deksZa ij vk/kkfjr gSA ftl
rjg HkkSfrd txr~ dh O;k[;k vksSj O;oLFkk dk;Z&dkj.k&fu;e ij vk/kkfjr gS mlh
izdkj fo’o dh O;k[;k deZ&fl)kUr ds }kjk gh laHko gSA budk deZ&fl)kUr vkSj
mlesa Hkh fu”dke deZ dh f’k{kk nqfu;k ds fy, vkt Hkh izsj.kk lzksr cuk gqvk gSA ,slk
;g ‘kk’or uSfrd O;oLFkk esa fo’okl djus ds dkj.k gh laHko gks ldrk gSA
(p) vkRek ds vfLrÙo esa fo’okl
pkokZd ds vfrfjDr lHkh Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudksa us vkRek dh lÙkk dks
vius&vius <ax ls Lohdkj fd;k gSA ;g vkRek ‘kjhj ls fHkUu fuR; ,oa vfouk’kh
lÙkk gSA JhenHkxon~xhrk esa cryk;k x;k gS & “uSua fNUnfUr ‘kL=kf.k uSua ngfr
ikod%”A u pSua Dysn;Ur~;kiks u ‘ks”k;fr ek:r%AA (v/;k; 2] ‘yksd 23) ;kuh vkRek
dks u ‘kL= dkV ldrk gS u ikuh Hkhxksa ldrk gS u gok lq[kk ldrh gSA ;g
vtUek] vej ,oa ‘kk’or gSA ;g ckr vU; Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudkas us Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gSA
buds vuqlkj rŸoKku ds fy, vkReKku t:jh gSA ‘kadjkpk;Z us vkReKku dks gh
czg~e Kku ekuk gSA budh n`f”V esa vkRek vkSj czg~e vfHkUu vkSj ,d gSA lr~dkjh
eq[kthZ us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “The Vedantists, who hold to the doctrine of
absolute monism, consider the world or reality as an unsubstantial appearace
floating over an eternal spiritual principle, which is absolutely homogeneous
and destitute of all distinctions, subjective or objective whatsoever, As the
Absolute (Brahma) is only reality no reality out side the Absolute
consciousness.”14B mifu”knksa esa rks vkRek lEcU/kh vo/kkj.kk gh dsUnz fcUnq gSA
czg~elw= esa Hkh blh dks dsUnz fcUnq ekuk x;k gSA e.My feJ vFkok lqjs’ojkpk;Z ,oa
okpLifr feJ us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA lqjsUnz ukFk nklxqIr] MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~
¼Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx nks esa½ vkfn us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA ,l-,u- nklxqIr us
, fgLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh esa bldh fo’kn~ foospuk dh gsSA bl rjg vkRek dh
vejrk lEcU/kh vo/kkj.kk dh iqf”V vFkok lEiqf”V vf/kdka’k Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudksa us dh
gSA
vkRek ds Lo:i dks ysdj Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa dbZ lEiznk; vFkok fopkj/kkjkvksa
dk tUe gqvk gSA pkokZd ds vuqlkj psru ‘kjhj gh vkRek gS (‘pSrU;
fof’k”VnsgesokRek’)A cks)ksa dh nf”V esa vkRek psruk dk izokg gSA ik’pkR; fopkjd
tsEl us Hkh bl ckr dh iqf”V dh gSA tSu n’kZu ds vuqlkj vkRek ;k tho pSrU;
;qDr gSA blesa pkj izdkj dh iw.kZrk,¡ ik;h tkrh gSa & vuUr Kku] vuUr n’kZu]
vuUr oh;Z vkSj vuUr vkuUnA U;k;&oS’ksf”kd ds eqrkfcd psruk vkRek dk vkdfLed
y{k.k gSA bls psru Lo:i dguk mfpr ugha gSA iwoZ ehekalk ds vuqlkj Hkh psruk
vkRek dk LokHkkfod xq.k u gksdj vkdfLed xq.k gh gSA blds foijhr lka[;] tSu
vkfn us vkRek dks pSrU; Lo:i ekuk gSA lka[; us vkRek ds fy, iq:”k ‘kCn dk
iz;ksx fd;k gSA buds vuqlkj iq:”k Kkrk rks gS] fdUrq vkuUn fofgu ,oa fuf”Ø; gSA
bls drkZ ekuuk vuqfpr gSA izdfr gh dŸkkZ gSA iq:”k vdŸkkZ (hondoer) gSA ‘kadj us
Hkh vkRek dks pSrU; Lo:i cryk;k gSA pSrU; vkRek dk vkdfLed ugha cfYd
vko’;d xq.k gSA bUgksaus vkRek ;k czg~e dks lfPpnkuUn (lr~+fpn~+vkuUn) dgk gSA
MkW- gfjeksgu >k us Hkh bl ckr dh iqf”V dh gSA
vkfn txr~ xq: ‘kadjpk;Z ds vuqlkj vkRek ,d ,oa v}Sr gS] fdUrq lka[;
vkfn us bldh la[;k vusd cryk;h gSA lka[; dh rqyuk esa gh ugha cfYd lEiw.kZ
Hkkjrh; fpUru ijEijk esa ‘kadj dk n’kZu ;qfDrlaxr ,oa iw.kZ izrhr gksrk gSA pkYlZ
bfy;V vkfn us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA bUgksaus Hkh ekuk gS fd ‘kadj dk n’kZu
laxhriw.kZrk vkSj xEHkhjrk esa izFke LFkku j[krk gSA5 ts-,u- flUgk us Hkh bUgsa loZJs”B
nk’kZfud dgk gSA mUgha ds ‘kCnksa esa “sankara (788-820 A.D.) was the greatest
philosopher among the Indian thinkers, in intellectual eminence. He was
reliance in his criticism of the other systems. He was Zealous and untiring in
the exposition of his own system of absolute dualism.”16 vr% ‘kadj dh vkRek
lEcU/kh vo/kkj.kk ckSf)d nf”V ls loZJs”B gSA MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~ ,oa Lokeh foosdkuUn us
Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA budh rqyuk ik’pkR; nk’kZfud IysVks vkSj czSMys ls Hkh
dh tkrh jgh gSA ;|fi budk v}Srokn vFkok v}Sr n’kZu muls vf/kd lEiUu gSA
jkekuqtkpk;Z dh vkRek lEcU/kh vo/kkj.kk gn; xzkg; gSA budh vkRek laca/kh
vo/kkj.kk cqf) ,oa Hkkouk nksuksa dks larqf”V iznku djrh gSA xksLokeh rqylhnkl us Hkh
bUgha dh ijEijk dk fuokZg fd;k gSA
(N) vKku nq%[k ,oa cU/ku dks mRiUu djrk gS vkSj Kku ls eks{k feyrk gS
Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa vKku dks eqfDr dk dkj.k cryk;k x;k gSA ,e +jaxkpk;Z
us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “the cause of the bondage of the soul in merely the
perception of distinctions which is based on unreality has its origin in the
avidya (ignorance) that veils the true nature of the Brahma. This bondage it
self is unreal, solely by reason of its unreality, it is destroyed to the very
roots by means of knowledge. The knowledge that so destroys the bondage
is derived out of scriptural passages such as that thou art etc.”16A tUe ej.k
,oa iqutZUe ds pDdj esa iM+dj nq%[k >syuk gh cU/ku gSA tUe ej.k ;k iqutZUe ls
NqVdkjk ikuk gh eks{k dgykrk gSA
izk;% lHkh Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudksa us vKku ;k vfo|k dks gks nq%[kksa dh tuuh
ekuk gSA cq) ,oa muds vuq;kf;;ksa ds vuqlkj vfo|k ls cqjh izofr;k¡ mRiUu gksrh gSa
ftUgas laLdkj dgk tkrk gSA laLdkj foKku mRiUu djrk gSA foKku ls uke:i]
uke:i ls “kMk;ru vkSj “kMk;ru ls Li’kZ] Li’kZ ls osnuk] osnuk ls r”.kk] r”.kk ls
miknku] miknku ls Hko] Hko ls tkfr vkSj tkfr ls tUe&ej.k gksrk gSA ckS)ksa ds
vuqlkj nq%[k vkSj vfo|k lnSo lkFk&lkFk jgrs gSA lka[; ,oa ;ksx dk Hkh dguk gS
fd vKku gh cU/ku dk dkj.k gSA vKkuo’k gh O;fDr vius dks izdfr ,oa mlds
fopkjksa ls vfHkUu eku ysrk gSA og izdfr ds nq[ksa dks viuk gks nq%[k le>dj >syrk
gSA lak[; dh nf”V esa iq:”k ‘kq) pSrU; gSA og okLro esa dHkh cU/kuxzLr ugha gksrk
gSA vfo|k gh mls ‘kjhj ls vius dks vfHkUu ekuus ds fy, foo’k djrh gSA ‘kjhj ds
nq%[k ls iq:”k Lo;a nq%[k dk vuqHko djus yxrk gS ;g cU/ku gSA vr% vfo|k ls
cU/ku vkSj foosd ls eks{k dh izkfIr gksrh gSaA ts +,u +flUgk ds ‘kCnksa esa “So the
samkhya concludes that bondage is due to non discrimination (a viveka)
between purusa and prakriti, and liberation is due to discrimination
(Viveka).”17 ‘kadjkpk;Z us Hkh vKku dks gh cU/ku dk ewy dkj.k dgk gSA budk
dguk gS fd vukfn vfo|k ds dkj.k vkRek Hkzeo’k vius dks LFkwy ;k lw{e ‘kjhj
le> ysrk gSA ;gh cU/ku gSA vkSj vfo|kiwoZd mikf/k;ksa dks rksM+dj fu:ikf/kd czg~e
Lo:i dks tkuuk gh eqfDr gSA Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk esa Hkh cryk;k x;k gS fd
ßyHkUrs czg~efuoZf.ke”k;% {kh.kdYe”kk%A
fNUu}S/kk ;rkReku loZHkwrfgrs jrk%AÞ
vFkkZr~ tks ftrsfUnz; gS] tks lc Hkwrksa ds fgr esa ;kuh vuqdwy vkpj.k esa jr gS vFkkZr
vfgald gS] ,sls _f”ktu lE;d~&Kku&laU;klh yksx czg~efuokZ.k dks vFkkZr~ eks{k dks
izkIr gksrs gSaA18 ,sls eqDr iq:”k gh loZfgr lksp ldrs gSa vkSj loZdY;k.k dj ldrs
gSaA duduUnhth us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA
vr% eqfDr foosd ls gh laHko gks ldrk gSA mifu”kn~ ,oa czg~elw= esa Hkh
cryk;k x;k gS fd foosd vFkok Kku ds }kjk O;fDr fuR; ,oa vfuR; ds Hksn dks
le> ysrk gSA osnkUrlkj esa Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh xbZ gSA jkekuqtkpk;Z us Hkh
bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSaA budh nf”V esa fuR; vkRek dHkh cU/ku xzLr ugha gksrh gSA
bl rjg ge ns[krs gSa fd lHkh Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudksa us vKku dks cU/ku dk
dkj.k ekuk gSA vkSj cU/ku xzLr gksus ls nq[kksa dk Hkkxh gksuk iM+rk gSA bl nq%[k ls
eqfDr ds fy, lc us Kku dh egÙkk dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA ts +,u +flUgk us Bhd gh
fy[kk gS fd “Avidya is the cause of bondage and transmigration. Vidya is the
cause of liberation from bondage.”19 vr% rÙoKku gh okLrfod Kku gS] ogh
¼fo|k½ O;fDr dks cU/ku ,oa nq%[k ls eqfDr fnykdj eks{k dh izkfIr djkrk gSA eqDr
vkRek nq%[k vkSj lq[k ls ijs gks tkrk gSA cU/kueqDr vkRek gh nq%[k >syrk gS] eqDrkRek
ughaA
(t) vkRe fu;U=.k ,oa ,dkxzfpUru ij tksj
Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa dh nf”V esa eqfDr ds fy, vkRe fu;U=.k] ,dkxzfpUru ,oa
,dkUr lk/kuk t:jh gSA eks{k dh izkfIr ds fy, efLr”d ls cqjs fopkjksa dks fu”dkflr
djds mÙke vFkok ‘kqHk fopkjksa dks izfrf”Br djuk ,oa vkRela;e j[kuk vfuok;Z gSA
;ksx dh egÙkk dks izk;% lHkh fpUrdksa us Lohdkj fd;k gSA
Tkgk¡ rd Hkkjrh; n’kZu ds vUrxZr ;ksx n’kZu dk iz’u gS] bldk eq[;
mn~ns’; mu mik;ksa dh f’k{kk nsuk gS ftuds }kjk ekuo vkRek iw.kZ :i ls ijekRek esa
fey tk; vkSj bl izdkj eks{k dh izkfIr gks tk;A iratfy us vkRe lk{kkRdkj ds fy,
fprofr dk fujks/k vko’;d cryk;k gSA blhfy, iratfy ds ;ksxlw= esa cryk;k x;k
gS “;ksxf’pr ofr fujks/k%A”20 pkokZd dks NksM+dj lc us vkRe fu;a=.k dks vko’;d
cryk;k gSA bfUnz;ksa ij fu;a=.k j[kdj gh ge oklukvksa] r”.kkvksa] jkx&}s”k ,oa vU;
rqPN izofr;ksa dks vius o’k esa j[k ldrs gSaA vr% vkRe la;e t:jh gSA
vkRe fu;a=.k vFkok vkRe la;e ij vR;f/kd tksj nsus ds dkj.k dqN
vkykspdksa us Hkkjrh; n’kZu ij vkRefuxzg ,oa lU;kl dk vkjksi yxk;k gSA ijUrq ;g
vk{ksi fujk/kkj gSA Hkkjrh; n’kZu dHkh Hkh bfUnz; neu dk ikB ugha i<+krk gSA ;g rks
bfUnz;ksa dks vPNs ekxZ ij ykus ,oa muds lq/kkj ij tksj nsrk gSA eqfDrdksifu”kn~ esa
Bhd gh dgk x;k gS ‘kqHkk ‘kqHkkH;ka ekxkZH;ka cgUrh okluk lfjrA ikS:”ks.k iz;Rusu
;kstuh;ka ‘kqHks ifFkA (2/5) vFkkZr~ okluk dks unh vPNs vkSj cqjs nks jkLrksa ls cgrh gSa(
euq”; dks pkfg, fd og vius iz;Ru ls lUekxZ esa izokfgr djsA Jhen~Hkkxon~xhrk esa
Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh xbZ gSA
(>) thou dk pje y{; eks{k izkfIr gS
pkokZd dks NksM+ dj lHkh Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudksa us eks{k dks gh thou dk ije
y{; ekuk gSA buesa dqN nk’kZfudksa us nq%[kjfgr voLFkk dks eks{k dgk gS rks dqN us
eks{k dks vkuUn dh voLFkk dgk gSA cq)] ‘kadj vkfn us eks{k ds HkkokRed igyw dks gh
egRoiw.kZ cryk;k gSA tgk¡ rd thoUeqfDr ,oa fonsg eqfDr dk iz’u gS] jkekuqtkpk;Z us
deZ vkSj Kku dks iwjd ekuk gSA blhfy, dgk x;k gS fd “There is thus no
opposition between karma yoga and jnana yoga in Rangnuja’s doctrine they
are mutually complemtary. The various details of disciplines that are to be
practiced for developing the sadhana Bhakti into prema Bhakti (loving
devotion) are as follows.21A vFkkZr~ jkekuqt dh nf”V esa fonsg eqfDr dh vo/kkj.kk
gh mfpr gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa Lokeh foosdkuUn us Hkh thoUeqfDr vkSj fonsg eqfDr nksuksa
dks ekuk gSA
dqN vkykspdksa us Hkkjrh; n’kZu ij vO;kogkfjdrk dk vkjksi yxk;k gSA
mudk dguk gS fd ;gk¡ ek= eks{k dh ckrsa ugha gksrh fdUrq eks{k dh loksaZPprk ds
dkj.k ;g ek= lsS)kfUrd jg x;k gSA blesa O;kogkfjdrk dk ys’k ek= Hkh ugha gSA
fdUrq vU; vk{ksiksa dh rjg ;g vk{ksi Hkh fujk/kkj gh gSA ;gkWa ,d vksj thus dk <ax
;k rkSj rjhdk cryk;k tkrk gS rks nwljh vksj blesa rÙo ehekalk] izek.k foKku vkfn
dh fo’kn~ foospuk dh xbZ gSA vr% ;g ek= lS)kfUrd ugha cfYd O;kogkfjdk Hkh gSA
MkW +jk/kkd”.ku~ us rks fy[kk gS fd “The Hindu philosophy of religion starts
from… and return to an experimental basis” 22 vr% bldk lS)kfUrd ,oa
O;kogkfjd nksuksa i{k lcy gSA
cq) ,oa pkokZd dks NksM+dj lHkh Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudksa us ‘kk’or vkRek dh
lÙkk dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA ,l +,u +nklxqIr u Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “All the Indian
systems except Buddhism admit the existence of a permanent entity
variously called atman, purusa or jiva.”23
;gk¡ fuf”Ø;rk ,oa vdeZ.;rk dh lh[k ugha nh tkrh gS cfYd iq:”kkFkZ ,oa
vkuUn dh izkfIr dh lh[k nh tkrh jgh gSA njvly euq”; dh] fdlh iz;kstuo’k gh
dk;Z esa izofr gksrh gSA mlds izR;sd deZ dk vFkok fu”dke deZ dk Hkh dqN u dqN
iz;kstu jgrk gS] mlh izdkj dkO; rFkk n’kZu’kkL= dk Hkh iz;kstu gksrk gSA D;ksafd
iz;kstu ds vHkko esa mldh D;k lkFkZdrk\ Hkkjrh; n’kZu ,oa dkO; ‘kkL= esa iz;kstu
dks vuqcU/k prq”V; dk izeq[k vax ekudj mldk fo’kn~ foospu fd;k x;k gSA rHkh
rks osnkUrlkj es cryk;k x;k gS fd “ r=kkuqcU/kksukekf/kdkfjfo”k;lEcU/k
iz;kstukfuA”24 Hkjr eqfu us rks fy[kk gS& /kEeZ;’kj;ek;q”; fgr cqf)foo/kZue~A
yksdksins’k tuua ukV~;esrn~ Hkfo”;frA25 vFkkZr~ ;g ukV~; (dkO;)] /keZ] ;’k vkSj vk;q
dk lk/kd] fgr vkSj cqf) dk o/kZd rFkk yksdksins’kd gksxkA Hkkeg us bZ’kn~ ifjorZu o
ifjorZu ds lkFk bls bl izdkj j[kk& /kekZFkdkeeks{ks”kq op{k.kk; dyklq pA djksfr
dhfrZ izksfr p lk/kq dkO; fucU/kue~AA26 vr% lR; n’kZu’kkL= ,oa dkO; ds lsou ls
/keZ] vFkZ] dke vkSj eks{k ¼iq:”kkFkZ prq”V;½ dh izkfIr ,oa dykvksa esa fuiq.krk vkSj dhfrZ
rFkk izhfr dh miyfC/k gksrh gSA nksuksa vkpk;ksZa s (Hkjr ,oa Hkkeg) ds mDr iz;kstuksa esa
lekurk gksrs gq, Hkh FkksM+k ikFkZD; gSA Hkjr vkSj Hkkeg us Øe’k% ^yksdksins’k^ vkSj
dhfrZ rFkk izhfr (vkuUn) dk Lora= :i ls mYys[k fd;k gSA Hkjr ds ^yksdksins’k^ dk
vUrHkkZo Hkkeg ds iq:”kkFkZ prq”V; esa gks ldrk gSA27 HkkegksDr iz;kstu dks mrjorhZ
lHkh vkpk;ksZa us viuk;k gSA vkpk;Z dqUrd us prqoXkZ dk mYys[k djrs gq, dgk gS fd
prqoxZ ls Hkh vf/kd b”V vUr’peRdkj dh izkfIr dkO; }kjk gksrh gSA vFkkZr~ dkO; ds
nks izeq[k iz;kstu gSa & iq:”kkFkZ prq”V; dh flf) vkSj vkuUnA +++++ + + prqZoxZ dh ifj.kfr
vkuUn esa gh gksrh gS vkSj prqZoxZ ls vuqizkf.kr thou dh fLFkfr vkuUn esa gh gSA28
vc Li”V gS fd Hkkjrh; n’kZu’kkL= ,oa dkO;’kkL= vO;kogkfjd ugha cfYd
O;kogkfjd ,oa vuqdj.kh; gSA ;fn nqfu;k ds ekuo blds n’kZu’kkL= dk v/;;u djs
rks cgqr gn rd orZeku leL;k dk funku gks ldrk gS vkSj ‘kk’or vkuUn dh izkfIr
Hkh gks ldrh gSA ‘kksisugkoj vkfn us Hkkjrh; n’kZu dh lŸkk ,oa egŸkk dks Lohdkj
fd;k gSA Lokeh foosdkuUn ,oa MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~ us mi;qZDr rF; dks ?kks”k.kk ds :i esa
Lohdkj fd;k gSA
dky ,oa ns’k dk fopkj
uSfrd ,oa vk/;kfRed fopkjksa dh lekurk ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; n’kZuksa esa
;g Hkh ,d lkn’;rk gS fd os ns’k rFkk dky dks vukfn ,oa vR;Ur fo’kky ekurs gSa
eksgEen bdcky us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA bldk izHkko blds (Hkkjrh; n’kZuksa
ds) uSfrd vkSj vk/;kfRed fopkjksa ij Hkh iM+k gSA vr% bldh /kkj.kk diksy dYiuk
ugha cfYd okLrfod gSA Jh lrh’kpUnz pV~Vksik/;k; ,oa Jh /khjsUnz eksgu nÙk us Bhd
gh fy[kk gS& “ns’k dky dh bl fo’kkyrk dks le>us esa gekjh dYiuk ‘kfDr ijkHkwr
gks tkrh gSA iqjk.kksa esa Hkh ,slk o.kZu vk;k gSA ;fn bl fo’kkyrk dk leFkZu vk/kqfud
foKku ls ugha gqvk gksrk rks laHko Fkk fd ge bls diksy dYiuk ek= le>rs”A29
Hkkjrh; n’kZu ,oa /keZ dh ekSfyd ckrksa dh ppkZ egkeuk enu eksgu ekyoh; th us
cM+h lgtrkiwoZd dh gSA ekyoh; th ds fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr nsrs gq, MkW- ,l -ih-
nqcs us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “Malviyaji has defined Hindu religion in the
following manner. The religion in which the supreme God has generated the
four castes of Brahman, Kstriya, Vaisya and sudra on ths division based on
qualities (guna) and action (Karya) and in which are established the four
stages of Brahmacarya, Grhastha, Vanprastha and Sanyasa which purify the
life of man and contribute to the attainment of four ends (purusarthas) of
Dharma, Artha, Kama and moksa that best of all religions is called Hindu
religion.”30 ;gk¡ ;g ‘kadk djuk fujFkZd fl) gksxk fd n’kZu dh fo’ks”krk crykus
ds Øe esa /keZ dh fo’ks”krk crykbZ xbZ gSA njvly Hkkjrh;ksa dh nf”V esa /keZ ,oa
n’kZu nks fHkUu fpUru i)fr ugha cfYd ,d ,oa vfHkUu gSA nksuksa tkfr vkSj lEiznk;
ds ?ksjs ls ijs gSaA HkfDr dh ekSfyd fo’ks”krkvksa dh ppkZ djrs gq, MkW- ,l-ih- nqcs us
mfpr gh dgk gS fd “One of the fundamental charactrictics of the cult of
devotion is the equal treatment towards all castes. In the kingdom of God no
one is higher or lower.”31 ;gk¡ len’khZ gksus dh lh[k nh xbZ gSA blhfy;s
Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk ds ckjgosa v/;k; ¼HkfDr ;ksx esa½ lc Hkwrksa ds fgr vFkok dY;k.k
djus dh ckr dh xbZ gSA
mi;qZDr fo’ks”krkvksa ds dkj.k gh Hkkjrh; n’kZu ,oa /keZ dks ekSfyd ,oa
lcdk vxqvk ekuk tkrk gSA vkt tks ifr ,oa iRuh ds chp ds lEcU/k esa] fo’o ds
le{k ,d leL;k mRiUu gks xbZ gSA lekpkj i=ksa esa nksuksa ds chp >XkM+k ,oa vUr esa
rykd nsus dks ckr Hkh nf”V xkspj gks jgh gSA og euq ds vkns’k dh vogsyuk ds
dkj.k gh gSA Hkxoku nkl us fo’o ds fofHkUu /keZ xzUFkksa ds vkns’k dh tks ppkZ dh gS
og mYys[kuh; gS& “Bible saya that husband and wife “are no more twain, but
one flesh; what therefore God hath, joined together let no man put as under”
Manu ordians that ‘they shall perform all the duties of life together side by
side, sahadharmachara, and be faithful to each other unto death and beyond;
Quran commands that if a husband has more wives than one. He shall love
all equally; if thou can not deal equitably and justly with each and all thou
should take only one. Vedanta and sankhya tell us that the primal
relationship is indeed conjugal marital relationship of God and His Nature,
purusha and prakrti, Brahma and Maya.”32 vFkkZr~ nksuksa ds vdkV~; ,oa fuR;
lEcU/k dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA lEcU/k foPNsn dk rks iz’u gh ugha gSA
;fn lka[; ,oa osnkUr dh ckrksa ls lh[k yh tk; rks cgqr gn rd orZeku
leL;k dk funku gks ldrk gSA vr% Hkkjrh; n’kZu dh ekSfyd ckrsa vkt Hkh
izklakfxd gS vkSj bldh izklkafxdrk Hkfo”; esa Hkh cjdjkj jgsxhA Hkkjrh; n’kZu izkphu
dky ls gh le`) jgk gSA bldk v}Sroknh ,o }Sroknh fl)kUr dk vk/kkj osn gh gSA
U;k; n’kZue~ esa ujsUnzpUnz HkV~Bkpk;Z us Bhd gh cryk;k gS fd “India is peculiarly
rich in philosophical speculations. From the earliest time of the Rigveda,
Indian of their activities are found embodied promimently in the
purusasukta, Devisukta and the saktas attributed to the great seer
Derghatamas. The purusasukta and the Devisukta contain the germ of
monistic idealism which the suktas described to Dirgah atamas contain the
germ of dualistic realism.”33 vFkkZr~ fgUnw /keZ ,oa n’kZu lukru gSA blhfy;s bUgksaus
lukru lEcU/k dh izkFkfedrk dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA blh vk/;kfRed thou dh ekax
vk/kqfud ;qx dh ekax gSA
lanHkZ lqph
1 ia + Jhjke ‘kekZ vkpk;Z (lEiknd)] lkeosn] laLdfr laLFkku osnuxj cjsyh] 1995] bZ i”B
1&2
2 egkegksik/;k; dqIiwLokeh ‘kkL=h] , izkbej vkWQ bfUM;u ykWftd] fjlpZ buLVhV~;wV
esykiksj enzkl] 1961 bZ-+(bUVªksMDlu), i”B 7 +8
2A tqfy;u tkWUlu] n ikFk vkWQ n ekLVlZ] jk/kkLokeh lRlax cht iatkc 1985] bZ- i”B 76
3 MkW + losZiYyh jk/kkd”.ku~ (vuqoknd JhuUnfd’kksj xksfHky) Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx ,d]
jktiky ,.M lUt] fnYyh 1973 bZ-] i”B 19
4 ch. ds. yky] dkWUVsEikWjjh bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl fnYyh] 1978 bZ-]
(bUVªksMDlu) i”B 15
5 ogh
6 MkW +,l +jk/kkd”.ku~ ,.M ewj] , lkslZ cqd bu bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh] tsujy bUVªksMDlu
7 eSDlewyj] flDl flLVe vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh] i”B 370
8 MkW +,l +jk/kkd”.ku~ (vuq-Lo- xksfHky) Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx ,d] i”B 23
9 Jh lrh’kpUnz pV~Vksik/;k; ,oa Jh /khjsUnz eksgu nÙk] (vuqoknd Jh gfjeksgu >k ,oa Jh
fuR;kuUn feJ)] Hkkjrh; n’kZu] iqLrd HkaMkj iVuk& 4] 1960 bZ-] i”B 2
10 ,p +,e +HkV~Vkpk;Z n fizUliqYl vkWQ fQykWlkWQh] ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ dydrk] 1959 bZ-] i”B
11
11 ch. ds. yky] dkWUVsEikWjSjh bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh] i”B 13
11A vYQkWUlks onwZ] vyhZ cqf)LV fQykWlkWQh] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl fnYyh] 1985] bZ-i”B 2
12 MkW +,l +jk/kkd”.ku~ (vuq +xksfHky) Hkkjrh; n’kZu Hkkx ,d] i”B 335
13 ogh
13A lRdkjh eq[kthZ] n cqf)LV fQykWlkWQh vkWQ ;wfuolZy QyDl] i”B 13
14 /khjsUnz oekZ (iz/kku lEiknd)] fgUnh lkfgR; dks”k Hkkx ,d] i”B 990
14A egkegksik/;k; oklqnso vH;adj (lEiknd)] loZn’kZu laxzg vkWQ lk;.k &
(Madhavacharya (Edited with and original commentary in
Sanskrit by the Late Mahamahopadhyaya Vasudev shastri
Abhyankar), cUnjdj vksfj;UVy fjlpZ bUlVhP;wV iwuk] 1978 bZ-] i”B 256
14B lRdkjh eq[kthZ] n cqf)LV fQykWlkWQh vkWQ ;wfuolZy QyDl] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl
fnYyh] 1980bZ-] i”B 193
15 pkYlZ bfy,V] fgUnwbTe ,.M cqf)Te] oksY;we II, i”B 208
16 ts. ,u. flUgk] , ghLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh oksY;we II] flUgk ifCyf’kax gkml
dydrk] 1970 bZ-] i”B 461
16A izks +,e +, +y{ehrkpk;Z (iz/kku lEiknd)] ,oa vxzsth vuqoknd ,e. jkaxkpk;Z] n osnkUr
lw=kt foFk Jh Hkk”; vkWQ Jh jkekuqtkpk;Z] oksY;we 1, eqU’khjke euksgjyky ifCy’klZ
izk.fy.U;w fnYyh] 1988 (bUVªksMDlu), i”B XXII
17 ts. ,u. flUgk] , ghLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh oksY;we II] i”B 77
18 gfjd”.knkl xks;Undk (vuqoknd)] ‘kadj Hkk”; Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk] xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj la +
2044] v/;k; 5] ‘yksd 25
19 ts. ,u. flUgk] , ghLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh oksY;we I] i”B 23
20 okeu f’kojke vkIVs] laLdr fgUnh dks’k] i”B 839
21 gfjd”.knkl xks;Undk (vuqoknd)] ‘kadj Hkk”; Jh en~Hkxon~xhrk] v/;k; 2] i”B 31
21A ,l +oekZ riL;kuUn] HkfDr LdwYl vkWQ osnkUr] Jh jked”.k eB esykiksj] 1990 bZ-] i”B
77
22 MkW +,l +jk/kkd”.ku~] n fgUnw O;w vkWQ ykbQ] tktZ ,ysu ,.M vufou fy +yanu] 1960 bZ-]
i”B 16
23 ,l +,u +nklxqIr] , ghLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh oksY;we I] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl
fnYyh] 1975 bZ-] i”B 75
24 m)r] ds’kojko eqlyxkaodj] lLdr egkdkO; dh ijEijk] pkS[kEck laLdr lhfjt
vkfQl okjk.klh&1] 1969 bZ-] i”B 20
25 ogh
26 ogh
27 ogh] i”B 21
28 ogh
29 Jh lrh’kpUnz pV~Vksik/;k; ,oa Jh /khjsUnz eksgu nÙk] (vuqoknd >k ,oa feJ)] Hkkjrh;
n’kZu] i”B 14
30 egsUnz ukFk nqcs (,flLVsaV ,fMVj) izKk (Lo.kZ t;Urh fo’ks”kkad), cukjl fgUnw ;wfuoflZVh
izsl okjk.klh] 1965 bZ-] i”B XIC
31 ogh] XCIII
32 Hkxokunkl] n ,lsfUl;y ;wfuVh vkWQ vkWy fjfytUl] n vkuUn ifCyf’kax gkml cukjl]
1947] i”B 269
33 rkjkukFk U;k;rdkZrhFkZ (lEiknd)] U;k; n’kZue~ (Hkk”;okfrZd rkRi;Z Vhdk&ofrZ lfgre)
eqUlhjke euksgjyky ifCy’klZ izk +fy +U;w fnYyh] 1936] i”B 1 (bUVªksMDlu ujsUnz pUnz
osnkUrh)
v/;k; 8
n.M ds izfrdkjoknh fl)kUr dh vo/kkj.kkuSfrdrk ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd O;fDr dks mlds 'kqHkdk;ksZa ds fy,
iqjLdkj vkSj v'kqHkdeksZa ds fy, n.M fn;k tk;A cgLifr us rks jktuhfr dks gh
n.Muhfr dg fn;k gSA budh nf"V esa n.M uhfr ls 'kwU; iq= Hkh ,d 'k=q gh gSA
buds vuqlkj ,sls f'k{kd dh f'k{kvksa dh vksj dksbZ /;ku ugh fn;k tuk pkfg;s
ftldks n.M uhfr dk Kku ugha gSA euq ,oa 'kqØkpk;Z us Hkh lekt ,oa jk"Vª ds fy;s
n.M uhfr dks vko';d cryk;k gSA egkHkkjr ds 'kkfUr ioZ esa Hkh dgk x;k gS fd
n.M ls gh /keZ] vFkZ vkSj dke dh j{kk gksrh gSA blfy;s n.M f=oxZ dgykrk gSA
n.M gh /ku vFkok lEifŸk dh j[kokyh djrk gSA n.M ls gh lkjh O;oLFkk Bhd&Bhd
pyrh gSA nwljs vusd xzUFkdkjksa ds leku Hkkjrh; jktuhfr'kkL=h Hkh jktlRrk dk
vafre vk/kkj n.M ;k cyiz;ksx le>rs FksA ;fn jktlRrk vijkf/k;ksa dks n.M u nsxh]
rks lekt esa eRL;U;k; ;k vjktdrk 'kq: gksxhA n.M ds Hk; ls gh yksx U;k; iFk
dk vuqlj.k djrs gSaA tc lc yksx lksrs gSa rc n.M gh mudk j{k.k djrk gSA
dkSfVY; us Hkh vius <ax ls n.M fl)kUr dk leFkZu fd;k gSA iqjLdkj izkIr djus ds
fy, vkSj n.M ls cpus ds fy, O;fDr uSfrd fu;eksa dk ikyu djrk gSA csUFke vkSj
fey us n.M vkSj iqjLdkj dks uSfrd izsj.kk dgk gSA n.M dks uSfrdrk dh ckg~;
fu"ks/kkRed Lohdfr Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ekDlZ ,oa ghxsy us Hkh n.M dh vfuok;Zrk dks
Lohdkj fd;k gSA
n.M vkSj iqjLdkj ds fuEu fyf[kr eq[; er gSa%& izfrdkjokn] fuorZuokn]
,oa lq/kkjoknh fl)kUrA
mi;qZDr erksa esa izfrdkjoknh fl)kUr vfr izkphu fl)kUr gSA bl fl)kUr
ds vuqlkj n.M ,d U;k;ksfpr O;kikj gSA n.M dk y{; uSfrd fu;e dh mPprk rFkk
izHkqÙkk dh j{kk vkSj nks"kh dks nf.Mr djuk gSA tc dksbZ vijk/kh uSfrd fu;eksa dk
mYya?ku djrk gS rks U;k; dk rdktk gS fd mls ltk feyuh pkfg, vkSj uSfrd
fu;eksa dh izfr"Bk ,oa izHkqÙkk dk;e jguh pkfg,A uSfrd fu;e loksZPp izHkqlRrk gSA
blfy, bls Hkax djusokyk fuf'pr :i lssss ssss sssss sssss n.M dk vf/kdkjh gSA vxj vijk/kh dks
ltk ugha nh tkrh gS rkssssssssss ssss ssss blls uSfrd fu;eksa dh izHkqlÙkk vkSj xfjek ij vk¡p vkrh
gSA jktk vkSj jkT; dh O;oLFkk n.M&fu;r ij vk/kkfjr gSA gkWCl vkfn us Hkh Lohdkj
fd;k gSA
blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd mfpr O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk vkSj mls dk;e
j[kus ds fy, n.Muhfr vko';d gSA eRL; iqjk.k esa Hkh cryk;k x;k gS fd ^^;fn
jkT; esa n.Muhfr dh O;oLFkk u j[kh tk; rks ckyd] o)] vkrqj] laU;klh] czkã.k]
L=h vkSj fo/kok ;s lHkh ekRL;U;k; ds vuqlkj vkil esa ,d nwljs dks [kk tk;saxsA**
dqN uhfrKkssss us izfrdkjokn dks izfrdkj vFkok izfrfgalk dh v/kkfeZd okluk
ij vk/kkfjr ekuk gSA fdUrq ,slk ekuuk mfpr ugha gSA izfrfgalk ;k izfrdkj ¼cnyk½
dks blfy, fuUnuh; ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd blesa O;fDrxr }s"k dh Hkkouk fo|eku
jgrh gSA fdUrq tc fdlh U;k;ky; }kjk fdlh vijk/kh dks ltk nh tkrh gS( rks
bllsa O;fDrxr }s"k dh Hkkouk ugha ik;h tkrh gSA eSdsUth ds 'kCnksa esa ^^U;k;ky;
dsoy euq"; dks mlh dk izfrnku djrk gS tks og vftZr dj pqdk gSA og v'kqHk dj
pqdk gS vkSj ;g ;qfDr;qDr gS fd mlds iki dk ikfjJfed vFkkZr v'kqHk mls okil
feyuk pkfg,A** vjLrw us Hkh n.M dks _.kkRed iqjLdkj dgk gSA tks tkucw> dj
uSfrd fu;e dh vogsyuk djs mls vo'; n.M feyuk pkfg,A eSdsUth us Bhd gh
fy[kk gS fd ^^;g mldk vf/kdkj gS vkSj mls feyuk pkfg,A lekt tks mls n.M
nsrk gS mlds vf/kdkj ls mls oafpr ugha djrk] cfYd tks mls feyuk pkfg, tks og
dek pqdk gS] ogh mls nsrk gSA** dkUV vkSj ghxsy us Hkh blls lgefr O;Dr dh gSA
bUgkasus Hkh ekuk gS fd vijk/kh dks vo'; n.M feyuk pkfg, D;ksafd ;g mldk
_.kkRed iqjLdkj gSA
dHkh&dHkh vijkf/k;ksa dks jkT; vFkok ckg~; 'kfDr;ksa ds }kjk n.M ugh fey
ikrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa os i'pkrki }kjk vkRe'kqf) djrs gaSA mUgsa ,slk vuqHko gksrk gS
fd v'kqHk deZ }kjk mUgksaus ftruk vftZr fd;k gS mruk mUgsa miyC/k ugha gqvk gSA
czSMys us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf"V dh gSA mUgha ds 'kCnksa esa ^^ge n.M blfy, Hkksxrs gSa
D;ksafd ge ml ds ;ksX; gSa] fdlh nwljs dkj.k ls ughaA ;fn fdlh v'kqHkdeZ ds Qy
gkssus ds vfrfjDr vU; dkj.k ls n.M fn;k tkrk gS rks ;g ,d fo'kq) vuhfr gS] ,d
Li"V vU;k; gS] n.M ds dkj.k fn;k tkrk gSA** bl izdkj vijk/kh dks n.M nsuk
U;k;;qDr O;kikj gSA
izfrdkj ds nks :i gSa%& ¼1½ dBksjokn (Rigorous) ¼2½ enqyer
(Molliviewed)
¼d½ dBksjokn (Rigorious)
bl er ds vuqlkj ftl ek=k esa vijk/k fd;k tk; mlh ek=k esa vijk/kh
dks n.M nsuk pkfg,A cM+s vijk/k ds fy, cM+k n.M vkSj NksVs vijk/k ds fy, NksVk
n.M feyuk pkfg,A ^[kwu dh ltk [kwu* ^vk¡[k ds fy, vk¡[k* vkSj ^tSlk dks rSlk*
(Tit for tat) dk fl)kUr gSA ;g dBksj fl)kUr ds izrhd gaS] ;gk¡ ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij
/;ku ugha fn;k tkrkA vxj fdlh us fdlh dh gR;k dj nh gS rks mls eR;q n.M
nsuk U;k;laxr gSA {kek djus dh dksbZ xqatkb’k ugha jgrh gSA
¼[k½ enqy er (Molliviewed)
bl er ds vuqlkj vijk/kh dks ltk lqukus ds iwoZ mudh mez] mRrstuk]
ifjfLFkfr vkfn ij fopkj dj ysuk t:jh gSA vxj dksbZ vijk/kh fdlh ckg~;
ifjfLFkfr ls ck/; gksdj dksbZ vijk/k adj cSBrk gS rks mldh ltk mlh ek=k esa
gYdh gksuh pkfg,A mnkgj.kkFkZ & ;fn de mez dk O;fDr dksbZ vijk/k djrk gS] rks
mls gYdh ltk feyuh pkfg,A blh rjg vxj dksbZ O;fDr dbZ fnuksa ls Hkw[ks jgus ij
fdlh nqdku ls feBkbZ mBk ysrk gS rks mls gYdh ltk feyuh pkfg,A bl izdkj ;gk¡
n.M dk Lo:i enqy gks tkrk gSA ;gk¡ {kek djus dh xaqtkb’k gSA
izfrdkjokn dh vkykspuk
bl fl)kUr dh vkykspuk djrs gq, vkykspdksa us cryk;k gS fd ;g vfr
dBksj fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gksus ds dkj.k xzkg~; ugha gSA dBksjokn ds vuqqlkj vijk/kh
dks ltk nsrs le; ckg~; ,oa vkUrfjd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk [;ky ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
,slk Hkh ns[kus dks feyrk gS fd O;fDr ifjfLFkfr ds o'khHkwr dksbZ vijk/k dj cSBrk
gSA ,slh fLFkfr ladYi Lokra=~; dk loZFkk vHkko jgrk gSA ladYi Lokra=r~; ds vHkko
eas fdlh O;fDr dks mlds v'kqHkdeksZ ds fy, nf.Mr djuk vuqfpr tku iM+rk gSA bl
izdkj bl fl)kUr esa ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij fopkj fd;s fcuk gh vijk/kh dks n.M nsus dh
ckr dh tkrh gSA ;g U;k; dh e;kZnk ds f[kykQ ckr gSA vijk/kh dks fdlh lk/;
dk lk/ku ekuuk mfpr ugha gSA Dewey ds 'kCnksa esa& ^^ge ek= bl ckr ls vius
n.M fo/kku ds ifj.kkeksa dh ftEesnkjh ls ugha cp ldrs fd vfHk;qDr vijk/kh gSA**
fofy;e fyyh us Hkh fy[kk gS fd ^^uhfr;ksa ds fy, ;g cgqr tfVy iz'u gS] tc muls
iwNk tkrk gS fd vijk/kh dks dSlk n.M nsuk mfpr gS vkSj ;fn gk¡ rks fdu va'kks esa
n.M U;k;laaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaxr gSA** ;g fl)kUr vijk/kh dks lq/kjus dk volj iznku ugha djrk gS
blfy;s ;qfDrlaxr ;k U;k;laxr izrhr ugha gksrk gSA ekDlZ ,oa ghxsy us Hkh bl er
ls vlgefr O;Dr dh gSA czSMys vkfn us bls vKkurk dk ifjpk;d djkj fn;k gSA
;|fi n;kuUn ljLorh us izfrdkjoknh fl)kUr dk ugha cfYd lq/kkjoknh fl)kUr dk
leFkZu fd;k gS rFkkfi vfgalk ds la’kks/ku Lo:i dh O;k[;k djrs gq, cryk;k gS fd
vijkf/k;ksa ds fy;s n.Mksa dk fo/kku Hkh vko’;d gSA blhfy;s MkW- oh- flag xgyksr us
ledkyhu jkuhfrd fopkjd ¼i`- 45-46½ uked iqLrd esa fy[kk gS & ^^mUgksaus ¼n;kuUn
th us½ mijkf/k;ksa ds fy;s n.Mksa dk fo/kku Hkh fd;k gSA ,d Mkdw dks eR;q n.M nsus
ij mUgsa ‘kksd ugha gksrkA ;|fi mUgksaus vFkko’;d fgalk ds iz;ksx dk gh funsZ’k fn;k
gS vkSj lexz :is.k vfgalk dk mUgksaus iw.kZr% ikyu fd;k gSA** vr% gj fLFkfr esa n.M
dk fu”ks/k ugha gksuk pkfg,A {kek dk Hkh ;FkkLFkku egŸo gSA blhfy;s vktdy n.m
ds lq/kkjoknh fl)kUr dk vf/kd izpyu gSA euksoSKkfudksa us Hkh bl er dh lEiqf”V
dh gSA vkSj izfrdkjoknh fl)kUr dks voSKkfud ,oa vk;qfDr laxr fl) fd;k gSA
v/;k; 9
vk/kqfud ;qx vkSj Hkxoku egkohjHkkjr dHkh fo'o dk vk/;kfRed xq: ds :i esa tkuk Fkk] og vkt
vkradokn vkSj vjktdrkokn dk f'kdkj gksrk tk jgk gSA ;gk¡ dk ekuo rks D;k
tkuoj] i{kh ,oa vU; thoksa ds vUnj lkSgknZiw.kZ O;ogkj pyrk FkkA dksbZ fdlh dks
gkfu ugha igq¡pkrs Fks] fgald vkSj vfgald lkFk&lkFk fopj.k djrs FksA ;g okYehfd]
vxLR;~] egkohj vkSj cq) dh ikou /kjrh ds lp esa tkuk gSA fdUrq vkt gR;k vkSj
vigj.k ls lk/kkj.k O;fDr rks D;k jk"Vªifr Hkh ek= fpark O;Dr dj ik jgs gSA dqN
dj ugha ik jgs gSA Nk= ,oa Nk=k jkT;iky ls lqj{kk dh xqgkj yxk jgs gSa vkSj mUgsa
ek= vk'oklu dk iqfyank fey ik jgk gSA ,d izkar dk usrk nwljs izkar ds O;fDr
vFkok O;fDr;ksa dks [knsM+ jgs gSaA
[kkldj fcgkj ftlus] dHkh fo'o esa cgkj ykus dk dke fd;k Fkk vkSj fo'o
esa fgalk ds LFkku ij vfgalk dh vo/kkj.kk dks LFkkfir fd;k FkkA bl ikou /kjrh ls
vfgalk ijeks /keZ% dk lans'k nqfu;k Hkj esa QSykA ;g MkW- lksgu jkt rkrsM+ ,oa
vkpk;Z duduUnhth dh jpukvksa ls vkSj Li”V gks tkrk gSA og vkt fgalk ijeks /keZ%
ds fy, izflf) ik jgk gSA ;g ,d Øwj gdhdr cu pqdk gSA gR;k dk ,slk rkaMo
py jgk gS fd vketu dh ckr gh D;k ,lñ ihñ tks jkT; ds vUrxZr ftys dk
[kkldj iqfyl foHkkx dk losZlokZ ekuk tkrk gS] og Hkh ekjk x;k gS vkSj ekjus dh
/kedh fey gh jgh gSA usrkvksa dh gR;k Hkh vke ckr gks xbZ gS] rks lk/kkj.k turk dh
ckr D;k\ yksdiky dh Hkzw.k gR;k dh Hkh ckrsa lekpkj i=ksa esa i<us dks feyrh gSaA1
¿fo'ku VaMu] yksdiky dh Hkzq.k gR;k] fgUnqLrku] 'kfuokj 29 tuojh 2005] i"B 8À
mPpre~ U;k;ky; ds ,d fu.kZ; esa rF;ksa ds fo'ks"k.k ds vk/kkj ;g Li"V dgk x;k fd
ljdkj ds loksZPp us lÙkk dk nq:i;ksx fd;k2 ¼77 ,ñ ,lñ lhñ 2328½A blls lger
gksrs gq, blh eqdnesa esa ,d vU; U;k;/kh'k us ,d cM+s izfl) fu.kZ; dk lanHkZ nsrs gq,
;g dgk fd tks dke ,d ckj gqvk og ckj&ckj gks ldrk gSA fiNys pkj&N% o"kkasZ esa
rks blds cgqr ls mnkgj.k lkeus vk;s gSaSSA ljdkjh vkoklksa] xSl o isVªksy iaiks ds
vkoaVu esa Hkkjh vfu;ferrk,a gqbZ gSaA iz'kkldh; 'kqfprk ds fy, ;g mruk gh ?kkrd
gS ftrus ifjHkkf"kr vijk/kA D;k vkt fd fLFkfr esa lÙkk ds nq:i;ksx dks jksdus ds
fy, dqN djuk vko';d ugha gS\ vkt lkoZtfud ewY;ksa dk àkl jktuSfrd 'kfDr
dks uSfrd vk/kkj ls oafpr djds mldh oS/krk vkSj LFkkf;Ro dks {kfr ugha igq¡pk jgk
gS\ fdUrq jktuhfr ds f'k[kj iq:"k bl ifjn'; ij vka[k ehps gq, gSaA os ek= Qykojh
Lihp nsrs jgs gSaA ml dk fØ;kUo;u djuk mfpr ugha le>rs gSaA ?kks”k.kkvksa dk
vEckj yxkuk vke ckr gks xbZ gSA
,slh ifjfLFkfr esa egkohj dh ;kn vkuk LokHkkfod gh gSA egkohj vkSj cq)
nksuksa ds ;qx dks Lo.kZ ;qx ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ,eñ ,uñ jk;] Mkñ jk/kkd".ku~]
yksñ ckñ xañ fryd vkfn us Hkh bl ckr dh iqf"V dh gSA1 njvly vius foLrkj dh
izfØ;k esa ckS) /keZ us mu {ks=ksa dh ijEijkvksa vkSj laLdfr;ksa dks vkRelkr~ dj fy;k]
ftUgksaus muds lans'k dks Lohdkj fd;kA tgk¡ mlus LFkkuh; yksxksa ds fo'oklksa vkSj
vkpkjksa dks Lohdkj fd;k] ogk¡ mudks lqlaLdr cukus esa Hkh enn dhA Mkñ jk/kkd".ku~
us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd ßcq) ,d ,sls vk/;kfRed vuqHko dks izkIr djuk pkgrs gSa]
ftlesa leLr LokFkZiw.kZ ykylkvksa dk ifj'keu gks tkrk gS vkSj mlh ds lkFk izR;sd
Hk; vkSj lURkki dk HkhÞ2 cq) dh fLFkfr nsorkvksa ls Hkh mPprj gSA ;gh ckr egkohj
ds lkFk Hkh ykxw gksrh gSA bl ckr dh iqf”V tkrd dFkkvksa /kEein ,oa rÙokFkZ lw= ls
Hkh gks tkrh gSA bUgkasus /keZ ,oa n'kZu dks tulk/kkj.k ds fy, lqxe ,oa cks/kxE; cuk
fn;kA osYosdj ,oa jkukMs us Hkh bl ckr dh iqf"V dh gSA LokFkZoknh pkokZd ds
fl)kUr ds dkj.k Hkksxokn dk cksyckyk mRiUu gks x;k Fkk vkSj lkFk gh lkFk czkã.kksa
ds deZdk.Mh LoHkko ls turk rax vk x;h FkhA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa cq) ,oa egkohj
nksuksa us vius fopkjksa ds }kjk turk dk m)kj fd;kA okpLifr xSjksyk us Bhd gh
fy[kk gS fd tSu&ckS)kssa ds le{k pkokZd dh LFkkiuk,¡ lekt esa Li"V gks pqdh Fkh vkSj
mUgsaa&
fo'okl gks pqdk Fkk fd vius&vius /keksZa dks lektfiz; cukus ds fy, pkokZd ls
loZFkk fHkUu] ekSfyd nf"Vdks.k esa fHkUurk dk ;gh dkj.k FkkA3 bZlk&iwoZ NBh 'krkCnh
esa dbZ ns'kksaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaa aaa esa vk/;kfRed O;xzrk vkSj ckSf)d fo{kksHk dk bfrgkl nf"Vxr gksrk gSA
bl nf"V ls ;g 'krkCnh mYys[kuh; ,oa izklafxd jgsxhA phu esssa ykvksRts ,oa
du¶;w'kl] ;wuku esa ijes.Mht vkSj ,EisMkWDyht] Qkjl esa tjFkqL=] btjk;y esa Hkh
iSxEcj vk;s] Hkkjr esa egkohj ,oa cq) dk vfoHkkZo gqqqvkA egkohj dks tSu /keZ dk
vafre rhFkZadj ekuk tkrk gSA tSu /keZ ds laLFkkid _”kHk nso FksA _”kHk nso dh
ijEijk dk fuoZgu djrs&djrs vUr esa tSfu;ksa us egkohj dks iSnk fd;k tks fo’o
fo[;kr gq,A
egkohj ds lEcU/k esssssss s vkpk;Z jtuh'k us Bhd gh dgk gS fd Þegkohj vkSj
dqN Hkh ugha djsaxs]og flQZ gks tk,¡xsA mudk gksuk dkQh gSA psruk ds cy ij mudh
ekStwnxh gtkjksa] yk[kksaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaa aa psrukvksa dks txk nsxh] LoLFk dj nsxh] ysfdu vHkh budh
[kkst&chu iqjkuh gSA ysfdu foKku dh Hkk"kk esa v/;kRe dks le>k;k tk lds ;g
dHkh fdlh us lkspk gh ughsa gSA tSls inkFkZ ds ry ij Ja[kykc) foLQksV
¼,DlIykstu½ gksrk gS] oSls gh v/;kRe ds ry ij Ja[kykc) foLQksV gksrk gSA tSls
,d edku esa vkx yx xbZ rks iM+ksl ds edku esa vkx yx tk,] iM+ksl ds edku esa
vkx yx xbZ rks mlds iM+ksl esa yx tk;s] vkSj bl izdkj iwjk xk¡o ty tk;sA oSls
gh ,d vkneh egkohj dh dher dk iSnk gksrk gS rks laHkkouk iSnk dj nsrk gSA ml
dher ds lSadM+ksa yksxks ds iSnk gksus dhaA Åij ls fn[krk gS fd egkohj vkSj cq)
nq'eu gSa] ysfdu egkohj ds foLQksV dk Qy gS cqqqq qq qq qqq qq qq qqq qq)A Qy bu vFkksZa esa fd vxj
egkohj u gks rks cq) dk gksuk eqf'dy gSA Åij ls yxrk gS fd vftr] iw.kZdk';i]
xks'kky lc fojks/kh gSaA ysssfdu fdlh dks [;ky ugha bl ckr dk fd os lc ,d gh
J`[kayk ds fgLls gSA4 vkpk;Z duduUnh ,oa MkW- lksgu jkt rkrsM+ dh jpukvksa ls Hkh
bl ckr dh iqf”V gksrh gSA
Þeuq"; vHkh Hkh bl ;ksX; ugha gks ik;k x;k fd egkohj dk lelkef;d cu
ldsA thll ds laca/k esa dgk tkrk gS fd og dHkh g¡ls ughaA 'kk;n thll ØkbLV
dk ;g mnkl O;fDrÙo vkSj lwyh ij yVdk gqvk mudk 'kjhj ge nq%[kh&fpÙk yksxksa
dks cgqr vkd"kZ.k dk dkj.k cu x;kA egkohj cgqr xgjs vFkksZa esa bl thou ds fojks/kh
gSaA dksbZ vkSj thou gS ijyksd esa] dksbZ eks{k gS] mlds i{kikrh gaSSSA leLr /keksZsa us nks
fgLls dj j[ksa gaS & thou dk ,d og tks Lohdkj ;ksX; gSA vkSj ,d og tks budkj
ds ;ksX; gSaA5 vkpk;Z duduUnh th us Hkh bl ckr dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA
egkohj us lkalkfjd Hkksx dh r".kk dk cfg"dkj djds viuk /;ku
ekuo&vkRek ds v/;;u esa yxk;kA Mkñ jk/kkd".ku~ us budh egÙkk dks n'kkZrs gq, dgk
gS fd Þ800 ls 200 bZñ iwñ dky bfrgkl dh /kwjh ekuk tkrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] fo'o
dh fpUruk dh /kwjh izdfr ds v/;;u ls gVkdj euq"; ds thou ds v/;;u ij vk
xbZA phu esa] ykvks&Rls vkSj dU¶;w'kl] Hkkjr esa vkxeksa ds nz"Vk&_f"k] egkohj vkSj
xkSre cq)] bZjku esa tjFkqL=] tqfM;k esa egku~ iSxEcj yksx] ;wuku esa ikbFkkxksjl]
lqjdkr vkSj IysVks tSls nk'kZfud] bu lHkh egkiq:"kksa us ckg~; izd`fr ls viuk /;ku
gVkdj ekuo&vkRek ds v/;;u esa yxk;kAß6 ;wukuh nk’kZfudksa dk izHkko lEiw.kZ ;wjksi
esa nf”Vxr gksrk gSA vkSj vkt os tks gSa vkSj gksus dk bjknk j[krsa gSa og ;qukuh
nk’kZfudksa ds dkj.k ghA ;ksa lqdjkr] IysVks vkSj vjLrw ls lEiw.kZ fo’o izHkkfor utj
vkrk gSA Hkkjr esa cq) vkSj egkohj us Hkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laLdfr esa cgkj ykus dk
dke fd;k gSA tgk¡ rd Hkxoku egkohj dk iz’u gS] mUgksaus fgalk vkSj la?k”kZ ls =Lr
ekuo lekt dks eqDr dj vfgalk ekxZ ij pyus ds fy;s izsfjr fd;k gSA bruk gh
ugha mUgksaus dke] Øks/k] en] yksHk ij fot; izkIr dj vkRe flf) izkIr dhA ;g
vk/kqfud ;qx dh pqukSrh cu x;k gSA blfy;s egkohj ls izsj.kk izkIr djus dh t:jr
gSA
egkohj dk igyk uke o/kZeku FkkA bUgksaus tc vius fuEudksfV ds LoHkko
ij fot; ik yh rks egkohj ds uke ls lEcksf/kr fd;k x;k gSA Mkñ jk/kkd".ku~ us Hkh
fy[kk gS fd Þftu dk rkRi;Z gS fotsrkA ;g mikf/k o/kZeku dks nh xbZ gS] tks tSfu;ksa
ds vfUre rhFkZadj FksAß7 ;g ,sls L=h iq:"kksa ds fy, Hkh iz;qDr gks ldrh gS ftUgksaus
vius fuEudksfV ds LoHkko ij fot; ik yh gks vkSj bl izdkj loksZPplÙkk dk lk{kkr~
vuqHko dj fy;k gksA tSuer 'kCn ladsr djrk gS fd tSun'kZu dk Lo:i eq[;r%
uSfrd gSA vkSj vkt blh uSfrd O;oLFkk dh t:jr gSA gkykafd budh izklafxdrk
lnSo cuh jgh gS vkSj cuh jgsxhA vr% vkt dk ckSf)d ,oa vkfFkZd ccZjrk] lkekftd
dksykgy ,oa uSfrd fnokfy;kiu dks nwj djus dh vko';drk gS vkSj bl vko';drk
dh iwfrZ esa egkohj dkjxj fl) gks ldrs gSaA mudh nh{kk ,oa mins'k ls izsj.kk ysus
dh t:jr gSA buds izHkko ds dkj.k gh ge us vius lSU;cy rFkk HkkSfrd oSHko ds
f'k[kj ij igqapdj Hkh vU; ns'kksa dh Lok/khurk vFkok lq[k lEifr dk vigj.k djus
dk iz;Ru ugha fd;kA lkekU; thou ds ân; esa xgjh cSBh gqbZ ik'kfodrk mls
uSlfxZd :i ls o'khHkwr dj reksxq.kh vFkok vklqjh dR;ksa dh vksj mlds lEiw.kZ
lkeF;Z dks izor djuk pkgrh gSA vQxkfuLrku ,oa bjkd dh ?kVuk bldk ToyUr
mnkgj.k gSA ;fn fo'o ds ekuoksa dh vUr'psruk esa fon~;eku fnO;rk dk fodkl gks
vkSj Js"Bre~ lnkpkj ds laLdkjksa ¼tks izdfr ds lRxq.k ls mRiUu gksrk gS½ dk tkxj.k
gh bu ik'koh izofr;ksa dk neu dj mldh 'kfDr;ksa dks ifo= /;s; dh vksj /kqzohdj.k
djrk gS & ßd.oUrks fo'oek;ZeAÞ ;k losZ HkoUrq lqf[ku% losZ lUrq fujke;k%A losZ
Hknzkf.k i';Urq] ek df'pr~ ¼nq%[k HkkXHkosr~½ nq%[kekjuq;kr~A 'kk;n blh vo/kkj.kk dks
/;ku esa j[krs gq, Mkñ jk/kkd".ku~ us dgk gS fd Þgesa vkfRed Lora=rk ds [kks, vkn'kZ
dks iqu% izkIr djuk gS] ^^vkReykHkku u ija fon~;rsA ^^ ;fn ge 'kkfUr izkIr djuk
pkgrs gSa] rks gesa ml vkUrfjd ,drk] ml vkfRed 'kkfUr dks cuk, j[kuk gksxk] tks
'kkfUr ds vfuok;Z rÙo gSaSA lc dqN [kks tk, rks [kks tk,] ysfdu ge vius vkidks u
[kks,aA bZlk elhg us Hkh bl ckr dh iqf"V dh gSA
egkohj us jkT; ugha thrk] cfYd viuh vkRek dks thrk] vius vga dks
thrk gSA os lkalkfjd ;q) esa viuk ijkØe fn[kkusokys ohj u Fks] oju~ vkUrfjd
thou ds }U} esa ohjrk fn[kkus okys FksA dPN lk/kuk] la;e] vkRe 'kqf) vkSj
lgkuqHkwfr dh fujUrj izfØ;k ds }kjk mUgksaus nSoh ekuo dh fLFkfr izkIr dj yhA
mudk thou vU; yksxksa ds fy,] tks vkRefpr cuus ds blh vkn'kZ dk ikyu djuk
pkgrs gaS] izsj.kkizn gSA izks- rkrsM+ ,oa vkpk;Z duduUnhth us foLrkj iwoZd bu rF;ksa
dh foospuk dh gSA
Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk esa blh egku~ vkn'kZ dk iks"k.k nf"Vxr gksrk gS &
mn~/kjsnkReukRekua ukRekueolkn;sr~A vkReSo g~;kreuks cU/kqjkReSo fjiqjkReu% AA5AA
cU/kqjkRekReuLrL; ;sukReSokReuk ftr% vukReuLrq ‘k=qRos orsZrkReSo ‘k=qor~ AA6AA
ftrkReu% iz'kkUrL; ijekRek lekfgr%A 'khrks".k lq[knq%[ks"kq rFkk ekukieku;ks% AA7AA
;kuh “One should lift oneself by one’s own efforts and should not degrade
oneself; for one’s own self is one’s friend and one’s own self is one’s
enemy ||5|| one’s own self is the friend of the soul by whom the lower self
has been conquered; even so the very self of him who has not conqered his
lower self behaves antagonistically like an enemy.||6|| The supreme spirit is
rooted in the knowledge of the self-controlled man whose mind perfectly
serene in the midst of pairs of opposites, such as cold and heat, joy and
sorÙow, and honour and ignominy.||7|| The yogi whose mind is sated with
Jnana (knowledge of Nirguna Brahma) and vijnana who is unmoved under
all circumstances, whose senses are completely mastered, and to whom
earth, stone and gold are all alike, is spoken of as a God-realized soul.8 He
who looks upon well-wishers and neutrals well as mediators, friends and
foes, relatives and objects of hatred, the virtuous and the sinful with the
same eye, stands supreme.”9 ¼Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk v/;k; VI½ vr% xhrk esa dke]
Øks/k] yksHk dks ujd dk }kj cryk;k x;k gS vkSj ;gh fuEu vkRek ds lkFk laa;qDr
jgrk gSA blls eqDr gksus ij gh fLFkr izK curk gSA LokLF;] /ku] oSHko] edku]
tk;nkn vkSj lkalkfjd lEcU/k&fe=] nq'eu] HkkbZ&cgu vkfn esa ge vius dks [kks nsrs
gSaA ge [kqn muds Lokeh ugha curs] mudks viuk Lokeh cu tkus nsrs gSaA ,sls gh yksx
viuh vkRek dk guu djus okys gksrs gSaSA mudks] ßvkReguks tuk%Þ dgk tkrk gSA
vkfn 'kadjkpk;Z us Hkh bl rF; dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA ;g dkj.k gS fd gekjs ns'k esa
lnk ls ;g dgk tkrk jgk gS& vkRek ds Lokeh cuksA10 tks vkneh la;e&fu;e ds
ikyu vkSj fu"dyad thou ds }kjk mPpre~ in izkIr dj ysrk gS] og ijekRek gSA
tks iw.kZLokra=~; izkIr dj ysrk gS] og ftu ,oa vgZr~ gSA MkW- lksgu jkt rkrsM+ ds ^^n
tSu MkWDVªhu vkWQ deZ ,.M n lkbUl vkWQ tsuSfVDl uked xzUFk ds vUrxZr bl
lEcU/k esa foLrkj iwoZd cryk;k x;k gSA** egkohj esa gesa ,d ,sls O;fDr dk vkn'kZ
feyrk gS ftlus lkalkfjd oLrqvksa dk ifjR;kx dj fn;k Fkk] tks ekSfydrk dk izek.k
gSA
MkW- jk/kkd".ku~ us Hkh fy[kk gS fd vkRek ,oa Kku lEcU/kh tSu n'kZu dk
fl)kUr tSu /keZ dk ,d bruk vf/kd fof'k"V fl)kUr gS vkSj ckS) n'kZu ds
,rn~f"k;d fl)kUrksa ls bruk fHkUu gS fd mls m/kkj fy;k gqvk fdlh Hkh gkyr esa dg
gh ugha ldrsA mDr nksuksa n'kZuksa esa izrheku deZ ,oa iqutZUe&fo"k;d lekurkvksa ds
vk/kkj ij dqN fl) ugha fd;k tk ldrk] D;ksafd mDr nksuksa fl)kUr leLr Hkkjrh;
n'kZuksa esa leku :i ls ik, tkrs gSaA mDr lc gsrqvksa ls ge tSu /keZ dks ckS) /keZ ls
izkphu le>rs gaSA ,e- ikSflu dh lEefr gS fd tSu /keZ ß,d 'kfDr'kkyh ifjozktdksa
dh laLFkk Fkh] ftldk izknqHkkZo vFkok iquxZBu 'kkD;eqfu ds dqN o"kZ iwoZ gqvkAÞ11
_"kHknso dks tSu /keZ dk laLFkkid ekuk tkrk gSA budh ppkZ ;tqosZn ,oa
Hkkxoregkiqjk.k esa Hkh dh xbZ gSA Jhen~Hkxor~ lq/kk&lkxj ¼'kqdz&lkxj½ esa bUgsa
Hkxoku dk vkBok¡ vorkj cryk;k gSA ;gk¡ cryk;k x;k gS fd Þjktk ukfHk dh iRuh
e:nsoh ds xHkZ ls _"kHknso ds :i esa Hkxoku us vkBok¡¡ vorkj xzg.k fd;kA bl :i
esa mUgksasus ijegalks dk og ekxZ tks lHkh O;fDr;ksa ds fy;s oUnuh; gS] fn[kk;kA12
;tqosZn esa rhu rhFkZdkjksa ds ukeksa dk mYys[k gS& _"kHknso] vftrukFk ,oa vfj"VusfeA
23 osa rhFkZadj ik'oZukFk FksA dkyØe esa tSu fnxEcj] 'osrkEcj nks Hkkxksa esa rFkk nks
ijEijkvksa esa caV x;sA
bl lEcU/k esa MkW- jk/kkd".ku~ us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd bu lc esa tks dqN Hkh
,Sfrgkfld rF; dk va'k gks] fdUrq tSuh yksxksa dk fo'okl gS fd muds er dk izpkj
cgqr iwoZ vusd ;qxksa ls egku rhFkZadjks dh ijEijk esa fdlh u fdlh rhFkZadj }kjk
fd;k tkrk jgk gSA o/kZeku ds vuq;k;h vf/kdrj dqyhu {kf=;ksa esa ls gh vk, Fks vkSj
mUgksaus muds vUnj ls gh ,d leqnk; dk fu;fer la?kVu fd;k] ftlesa iq:"k ,oa
efgyk,a nksuks gh oxZ ds lk/kkj.k ukxfjd rFkk vkJkeoklh lnL; lfEefyr FksA ;g
ekuus ds fy, gekjs ikl i;kZIr dkj.k ¼lcwr½ gS fd o/kZeku ds izHkko ls 'osrkEcj ,oa
fnxEcj nksuksa gh lEiznk;ksa ds vuq;k;h bl laLFkk esa lfEefyr gks x, Fks& vFkkZr~ os
tks muds lkFk bl fo"k; esa lger Fks fd lc izdkj dh lEifr ds iw.kZ ifjR;kx ds
vUnj; lc izdkj ds oL=ksa dk ifjR;kx Hkh vk tkrk gS] vkSj os Hkh tks ik'oZukFk }kjk
izpfyr laLFkk ds vuq;k;h Fks] tks bl izdkj ds ifjR;kx dh ijkdk"Bk dks Lohdkj
ugha djrs Fks vkSj oL=ksa dks vko';d le>rs FksAß13 erkUrj ds ckotwn nksuksa ds fy,
rÙokFkkZf/kxelw= izkekf.kd ,oa J)s; xzUFk gSA budk izFke nk'kZfud xzUFk izkdr vkSj
fQj laLdr esa fy[kk tkus yxk vkSj ckn esa vU; Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh budssss ssss s fopkjksa dks O;Dr
fd;k x;k gSA ts- ,u- flUgk ds 'kCnksa esa “Many glosses and commentaries were
written on the sacred texts. Philosophical literature was first written in
prakrit and then in Sanskrit. Umasvami or umasvati (135-219 A.D.) wrote
tattvarthadhigamasutra. It is a sacred epitome of Jainism. It is a svetambra
extra canonical work. But it is revered by the svetambara and the Digambara
sects both, It contains all the fundamental priniciples of Jainism.14 vr% tSls
ckS)ksa ds fy, /kEein gS] vkSj fgUnqvksa ds fy, Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk gS] oSls gh tSfu;ksa ds
fy, rÙokFkkZf/kxelw= gSA vkRek dh vuqHkokrhr ifo=rk] ln~deZ] vfagalk ,oa
fo'oO;kih izse budh egÙoiw.kZ nsu gSA 'kk;n ckn ds fpUrdksa ds fy, ;g izsj.kk dk
lzksr cu x;k gSA bl lEcU/k esa ts- ,u- flUgk dk oDrO; mYys[kuh; gS& It regards
transcendental purity of the soul as the highest good, beyond virtue and vice
which generate beneficial and harmful karma pariticles or inpurities. This is
purism or rationalism. The Jaina ethics of ahimsa and universal love and
good will is a grand contribution to ethical thought. These should be the
foundation of the new order."15 budh vfgalk us jk"Vªfirk egkRek xk¡/kh ds fy,
veks/k vL= dk dke fd;kA egkRek xka/kh us ryokj vkSj <+ky dh lgk;rk ls ugha
cfYd vfgalkRed vkUnksyu ds tfj, lkezkT;oknh vaxzstks ls Hkkjr dks vktkn fd;kA
,e- ,u- jk; vkfn us bls Lohdkj ugha fd;k] fQj Hkh bruk rks ekuuk r; ghs gS fd
bUgksaus uj lagkj ls Hkkjr dks cpk;kA bUgkasus Hkh tSu /kekZoyfEc;ksa dh rjg eu] opu
vkSj deZ ds }kjk fdlh dks d"V u nsus dh odkyr dh gSA
tSuh rks vHkh Hkh tho fgalk ds Hk; ls lw;kZLr ds ckn ;kuh jkr dks Hkkstu
ugha djrs gSaA vr% bUgsa ;fn Hk; gS rks nq"deZ] fdlh tho tUrq ls ugha ;k fdlh
vykSfdd lÙkk ls Hkh ughaA vkt Hkzw.k gR;k ,oa ,M~l dh chekjh fo'o ds fy, ljnnZ
cu x;h gSA ;fn egkohj ls izsj.kk ysrs rks fu'p; gh ;g nnZ feV tkrkA budk
czãp;Z ,oa vfgalk dh izklafxdrk v{kq.; gS vkSj vkxs Hkh cuh jgsxhA vkt ;kjlk
xqEck tks VkWfud ds vfrfjDr ,ythZ] fMizs'kUl] lnhZ] tqdke ,oa ¶yw ds bykt esa
bLrseky fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj vc Hkh dkeksÙkstuk ,oa 'kkjhfjd 'kfDr c<+kus esa fd;k
tkrk gSaA bldk ¼;kjlk xqEck dk½ lcls cM+k cktkj phu gSA fnYyh esa ;kjlk xqEck
dh dher ,d yk[k :i;s izfr fdyks ls Åij vkadh xbZ gSA Hkyk czãp;Z /keZ dh
fLFkfr uktqd D;ksa ugha gksxh\ fdUrq gesa Lej.k j[kuk pkfg, fd oÙkZeku ladV dk ;g
Hkh dkj.k gS vkSj vkxs vkSj Hk;kog fLFkfr mRiUu gks ldrh gSA ;g vkS"kf/k vesafjdk
dh nok O;k?kzk ds lerqY; gSA Hkxoku egkohj ds fuofr iz/kku thou dks ikdj
yksdeku~ cky xaxk/kj fryd us dgk gS fd] ÞtSu vkSj ckS) /keZ igys gh ls fuofr
iz/kku gS] vkSj bZlk elhg dk Hkh oSlk gh mins'k gSA cq) us vius f'k";ksa dks vfrae
mins'k fn;k gS fd lalkj dk R;kx djds ;fr&/keZ ls jguk pkfg;s] fL=;ksa dh vksj
ns[kuk ugha pkfg;s] vkSj muls ckrphr Hkh ugha djuk pkfg,A16
fryd th dh nf"V esa egkohj vkSj cq) nksuksa {kf=; Fksa blfy, bUgsa lU;kl
/keZ dk izpkj izlkj ugha djuk pkfg,A o.kkZJe /keZ dk ikyu gh mfpr FkkA fdUrq
ckr ,slh ugha gSA buls igys Hkh {kf=; lU;klh cus gSa vkSj vkt Hkh ekU; gSA budk
dguk gS fd egkohj vkSj cq) nksuksa us oSfnd /keZ ds dsoy lU;kl&ekxZ dks vaxhdkj
dj {kf=; vkfn lc o.kkasZ ds fy;s laU;klh&/keZ dk njoktk [kksy fn;k Fkk] ijUrq
Hkxoku Jh d".k us ,slk ugha fd;kA gekjh le> esa nksuksa dh ifjfLFkfr fHkUu Fkh
blfy;s vkpj.k esa Hkh vUrj vk;kA ugha rks nksuksa dh fn'kk ,oa n'kk ,d gh gSA Jh
d".k dh rjg bUgksaus Hkh ;qx dh ekax dks iwjk fd;kA ek= laU;klh gh ugha cfYd jktk
vkSj jktuhfr ls izsfjr O;fDr;ksa us Hkh ckS) /keZ ,oa tSu /keZ dks viuk jkt/keZ cuk;k
gSA ;g Bhd gS fd bUgksaus ukfj;ksa] 'kwnzksa ,oa vU; lHkh fuEu O;fDr;ksa dks Hkh eqDr gksus
dh lh[k nh gSA ;g ckr Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk es Hkh ns[kus dk feyrh gS%& eka fg ikFkZ
O;ikfJO;;s·fiL;qa% iki;ksu;%A fL=;ks oS';kLrFkk 'kqnzkLrs·fi ;kfUr ijka xfre~AA
¼Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk v/;k; IX & 32 oka 'yksd½ rÙookFkkZf/kxelw= Hkh ek= laU;kfl;ksa ds
fy, gh ugha ;k ek= xgLFk] lo.kksZ ds fy, gh ugha cfYd fuEu tkfr ,oa vU; o.kksZa
ds fy, Hkh mi;ksfx fl) gqvk gSA Kku ds {ks= esa tgk¡ cq) us izR;{k vkSj vuqeku dks
gh vlafnX/k Kku dk lk/ku ekuk gS ogk¡ tSuh] lka[; vkSj ;ksx dh rjg rhu izek.k
dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA budh nf”V esa ‘kCn dh nf”V esa ‘kCn Hkh ;FkkFkZ Kku dk lk/ku
gSA bruk gh ugha bUgksaus lka[;] ;ksx] ehekalk vkSj osnkar dh rjg lRdk;Zokn dk
leFkZu djrs gS vkSj lRdk;Zokfn;ksa esa ifj.kkeokn dk leFkZu dj lkis{kokn dk
leFkZu fd;k gSA tSu n'kZu dk dguk gS fd vxj ge vfgalk ds vknZ'k dks viuk ysa]
rks mlds QyLo:i ge tSu fl)kUr&vusdkUrokn rd igq¡psaxsA tSu n'kZu dh nf"V
esa dsoy&Kku gh thou dk mPp vkn'kZ gSA blh ls eks{k dh izkfIr gksrh gSaA eks{k Hkh
pkj izdkj dk gksrk gSA ukeeks{k] LFkiukeks{k] nzO;eks{k] vkSj Hkkoeks{kA ts- ,y- tSuh us
Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “This is my liberation” This can not mean Moksha and
yet word used connoted it. Moksha is claimed by one who has not got it.
This is only name Moksha. Liberaton is represented by the figure of a
siddha. This figure is an image of brilliance, as the liberated soulhare
described to be in siddhaksetra, the half-moon-shaped space at the sumit of
the universe which is the abode of siddhas. To call the Arhats Siddhas
Arhats are sure to become Siddhas, but as Arhats they are not Siddhas.
Attributing Moksha only to liberated soul.”17
buds lkr rÙo dh rkfdZd nf"V ls iw.kZ eqfDr dh ppkZ djrs gq, ts- ,y-
tSuh us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “These 7 tatva, principles, are evidently necessary
and sufficient they are necessary, because there must be at least two
exhaustive categories of the universe. By dichotomy they are logically
perfect, they are the soul and the non-soul. Their union is manifest in the
world. The absolute liberation of soul from the non-soul is the ultimate goal,
therefore Moksha category is placed last in the sutras.”18 tSfu;ksa dh nf"V esa
tho gh Kku izkIr djrk gSA ogh deZ djrk gS] lq[k&nq%[k Hkh >syrk gS] rFkk vU;
oLrqvksa dks Hkh izdkf'kr djrk gSA ;g 'kjhj ls fHkUu gS] bldk vfLrÙo vkRekuqHkwfr ls
gh izekf.kr gks tkrk gSA vKku gh d"kk; dk dkjd gSA d”kk; ds lEcU/k esa MkW- lksgu
jkt rkrsM+ us Bhd gh fy[kk gS & “This Kasaya binds the soul to endless
Sansara. This kasaya usually lasts more than 12 months. It adds bondage to
bondage and impels the cyle of life and deathto go on endlessly. A person
with this type of Kasaya is in Mithyatva.The intensity of this Kasaya Kups
the Jiva under its impact such that she/he will not have even a rational
thought. The Jiva under the inbluence of this Kasaya commits sins like
violence and other evil actions without fear and any hesitation.”19a Kku gh
vKku dks nwj dj ldrk gSA rÙokFkZ lw= esa cryk;k x;k gS %&
lE;Xn'kZuKkupkfj=kf.keks{kekxZ% AA1AA
rÙokFkZJ)kua lE;nX'kZue~ AA2AA
rfUulxkZnf/kxek}k AA3AA
thokthoklzocU/klaojfutZjkeks{kkLrÙoe~ AA4AA
ukeLFkkiuknzO;HkkorLrUu;kl% AA5AA19
;FkkFkZ Kku ds izfr J)k gh lE;d~ n'kZu gSA ;g vU/kfo'okl ugha cfYd iw.kZ fo'okl
gksrk gSA rÙoksa dh tkudkjh izkIr djus dh dksf'k'k dh tkuh pkfg,A vusd tSu
nk'kZfudksa us nl ;k lkr ozr dks vko';d ekuk gS ,oa dqN vU; us bu mins'kksa dks
vko';d ugha ekuk gSA fdUrq iap egkozrksa dk ikyu lc dks ekU; gSA iapegkozrksa dk
ikyu ¼lc ds fy, ikyu dk fo/kku gS½ lE;d~ pfj= ds fy, i;kZIr gSA vfagalk]
lR;] vLrs;] czãp;Z vkSj vifjxzg dk ikyu djuk gh lE;d pfj= gSA tSuer dk
fof'k"V Lo:i vfgalk gSA ftlls tho gS ml lcds izfr iwT;cqf) ,oa mu lcds Hkksx
dh bPNk dk R;kxA bl fu;e dk vR;Ur dêjrk] ds lkFk ikyu djus ds dkj.k
tSfu;ksa esa dqNsd ,slh fof/k;ka izpfyr gks xbZ ftudk vU; erkoyEch fo}ku migkl
djus yxsA dgha fdlh tho dh gR;k ;k nq%[k u igqaps] bl fopkj ls dqNsd tSuh
pyus ls iwoZ ekxZ esa >kMw nsrs gSa] eq[k ij iV~Vh vFkok inkZ Mkydj pyrs gSa] ftlls
fd dksbZ thfor izk.kh 'okl ds lkFk ukd esa u pyk tk;] ikuh dks Nkudj ihrs gSa]
vkSj 'kgn dk Hkh R;kx djrs gSaA
ekuo dY;k.k ds fy;s O;fDrxr Lokra=~; vkSj lkekftd U;k; nksuksa vkR;ko';d gSaA
ge pkgsa rks ,d dks vfrjaftr dj ldrs gSa ;k nwljs dks voewfY;rA ijUrq tks O;fDr
tSu&er ds vusdkUrokn] lIrHkaxhu; vFkok L;kn~okn dh vc /kkj.kk dk vuqdj.k
djrk gS] og ml izdkj dk lkaLdfrd lk/kkj.khdj.k ;k *jsftesUVs'ku^ ugha Lohdkj
djsxkA mlds vkSj mlds izfri{kh ds fopkjksa esa ls fdlds fopkj mfpr gSa vkSj fdlds
vuqfpr] bldks le>us dk foosd mlds ikl gksxk] fQj og nksuksa izdkj ds fopkjksa esa
leUo; djus dh ps"Vk djsxkA gesa ,slk gh :[k viukuk pkfg,A blhfy,
vkRe&fu;a=.k] vfgalk ds vH;kl] lfg".kqrk rFkk nwljksa ds fopkj vFkok nf"Vdks.k ds
izfr lgkuqHkwfr dh t:jr gS& ;s dqN f'k{kk,¡ gesa egkohj ds egku~ thou ls izkIr gks
ldrh gSaA20 bUgksaus osnksa] mifu"knksa rFkk bZ'oj dh vo/kkj.kk dk fojks/k ugha cfYd
vius ls iwoZorhZ fopkjksa dks le;kuqdwy lq/kkj djus dk dke fd;k gSA vkt ds ;qx esa
,sls gh egku~ iq:"k dh vko';drk eglwl dh tk jgh gSA vkpk;Z duduUnh th vkt
Hkh blds fy;s iz;Ru’khy gSaA mudh dfr;ksa ls orZeku thou dks gh ugha cfYd Hkfo”;
ds fy;s ojnku ekuk tk ldrk gSA
tSfu;ksa dk lkr rÙo Hkh ;qfDr laxr izrhr gksrk gSA tsñ ,yñ tSuh us Bhd
gh fy[kk gS %& "They are sufficient also, soul and non-soul together
constitutes the universe. If they are separated nothing more is needed. If
they are united, as they are found to be in the world, then the cause of their
union, the union itself the stopage and the gradual and then the final
destruction of the union are the only possible ways of considering them.
Thus the seven principles are sufficient also.21 vr% bUgsa vO;kogkfjd dguk
mfpr ugha gSA buds L;kn~okn dh rqyuk ik'pkR; nk'kZfudksa ds }kjk izLrqr
O;ogkjokn ds lkFk dh tkrh gSA tSfu;ksa dh rjg f'kyj ftUgsa O;ogkjokn dk ,d
fiyj ekuk tkrk gS] mUgksus Hkh ekuk gS fd vxj izlax vkSj mÌs'; dks /;ku esa ugh
j[kk tk; rks dksbZ Hkh ijke'kZ lR; ;k >wB fl) ugha gks ldrk gSA oxZ or ugha gS]
nks vkSj nks dk ;ksx pkj gksrk gSA bl izdkj ds vlafnX/k okD; Hkh f'kyj ds vuqqlkj
,d gh nf"Vdks.k ls lR; gSA cdZys ds lkis{kkokn ls Hkh budh rqyuk dh tkrh gS]
fdUrq os tSfu;ksa ls vyx ml fcUnq ij gks tkrs gSa tgk¡ mUgksaus oLrqoknh lkis{kokn dk
leFkZu fd;k gSA ;kuh tgk¡ vU; O;kogkjokfn;ksa dh rjg f'kyj O;kogkjoknh fl)
gksrs gSa ogk¡ egkohj us oLrqoknh lkis{kokn dk leFkZu fd;k gSA blfy, dqN fo}kuksa us
budh rqyuk g~okbVgsM] cwfMu vkfn ls dh gSaA g~okbVgsM vkSj cwfMu dks oLrqoknh
lkis{kokn dk izorZd ekuk tkrk gSaA bUgksaus tSfu;ksa dh rjg ekuk gS fd fdlh Hkh oLrq
dk vfLrÙo Kkrk ls Loar= gSA og Kkrk ij fuHkZj ugha gSaA oLrq vius xq.k vFkok /keZ
ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;g lHkh oLrqokfn;ksa dks Lohdkj gSA vr% bl nf"V ls oLrqokn
vkSj lkis{kokn dk okLrfod izorZd tSfu;ksa dks ekuk tkuk pkfg,A
egkohj us vius ls iwoZoÙkhZ rhFkZadjksa dh rjg leLr nªO;ksa dks nks Hkkxkssa es
foHkDr fd;k gS& vfLrdk; ,oa vufLrdk;A dky vufLrdk; nzO; gS vkSj 'ks"k lHkh
nzO; vfLrdk; nzO; ds vUrxZr cryk;s x;s gSaA dk; dk vFkZ 'kjhj vkSj vfLr dk
vFkZ gS vFkkZr~] vfLrdk; nzO; 'kjhj dh rjg LFkku ;k vkdk'kO;kih gSA vfLrdk; nzO;
Hkh nks rjg ds gksrs gaS%& tho vkSj vthoA tSlk fd mi;qZDr foospuksa ls Li"V gks pqdk
gS fd tho vkRek dk gh nwljk uke gSA tho nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa %& eqDr vkSj c)A
eqDr tho os gaS ftUgksaus eks{k ik fy;k gS] vFkkZr~ tks cU/ku ls eqDr gks pqds gSaA c)
tho osa gSa ftUgksaus eqfDr ugha ikbZ gSA fQj c) tho Hkh nks rjg ds gksrs gSa& =l vkSj
LFkkojA =l tho ek= xfr'khy gksrs gSa vkSj LFkkoj xfrghuA LFkkoj tho dk 'kjhj
viw.kZ gksrk gSA tSfu;ksa dh nf"V esa iFoh] ty] vfXu] ok;q] ouLifr LFkkoj tho ds
mnkgj.k gSaA buds ek= Li'kZsfUnz; gksrh gSA mUgsa Li'kZ dk Kku gks ldrk gSA Jhd”.k
Hkxoku us LFkkojksa esa Lo;a dks fgeky; dgk gSA
=l thoksa esa U;wukf/kd fodkl ik;k tkrk gSaA muesa Øe'k% nks] rhu] pkj
vkSj ik¡p bfUnz;k¡ ik;h tkrh gSaA lhi ,oa /kksa/kk vkfn ds nks bfUnz;k¡ gksrh gaS& Ropk ,oa
ftg~okA fiihfydk ¼phVh vkfn½ ds rhu&Ropk] ftg~ok rFkk ukfldk bfUnz;k¡ izkIr gksrh
gSaA eD[kh] HkkSajk] ePNj vkn ds pkj bfUnz;k¡ gSa& Ropk] ftg~ok] ukfldk rFkk p{kqA
mPp i'kqvksa] if{k;ksa rFkk euq";ksa dks ik¡p bfUnz;k¡ izkIr gSA euq"; ds ik¡p bfUnz;ksa ds
vfrfjDr eu ,oa cqf) Hkh izkIr gSA ik¡p desZfUnz;k¡ Hkh izkIr gSA blfy, dqN us
,dkn'k bfUnz;ksa dk leFkZu fd;k gS rks dqN us }kn'k nfUnz;ksa dh Hkh iqf"V dh gSA bl
rjg tho ds Øfed fodkl dk uewuk is'k dj MkfoZu vkfn fodkloknh fl)kUr dks
ekuusokyksa ds fy, egkohj ,oa muds vuq;kf;;ksa us vxqvk dk dke fd;k gSA vr% bl
{ks= esa Hkh budh izklafxdrk vHkh Hkh T;ksa dh R;ksa cuh gqbZ gS vkSj vkxs ds fy, Hkh ;g
izsj.kk dk lzksr cuk jgsxkA 'ks"k vfLrdk; nzO; pkj gS %& /keZ] v/keZ] vkdk'k vkSj
iqn~xyA bUgsa vtho vfLrdk; nzO; ekuk tkrk gSaA
tgk¡ rd fgalk vkSj vfgalk dk iz'u gSA lelkef;d fgalk esa nks rÙo cgqr
egÙiw.kZ gSaA izFke gS fgalk dh O;kidrk ,oa f}rh; gSa fgalk dks fu;af=r djus okys
ijEijkxr lk/kukas ¼/keZ] uSfrdrk] lkekftd laLFkkvksa dh izpqjrk½ dk vHkkoA vkt dh
O;kid fgalk ds fy;s og ewY; cks/k Hkh mÙkjnk;h gS tks O;fDr&thou dk pje /;s;
HkkSfrd lk/kuksa ds ek/;e ls lq[k dh [kkst ekurk gSA fQj HkkSfrd lk/kuksa dk vf/kd
mRiknu] lap; vkSj LokfeRo izkIr djuk LokHkkfod gks tkrk gS rFkk izdfr vkSj lekt
nksuksa ds lkFk O;fDr dk ukrk lk/kuor~ gh jg tkrk gSaA blds QyLo:i og
iz;kstukRed cqf) ls izsfjr gksus yxrk gS] ftlls mlds O;fDrxr vkSj lkekftd
lEcU/kksa essa nks"k vFkok fo"kkDrrk c<rh tkrh gSA vkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa fujUrj of) ds
i'pkr~ Hkh tc vHkko ,oa vlekurk dh fLFkfr cuh jgrh gS] rks HkkSfrd lef) dh
izkfIr ds fy;s 'kfDr lap; t:jh gks tkrk gSA c<+rh bPNkvksa ds ncko esa Hkk"kk] tkfr]
/keZ] {ks= vkfn lHkh blds ek/;e cuk fn;s tkrs gSa( ftuls O;fDr dks vk/kqfud
vfLerk &cks/k dk Hkze iSnk gksrk gSA ijUrq vf/kdka'k ds fgLls es 'kfDr ugha vlQyrk
gh izkIr gksrh gS] tks dq.Bk dks tUe nsrh gSA QyLo:i lkekftd fu;eksa dks rksMdj
vkosx LoPNUn gks tkrs gSa vkSj fgalk fofHkUu :iksa esa izfrQfyr gksus yxrh gSA Hkzw.k
gR;k ,oa lkEiznkf;d fgalk vkt ds ekgkSy esa ljnnZ cu x;k gS vkSj ,slh ifjfLFkfr
esa vfgalk dh izklafxdrk ls bUdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
njvly laLdfr] ijEijk vkfn dh lelkef;d mikns;rk rHkh lkFkZd gksrh
gS tc og u rks gB/kfeZrk dks c<+kok ns vkSj u gh lagkjd rÙo cudj mldk fouk'k
djsA bl izdkj dh vfookfnrk vFkok ,dkUrrk dks NksM+dj e/;e ekxZ dks viukus ess
ftl gn rd ge ;'kLoh gksaxs ml gn rd egkohj }kjk izkIr mins'k dh lelkef;d
mikns;rk cuk;s j[kus esa Hkh lQy gksaxs ;k gks ldrs gSaA vkpk;Z duduUnh th us Hkh
blh rF; dh vksj ladsr fd;k gSA
euksfoKku ds uke ij dkeqdrk dks HkM+dkus ds vusd iz;kl gks jgsa gSA
fdUrq] blds vusd cqjs ifj.kke gekjs lkeus vk;s gSaA vr% ;fn ge ekufld fof{kIrrk]
uSjk'; rFkk vuqfpr xHkZ/kkj.k vkfn dks jksduk pkgrs gSa] rks czãp;Z ozr dk ikyu
djuk gksxkA /;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd ik¡p egkozrksa esa ?kfu"B lEcU/k gSA vFkkZr~ tks
O;fDr lPps vFkZ esa vfgald ;k lR;oknh gSa] og vU; ozrksa dk Hkh ikyu vklkuh ls
dj ldrk gSA blds foijhr] ;fn og fgald vFkok feF;koknh gS rks og vU; egkozrksa
dk Hkh ikyu ugha dj ldsxkA
Kku&vKku] ew<+rk&vew<+rk tSls foijhr euq"; dks gs;&mikns;]
;ksX;&v;ksX; tSls fu.kkZ;d voLFkk ls fopfyr djrs gSaA ysfdu egkohj ds }kjk
izLrqr vew<+ nf"V euq"; dks og {kerk iznku djrh gS] ftlds vk/kkj ij lk/kd
feF;kekxksZa dks ;qfDrghu le>dj muesa eqX/k ugha gksrkA rÙokFkZokfrZd esa Hkh bl ckr
dh iqf"V dh xbZ gSA izk;% O;fDr rhu rjg dh ew<+rk ds dkj.k vius lUekxZ ls
HkVdrk gSA vuxkj /kekZer uked xzUFk esa bldh fo'kn foospuk dh xbZ gSA nsoew<+rk]
yksdew<+rk vkSj le;ew<+rk dh ppkZ vU; tSu xzUFksa esa Hkh ikrs gSaA lk/kuk ds fy;s fdls
vkn'kZ ekuk tk;A mikL; cuus dh {kerk fdlesa gS] ,sls fu.kkZ;d Kku dk vHkko
nsoew<+rk dgykrk gSA yksdizokg vkSj :f<;ksa dk va/kkuqdj.k yksdew<+rk gSA le;]
fl)kUr vkSj 'kkL= ds lEidZ Kku dk vHkko le;ew<+rk gSA buds vHkko esa O;fDr
xyr mikL;] vkn'kZ] :f<+;ksa ,oa fl)kUrksa dks viukus yxrk gSA ;g ifjfLFkfr
lekt&O;oLFkk ds fy;s ?kkrd gSA vew<+ nf"V bu lcls fojr gksdj ,d lqO;ofLFkr
lekt dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA ;gh bldk lektn'kZu gSA vkpk;Z duduUnhth us Hkh
bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA
vr% egkohj dk lE;d~ n'kZu gh lektn'kZu dk vk/kkj cukA lE;Xn'kZu ds
pkgs fdrus vFkZ D;ksa u fd;s x;s gks] fdUrq mu lcds ewy esa ,d gh vFkZ gS
feF;kvkpj.k ls eqfDr vkSj foosd Kku vFkok lR;kfHk:fp dk fodklA lE;d~ n'kZu
dk ;g Lo:i Lo;a esa dY;k.kdkjh gksrs gq, vius xHkZ esa ,d uohu ,oa egku~
lektn'kZu dk fl)kUr fNik;s j[krk gSA lE;dRo ds ik¡p vax ekus tkrs gSa %& le]
laosx] fuosZn] vuqdEik vkSj vfLrD;A ;fn ge bu lE;d~ migkjksa dks vius thou
vkSj pfj= esa mrkj ysa rks fuf'pr gh orZeku leL;kvksa dk cgqr gn rd funku
fudy ldrs gSa vkSj egkohj dh izklafxdrk Lo;a fl) gks tk;sxhA egkohj dh miokl
lEca/kh vo/kkj.kk vkt Hkh fo’o dks izHkkfor dj jgh gSA miokl dh ijEijk dk
v/;;u vesfjdk vkfn e/; ns’kksa esa gks jgk gSA dke okluk ij fu;a=.k djus ds fy,
gh ugha cfYd LoLF; jgus ds fy;s Hkh vko’;d gSA
ukfLrdksa dk eu nksgjk gS vFkkZr~ }U}kRed gSA eu dk dke Bhd oSlk gh gS]
tSls bl txr~ esa lkjh phtsa }U}kRed gS] blfy;s lkjh ftUnxh esa }U} gh }U} gS
vkSj lkjh ftUnxh ds vk/kkj eas eu gS] ekb.M gSA blfy;s tks fopkjd] tSls ekDlZ]
,aftYl] ysfuu ,oa ekvksRls&rqax tks eu ds Åij vkRek esa fo'okl ugha djrs] os yksx
Mk;ysfDVdy eSVsfj;fyTe dh ckr djrs gSaA budk dguk gS fd inkFkZ }U} ls pyrk
gSA blfy;s ;s oxZla?k"kZ dh ckr djrs gSa] fd lekt Hkh }U} ls pysxkA xjhc dks
vehj ds f[kykQ yM+uk ;k yM+kuk iM+sxk rc lekt pysxk] lc lekt }U} gSA ;fn
eu gh lc dqN gS] rks ftUnxh esa la?k"kZ ds vykok vkSj dqN Hkh ugha gSA 1 Qjojh
2005 dks usiky esa vkikrdky ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;kA usiky ujs'k KkusUnz ds vuqlkj
ekvksoknh fonzksfg;ksa ds lkFk x`g;q) dh fLFkfr gh bldk eq[; dkj.k gSA nsÅok
ljdkj dk c[kkZLr gksuk] jktusrkvksa dk utjcan gksuk vkSj usiky dk dqN le; ds
fy, iwjh nwfu;k ls laidZ VwVus dk dkj.k vkradokn gh gS vkSj Hkkjr ds vUrxZr
fcgkj esa dke djus ls vaxzst tekus ds tsyj Hkh Mjrs gSaA blls vkradokn dk izHkko
vkSj rkaMo uR; dk irk pyrk gSA ;g }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn dk gh ifj.kke gSA
egkohj dk dguk gS fd Þ}U}krhr gks tkvksA }U} ds ckgj] }U} ds ikj vkSj tks nks
ds ckgj gksrk gS ogh dsoy deZ ds cU/ku ls eqDr gks ldrk gSAß tks izse vkSj ?k.kk
dks tkuusokyk gS og bl }U} ls ckgj gks ldrk gSA fu}ZU} Lora= gSaA tks f?kjk gqvk
gS og cU/ku esa gSA ;fn ge tUe dks cUn dj nsa rks eR;q feV tk;sxhA D;ksafd tUe
gh ugha gksxk rks ejus dks [kkstuk eqf'dy gks tk;sxkA ?k.kk ds Hkh cU/ku gaS vkSj izse
ds Hkh cU/ku gS vkSj ckWMh dgk tkrk gSA egkohj dh nf"V esa beck¡MhM gksuk gh eqfDr
gSA blhfy, JhenHkxon~xhrk esa cryk;k x;k gSa fd ßle% 'k=kS p fe=s p rFkk
ekukiekU;ks%A 'khrks".klq[knq%[ks"kq le% l³~xfooftZr%AA rqY;fuUnkLrqfuekSauh lURq"Vksa ;su
dsufpr~A vfudsr% fLFkjfreZfDrekU;s fiz;ks uj%A vFkkZr~ “He who is alike to friend
and foe,as well as to honour and ignominy, who remains balanced int heat
and cold, pleasure and pain other contrary exprinces, and is free from
attachment. He who takes praise and reproach alike, and is given to
contemplation and contented with any means of subsistence what soever,
entertaining no sense of ownership and attanchment in respect of his
dwelling-place and full of devotion to me, that man is dear to me.”22 ;gk¡
bZ'oj ds izfr HkfDr ;k leiZ.k cryk;k x;k gS] ogk¡ egkohj us xq: HkfDr] tSu xzUFkksa
esa fo'okl vkSj xq: ds izfr leiZ.k cqf) dks eqfDr dk dkj.k cryk;k gSA xq: ds izfr
vkt dk lEeku tks dzsrk vkSj fodzsrk dh rjg cu pqdk gS] muds fy;s egkohj dh
ok.kh vkSj muds mins'k ls ;fn izsj.kk yh tk; rks fu'p; gh bl lEcU/k esa lq/kkj
gksxk vkSj fo'o dk dY;k.k laHko gks ldsxkA
gesa pqukSrhiw.kZ orZeku ;qx esa johUnzukFk VSxksj dh ckrsa ;qfDriw.kZ ,oa
lelkef;d izrhr gksrh gS] fd "The unfortunate people who have lost the
harvest of their past have lost their present age. They have missed their seed
for cultivation and go begging for their bare livlihood."23 bruk gh ugha bUgksaus
;g Hkh ladsr fd;k gS fd orZeku ;qx dh leL;k mRiUu gksus dk dkj.k vius /kjksgj
ds Hkwy tkuk ek= ugha gS] cfYd muds izfr frjLdkj dh Hkkouk Hkh gSA bUgkssaus Hkkjrh;
laLdfr ds vk/kkj LrEHk ds :i esa osn] iqjk.k] tSu ,oa ckS) dh nsu dks Lohdkj fd;k
gSA mUgha ds 'kCnksa esa "The main river in Indian culture has flowed in four
treams-the vedic, the puranic, the Buddist, and the Jain. It has its source in
the heights of the Indian consciousness.................... contributions have
similarly found their way to India's original culture."24 budh nf"V esa tc rd
ge budh ckrksa dk Lej.k djrs jgsa vkSj thou esas mrkjrs jgsa rc rd Hkkjr dh
lef) ,oa /kkd T;ksa dh R;ksa cuh jgsxhA vkt dh nqnZ'kk dk dkj.k egkohj dks Hkwyuk
,oa mudh f'k{kk ,oa nh{kk dks gkL;kLin eglwl djuk gh gSA deZokn rks budh f’k{kk
dh jh<+ gh gSA MkW- ,e- vkj- xsyM+k us Bhd gh fy[kk gS & “According to Jainism,
the principle of Karma, called Karmavada is the backbone of the entire Jain
philosophy. Karmas are the blue print of one’s past deeds on which the
edifice of present can be constructed and the future course can be charted.”
vr% orZeku ;qx dh pqukSrh iw.kZ leL;k dk funku egkohj ,oa mudh f'k{kk
dks thou esa mrkjus ls gh laHko gks ldrk gSA budssssss sssss }kjk izLrqr efr] Jqr] vof/k
eu%i;Zo rFkk dsoy Kku }kjk Hk;] jksx] }s"k ij fot; izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj
rR{k.k vUur prq"V~; dh izkfIr laHko gks ldrh gSA iapegkozr ls iaaaaaa aaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaapijes"Vh dh izkfIr
Hkh laHko gks ldrh gSA vgZr~] fl)] vkpk;Z] mik/;k; ,oa lk/kq dh izkfIr ls midkj
,oa ijksidkj dh Hkkouk dk mn; gksxkA eSdsUth vkfn dk ;g dguk mfpr ugha gS fd
vfagalk dk Hkko Hk; ls mRiUu gqvk] njvly vfgalk dk Hkko d:.kk vkSj lgkuqHkwfr ls
mRiUu gqvk gSA ,d O;fDr dk nwljs O;fDr ds lkFk] ,d ifjokj dk nwljs ifjokj ds
lkFk] ,d jk"Vª dk nwljs jk"Vª ds lkFk ijLij lg;ksx] lgkuqHkwfr vkSj vknj dk Hkko
j[kuk gh rks egkohj ,oa muds vkuq;kf;vksa dh lh[k gS vkSj ;gh ;qx dh ekax gSA
lk/kkj.k turk ds fy, la;e vkSj lUrks"k gh i;kZIr gSA bls tSfu;ksa us v.kqozr dgk
gSA25 bldh O;kogkfjdrk ,oa izklafxdrk igys Hkh Fkh vkSj vkt Hkh T;ksa dh R;ksa
cjdjkj gSA fgalk vkfn nks"kksa ls dk;Z] opu] vkSj eu }kjk gj izdkj ls NwV tkuk
egkozr gSA26 rFkk bu lc nks"kksa ls ,dns'k NqVdkjk ikuk v.kqozr gSA vfgalkfn ozrksa dh
j{kk ds fy;s eS=h] izeksn] dk:.; vkSj e/;LFk bu pkj Hkkoukvksa dk lrr~ vH;kl
djrs jguk Hkh rÙokFkZlw= esa mi;ksxh cryk;k x;k gSA ;g Hkkjr dh gh ugha cfYd
fo'o dh turk dh ekax ,oa vko';drk gSA27 eS=h dk vFkZ gS lcdks vius leku
le>us dh Hkkouk vkSj lcdks nq%[kh u gksus nsus dh Hkkouk tkxr gksrh gSA ;g lkekU;
Hkkouk gS] tSfu;ksa dh nf"V esaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaa a bldk fo"k; izk.khek= gSA 'ks"k rhu blds vokUrj Hksn
gSaA
vr% fcgkj dh for jfgr f'k{kk uhfr Hkh ,d izdkj dh fgalk ofRr dk izek.k
gh gS] fcgkj ls bl uhfr dh lekfIr ,oa for lfgr f'k{kk uhfr dh 'kq:vkr djuk
egkRek cq)] egohj ,oa jk"Vªfirk egkRek xka/kh] xq: ukud] xq: xksfoUn flag vkfn ds
LoIuksa dks lkdkj cukuk izrhr gksrk gSA lkFk gh lkFk LodrZO; ,oa O;fDrLokrU=;]
ifjokj LokrU=; vkfn dh Hkkouk dh Hkh j{kk gks ldsxhA i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk dh nf"V
ls ek= egkohj gh ugha cfYd lEiw.kZ tSuh lEiznk; ltx jgs gSa blfy;s budh
vko';drk T;ksa dh R;ksa cuh gqbZ gS vkSj lnSo cjdjkj jgus dh Hkh laHkkouk gSaA izks-
ukjk;.k yky dNkjk ,oa MkWñ lksgu jkt rkrsM+ us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf"V dh gSA
izfl) vFkZ’kkL=h ,oa ekDlZoknh lkfej vehu fgalk ds fy, vkradokn ls
T;knk uo mnkjoknh fopkj vkSj O;oLFkk dks nks”kh Bgjkrs gSA budk ekuuk gS fd
ekuork dh j{kk yksdfiz; la?k”kkZsa dks vkSj jsfMdy cukdj dh tk ldrh gSA bl
nkSjku os mu mnkjoknh fo}kuksa ls lko/kku djrs gSa] tks iwathokn ds ekuoh; psgjs dh
odkyr djrs gaSA fdUrq lSU;okn vkSj fgalk ds fo:) mudh ;qfDr ml le; BaMh iM+
tkrh gS] tc ;s dgrs gS fd vkØked lkezkT;okn ds f[kykQ turk dks gfFk;kj
mBkus ds vf/kdkj ls oafpr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA rc rks budh nf”V esa phu dk
tcnZLrh ;q) Fkksiuk ¼Hkkjr ij½ Hkh Bhd gh gS\ bldk leqfpr tokc buds ikl ugha
gSA frCcfr;ksa ij tqYe <kuk Hkh budh nf”V esa xyr ugha gSA ‘kk;n dksVs’oj jko mQZ
fd’kuth ‘kjh[ks usrk Hkwy x;s gSa fd egkRek xka/kh ds ^^fganLojkt** vkSj lektoknh MkW-
jkeeuksgj yksfg;k vkSj yksduk;d t;izdk’k ukjk;.k dh vfgald uhfr vFkok ‘kkafr
vkSj oxZ lg;ksx dh ckr lekIr ugha gqbZ gSaA
xka/khth us yanu esa fgalk ds lgkjs mifuos’kokn ls Hkkjr dh eqfDr
¼LorU=rk½ pkgus okys ohj lkojdj tSls ukStokuksa ls cgl ds i’pkr~ gh ^^fgUn
Lojkt** dh jpuk dh Fkh vkSj vfgald la?k”kZ eas gh Hkkjr lfgr vU; ns’kksa dh
Lora=rk vFkok eqfDr ns[kh FkhA nwljh rjQ lektokn dh ;wjksih; cglksa ls vPNh
rjg okfdQ MkW- jkeeuksgj yksfg;k vkSj yksduk;d t;izdk’k ukjk;.k us eglwl
fd;k Fkk fd ;wjksi esa iSnk gq, iqathokn vkSj lektokn nksuksa esa fgalk vkSj ;q) vfuok;Z
gSA bl vfuok;Zrk dks lekIr djus ds fy, gh yksduk;d us lEiw.kZ ØkfUr dk ukjk
fn;k gSA ;g nsu xka/khth dh gh gS vkSj ge tkurs gSa fd xka/kh egkohj ls fdrus
izHkkfor Fks vkSj xka/khth ls fdrus t;izdk’k ukjk;.k\ vr% egkohj dh izklafxdrk
cjdjkj gSA vkt dh ifjfLFkfr esa vfroknh ekDlZokn ugha cfYd xka/kh vkSj muds
leFkZd izklafxd gSA vr% xka/kh] usg:] yksfg;k] vEcsMdj ,oa muds tSls nhun;ky
mik/;k;] vVyfcgkjh oktis;h vkfn e/;ekxhZ fopkjd ,oa fo}kuksa dh f’k{kk gh fgalk
vkSj vkrad dh c<+rh laLdfr rFkk vkUrfjd ;q) ls Hkkjr dks cpk;k tk ldrk gSA
vkpk;Z egkizK] vkpk;Z inelkxj lwjh] vkpk;Z duduUnh ,oa MkW- lksgu
jkt rkrsM+ us Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gS fd ;fn lR; ,oa vfgalk ds ekxZ ij pydj deZ
fd;k tk; rks fu’p; gh orZeku leL;k dk lek/kku fudy ldrk gSA MkW- ,e- vkj-
xsyM+k us n tSu MkWDVªhUl vkWQ deZ ,.M n lkbUl vkWQ tsusfVDl ds QksjoMZ fy[kus
ds lanHkZ esa crk;k gS & “According to Jainism the principles of Karma called
Karmavada, is the backbone of the entire Jain philosophy…. Karmas carry
impressions from one birth to the next. Here we find the interesting part of
Karmas i.e. the effect of Karma can be changed by the change of
environment.” vkSj blls izofr vkSj laLdkj esa Hkh ifjorZu gks tk;sxk ,oa rc yksx
vuqfpr deZ ugha djsaxs vkSj orZeku ladV Vy tk;sxkA vkt dh f’k{kk Hkh nks”kiw.kZ gSA
og efLr”d rks lUrq”V dj ikrh gS fdUrq vkRek dks ughaA vkRelUrqf”V ,oa
vkRefodkl dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, egkRek xka/kh us dgk gS& f’k{kk ls esjk rkRi;Z
ckyd ,oa euq”; esa ‘kjhj] efLr”d ,oa vkRek ds loksZÙke :i dh vfHkO;fDr gSA buls
iwoZ HkrZgfj us dgk gS& fo|kghu uj fujk i’kq gSA buls Hkh iwoZ Hkxoku egkohj us dgk
gS& ftlls rÙo dk cks/k gksrk gS] ftlls eu dk fujks/k gksrk gS] ftlls vkRek ‘kq)
gksrh gS mldk uke Kku gSA vkpk;Z duduUnh th ds ‘kCnksa esa ßftlds }kjk tho jkx
ls fojDr gksr gS] ftlds }kjk tho eks{k esa jkx djrk gS] ftlds }kjk tho eS=h dks
Hkkfor djrk gS egkohj ds ‘kklu ¼Hkxoku dh f’k{kk½ esa og Kku ¼fo|k½ dgykrk
gSA28Þ orZeku le; esa bl f’k{kk dh t:jr eglwl dh tk jgh gS] vFkkZr~ bldh
izklafxdrk cjdjkj gSA
lanHkZ&lwph
1- ,eñ ,uñ jk;] eSVsfj;fyTe] m)r] fo".kq nsoukjk;.k] vksEek] ,eñ ,uñ jk;
,.M fgt fQykWlkWfQdy vkfM;kt] 'ak[kun izdk'ku 1969] iñ 123
2- ,lñ jk/kkd".ku~ ¼vuqfnr½] gekjh laLdfr] iñ 79
3- okpLifr xSjksyk] laLdr lkfgR; dk bfrgkl pkS[kEHkk fo|k Hkou okjk.klh]
lañ 2017] iñ 457
4- vkpk;Z jtuh'k ] egkohj] czãp;Z] jtuh'k vkJe iwuk] 1980] iñ 136&137
5- vks'kks jtuh'k] d".k Lefr] rkvksa ifCyf'kax izkñ fyñ iwuk] 1989] iñ 2
6- Mkñ ,lñ jk/kkd".ku~] ¿vuqoknd mekifr jk; pansyÀ] gekjh laLdfr
jktiky ,.M lUl] d'ekhjh xsV] fnYyh] 1972] iñ 86
7- Mkñ ,lñ jk/kkd".ku~] ¼Loñ uUn fd'kksj xksfHky½ Hkkjrh; n'kZu Hkkx ,d]
jktiky ,.M lUl] fnYyh& 6] 1973 bZñ] iñ 263
8- Mkñ ,lñ jk/kkd".ku~] ¼vuqfnr½ gekjh laLdfr] iñ 85
9- osnO;kl ¼vuqoknd t;n;ky xks;dUndk½ Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk vkSj n lksax
fMokbu (With sanskrit Text and English Translation),xhrk izsl
xksj[kiqj 2000 bZñ] iñ 59&60
10- Mkñ jk/kkd".ku~] gekjh laLdfr] iñ 87
11- ,eñ ikSflu] n os VqfuokZ.k] iñ 67 mÌr Mkñ jk/kkd".ku~ ¼vuqfnr½] Hkkjrh;
n'kZu Hkkx 1] iñ 268&69
12- osnO;kl ¼vuqfnr½] Jhen~~Hkxor&lq/kk&lkxj ¿'kqdz lkxjÀ] ¼ckjgksa LdU/kkas
dh ljy fgUnh] O;k[;k 'yksdkd lfgr½] xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj] lañ 2000] iñ
31
13- Mkñ jk/kkd".ku~ ¼vuqfnr½ Hkkjrh; n'kZu Hkkx ,d] iñ 264
14- tsñ ,uñ flUgk] , fgLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlQh] oksY;we II] flUgk
ifCyf'kax gkml dydRrk 1975] iñ 179
15- tsñ ,uñ flUgk] , fgLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlQh] oksY;we II] flUgk
ifCyf'kax gkml dydRrk 1975] iñ 278
16- egkifjfuEok.k lqrñ iñ 23] mÌr] yksñ cky xaxk/kj fryd ¼vuqoknd Jheku~
ek/kojko lxzs½ Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk jgL; vFkok deZ;ksx'kkL=] nhñ tñ fryd
'kSñ Jh fryd ukj;.k isV yksñ fryd eafnj iwuk] 1984 bZñ] i`ñ 493
17- Jh mekLokeh vkpk;Z ¼vuqokn tsñ ,yñ tSuh½] rÙokFkkZf/kxelw=] okjk.klh
1960] iñ 12
18- Jh mekLokeh vkpk;Z ¼ vuqokn tsñ ,yñ tSuh ½] rÙokFkkZf/kxelw=] okjk.klh
1960] iñ 07
19- x)ifPN vkpk;Z ¼foospudÙkkZ iñ QwypUn fl)kUr 'kkL=h½] rÙokFkZlw= Jh
x.ks'k izlkn o.khZtSu xzUFkekyk HknSuh?kkV] cukjl foñ fuñ lañ 2476] iñ 19
19A MkW- lksgu jkt rkrsM+] n tSu MkWDVªhu vkWQ deZ ,.M n lkbUl vkWQ
tSusfVDl] i- 88
20- Mkñ jk/kkd".ku~ ¼vuqfnr½] gekjh laaLdfr] iñ 89
21- Jh mekLokeh vkpk;Z ¼vaxzth vuqokn lfgr½ rÙokFkkZf/kxelw=] iñ 7
22- osnO;kl ¼vuqoknd] t;n;ky xkspUndk½] Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk] v/;k; XII
'yksd 18 oka ,oa 19 oka ] iñ 126
23- johUnªukFk VSxksj] fdz;sfVo ;wfuVh] eSdfeyu ,.M dEiuh fyñ ekfVZUl LVªhV
yanu] 1939] iñ 196
24- ogha] iñ 194
25- loZn'kZu laxzg i"B 33 mÌr] ,eñ fgfj;Uuk ¼vuqoknd Mkñ xkso/kZu HkÍ ,oa
vU;½] Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh :ijs[kk] jktdey izdk'ku] u;h fnYyh 1997] iñ
198
26- iañ QwypUn fl)kUr 'kkL=h ¼foospudrkZ½] rÙokFkZlw=] lkrok¡ v/;k;] f}fr;
'yksd] iñ 309
27- ogh] iñ 315
28- tSukpk;Z duduUnh th] loksZn; f’k{kk ,oa euksfoKku] i"B 19
v/;k; 10
csUFke dh ijkFkZewyd lq[kokn dh vo/kkj.kk
csUFke us mi;ksfxrkokn dks le>krs gq, dgk gS fd "mi;ksfxrk dk vFkZ
fdlh fo"k; dk og xq.k gS ftlds }kjk og fdlh fo"k;] fdlh ikVhZ ¼i{k½ dk ykHk]
dY;k.k] 'kqHk] lq[k ;k vkuUn ¼csUFke dh nf"V esa bu lcdk ,d gh vFkZ gS½ iSnk
djrk gSA vFkok mlds ladV] nq%[k] v'kqHk] vlq[k ¼bu lc dk ,d gh vFkZ gS½ ds gksus
dks nwj djrk gSA ;fn og ikVhZ dksbZ lkekU; oxZ gS rks ml oxZ dk lq[k vkSj ;fn og
dksbZ O;fDr gS rks ml O;fDr dk lq[k ;gk¡ fopkjk tkrk gSA" csUFke euksoSKkfud
lq[kokn ds leFkZd gSaA izkphu ;qx esa fjjsuSd dks budk eq[; leFkZd ekuk tkrk gSA
vk/kqfud ;qx esa g~;we] csUFke vkSj fey vkfn blds eq[; leFkZd gSaA csUFke ds 'kCnksa
esa] " izdfr us euq"; dks lq[k vkSj nq%[k ds lkezkT; esa j[kk gSA ftldk ,dek= y{;
lq[k izkfIr vkSj nq%[k fuokj.k gSA"
uSfrd lq[kokn nks rjg ds gksrs gSa& LokFkZewyd lq[kokn vkSj ijkFkZewyd
lq[koknA LokFkZewyd lq[koknd ds leFkZdksa esa fljsuSDl] ,fiD;wfj;Ul] gkWCl] eS.Msfoys
vkSj gsYosf'k;l vkfn dks fy;k tkrk gSA vkSj ijkFkZewyd lq[kokn ds leFkZdksa esa ts
+,l +fey ,oa csUFke dks eq[; :i ls fy;k tkrk gSA
LokFkZewyd lq[kokn ds vuqlkj euq"; dks vius gh lq[k ds fy; deZ djuk
pkfg,A vkSj ijkFkZewyd lq[kokn ds eqrkfcd O;fDr dk LokFkZ thou dk y{; ugha gks
ldrk gSA ekuo tkfr dk dY;k.k gh gekjs deksZa dk y{; gksuk pkfg,A ;fn lEiw.kZ
ekuork dk lq[k izkIr djuk laHko u gks rks "vf/kdre~ O;fDr;ksa dk vf/kdre lq[k"
(Greatest happiness of the greatest number) gh thou dk y{; gksuk pkfg,A
;gkW "izR;sd lHkh ds fy," (Eachone for all) dk fl)kUr lR; ekuk tkrk gSA lq[k
dks ekuoek= ds fy, mi;ksxh crykus ds dkj.k bls mi;ksfxrkokn dgk tkrk gSA
vBkjgoha 'krkCnh esa 'ksVlcjh ,oa cVyj dks bldk eq[; leFkZd
cryk;k x;k gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa csUFke] fey vkSj fltfod dks budk
eq[; leFkZd cryk;k tkrk gSA lc dk fopkj gS fd gesa "vf/kdre~
O;fDr;ksa ds vf/kdre~ lq[k dks gh thou dk y{; cukuk pkfg,A" bls
cgqtu fgrk;] cgqtu lq[kk; Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA
ijkFkZewyd lq[kokn Hkh nks rjg ds gSa& fud"V vkSj mRd"V ijkFkZewyd
lq[koknA csUFke ds lq[kokn dks fud"V ijkFkZewyd lq[kokn dgk tkrk gSA bl er dks
fud"V ijkFkZewyd lq[kokn blfy, dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;s "vf/kdre~ O;fDr;ksa ds
vf/kdre~ lq[kksa" esa xqq.kkRed vUrj ugha ekurs gSaaA
buds (csUFke ds) ijkFkZokn ;k mi;ksfxrkokn dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa&
"vf/kdre~ O;fDr;ksa dk vf/kdre~ lq[k" gh thou dk pje y{; gksuk pkfg,A
vf/kd&ls&vf/kd O;fDr;ksa dks vf/kd&ls&vf/kd lq[k igq¡pkuk gh gjsd O;fDr dk
drZO; gks tkrk gSA
bUgksaus lq[kksa esa xq.kkRed vUrj dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k gSA lq[k xq.k dh nf"V
ls mPp ;k fuEu dksfV ds ugha dgs tk ldrs gSaA xq.kksa esa ek= ek=k ;k ifjek.k dk
vUrj jgrk gSA lq[k ds ifjek.k dks ekius ds fy, bUgksaus lkr vk;keksa dh ppkZ dh
gS& 1 rhozrk (Intensity), 2 O;kidrk (Extensity), 3 mRikndrk (Fexundity), 4
'kq)rk (Purity), 5 vof/k (Duration), 6 fudVrk (Proximity), 7 vlfUnX/krk
(certainty)A budh nf"V esa (csUFke dh nf"V esa) bu lkr vk;keksa ds vk/kkj ij lq[k
dk ifjek.k ekik tk ldrk gSA bls gh csUFke dh lq[koknh ifjx.kuk (Hedonistic
calculus) dgk tkrk gSA
lq[k dh mi;qZDr fo'ks"krkvksa dks ns[kdj ;g fu.kZ; fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd
csUFke us lef"V dk dksbZ /;ku ugha j[kk gSA csUFke dk dguk gS fd lq[k vkSj nq%[k
,dfo/k (Homogeneous) gS] muesa dsoy ek=k (quantity) ;k ifjek.k dk vUrj
gksrk gSA ;fn lq[k dks ge+d dgsa rks nq%[k dks ge&[k dg ldrs gSA bl izdkj lq[k
/kukRed ek=k gS rks nq%[k _.kkRedA
fQj ftrus lq[k ;k nq%[k gSa os Hkh lcds lc ,dfo/k gSaA [kkus&ihus dk lq[k]
ukVd ns[kus dk lq[k] xf.kr ds fglkc gy djus dk lq[k rFkk czg~ekuUn] lc dh
fo/kk ,d gh gS] muesa vUrj dsoy de vkSj vf/kd dk gSA bl rjg ge ns[krs gSa fd
bUgksaus lq[kksa esa xq.kkRed Hkssn u ekudj vius lq[kokn dks fud"V ijkFkZokn cuk fy;k
gSA budk dguk gS fd "lq[k dk ifjek.k cjkcj gksus ij iqfLiu (,d [ksy) mruk gh
'kqHk gS ftruh dfork [ Puspin is as good as poetry. ]"1
bUgkssaus vius ijkFkZoknh fl)kUr dh O;k[;k ds fy, euksoSKkfud lq[kokn dh
lgk;rk yh gSA ;kuh buds ijkFkZokn dk vk/kkj euksoSKkfud lq[kokn gSA budk dguk
gS fd ge LoHkko ls gh lq[kykHk vkSj nq%[k fuofr ds fy, deZ djrs gSaA lq[k vkSj
nq%[k gh euq"; ds deksZa ds izsjd gaSA blhfy, euq"; ds thou dk ije y{; lq[k dh
izkfIr gSA euq"; LoHkko ls gh LokFkhZ gksrk gSA gkWCl us Hkh bl ckr dh iqf”V dh gSA
"gjsd dh fxurh ,d gS] ,d lg vf/kd dgha Hkh ughaA" (Every body is to count
for one, and no body for more than one.) euq"; dh ijkFkZewyd izdfr;ksa ds tM+
esa LokFkZ ewyd izofr;k¡ gh ekStwn gSaA nku&iq.;] ijksidkj bR;kfn esa O;fDr blfy,
vfHk:fp j[krk gS fd buls bls viuk LokFkZ lk/kus dh mEehn jgrh gSA
vc iz'u mBrk gS fd ;fn O;fDr LoHkko ls gh LokFkhZ gS rks fQj og nwljksa
ds lq[k ds fy, deZ D;ksa djrk gS\ LokFkhZ euq"; ijkFkhZ D;ksa cu tkrk gS\ csUFke
blds pkj dkj.k crykrs gSaA bUgsa uSfrd vkns'k dgk tkrk gSA ;s fuEufyf[kr gSa&
¼d½ izkdfrd] ¼[k½ lkekftd] ¼x½ jktuSfrd] vkSj ¼?k½ /kkfeZdA izkdfrd vkns'k ds
lEcU/k esa csUFke us cryk;k gS fd "izdfr us ekuo dks lq[k vkSj nq%[k :ih nks
izHkqrklEiUu Lokfe;ksa ds vk/khu dj fn;k gSA vr% ekuo dks ;g fopkj djuk pkfg,
fd mls D;k djuk pkfg, vkSj og D;k djsxk! [ Nature has placed.....
govemance of this sovereign masters - pleasure and pain. Man never did so,
and never will while human nature is made of the present materials. but they
will desire to solve you when by so doing they can serve themselves.]"
izkdfrd vkns'k ds vfrfjDr vU; vkns'kksa ds lEcU/k esa Hkh budk dguk gS fd ;s
vkns'k ,sls gSa ftuls euq"; dk LokFkZ fl) gksrk gS vkSj buds nokc ls O;fDr LokFkhZ
gksrs gq, Hkh nwljksa ds lq[k ds fy, deZ djus dks ck/; gksrk gSA ;s vkns'k ,sls gSa
ftuds ikyu ls O;fDr dks iqjLdkj vkSj mYya?ku ls n.M feyrk gSA ;s vkns'k gh
O;fDr dks LokFkZ ls ijkFkZ dh vksj vxzlj djrs gSaA gkWCl us Hkh bl ckr dh iqf”V dh
gSA;s pkjksa uSfrd vkns'k ckg~; vkns'k gSaA lq[k ds ifjek.k dks ekius ds fy, tks bUgksaus
lkr vk;keksa dh ppkZ dh gS] mlesa O;kidrk dk izeq[k LFkku gSA oSlk gh lq[k okaNuh;
gS tks vf/kd&ls&vf/kd O;fDr;ksa ls lEc) gksA lq[k dh bl O;kidrk dks Lohdkj
dj csUFke us vius dks LokFkZoknh lq[koknh gksus ls cpk fy;k gS vkSj lkFk&gh&lkFk
LokFkZ ls ijkFkZ dh vksj ekxZ Hkh iz'kLr fd;k gSA
vkykspuk
¼d½ dkjykby us buds lq[koknh fl)kUr dh vkykspuk djrs gq, bls 'kwdj
n'kZu dh laKk nh gSA laxeyky ik.Ms; ds 'kCnksa esa "dkjykby us rks bls 'kwdjn'kZu
[Pig philosophy] rd dg Mkyk D;ksafd blesa lHkh lq[kksa dh ogh fo/kk gS tks 'kwdj
ds lq[k dh gSA 'kwdj ek= {kq/kk& rfIr ds lq[k dk vuqHko djrk gS vkSj vU; lq[kksa ls
oafpr gSA" euq"; {kq/kk rfIr ds vfrfjDr Kku] dÙkZO;rk] lkSUn;Z vkSj mnkjrk ls Hkh
lq[k izkIr djrk gSA yksder ds vuqlkj ekufld vFkok vkfRed lq[k] {kq/kk&rfIr ds
lq[k ls mPprj gSA egkRek dchj us rks dgk gS fd tks lq[k jke&Hktu esa feyrk gS
og vehjh esa ugha feyrk gS ¼tks lq[k ik;ks jke Hktu esa] lks lq[k ukfga vehjh esa½A
bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd Hktu&lq[k ;k dfork dk lq[k Hkkstu ;k [ksy ds lq[k ls
fHkUu gSA Hktu ;k dfork dk lq[k Hkkstu ;k [ksy ds lq[k ls csgrj lq[k gSA vr,o
csUFke dk er Bhd ugha gSA lq[k esa ,d gh xq.kxr fo/kk ugha gS vfirq vusd fo/kk,¡a
gSaA lq[kksa ds xq.k fHkUu&fHkUu gSaA
¼[k½ csUFke ds vkykspdksa us ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk gS fd mi;ksfxrkokn ds lkFk
lq[kksa&nq%[kksa dh vusdfo/krk esa lkeUtL; ugha cSBrk gS vkSj D;ksafd ;g vusdfo/krk
lR; gS blfy, mi;ksfxrkokn xyr gSA nksuksa dh lR;rk fl) djuk eqf’dy gSA
¼x½ csUFke dk ijkFkZokn euksoSKkfud lq[kokn ij vk/kkfjr gSA blfy,
euksoSKkfud lq[kokn ds lHkh nks"k bl fl)kUr esa Hkh vk tkrs gSaA oLrqr% ge lq[kn
oLrq dh bPNk djrs gaS] u fd Lo;a lq[k dhA ftruk gh vf/kd ge lq[k dh dkeuk
djrs gSa mruk gh de bls ikrs gSaA lq[kokn dk fojks/kkHkkl (Paradox of hedonism)
gSA bls vlaxr dFku Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA
¼?k½ budh lq[koknh ifjx.kuk Hkh vO;kogkfjd gSA
¼M+½ bUgksaus lq[k dh O;kidrk dks egRo nsdj lq[koknh ifjx.kuk dks vkSj
nq"dj cuk fn;k gSA dksbZ O;fDr nwljksa ds lq[kksa dks dSls rksy ldrk gS\ D;k vius
lq[k dks NksM+dj nwljksa ds lq[kksa ds ihNs gekjk nkSM+uk mfpr gS\ lq[koknh nf"Vdks.k
ls vius dks NksM+dj nwljksa ds lq[k dh fpUrk djuk dnkfi mfpr ugha dgk tk
ldrk gSA
tasñ+ ,lñ +fey ds vuqlkj] "The crued which accepts as the foundation of
morals "utility" or the "greatest happiness principle" holds that action are
right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to
produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the
absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure1
lUnHkZ lwph
1- A.I. melden (editor), Eathical theories – a book of readings, printed in the United
States of America, 1967, P. 395
v/;k; & 11
foKku vkSj n’kZuizLrqr fo"k; ^^foKku vkSj n'kZu** geusa ,d fo'ks"k dkj.k ls pquk gSA vkt
fo'o Hkj esa ,d izdkj dk uSfrd ladV O;kIr gSA Hkkjrh; yksxksa ds chp ;g ladV
fo'ks"k :i ls c<+ jgk gSA bldk iz/kku dkj.k gekjh nf"V esa ik'pkR; lH;rk o
laLdfr ,oa muds vyxkooknh uhfr ,oa n'kZu dk izpkj ,oa izlkj gSA [kkldj
vesfjdk tSls lcy jk"Vªks esa jktuhfrKksa us Hkkjrh; tuekul dks vius n'kZu ds izfr
vkd"kZ.k ,oa muds n'kZu ¼Hkkjrh; n'kZu½ ds izfr mnklhu vkSj foeq[k djus gsrq fd;k
gSA oLrqr% ;g jktuhfr gS u fd n'kZuA fQj Hkh os viuk mYyw lh/kk djus ds fy,
n'kZu 'kCn dk iz;ksx djrs gSa vkSj dgrs gSa fd &
"Even the theories of oriental peoples, the Hindus, Egyptians and
Chinese, consist in the main of mythological and ethical doctrines and are
not complete systems of thought, they are shrot through with poetry and
faith. "1
Li"V gS fd mu yksxksa us Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa ds izfr vJ)k rFkk Hkkjrh;
lH;rk ,oa laLdfr ds izfr mnklhu vFkok foeq[k djus gsrq ,slh ckrsa crykbZ gSA
izHkkr dqekj tSu us Hkh cryk;k gS fd ßbl le; jktuSfrd LokFkZijrk ds dkj.k
fons’kh vkØkarkvksa dks egku~ crkrs gSaA fldUnj egku~ gS] vdcj egku~ gSa] fdUrq
fryd] lqHkk"k pUnz cksl] xk¡/kh egku~ ugha gSA dkj.k\ dsoy ;gh fd ge fons’kh f’k{kk
ls izHkkfor gksdj funsZ’k ysrs gSaA ;ksx n’kZu ds tud egf"kZ iartfy ds ;ksx dks ugha
le>rsa fdUrq fonsf’k;ksa }kjk Lohdkj djus ij ml ;ksx dks ;ksxk ¼yoga½ cukdj ge
lcus ;ksx dFkk,¡ lapkfyr dh gSA nks”k fonssf’k;ksa dk ugha] oju~ gekjh nklrk dh
euksofr dk gSAÞ
blfy, geus foKku vkSj n'kZu uked ys[k ds ek/;e ls izkP; ,oa ik'pkR;
rFkk foKku vkSj n'kZu ds izfr mfpr nf"Vdks.k dh vksj ladsr djus dh vko';drk
eglwl dh gSA Hkkjrh; tu&ekul ds nk'kZfud ,oa oSKkfud rFkk uSfrd vkSj
vk/;kfRed mRFkku ds fy;s ;g ys[k lgk;d gks vkSj mUgsa lgh fn'kk iznku dj ldsA
;g ,d xEHkhj leL;k gS vkSj ge vius lhfer ,oa vYiKku ds dkj.k bl xEHkhj ,oa
xw<+ leL;k ij fopkj izLrqr djus dk vius dks vf/kdkjh ugha le>rs gSa] fdUrq bl
egRoiw.kZ fo"k; ij fopkj&foe'kZ] fo}kuksa vkSj fpUrdksa dk /;ku vkdf"kZr djus esa
lgk;d gks ldrk gSA
;g lR; gS fd Hkkjr esa /keZ vkSj n'kZu dk fudVre~ lEcU/k jgk gSA
blfy, MkW- jk/kkd".ku~ us fy[kk gS ^^,sls fo"k;ksa ij ftudk :i ikBdksa dh nf"V esa
nk'kZfud dh vis{kk /kkfeZd vf/kd gS] fopkj djus ls ugha cpk tk ldrk Fkk D;ksafd
izkphu Hkkjrh; dYiukvksa esa /keZ vkSj n'kZu dk cgqr fudV lEcU/k jgk gSA**2 /keZ
n'kZu dk fojks/kh ugha cfYd ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSa] Hkkjr esa /keZ lEcU/kh gB/kfeZrk ugha
gSA ;gk¡ /keZ ,d ;qfDr;qDr la'ys"k.k gS tks n'kZu dh izxfr ds lkFk&lkFk vius vUnj
u;s&u;s fopkjksa dk laxzg djrk jgrk gSA3 ;gk¡ /keZ vkSj n'kZu dk >xM+k ugha gqvk gS]
;gk¡ rks /keZ fo"k;d leL;kvksa ls nk'kZfud Hkkouk dks ges'kk izksRlkgu feyrk jgk gSA
blfy, ih-Mh- 'kkL=h us fy[kk gS & "In India whole philosophy is tinged with
religion and the problem as to whether philosophy divorced from religion
loses all significance obtain freedom from bondage and suffering."4
oLrqr% thou esa /keZ vkSj lkekftd ijEijk dh Js"Brk nk'kZfud Kku ds
eqDr vuqlj.k esa ck/kd ugha gksrhA Hkkjr esa /keZ ds ;qfDr iw.kZ ckrksa dk leFkZu fd;k
tkrk gSA bl ns'k esa dksbZ Hkh /kkfeZd vkUnksyu ,slk ugha gqvk ftlus vius leFkZu esa
nk'kZfud fo"k; dk fodkl lkFk&lkFk u fd;k gksA blhfy, rks Jh gSoy us fy[kk gS
& ^^Hkkjr esa /keZ :f<+ vFkok gB/kfeZrk dk Lo:i ugha gS] oju~ ;g ekuoh; O;ogkj dh
,slh fØ;kRed ifjdYiuk gS tks vk/;kfRed fodkl dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa vkSj thou
dh fofHkUu voLFkkvksa esa vius vkidks vuqdwy cuk ysrh gSA**4a
Hkkjrh; n'kZu dks dqN fo}kuksa us ek;koknh rFkk HkkX;oknh dg dj >qBykus dh
dksf'k'k dh gSA fdUrq ;g vKkurk ,oa vYiKrk dk gh |ksrd dgk tk ldrk gS] blls
vf/kd ughaA blhfy, jk/kkd`".ku~ us fy[kk gS & ^^Hkkjrh; fopkj/kkjk ds izfrik| fo"k; ds
lEcU/k esa vR;f/kd vKku gS] vk/kqfud fopkjdksa dh nf"V esa Hkkjrh; n'kZu dk vFkZ gS ek;k
vFkkZr~ lalkj ,d ek;ktky] deZ vFkkZr~ HkkX; dk Hkjkslk --- nks ;k rhu ew[kZrkiw.kZ /kkj.kk,¡
ek=] dksbZ xaHkhj fopkj ugha vkSj dgk tkrk gS fd ;s lk/kkj.k /kkj.kk,¡ taxyh yksxksa dh
'kCnkoyh esa O;Dr dh xbZ gSa**6 bl rF; dk leFkZu nklxqIrk us Hkh fd;k gSA mUgha ds 'kCnksa
esa & "They are doubtless many other people who hold such uninformed and
untrue blief, which are only show their ignorance of Indian matters."7
,p- ds- O;kl us fy[kk gS & ^^Hkkjrh; laLd`fr vUrghZu fofHkUu
tkrh; bdkb;ksa ds lqnh?kZ lapkyu dk izfrQyu gS] ;g vR;Ur oSKkfud
rFkk ekuorkoknh n`f"Vdks.k lkjh iqLrdksa essa yxkrkj mHkjrk jgrk gSA**8
oLrqr% lalkj Hkj esa Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh ckSf)d Å¡pkbZ ,oa vk/;kfRed fodkl
dh rqyuk esa vU; n'kZu ihNs NqV x;s gSaA MkW- jk/kkd".ku~ us Bhd gh cryk;k gS fd &
lalkj Hkj esa lEHkor%] vk/;kfRed vUrnZf"V vFkok ckSf)d n'kZu dh ,slh dksbZ Hkh
Å¡pkbZ ugha gS fd ftldk lerqY; iqjkru oSfnd _f"k;ksa vkSj vokZphu uS;k;f;dksa ds
e/;orhZ foLrr ,sfrgkfld dky esa u ik;k tkrk gksA blhfy, vkj- iqfyxUnyk us Hkh
fy[kk gS & We can fail to discern the philosophical astuteness of Nagarjuna,
Aryadeva, Vasubandhu, chandrakriti, Dignaga, Dharmakirti, Dharmattara,
Annambhatta, Kumarila Bhatta, Prabhakara, Gangesa, Samkara and
Ramanuja? …… “even the theories of the Hindus … consist, in the main of
mythological and ethical doctrines.”9
izks- fxyoVZ us rks ekuk gS fd Hkkjrh; fopkjd la?k"kZ djrs djrs mPp
f’k[kj rd igq¡pk gSA10 vfLrÙooknh uhO’ks us Hkh Hkkjrh; n’kZu dks ik’pkR; n’kZu ds
lekukUrj ekuk gSA bl rF; dk leFkZu vkj- iqfyxUnyk us Hkh fd;k gSA11 tkWu cusZV
us fy[kk gS & ^foKku vkSj n'kZu esa ;wukfu;ksa dh rqyuk dsoy Hkkjrh; yksxksa ls dh tk
ldrh gSA* ,l-,u- nklxqIRkk us Hkh fy[kk gS fd & “Many of the philosophical
doctrines of European philosophy are essentially the same as those found in
Indian philosophy. The main difference is often the difference of the point
of view from which the same problems appeared in such a variety of forms
in the two countries.”13 vr% ftl izdkj nk’kZfud ,oa oSKkfud fopkjksa ds fy;s iwjk
;ksjksi ;wuku dk _.kh gS mlh izdkj ,f’k;k egk}hi Hkkjr dk _.kh gSA ;ksa lalkj ds
fu”i{k fo}kuksa us bldh egÙkk dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA
oLrqr% cká dfBukb;ksa dks nwj djds muls Åij mBk tk, rks ge vuqHko
djsaxs fd ekuoh; ân; dh /kM+du esa ekuork ds ukrs dksbZ QdZ ugha gS vFkkZr~ og u
Hkkjrh; gS vkSj u ;qjksih;A rks fQj nksuksa ds fopkj esa furkUr fojks/k gks ;g gkL;kLin
gh dgyk;sxkA ns'k&dky vkSj ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkj nksuksa esa fHkUurk gks ldrh gS vkSj
gS Hkh] fdUrq nksuksa us ¼izkP; ,oa ik’pkR;½ n'kZu ,oa foKku ds {ks= esa ekuo dY;k.k
gsrq dksf'k'k dh gSA tgk¡ rd n'kZu vkSj foKku esa lekurk vkSj vUrj dk iz'u gS
mlesa Hkh nksuksa txgksa ds fopkjdksa us nksuksa esa ¼foKku vkSj n'kZu esa½ vUrj vkSj
lekurk fn[kk dj lkeatL; LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA blfy, ;g dguk
vuqfpr izrhr gksrk gS fd Hkkjr esa lkekU; turk ,oa fo)ku nksuksa dforkvksa vkSj
ikSjkf.kd dYiukvksa esa gh eLr jgrs Fks vkSj mUgksus foKku vkSj n'kZu dks utj vUnkt
fd;k gSA MkW- jk/kkd".ku~ ds 'kCnksa esa ;g dguk vR;qfDr;qDr gksxk fd Hkkjrh; viuh
dforkvksa vkSj ikSjkf.kd dYiukvksa eas gh eLr jgrs Fks vkSj mUgksus foKku ,oa n'kZu dks
R;kT; le>kA14 "Indian Philosophy is nothing more than religion."15 okLro esa
Hkkjrh; n'kZu dk nf"Vdks.k la'ys"k.kkRed gS ftlls ;gk¡ ds nk'kZfud Kku ds vUrZxr
vusd foKku leosr gSa tks fd vk/kqfud le; esa vyx&vyx :i esa vk x, gSaA
nksuksa dh fof/k Hkh ,d gh gSA nksuksa us gh fo'o dh O;k[;k ds fy, ckSf)d
i)fr viuk;h gSA O;ogkj vkSj fl)kUr esa] vU/k&fo'okl vkSj rdZghurk gks ldrh
gSA dFkuksa esa vkRefojks/k gks ldrk gS ijUrq n'kZu dk ,d rdZ'kkL= Hkh gSA og thou
dh O;k[;k ds fy, cqf} vkSj mlds izek.kksa dh lgk;rk ysrk gSA ,slh dksbZ ckr ugha
dgrk tks cqf)xzkã vkSj izkekf.kd u gksA n'kZu dh rjg foKku n'; txr~ ds dkj.k
,oa izdfr ds lEcU/k esa ckSf}d :i ls fo'ys"k.k djrk gSA ;g rF;ksa dh ijh{kk ,oa
[kkst djrk gSA nksuksa dh fof/k vkxeukRed gSA n'kZu dh rjg gh foKku Hkh vkxeu
ds leku fu"d"kZ ls lUrqf"V ikrs gSaA blfy, nksuksa es ijLij iwjd dk laca/k gSA bl
rF; dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ,p- ,e- HkV~Vkpk;Z us fy[kk gS fd&“Philasophy
includes induction which is the main method of the science, but
necessarily supplements and confirms it by rational and deductive
methods.”25. vr% nksuksa vkuqHkfod ,oa ckSf)d i)fr dks Lohdkj djrs gaSA26 MkW-
lksgu jkt rkrsM+ dh iqLrd buykbVsM ukWyst vkSj n tSu MkWDVªhu vkWQ tSusfVDl esa
Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh xbZ gSA
nksuksa fo'o dk fu"i{k foospu izLrqr djrs gSA n'kZu dh rjg gh foKku Hkh
rF;ksa dk fu"i{k O;k[;k izLrqr djrk gSA nk'kZfud dh rjg gh og fdlh rF; ds izfr
u nqjkxzgh gksrk gS vkSj mnklhu ghA og viuh ;k nwljksa dh euksHkkoukvksa] laosxksa]
vkosxksa] vU/kfo'oklksa ls izHkkfor ugha gksrk gSA pawfd nksuksa ds izeq[k fu"d"kksZa dk lzksr
thou Lo;a gSA nksuksa ifjdYiukRed fof/k dk loZFkk ifjR;kx ugha djras cfYd vius
fl)kUr vFkok lR; dh [kkst ds fy, mä fof/k dk mi;ksx djrs gaSA blh izdkj
nk'kZfud dksfV ds fpUru dk yksi laHko ugha gSA nksuksa esa fofHkUurk dk
nf"Vdks.k&mi;qZä lekurkvksa ds ckotwn dqN fopkjdksa us nksuksa esa vUrj cryk;k gS&
n'kZu vkSj foKku esa eq[; vUrj fo"k; lEcU/kh gSA n'kZu lEiw.kZ fo'o dk v/;;u
djuk pkgrk gS] fdUrq foKku fo'o dks [k.Mksa esa ck¡Vdj v/;;u djuk pkgrk gSA
izR;sd foKku fo'o ds fdlh [kkl Hkkx rd gh vius dks lhfer j[krk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ
HkkSfrd foKku HkkSfrd txr~ rd gh vius dks lhfer j[krk gSA og jlk;u'kkL=] tho
foKku] euksfoKku vkfn ds {ks=ksa esa n[ky ugha nsrk gSA bl izdkj foKku dk {ks=
n'kZu'kkL= dh vis{kk de O;kid gSA vFkkZr~ ladqfpr gSA jlk;u foKku tyh; inkFkZ
dk] 'kjhj foKku 'kjhj ek= dk] Hkk"kk foKku Hkk"kk vFkok 'kCn O;qRifŸk dk fo'ks"k <ax
ls v/;;u djrk gSA fdlh ifjfLFkfr fo’ks"k esa iM+ tkus ls ekufld ifjfLFkfr dSlh
gks tkrh gS] dk v/;;u euksfoKku esa gksrk gSA ,d O;olk;h vius ewy/ku dh
àkl&of} ds fo"k; esa lksprk gS] ijUrq n'kZu mi;qZä lHkh vkaf'kd vkSj foHkkxh; rF;ksa
dks ,d lw= esa fijksrk gSA og lEiw.kZ fo'o] lexz izdfr] iw.kZ thou ds fo"k; esa fu.kZ;
nsrk gSA goZVZ Lisa'kj us Hkh bl rF; dk leFkZu fd;k gSA vysDtsaMj us Hkh bldh
lEiqf"V dh gS& “While science deals with special aspects of existing
things, philosophy deals with the most comprehensive and pervasive
aspects of existence. It is an attempt to study these very
comprehensive topics, to describe the ultimate nature of existence; if
it has any and these pervasive characters of thing.”27 ,p-,e- HkVVkpk;Z us
Hkh bldk leFkZu fd;k gSA mUgha ds 'kCnksa esa& “Philosophy may provisionally
be defined as an attempt to explain and appreciate life and the
universe as a whole.”28
Kku nks izdkj dk gksrk gS& vuqHkoijd vkSj vuqHkokrhrA oSKkfud cks/k gesa
eq[;r% ifjos'kxr oLrqvksa rFkk ?kVukvksa ij fu;a=.k j[kus esa enn nsrk gSA blds
foijhr nk'kZfud cks/k gesa vuqHkwfr ds] vFkkZr lkspus ,oa eglwl djus ds mPprj rFkk
fuEurj :iksa esa foosdiw.kZ dk;ksaZ dk djuk fl[kykrk gSA blfy, nklxqIrk us fy[kk
gS&“Science is systematised body of knowledge concerning a limited
portion of experience. Philosophy interprets experience as a
whole.”29
bruk gh ugha n'kZu foKku }kjk izLrqr fu.kZ; vFkok mlds vkRefojks/kh
fu"d"kksZa dk mfpr ewY;kadu dj nqfu;ka ds ckjs esa iw.kZ:is.k ,d lkekU; /kkj.kk dh
LFkkiuk djrk gSA vysDtsaMj us Hkh bl rF; dh lEiqf"V dh gSA dkUV us bls
vuqHkokrhr foKku dgk gSA foKku rF;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gS ;a=ksa feJh ds Lrj ij
u fd vuqHkwfr ds Lrj ijA pwWfd bldh i)fr fo'ys"k.kkRed gS tcfd n'kZu dh
i)fr la'ys"k.kkRed gSA blfy, ;g izdfr dk fo'ys"k.k rFkk fo'o ds dkj.k ds
lEcU/k esa vuqHkwfrijd Kku nsrk gSA blhfy, nklxqIrk us fy[kk gS&“...Philosophy
is not primarily interested in an examination of facts to discover the
underlying laws, which is the goal of science. Its function is rather to
meditate on what they mean and signify. Science is acquainted with
facts, while philosophy is a probe into their inward essence, an
attempt to catch the very spirit that informs them.”30
vc Li"V gS fd foKku dh ckSf}drk fo'ys"k.kkRed gS vkSj n'kZu dh
ckSf}drk la’ys"k.kkRed gSA blhfy, foKku fdlh rF; dks [k.Mksa esa ckaV dj tkuuk
pkgrk gSA og fdlh iRFkj dks VqdM+ksa esa] VqdM+ksa dks d.kksa esa vkSj d.kksa dks
v.kq&ijek.kq esa ckaVdj tkuus dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA bl dksf'k'k esa ,drk misf{kr gSA
ijUrq n'kZu iRFkj dks fo'o dk ,d lEifdZr rF; ekudj mldk ewY;kadu djrk gSA
og fo'o ds lexz rF;ksa dks fHkUu&fHkUu :iksa esa ugha] cfYd mudh ,drk esa gh tkuus
dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA lexzrk vkSj ,drk dk Kku dsoy cqf} ls ugha] vUrnZf"V ls Hkh
gSA foKku dk dksbZ Hkh fu"d"kZ fujh{k.k vkSj iz;ksx ij gh vk/kkfjr gS fdUrq n'kZu
fujh{k.k vkSj iz;ksx ds lkFk lkFk vUrnZf"V ds }kjk Hkh fu.kZ; izLrqr djrk gSA bruk
gh ugh n'kZu lgt cks/k] vkLFkk] Hkko vkfn dh lgk;rk Hkh ysrk gS tcfd foKku esa
bldk vHkko ikrs gSaA vr% foKku rF;ksa dk fu"i{k foospu djrk gS fdUrq og muds
ewY;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k ugha djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, jklk;u foKku ds fy, xaxk ty
vkSj rkykc ds ikuh esa dksbZ vUrj ugh gSA ikuh gkbMªkstu vkSj vkWDlhtu dh
feykoV ls curk gS ml feykoV dk Hkh ,d fuf'pr vuqikr gSA og fooj.k ^pkfg,*
ls vuqizkf.kr ugh gS] og oLrq fLFkfr dk ;Fkkor~ mYys[k ls lEifdZr gSA xaxkty
rykc ds ty ls Js"B gS] ;g fu.kZ; foKku ugha nsrk gSA mldk fu.kZ; n'kZu'kkL=
nsrk gS pw¡fd og ewY; fu/kkZjd 'kkL= Hkh gSA blfy, foKku dks ;FkkFkZoknh vkSj n'kZu
dks vkn'kZoknh dgk tkrk gSA fdUrq n'kZu esa ;FkkFkZ vkSj vkn'kZ nksuksa lfEefyr gSA
blfy, og oLrq foKku vkSj bZ'oj foKku ds chp e/;LFkrk dk dke Hkh djrk gSA
jlsy ds 'kCnksa esa&“I should contend-belong to science,all dogma as to
what surpasses defintie knowledge belong to theology. But between
theology and science there is no man’s land exposed to attack from
both sides., this no man’s land is philosophy.”31 ;g ,d izdkj dk
ekufld vuq'kklu gSA nklxqIrk us fy[kk gS&“It is an attempt to
apprehend the nature of truth rather than the discovery of truth
﴾particular facts﴿.”32
nksuksa esa ek=k dk vUrj gSA foKku dks O;kogkfjd iz'uksa dh ftKklk rks
jgrh gS fdUrq og lk/kkj.k vkSj {kf.kd gSA dsoy gk¡ vkSj ugha ls dke pyrk gSA
mudh ftKklk 'kh?kz gh 'kkUr gksrh gSA bu iz'uksa dk {ks= ;gh txr~ gSA blfy,
foKku dks HkkSfrdoknh ,oa lq[koknh ekuk tkrk gSA oSKkfud iz'uksa dh ftKklk mxz
gksrh gSA nk'kZfud iz'uksa dh ftKklk 'kkUr vkSj 'kk'or gksrh gSA budh ewy fo'ks"krk
vfrfjDr ¼eksj ,.M eksj½ ds izfr eksg gSA tks gS lks ugha] mlds vkxs D;k gS \ mlds
vfrfjDr D;k \ bl nk'kZfud fpUru o ftKklk dh vkx lnk /k/kdrh jgrh gSA
blfy, jk/kkd".ku~ us fy[kk gS&“The postulates of science become the
problems of philosophy.”33 budk dguk gS fd lHkh foKku dqN oLrqvksa dks
ekudj pyrs gaS] ysfdu n'kZu fcuk Nkuchu ds dqN ugha ekurk gSA vr% mldh
ijh{kk Hkh n'kZu'kkL= ds fy, vko';d gks tkrh gSA n'kZu oSKkfud ekU;rkvksa dk Hkh
foospu djus ls ckt ugha vkrk gSA fdUrq foKku blesa mnklhu jgrk gSA vFkkZr~ n'kZu
dh cgqr ,slh leL;k,¡ gS] ftu ij og mnklhu gh jgrk gSA
foKku dsoy vuqHkoxE; inkFkkZsa dk v/;;u djrk gS] fdUrq
n'kZu n`';&txr~ ls ijs Hkh tkus dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA vuqHkokrhr
fo"k;ksa dh ppkZ foKku ugh djrk gSA n'kZu dh fo"k;&oLrq ds vUrxZr
n`'; txr~ vkSj vuqHkokrhr fo"k; ¼tSls vkRek] bZ'oj] eks{k] iqutZUe
vkfn½ lfEefyr gSA
foKku iz;ksxkRed gSA fdUrq n'kZu fopkjkRed gSA foKku dks dsoy lR;e~
ls eryc gS] ijUrq n'kZu ,oa nk'kZfud fpUru dk laca/k lR;e~] f'koe~ vkSj lqUnje~
rhuksa ls gS johUn ukFk VSxksj us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf"V dh gSA bruk gh ugha oSKkfud
O;k[;k dSls dk mŸkj nsrh gS] ^D;ksa* dk ughaA ;kuh dksbZ ?kVuk dSls ?kVrh gS foKku
mlh dh O;k[;k djrk gSA blfy, ge dg ldrs gSa fd og lf"V dk izdkj crykrk
gS u fd dkj.kA fdUrq n'kZu D;ksa* dk mŸkj nsus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,
foKku ek= ;g crykrk gS fd iFoh esa vkd"kZ.k 'kfDr gS] fdUrq ;g ugha cryk;k fd
;g D;ksa gSA MkfoZu vkfn oSKkfudksa us lf"V dk izdkj gh cryk;k gS dkj.k ughaA og
bruk gh crykrk gS fd euq"; dk mn~Hko ,d lsy esa gqvk gS vkSj ogh lsy Øekuqlkj
fodkl djrs&djrs ouekuq"k vkSj ouekuq"k ls euq"; esa vk x;k gS] fdUrq og ;g ugha
crykrk gS fd og lsy rFkk fodkl dk dkj.k D;k gS \ n'kZu fo'o ds ewy rŸo ds
Kku ds }kjk ^D;ksa* dk mŸkj nsus dk iz;kl djrk gSA laHkor% blhfy, jlsy us fy[kk
gS fd “Science tells us what we can know, but what we can know is
little, and if we forget how much we can not know we become
insensitive to many things of very great importance.”34 blhfy, rks
âkbVgSM us Hkh ekuk gS fd ewY; dk fu/kkZj.k gh cqf} dk pje y{; gS tks foKku ls
laHko ugha gSA35 pwafd izdfr foKku ekuorkokn dh iwoZekU;rk dk fojks/k djrk gSA36
blfy, âkbVgSM us ekuk gS fd “The intimations of the ethical and
religious consciousness have as much right to be treated as
objectively valid as the perceptions of the external world upon which
science is based” 37
bl rjg ge ns[krs gSa fd oSKkfud igq¡p dk lkj czãk.M vFkok fo'o dk
;kaf=d O;k[;k rd gh lhfer gS] ftlds pyrs mls HkkSfrdokn dks Lohdkj djuk
iM+rk gS gkWCl] Qkj;ok[k vkfn dks blhfy;s HkkSfrdoknh dgk tkrk gSA uhfr'kkL= esa
;g izdfrokn dks ekurk gS vkSj /keZ esa ;g vKs;oknh Bgjrk gSA38 foKku] dyk] /keZ
vkSj uSfrdrk dh larks"ktud O;k[;k izLrqr djus eas leFkZ ugha gS tcfd n'kZu esa bu
reke ckrksa dh O;k[;k dh tkrh gSA blfy, foKku n'kZu dh vis{kk lhfer vkSj
detksj gSA ikWylu vkfn nk'kZfudksa us n'kZu dks dsoy lHkh foKkuksa dk ;ksxQy
cryk;k gSA fdUrq ;g er Hkh ;qfDrlaxr izrhr ugha gksrk gS] pw¡fd n'kZu dsoy lHkh
oSKkfud fu"d"kkZsa dk ;ksxQy gh ugha gS cfYd og mldh leh{kkRed nf"V ls
ewY;kadu dj fo'o nf"V Hkh izLrqr djrk gSA 'kk;n blh ckr dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,
HkV~Vkpk;Z us fy[kk gS&“Philosophy must include within its scope not only
phenomena and rightly as its object of enquiry, but also the science
of correct knowing or Epistemology.”39 ftl rjg Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk esa Jh
d”.k Hkxoku us dgk gS fd eSa ek= izdfr vkSj iq:”k gh ugha cfYd nksuksa ls ijs gS
mlh izdkj n’kZu esa foKku gS vkSj og mlls ijs Hkh gSA n’kZu foKku dh rjg ek=
oLrq dh rjg ek= oLrqxr gh ugha cfYd vkRexr Hkh gSA
foKku vkSj n'kZu ds chp okLrfod lEcU/k
mi;qZä foospuksa ds vk/kkj ij ,slk yxrk gS fd foKku vkSj n'kZu esa ekSfyd
fojks/k gS] fdUrq blesa okLrfodrk ugha gSA nksuksa ds chp ekSfyd fojks/k n'kkZuk vKkurk
,oa gBokfnrk dk ifjpk;d gSA cM+s&cM+s oSKkfud vuqla/kku nk'kZfud dYiukvksa ij gh
vk/kkfjr gSA foKku dk ijek.kqokn vkfn n'kZu dh gh nsu gSA blhfy, foKku vkSj
n'kZu esa vko';d lEcU/k cuk;s j[kus ds fy, tsEl thUl] lj vkFkZj ,fMaxVu] cVsZªaM
jlsy] ,- ,u- âkbVgSM] ,l- vysDtasMj bR;kfn foKku osŸkkvksa us nksuksa dks ijLij
iwjd cryk;k gSA MWk- gcZVZ us viuh iqLrd ßFkzw lkbUl Vw fQykWlkWQhÞ es ;g fn[kykusa
dh ps"Vk dh gS fd ;fn foKku ds ekxksaZ dk mfpr :i ls vuqdj.k fd;k tk; rks
bldk vUr n'kZu esa gksxk A izks- csoj us cryk;k gS fd n'kZufoghu foKku bl izdkj
ds lexz ds rqY; gS ftlds fofHkUu vaxks esa ,drk dk vHkko gS vkSj foKku foghu
n'kZu vkRefoghu 'kjhj rqY; gSA âkbVgSM us ekuk gS fd n'kZu vkSj foKku ,d&nwljs
dh vkyspuk izR;kykspu dj izxfr dk lk/ku izLrqr djrs gSaA dfyxoqM us Hkh cryk;k
gS fd n'kZu ij dksbZ Hkh vkØe.k foKku dh vk/kkj Hkwfe ij vkØe.k gSA egf"kZ vjfoUn
?kks"k dk dguk gS fd foKku vUr esa dsoy lEiw.kZ Kku dk va'k gS vkSj mlds ihNs ds
xgu lR; ,d O;kid vkSj fuf'pr fn'kk esa izxfr ds fy, vko';d gSA cxZlkW] yk;M
ekxZu] vkfn us Hkh foKku vkSj n'kZu dks ijLij lEcfU/kr ekuk gSA foKku Lo;a lHkh
rjg ds fodklkRed dk;ksZ esa l{ke ugha gSA40 foKku us vius vkfo"dkjksa ls gekjh
'kfä dks dbZ xq.kk c<+k vo'; fn;k gS fdUrq thou vkSj txr~ ds ewY;ksa ds Kku ds
vHkko esa bl 'kfä dk mfpr mi;ksx ugh gks ldrk gSA blfy, foKku dh mi;ksfxrk
gekjs nk'kZfud Kku ij gh fuHkZj gSA bls ekDlZ vkSj ,axsYl us Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gSA
oLrqr% foKku vkSj n'kZu ,d nwljs ds fy, vko';d gSaA mi;qZä foospuksa ls
;g tkfgj gks tkrk gS fd foKku n'kZu dh mis{kk ugha dj ldrk gS vkSj u n'kZu ds
fy, gh foKku mis{k.kh; gS] D;ksafd ftl fo'o dk Kku og <w<+rk gS mlh ds
fHkUu&fHkUu vaxksa dk Kku foKkuksa dk lk/; gSA n'kZu oSKkfud miyfC/k;ksa dks R;kT;
ugha le>rk gS] cfYd lewps fo'o ds izkax.k esa mudh vFkZoŸkk fLFkj djrk gSA vr,o
foKkuksa dh izxfr dk izHkko n'kZu vkSj n'kZu dk izHkko foKku ij iM+rk gSA ÝsMfjd
dkWilu us fy[kk gS&“There is still a close connection between
philosophy and the science, a connection which has, indeed, been a
fairly general charateristic of French philosophical thought.”41 oLrqr%
foKku vkSj n'kZu nksuksa gh vuUr vkRek ds vUnj oLrqvksa ds ,dRo :ih lR; dks
igpkuus dk iz;Ru djrs gSaA vr% nksuksa esa iwjd dk lEcU/k gSA
lanHkZ lwph
1- vkj- iqfyxUnyk]QUMkesVYl vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlQh] ,fcxVu izsl] uslfoyh] U;wvkdZ]
1975- i 16 ,oa nklxqIr] , fgLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlQh oksY;we 1] eksrhyky
cukjlhnkl fnYyh] 1975- i&4-
2- ,l- jk/kkd".ku~ ¼vuqoknd Lo- uUnfd'kksj xksfHky½] Hkkjrh; n'kZu] Hkkx&,d] jktiky ,sUM
lUt fnYyh] 1973] i&8-
3- ogh] i&21-
4- izHkqnŸk'kkL=h] n ,lsfUl;yl vkWQ bZLVuZ fQykWlkWQh] n esdfeyu dEiuh] U;wvkdZ]
1928]i&16-
5- m/kr ,l- jk/kkd".ku~] Hkkjrh; n'kZu Hkkx ,d]i 21-
6- ogh] i&5
7- ,l- ,u- nklxqIrk] , fgLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlQh] oksY;we&1] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl]
okjk.klh] i&4-
8- Hkxor'kj.k mik/;k;] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds lzksr] ihiqYl ifCyf'akx gkml] ubZ fnYyh]1983]
i`&d-
9- vkj- iqfyxUnyk] QUMkesUVYl vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh] i& 18
10- m/kr ,l- jk/kkd".ku~] Hkkjrh; n'kZu] Hkkx&,d] i&6-
11- vkj- iqfyxUnyk] QUMkesUMYl vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh] i&18
12- tkWu cuZsV ¼vuqoknd Jh izdk'k nqcs½] xzhd n'kZu] e/; izns'k fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh]
Hkksiky&3] 1973] i&9-
13- ,l- ,u-nklxqIrk] fgLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh] fdrkc egy] bykgkckn 1969] i&3-
14- ,l- jk/kkd".ku~] Hkkjrh; n'kZu] Hkkx ,d] i&18-
15- oh- ,u- vks>k] ,e- ,u- jk; ,UM fgt fQykWlkWfQdy vkbfM;kt] 'ka[kun izdk'ku]
eqt¶Qjiqj] 1969] i&86
16- m/kr ia- xaxk izlkn mik/;k;] vkfLrdokn] dyk izsl] iz;kx 1914] i&20-
17- ds nkeksnju] Hkkjrh; fpUru ijEijk] ihiqYl ifCyf'akx gkml izk- fy-] fnYyh 1970]
i&113-
18- ogh] i&113-
19- ,l ,u- nklxqIrk] fgLVªªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh] i& XVI-
20- vkj iqfyxUnyk] QUMkesUVyl vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh i&18
21- MCY;w- Vh- LVs'k] , fØfVdy fgLVªh vkWQ xzhd fQykWlkWQh] ekfVZUl iszl yanu] 1969]
i&14-
22- ,p ,e- HkVVkpk;Z] n fizUliqYl vkWl fQykWlkWQh] ;qfuoflZVh vkWQ dydŸkk] 1959] bZ-]
i&19-
23- ukeoj flag ¼lEiknd½] vkykspuk =Sekfld] 'kqDy vad 2] o"kZ 34] vda 74] jktdey
izdk'ku] izk- fy--] u;h fnYyh] tqykbZ 1985] i&78-
24- [kxsUnz Bkdqj ¼lEiknd½ mŸkj'krh] vkpk;Z 'kqDy fo'ks"kkad] iw.kkZd 17&18] uokad 3&4
fcgkj izxfr'khy] ys[kd la?k] Hkkjrh Hkou] iVuk] tuojh&ekpZ 1985] i&85-
25- ,p- ,e- HkVVkpk;Z] n fizUliqYl vkWQ fQykWlkWQh] iq&18-
26- ogh] i&194-
27- ,l- vysDtsMj] Lis'k] Vkbe ,.M MhVh] oksY;we&ou] ekfVZUl izsl] yanu 1934] bZ-] i&21-
28- ,l- ,e- HkVVkpk;Z] n fizUliqYl vkWQ fQykWlQh] i&1-
29- ,l- ,u- nklxqIrk] fgLVªh vkWQ bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh] i&16-
30- ogh] i&16-
31- ch- jlsy] fgLVªh vkWQ osLVuZ fQykWlkWQh] tkWtZ ,ysu ,UM vufou fy- yanu] 1940] i&10-
32- ,l- ,u- nklxqIrk] fgLVªh vkWi bfUM;u fQykWlkWQh] i&16-
33- ,l- jk/kkd".ku~] n jhtu vkWQ fjfytu] tkWtZ ,ysu ,UM vufou fy- yanu] 1942] i&3-
34- oh- jlsy] fgLVªh vkWQ osLVuZ fQykWlkWQh] i&11-
35- lh bZ- ,e- tksM] xkbM Vw fQykWlQh] fodVj xkWysat fy- yanu] 1946] i 565-
36- ogh] i&567-
37- ogh] i&568-
38- ogh] i&187-
39- ,p- ,e- HkV~Vkpk;Z] n fizUliqYl vkWQ fQykWlkWQh] i&3
40- ch- jlsy] n lkbfUVfQd vkmVywd] tkWtZ ,ysu ,sUM vufou fy-] yanu 1950] i&12-
41- ÝsMfjd dkWilu] , fgLVªh vkWQ fQykWlkWQh] bestcqDl] xkMZsu flVh U;wvkdZ] 1959] i&18-
42- MWk- jk/kkd".ku~] Hkkjrh; n'kZu] Hkkx ,d] i&512-
v/;k; & 12
n'kZu vkSj /keZizLrqr fo"k; ßn'kZu cuke /keZß geus ,d fo'ks"k mÌs'; ls pquk gSA vkt
fo'o esa ,d izdkj dk uSfrd ladV O;kIr gSA Hkkjr dh turk fo'ks"kr;k bl ladV ls
ihfM+r gks jgh gSA ;gk¡ ,d Ågkiksg dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks xbZ gSA bldk eq[; gsrq
gekjh nf"V esa ik'pkR; lH;rk] laLdfr] n'kZu] lkEiznkf;d /keZ vkSj jktuhfrd pky
gSA jktuhfrd pky blesa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dj jgh gSA ftl ns'k us ,d le;
fo'o n'kZu ,oa /keZ dh fn'kk esa vxqvk dk dke fd;k Fkk] og vkt viuh vk/;kfRed
'kfDr dks Hkwy dj nwljs ds lkeus eqgrkt gSA ;gk¡ ds yksx vc ek= oSKkfud
midj.kksa vFkok vkfFkZd enn dh gh vis{kk ugha j[krs cfYd nk'kZfud vkSj /kkfeZd
foospuksa ds fy, Hkh enn pkgrs gSaA bl exr".kk ds dkj.k lkFk gh lkFk txr~ dh
oSKkfud O;k[;k dh vkM+ esa fonsf'k;ksa dh jktuhfrd pky ls Hkkjr esa /kkfeZd ,oa
uSfrd ladV O;kIr gqvk gSA yxrk gS vkt ge Hkkjrokfl;ksa ds ikl ,slk dksbZ thou
n'kZu ugha cpk gS tks muds /kkfeZd rFkk uSfrd mUufr esa lgk;d fl} gks vkSj mUgsa
mfpr jkLrk cryk ldsA ;g ,d tfVy leL;k gSA fdUrq bl leL;k dk lek/kku
vlaHko ugha gSA vxj bl fn'kk esa iz;Ru fd;k tk; rks oŸkZeku ladV nwj gks ldrk
gSA viuh vYiKrk vkSj lhfer {kerk ds dkj.k bl xEHkhj fo"k; ij fopkj] lykg ;k
ladsr djus dk ge vius dks vf/kdkjh ugha le>rs] ijUrq blesa dksbZ 'kadk ugha gS fd
;g xgu o egRoiw.kZ leL;k vFkok fo"k; vkf/kdkfjd fpUrdksa o fo}kuksa dk /;ku
vkdf"kZr djus esa lgk;d gks ldrk gSA
izkphu Hkkjrh; fpUru /kkjk ds vuqlkj /keZ ,oa n'kZu vlhe vkSj vkfn dh
[kkst gSA ;g u dHkh izkjEHk gqvk vkSj u dHkh lekIr gksxk] ml vtL= thou /kkjk
dh [kkst djuk gh /kkfeZd egkiq:"kksa ,oa nk'kZfudksa dk y{; jgk gSA n'kZu ,oa foKku
esa tks lEcU/k gS mlls Hkh vf/kd lEcU/k n'kZu rFkk /keZ esa ik;k tkrk gSA n'kZu vkSj
/keZ ds chp fdl izdkj dk lEcU/k gS bls le>us ds fy, loZizFke /keZ ds Lo:i ij
fopkj djuk mfpr izrhr gksrk gSA /keZ dh mŸifr euq"; ds vUrxZr lrr~ fo|eku
ml vk/;kfRed Hkw[k ls gksrh gS tks mls mldh ladh.kZ ,oa viw.kZrk dks nwj dj iw.kZrk
dh izkfIr ds fy, izsfjr djrh jgrh gSA euq"; viuh 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld 'kfä;ksa esa
of} djus ds fy, ges'kk ls rRij jgk gSA mls viuh lhek,¡ vFkok lhfer 'kfä;k¡
lqgkrh ugha gSA
iw.kZrk dh izkfIr ds fy, mu lhekvksa dks gVkuk t:jh gS vkSj bldh iwfrZ
vk/;kfRed ewY;ksa ls gh laHko gSA mudh pkg dh iwfrZ HkkSfrd lef) ls gksrh ugh
fn[krh gS] blfy, og vk/;kfRed ewY;ksa dh okLrfodrk esas fo'okl djus yxrk gS]
ftudh izkfIr ls viw.kZrk ds nwj gks tkus dh iwjh vk'kk jgrh gSA bUgha vk/;kfRed
ewY;ksa dh izkfIr /keZ dk mÌs'; gS] vkSj /kkfeZd Hkw[k ¼vlarks"k½ rHkh feVrh gS tc /keZ
dk mÌs'; iwjk gks tkrk gSA bl mÌs'; ds fy, /kekZpj.k dh vko';drk gSA /kekZpj.k
ds vUnj 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld nksuksa fØ;k,¡ vkrh gSA /keZ dk lEcU/k ekuo thou ds
iwjs vfLrÙo ls gSA Hkkjr esa /keZ 'kCn dk vFkZ /kkj.k vkSj iks"k.k djuk cryk;k x;k
gSA iz'kkUr osnkyadkj ds 'kCnksa esa Þ/keZ 'kCn ß/kß /kkj.kiks"k.k;ks% /kkrq ls cuk gS] ftldk
vFkZ /kkj.k vkSj iks"k.k djuk gS] vFkkZr~ inkFkZ ds /kkjd vkSj iks"kd rÙo dks /keZ dgk
tkrk gS] ftldk vfHkizk; gS fd ftu rÙoksa ls inkFkZ dk vfLrŸo gS] ogh rŸo ml
inkFkZ dk /keZ gSA johUnzukFk VSxksj ,oa loZiYyh MkW- jk/kkd".ku~ us Hkh bl rF; dk
leFkZu fd;k gSA ch-ds- yky ds 'kCnksa e sa “Tagore and Radha Krishanan point out
that the concept of Dharma literally stands for a sort of a bringing out the
most and the essential nature of the object.” It is in this the capacity to
produce heat, is said to be the dharma of fire and that waterness is said to be
the dharma of water.”2.
vr% ftl izdkj oLrq vFkok inkFkZ dk viuk xq.k ;k /keZ gksrk gS] mlh
izdkj euq"; dk Hkh ,d /keZ gSA O;kl eqfu us egkHkkjr esa dgk gS fd ß/kkj.kkr~ /keZ
bR;kgq% /keksZ /kkj;rs iztk%Þ vFkkZr~ /kkj.k djus ds dkj.k bls /keZ dgrs gSaA3 vFkkZr~ /keZ
gh vfLrÙo dk lkj gSA
tgk¡ rd n'kZu dk iz'u gS] ;g 'kCn n'k ¼fo-½ /kkrq ls cuk gSA bldk vFkZ
ns[kus okyk gksrk gSA dqN fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj n'kZu 'kCn ^n'k* /kkrq ls dj.k vFkZ esa
Y;qV izR;; yxkdj cuk gSA bldk vFkZ gS ftlds }kjk ns[kk tk; ¼n';;rs vusu bfr
n'kZue~½A vc loky mBrk gS fd fdldks ns[kk tk;\ Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa ds vuqlkj
lR; dk lk{kkRdkj djuk gh n'kZu gSA ch- ds- yky us Hkh fy[kk gS fd “philosophy
in India is defined as Dharma or Vision; it is believed that philosophy is
capable of giving a vision of reality.”4.
;kuh n'kZu 'kCn dk vFkZ gh gksrk gS tks lR; ds lk{kkr~ vuqHko dh {kerk
iznku djrk gksA nwljs 'kCnksa esa izR;{k tkudkjh vkSj tkudkjh iznku djus okyk 'kkL=
n'kZu'kkL= dgykrk gSA lR; dks tkuus vFkok le>us ls O;fä ds vkpj.k vFkok
O;ogkj esa cnyko vkrk gSA pw¡fd og okLrfod ,oa vokLrfod dk vUrj le> ysrk
gSA blfy, og feF;k Kku ds ihNs nkSM+uk cUn dj nsrk gSA lR; Kku O;fä dks
cU/ku ls eqä djk nsrk gS ;kuh lR; ds }kjk vKkurk feV tkrh gS ftlds QyLo:i
og vius okLrfod Lo:i dks le> ysrk gSA vr% lR; Kku gh eks{k izkfIr dk ,d
ek= mik; gSA
mi;qZä foospuksa ls Li"V gks tkrk gS fd nksuksa ¼/keZ vkSj n'kZu½ dk gh y{;
nq%[k ls NqVdkjk ikuk gSA ch ds- yky us Hkh cryk;k gS fd “It some how believes
that life is full of suffering and that the aim of religion and philosophy is to
attain freedom from suffering.”5 MkW- lksgu jkt rkrsM+ ,oa vkpk;Z duduUnh th
us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSaA
ik'pkR; ns'kksa esa /keZ vkSj n'kZu ds chp lekurkvksa ls vf/kd vUrj jgk gSA
bldk eq[; dkj.k muds fl}kUr vkSj O;ogkj esa vUrj gh gSA ;kuh if'peh fopkjd
vDlj fl}kUr ds vuq:i O;ogkj dks viuk ugha ikrs gaS blhfy, muds fopkjksa esa
vDlj nz"Vknks"k ik;k tkrk gSA ogk¡ n'kZu dks fQykWlkWQh vkSj /keZ dks fjyhtu
cryk;k tkrk gSA fdUrq nksuksa ,d ugha gSA nksuksa esa fHkUurk gSA fjfytu jh vkSj fyxjs
ds ;ksx ls cuk gSA bldk vFkZ ,d O;fä dks nwljs O;fä ls rFkk O;fä dks lekt ls
vFkok nksuksa dks fu;eksa ls cka/kuk gSA ok; elhg ds 'kCnksa esa “The etymological
meaning of “religion”-The term ‘religion’ has been derived from the two
words re and legere which mean or to consider or ponder. Hence, it means
that religion deals with an object on which an individual can ponder and
meditate. But perhaps it is true to hold that it derived from re and legere
which mean binding.’According to this derivation, religion mean that which
binds men to-gether, individually and socially. Hence religion is an
integrative force which forges hermony internal and external, social and
physical and spiritual.”6.
fjfytu dh vusd ifjHkk"kk,¡ nh xbZ gSA ftlesa dqN fo}kuksa us blds
fØ;kRed i{k ij vf/kd tksj fn;k gS] rks dqN us KkukRed i{k ij] rks dqN us
jkxkRed vFkok HkkokRed i{k ij vf/kd tksj fn;k gSA okLro esa rhuksa i{k dk jguk
vko';d gSA xSycs us /keZ dh ifjHkk"kk esa rhuksa i{k dks ;Fkk LFkku egRo fn;k gSA
blfy, mudh ifjHkk"kk dks izLrqr djuk mfpr izrhr gksrk gSA “Religion is man’s
faith in a power beyond himself whereby he seeks to satisfy emotional needs
and gain stability of life, and which he expresses in acts of worship and
serivce.”7.
euq"; vius dks lhfer] vlgk; ,oa viw.kZ ikrk gSA og HkkSfrd lk/kuksa ds
}kjk vk/;kfRed y{; dh iwfrZ ugha dj ikrk gSA foKku vkSj oSKkfud vuqla/kkuksa ls
Hkh mldh pkg dh iwfrZ ugha gks ikrh gSA vius dks vlhe] iw.kZ] ,oa loZ'kfäeku cukus
dh pkg ges'kk mls lrkrh jgrh gSA blh pkg dh iwfrZ ds fy, og cká 'kfä esa
fo'okl djus ds fy, etcwj gks tkrk gSA fMDlujh vkWQ fQykWlkWQh esa Hkh bl ckr
dk leFkZu ikrs gSaA ogk¡ cryk;k x;k gS “Religion a specific form of social
consciousness whose charateristic feature is a fantastic reflection in people’s
minds of external forces dominating over them, a reflection in which earthly
forces assume unearthly forms.”8.
tgk¡ rd if'peh n'kZu dk iz'u gS ;gk¡ n'kZu dks fQykWlkWQh dgk tkrk gSA
;g nks 'kCnksa ds ;ksx ls cuk gS&fQykWl $ lksfQ;kA fQykWl xzhd 'kCn gSA bldk
vFkZ izseh gksrk gS vkSj lksfQ;k 'kCn dk vFkZ izKk ;k cf) gSA blfy, fQykWWlkWQh dk
'kkfCnd vFkZ gS cqf)&izseA nwljs 'kCnksa esa Kku dk izse ;k Kku dk vUos"k.k ¼[kkst½ gh
n'kZu dgykrk gSA ,l-,u- nklxqIrk ds 'kCnksa esa&“Philosophy litrally means the
love of wisdom” 9. lqdjrk vkSj IysVks us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA
if'peh nk'kZfudksa dh nf"V esa n'kZu dh mRifŸk ftKklk vkSj dkSrqgy ls gqbZ
gSA if'peh nk'kZfud dsoy cqf)eku vFkok izKkoku O;fä cukuk pkgrs gSA ik'pkR;
n'kZu ds bfrgkl ls ;g tkfgj gks tkrk gS fd mu fopkjdksa us ckSf}d Kku ds vk/kkj
ij gh fo'o dh O;k[;k dh gSA bl lEcU/k esa Vh ,l- bfy,V us fy[kk gS fd
“Philosophy without wisdom is vain and in the greater philosophers we are
usually a ware of that wisdom which is for the sake of emphasis and in the
most accurate and profound sense could be called even wordly wisdom.”10.
gkykafd bfy,V dh nf"V esa Kku ds fy, ykSfdd vkSj vykSfdd nksuksa rjg
dh cqf) dh vko';drk gSA fQj Hkh bUgksausa cqf} izse dks gh n'kZu ekuk gSA bl lEcU/k
esa ,p ,e- HkVVkpk;Z us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd& “The word philosophy comes
from the Greak words philos, love and sophia, wisdom. Socrates liked to be
a philosopher a humble of wisdom unlike the sophists the wise men”11. vr%
cqf} ds Lo:i esa tks Hkh vUrj gks fdUrq lHkh n'kZu dks cqf}&isze ekurs gSaA
mi;qZä ik'pkR; n'kZu ,oa /keZ lEcU/kh foospuksa ds vk/kkj ij nksuksa ds chp
fufEufyf[kr vUrj nf"Vxr gksrs gaS%&
¼d½ mRifŸk esa vUrj&n'kZu dh mRifŸk tSlk fd igys crk;k tk pqdk gS]
ckSf}d ftKklk ls gksrh gS] fdUrq /keZ dh mRifŸk vk/;kfRed Hkwy vFkok vlUrks"k ls
gksrh gSA vkRek bZ'oj] fo'o bR;kfn ds lEcU/k esa ekSfyd iz'uksa dk lkek/kku tkuus ds
fy, O;fä esa ,d ftKklk mRiUu gksrh gS ftldk v/;;u n'kZu ds vUrxZr gksrk gSA
nwljh vksj O;fä vius dks vlgk; ,oa viw.kZ ikdj fdlh 'kfä dh lgk;rk dh vis{kk
djrk gSA O;fä /keZ dh lgk;rk ¼enn½ ls vius dks iw.kZ ,oa lQy cukus dh dksf'k'k
djrk gSA blfy, /keZ esa cqf} dk LFkku xkS.k gks tkrk gS vkSj jkxkRedrk c<+rh tkrh
gSA jkekuqtkpk;Z] xksLokeh rqylh nkl] ehjk vkfn us bl ckr dh lEiqf"V dh gSA
¼[k½ n'kZu esa 'kadk ;k lansg dk LFkku gS fdUrq /keZ esa ughaA nsdkrZ vkfn
nk'kZfudksa us lansg djuk mfpr ugha ekuk gSA budh nf"V esa lansg ;k 'kadk djuk
okLrfod [kkst esa enn djrk gSA mls vijk/k ekuuk vuqfpr gSA /keZ esa fo'okl dh
iz/kkurk jgrh gS vkSj og fo'okl cqf} ls izekf.kr ugha gks ldrh gSA /kkfeZd fo'okl
lŸkk ds lkFk tks lEcU/k LFkkfir djrk gS og lk/kkj.k vuqHko ls ijs gksrk gSA
blfy, lqjsUnzukFk nklxqIrk us fy[kk gS fd& “All belief are not to be proved by
reasoning processes and therefore some especially the instinctive
beliefs,have to be taken on trust. Religion beliefs which relate to an order of
reality beyond ordinary experience and beyond the capacity of human
intelligence to account for, come under this category. ”12.
n'kZu bZ'oj dks izekf.kr ugha dj ldrk gSA ;g dsoy /kkfeZd psruk dks
izekf.kr vkSj fodflr djrk gSA /kkfeZd O;fä vkSj dqN Hkh ugha djsaxs] og flQZ gks
tk;asxsA mudk gksuk dkQh gSA psruk ds cy ij mudh ekStwnxh gh i;kZIr gSA /kkfeZd
psrukvksa ds vk/kkj ij rks bZ'oj dh [kkst&chu iqjkuh gS] ysfdu n'kZu dh Hkk"kk esa
bZ'oj dks le>uk eqf'dy gSA vysDtsaMj] vkfn vk/kqfud nk'kZfudksa us Hkh bl ckr dh
iqf"V dh gSA Mh ,e- nŸkk us vysDtsaMj dh ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, fy[kk gS fd&
“philosophy can not prove God. It only elaborates and justifies the religious
consciousness which, therefore is ultimate source of belief in god . Faith in
god is not any more uncertain then the knowledge of other minds through
soical interecourse, or even knowledge of objects by sense .”13
¼x½ nksuksa ds y{; Hkh nks gaSA ;kuh nksuksa ds mís'; ;k iz;kstu esa Hkh vUrj
gSA n'kZu dk mís'; fo'o dh fu"i{k ckSf)d O;k[;k gS ogk¡ /keZ dk mís'; vk/;kfRed
ewY;ksa dh okLrfod flf} izkIr djuk gSA n'kZu ds }kjk euq"; fo'o dks mldh
lEiw.kZrk essa le>us dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd n'kZu ds }kjk
euq"; lalkj ds fdlh ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd va'kksa dks le>us dh ps"Vk ugha djrk]
cfYd og lalkj dks ,d bdkbZ ds :i esa vius Kku dk fo"k; cukrk gSA /keZ uke gS
ml jks'kuh dk] tks drjs dks leqnz esa fey tkus dk jkLrk fn[kkrh gS] tks gekjh tkfr
dks bekvksLr esa] gekjh vkRek dks O;kid lokZRe esa feys gksus dh vuqHkwfr ;k ;dhu
djkrh gSA14 /keZ dk izokg Hkko] Kku vkSj eqfä bu rhuksa /kkjkvksa esa pyrk gSA bu
rhuksa ds lkeatL; ls /keZ viuh iw.kZ ltho n'kk esa jgrk gSA mldk eq[; mís';
vk/;kfRed ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk djuk gSA ;g fuR; uSfrd vkn'kksZa ,oa bZ'oj isze dh
lh[k nsrk gSA blhfy, nklxqIrk us cryk;k gS fd& “Religion as the primary
duty in the pursuit of spiritual values, faith in an eternal moral order, love of
God and his creatures, and a life of righteousness .”15 eksgEen bdcky] johUnz
ukFk VSxksj] pSrU; e?kizHkq vkSj xka/kh us izse dks gh loZLo eku fy;k gSA xka/kh th us
izse dks gh bZ’oj eku fy;k gSA budh nf”V esa /kkfeZd O;fDr gh uSfrd O;fDr gksrk
gSA blh ds funsZ’ku esa jktuhfr foKku dks pyuk pkfg;sA budh nf”V esa n’kZu vkSj
/keZ esa ekSfyd vUrj ugha gSA
¼?k½ nksuksa esa i}fr dk Hkh vUrj gS&n'kZu dh i)fr ckSf)d gS fdUrq /keZ dh
i)fr vUrcksZ/k ;k fo'okl gSA /keZ fo'okl] vUrcksZ/k vFkok vUrnZf"V ij vk/kkfjr gSA
jkekdkUr f=ikBh ds 'kCnksa esa& “While philosophy is based on reason, religion,
depends on revelation the one demands clear perception, the other demands
unconditional surrender and obedience.”16
n'kZu izR;sd fo"k; dks cqf} dh dlkSVh ij dluk pkgrk gS] vkSj tks fo"k;
cqf} xzkã ugha gksrk gS] mls ;g R;kx nsrk gSA ;kuh blesa ckSf)d Lrj ij tk¡p djus
ds ckn gh fdlh ckr dh lPpkbZ ,oa vlPpkbZ crykbZ tkrh gSA nwljh rjQ /keZ
vf/kdka'k fo"k;ksa dks fo'okl] J}k ,oa vuqHkwfr ds vk/kkj ij gh viuk ysrk gSA og
fdlh Hkh fo"k; dks rdZ fordZ ds }kjk u le>rk gS vkSj u le>kus dh dksf'k'k gh
djrk gS cfYd vVwV vkLFkk dh vko';drk ij tksj nsrk gSA ;kuh blds fy, vxk/k
J)k ,oa fo'okl dh t:jr gSA blfy, ;gk¡ n'kZu dks cqf} ;k rdZ dh oLrq vkSj /keZ
dks fo'okl dh oLrq dgk tk ldrk gSA Lokeh foosdkuUn us Hkh vius <ax ls bl ckr
dh iqf"V dh gSA mUgksusa Lo;a dgk gS fd “Faith in ourselves, faith in God this is
the secret of greatness”17
vr% nksuksa dh i}fr esa vUrj gSA vkj- ds- f=ikBh us Hkh nksuksa dh vfHkO;fDr
vkSj i}fr dh fHkUurk dks Lohdkj fd;k gS& “Philosophy and religion are both
spiritual discipline yet their modes of expression and methods are
different.”18
¼M+½ nksuksa dh izofr;ksa esa Hkh vUrj gS&n'kZu ckSf)d ,oa ijh{kkRed gS ysfdu
/keZ jkxkRed gSA n'kZu dh ofr rFk~;kRed gS fdUrq /keZ dh ofr ds eq[; vax eqfDr]
vknj] Hk;] vk'kk] fujk'kk] lUrks"k] vlUrks"k] HkfDr bR;kfn gSA
¼p½ n'kZu vkSj /keZ esa nf"Vdks.k dk Hkh vUrj gSA n'kZu dk nf"Vdks.k
lS)kfUrd gS fdUrq /keZ dk nf"Vdks.k O;kogkfjd gSA foosdkuUn us Hkh cryk;k gS fd&
“The secret of religion lies not in theories but in practice.”19
n'kZu ds lEcU/k esa pkYlZ ,- ewj us n izSfDVdy ,lisDV vkWQ osLVuZ
fQykWlkWQh esa fy[kk gS fd& “Philosophy like science, is often described as a
reflective activity or point of view, and no emphasis seems to be placed
upon the application of the results that may occur from such reflection. we
are merely “thinking about “thing.”20
vr% ek= lkspuk lS)kfUrd gh dgk tk ldrk gS vkSj mls fØ;kfUor djuk
O;kogkfjd dgykrk gSA blh vFkZ esa /keZ O;kogkfjd gSA fLiukstk ds vuqlkj ;|fi /keZ
vkSj n'kZu nksuksa vk/;kfRed gS fdUrq mudh nf"V esa nksuksa ds chp ekSfyd vUrj gSA
budh nf"V esa nksuksa ds chp nf"Vdks.k dk vUrj gSA
¼N½ nksuksa ds chp mi;ksfxrk dk Hkh vUrj gSA n'kZu euq"; dh ckSf)d
vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus dk iz;kl djrk gS] fdUrq /keZ euq"; dh ckSf)d]
HkkokRed vFkok jkxkRed ,oa fØ;kRed lHkh rjg dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ dk
iz;kl djrk gSA jkepUnz 'kqDy us Hkh cryk;k gS fd /keZ dk izokg deZ] Kku vkSj
HkfDr bu rhuksa /kkjkvksa esa pyrk gSA fdlh ,d ds Hkh vHkko ls og fodykax jgrk gSA
deZ ds fcuk og ywyk&yxaM+k] Kku ds fcuk va/kk vkSj HkfDr ds fcuk gn;ghu ;k
fu"izk.k jgrk gSA n'kZu ds vf/kdkjh rks lkekU; ls cgqr leqUur vkSj fodflr cqf)
ds FkksM+s ls fof'k"V O;fä gh gksrs gSaA deZ vkSj HkfDr gh lkjs tuleqnk; dh laifŸk
gksrh gSA blesa Hkfä dk lcls vf/kd egŸo gSA Jhjkekuqt] xksLokeh rqylhnkl]
dchjnkl] egkRek xk¡/kh] johUnz ukFk VSxksaj vkfn us HkfDr dks gh vf/kd egRo iznku
fd;k gSA
¼t½ {ks= foLrkj esa vUrj&dqN fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj n'kZu /keZ dk izfrokn gSA
,sls fo}kuksa dh nf"V esa /keZ dh vis{kk n'kZu dk {ks= vf/kd O;kid gSA /keZ esa dsoy
/kkfeZd vuqHkwfr dk v/;;u gksrk gS fdUrq n'kZu esa /kkfeZd] ,sfUnz;] vuSfUnz; vFkok
vfrbfUnz; oSKkfud vkfn lHkh izdkj dh vuqHkwfr;ksa dh foospuk gksrh gSA n'kZu vkSj
/keZ ds chp mikld vkSj mikL; ds lEcU/k ds vk/kkj ij Hkh vUrj cryk;k x;k gSA
/keZ esa mikld ,oa mikL; ds chp vVwV lEcU?k jgrk gSA vkjk/kuk djus okyksa dks
vkjk/; ls vyx djds lkspk Hkh ugha tk ldrk gSA fdUrq n'kZu esa ,slk laHko gSA
;kuh fujis{krkoknh n'kZu esa }Sr dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA lc dqN ,d fujis{k lŸkk gh
gSA czSMys vkfn fujis{k izR;;oknh fpUrdksa nf"V esa /keZ vkSj n'kZu ds chp cgqr cM+k
vUrj gS blhfy, ,p- ,e- HkVVkpk;Z us fy[kk gS& “In the absolutism of Bradley
there is a sharp contrast between God and the absolute and, therefore,
between religion and philosophy, and between practical and ultimate
truth”23 gkWCl vkfn HkkSfrdokfn;ksa us Hkh nksuksa dks furkUr fHkUu cryk;k gSA
czSMys dh nf"V esa fujis{k rÙo fdlh ls lEcUf/kr ugha jgrk gS pw¡fd lHkh
lEcU/k lhfer esa gh laHko gSA n'kZu esa fujis{k dk v/;;u laHko gS fdUrq /keZ esa bZ'oj
iwtk vkSj vkjk/kuk ls lacf/kr jgrs gSaA24 ckYQj] f'kyj] gfolu] jlMsy vkfn us Hkh
n'kZu vkSj /keZ dks ijLij fHkUu cryk;k gSA budh nf"V esa bZ'oj /keZ dk fo"k; gS
fdUrq fujis{k lŸkk n'kZu dk fo"k; gSA bl nf"V ls n'kZu dk {ks= vf/kd O;kid
Bgjrk gS vkSj /keZ dk deA
,d nwljh nf"V ls Hkh n'kZu dk {ks= vf/kd nh[k iM+rk gS&/keZ iq:"kkFkZ ds
pkj vaxksa esa ls ,d gS fdUrq n'kZu dk lEcU/k ;k bldk fo"k; lEiw.kZ iq:"kkFkZ gSA ,d
vU; nf"Vdks.k ls /keZ dk {ks= n'kZu ls vf/kd O;kid gS] og gS vfLrÙoA /keZ dk
lEcU/k euq"; ds iwjs vfLrÙo ls gS fdUrq n'kZu dk vfLrÙo ek= ckSf)d i{kksa ls gSA
,Q- ,p- czSMys us Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gS fd /keZ rks ,d ,slk iz;Ru gS tks f'koRo ds iw.kZ
lr~ dks gekjh lŸkk ds izR;sd i{k }kjk O;ä djuk pkgrk gS vkSj tgk¡ rd ;g ckr
gS] og n'kZu dh vis{kk ,dne dqN vf/kd vkSj blfy, Å¡pk gSA25 vkxs py&dj
bUgksaus n'kZu dks vkHkkl rd dg fn;k gSA czSMys ds gh 'kCnksa esa “tSlk fd ge vxys
v/;k; esa ns[ksxs n'kZu Lo;a ,d vkHkkl gSA n'kZu-----mldk lkj Hkkx Li"V gh dsoy
ckSf)d fØ;k rd gh lhfer jgsxkA"26
Hkkjr esa u n'kZu /keZ dks utjvUnkt djrk gS vkSj u gh /keZ n'kZu dks
utjvUnkt djrk gS] cfYd nksuksa ,d gh lR; dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gSaA blfy, Mk-
jk/kkd".ku~ us fy[kk gS fd ßHkkjr esa /keZ lEcU/kh gB/kfeZrk ugha gSA ;gk¡ /keZ ,d
;qfDr&;qDr la'ys"k.k gS tks n'kZu dh izxfr ds lkFk&lkFk vius vUnj u;s&u;s fopkjksa
dk laxzg djrk jgrk gSA bldh izdfr ijh{k.kkRed vkSj vafre gS] vkSj og oSpkfjd
izxfr ds lkFk dne feykdj pyus dk iz;kl djrk gSAÞ27 laLdr&fgUnh dks'k esa Hkh
,d txg ij n'kZu dk vFkZ /kkfeZd Kku rFkk 'kkL= esa O;k[;kr~ dksbZ fu;e ;k
fl)kUr cryk;k x;k gSA28
if'peh /keZ
n'kZu ds bfrgkl esa ,sls izek.kksa dh deh ugha gS fd ,d /keZ nwljs ls vFkok
/keZ vkSj n'kZu ds chp la?k"kZ gqvk gksA mudk bfrgkl ;q} ls jDr jaftr nf"Vxr gksrk
gSA vkt Hkh lksfo;r :l ds eqlyeku vius /keZ ds vk/kkj ij vyx jk"Vª cukuk
pkgrs gSaA gkykafd vkt Hkkjr Hkh vNwrk ugha jgk ;gk¡ Hkh lh[k vkfn /keZ ds uke ij
jktuhfr dj jgs gSaA okLro esa ;s yksx ugha le> jgs gSa fd /keZ vyxkookn dh uhfr
ugha fl[kykrk cfYd og lEiw.kZ ekuo dks ,d djds nh[kkrk gSA vyxkookfn;ksa dks
/;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd Hkkjr ds fpUrdksa us ;g ges'kk ls eglwl fd;k gS fd n'kZu
vkSj /keZ ijLij lEcfU/kr gaSA os ,d nwljs ij vkfJr gaSA ;gk¡ nksuksa lnSo lkFk&lkFk
pyrs nh[k iM+rs gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ ckS} n'kZu vkSj ckS} /keZ] tSu n'kZu vkSj tSu /keZ]
osnkUr n'kZu vkSj osnkUr /keZ vkfn esa dksbZ ekSfyd vUrj ugha gSA ;s lHkh ekurs gS a fd
n'kZu vkSj /keZ nksuksa dh mRifŸk vk/;kfRed vlUrks"k ls gqbZ gSA nksuksa dk y{; O;fä
ds nq[kksa ls NqVdkjk fnykuk vkSj mls eks{k dh izkfIr djkuk gSA ;gk¡ /keZ vkSj n'kZu
nksuksa dk y{; ek= eks{k izkfIr ugha gS cfYd nk'kZfud fopkjksa dks vius esa lfUufgr
djus dh dksf'k'k djuk Hkh gS vkSj blhfy;s n'kZu /keZ dh lsok djrk jgk gSA blhfy,
,l- ,u- nklxqIrk us fy[kk gS fd& “Philosophy renders a great service to
Religion by providing us with a standard in the light of test, with the
soundness of a belief thus resolving out doubt and which is at once its aim
and inspiration.”29
jkekuqtkpk;Z us oS;fDrd vkSj fuoSZ;fDrd bZ'oj esa lkeatL; LFkkfir djus
dh dksf'k'k dh gSA ¼fuoSZ;fDrd lŸkk n'kZu dk fo"k; ekuk x;k gS vkSj oS;fDrd bZ'oj
/keZ dk½ rks ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd jkekuqtkpk;Z us n'kZu vkSj /keZ es
lketL; LFkkfir djus dk iz;Ru fd;k gSA dgk tkrk gS fd 'kadjkpk;Z us vius
vfUre le; esa nqxkZ Lrqfr dh gSA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd bUgksauas Hkh cqf} vkSj Hkko
i{k dks leku egRo fn;k gSA ,sls dqN fpUrdks dh nf"V esa 'kadj ds n'kZu eas
ckSf)drk dh iz/kkurk gS vkSj jkekuqt ds n'kZu esa Hkkouk dk A okLro esa nksuksa gh
n'kZu vkSj /keZ dks ijLij lEcfU/kr ekuk gSA nksuksa ,d nwljs dh enn djrs gSaA
njvly n'kZu ijelR; dk Kku nsrk gS vkSj /keZ bl Kku dks thou esa mrkjus dk
dke djrk gS] blhfy, izR;sd ekuo dks ¼pkgs og Hkkjrh; gks ;k vU; ns'kksa ds½s pkfg,
fd og viuh le> bl rjg cukosa fd mUgsa lc viuk gh ekywe gks vkSj ,slk laHko
gSA
oLrqr% euq"; dh thou unh nk'kZfudrk vkSj /kkfeZdrk bu nksuksa rVksa ds
chp izokfgr gks jgh gSA vxj og fdlh ,d dks NksM+dj nwljs dks viukuk pkgs rks
ml unh dk ty b/kj m/kj fc[kj tk;sxk vkSj mldk unh :i thou lekIr gks
tk;sxkA Hkkjrh; laLdfr esa n'kZu vkSj /keZ nksuksa dk lEcU/k ftruk eks{k ls gS mruk
gh vFkZ vkSj dke dh izkfIr ls Hkh gS A ;g lgh gS fd eks{k dks loksZPp LFkku feyk gS
fdUrq fdlh dks Bqdjk;k ugha x;k gSA gesa ;g lkspuk pkfg, fd ekuo tkfr ds
vk/;kfRed thou dk iks"k.k djus ds egr~dk;Z esas n'kZu vkSj /keZ fe=or~ lgHkkxh gSA
tc os ,d nwljs dks le`) djus yxsxs] 'kfä'kkyh cukus yxsaxs rHkh ml vkRek dk
vorj.k gksxk ftldh ryk'k ge Hkkjrh;ksa dks gh ugha cfYd lEiw.kZ fo'o dh gSA MkW-
lksgu jkt rkrsM+ ,oa vkpk;Z duduUnh th us Hkh vius <ax ls bl ckr dh iqf"V dh
gSA
lanHkZ lwph
1- jktsUnz izlkn ¼laiknd½ ijke'kZ ¼fgUnh if=dk½ [k.M o vad 1] iw.ks fo'ofo|ky; izdk'ku
fnlEcj 1989] i- 40
2- clar dqekj yky] dkWUVsEikWjWjh bafM;u fQykWlQh] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl fnYyh] 1978] i-
&20
3- m)r] f'kojke vkIVs] laLdr&fgUnh dks'k] eksrhyky cukjlh nkl] ubZfnYyh] 1969] i`-
489
4- clar dqekj yky] dkWUVsEikjWjh bfM;u fQykWlkWQh] i- 15
5- ogh] ¼bUVªksMDlu½] i- 13
6- jketh flag ¼,fMVj½] oYMZ ilZisfDVo bu fQykWlkWQh] ¼fjfytu ,.M dYpj½] Hkkjrh Hkou]
iVuk] 1908
7- tkWtZ xSyos- n fQykWlkWQh vkWQ fjfytu] yanu 1914] i- 184
8- vkbZ] ÝkWykWo] fMdlujh vkWQ fQykWlkWQh izksxsl ifCy'klZ ekLdks] 1984] i`- 359
9- lqjsUnzukFk nklxqIrk] fgLVªh vkWQ bafM;u fQykWlkWQh fdrkc egy] bykgkcknA 1969 i- 19
10- Vh ,l bfy,V] lysDVsM ,lst] Qscj fy- 24 jlsy ,lDokbj yanu] 1951] i- 554
11- ,p- ,e- HkVVkpk;Z] n fizUliqYl vkWQ fQykWlkWQh] ;qfuoflZVh vkWQ dydŸkk] 1959] i- 7
12- lqjsUnzukFk nklxqIrk] fgLVªh vkWQ bafM;u fQykWlkWQh okY;we ou] i- 20
13- Mh- ,e- nŸkk] n phQ djsaVl vkWQ dkWUVsEikWjjh fQykWlkWQh] dydŸkk ;qfuoflZVh izsl]
1960] i`- 525
14- iszepUn] lkfgR; dk mís';] gal izdk'ku bykgkckn] 1967] i`- 144&145
15- lqjsUnzukFk nklxqIrk] fgLVªh vkWQ bafM;u fQykWlkWQh] okY;we ou] i- 19
16- jkekdkUr] f=ikBh] fLiukstk bu n ykbV vkWQ n osnkUrk] cukjl fgUnw ;qfuoflZVh cukjl]
1959] i`- 16
17- Lokeh foosdkuUn fgt dky Vw n us'ku] v}Sr vkJe] ,uVksyh jksM dydŸkk 1985] i`- 26
18- jkekdkUr f=ikBh] fLiukstk bu n ykbV vkWQ n osnkUrk] i`- 13
19- Lokeh foosdkuUn] fgt dky Vw n us'ku] i`- 72
20- MkW- jketh flag ¼,fMVj½] oYMZ ilZisfDVo bu fQykWlkWQh ¼fjfytu ,.M dYpj]½] i`- 223
21- jkekdkUr f=ikBh] fLiukstk bu n ykbV vkWQ n osnkUrk] i`- 16
22- vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy] fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk dk'kh la- 2040 i-
43
23- ,p- ,e- HkVVkpk;Z] n fizUliqYl vkWQ fQykWlkWQh] i- 358
24- ogh]
25- ,Q- ,p- czSMys ¼vuq- Mk- Qrgflag½] vkHkkl vkSj lr] fgUnh lfefr lwpuk foHkkx mŸkj
izns'k] y[kuÅ 1964] i- 396
26- ogh]
27- MkW- loZiYyh jk/kkd".ku~] ¼vuq- Lo- uUn fd'kksj xksfHky½ Hkkjrh; n'kZu Hkkx ,d] U;wenu
gkQVksu da- fnYyh] 1973] i`- 21
28- okeu f'kojke vkIVs] laLdr&fgUnh dks'k] i`- 450
29- lqjsUnzukFk nklxqIrk] fgLVªh vkWQ bafaM;u fQykWlkWQh] i`- 20
v/;k; & 13
foKku vkSj v/;kRevkt lalkj dk ekuo vR;Ur ihfM+r ,oa larIr gSA fofHkUu izdkj ds
vkStkjksa] midkj.kksa ,oa lq[k ds lk/kuksa ds vkfo”dkj rFkk vuqla/kku ds ckotwn vrIr]
vlarq”V ,oa O;fFkr nf”Vxr gksrk gSA mlds fpj nX/k&nq%[kh thou esa vk/;kfRed
vkuUn rks D;k nSfgd lqq[k ds Hkh n’kZu ugha gksrs] og fcYdqy cspSu gS] ‘kakfr&’kkafr dk
ukjk vFkok ln~Hkkouk dh jSyh ek= lM+dksa] eapksa vFkok i=&if=dkvksa ,oa iqLrdksa rd
gh lhfer jg x;s gSa vkSj og vf/kdkf/kd rduhdh izxfr vFkok vU; oSKkfud mUufr
djus ds mijkUr Hkh v’kkar ,oa O;fFkr thou O;rhr dj jgk gSA vkt mlds ikl
i;kZIr oSHko] vikj /ku ,oa lef) dks ,d= djus ds fy;s] mlds ikl Hkjiwj oSKkfud
lk/ku gSA fQj Hkh mldk thou lrr~ fujk’kk] {kksHk] ijLij la?k”kZ bR;kfn dk f’kdkj
gksrk tk jgk gSA ,d vksj og thou dks vf/kdkf/kd lEiUu ,oa lqfuf’pr djus ds
fy;s izpqj ek=k esa HkkSfrd ,oa vf/kHkkSfrd lk/kuksa dks tqVk jgk gS rks nwljh vkssj fo’o
dY;k.k ds fy;s vusdkusd lk/kuksa dh ckr Hkh dj jgk gS] fQj Hkh vHkh rd mlds
fy,s okLrfod vkuan ftls egf”kZ;ksa] _f”k;ksa vFkok egkiq:”kksa us ije Js; cryk;k gS]
vkdk’k dqlqe cuk gqvk gSA
,d O;fDr nwljs O;fDr ij] ,d /kekZoyEch nwljs /kekZcyEch ;k /kekZoyfEc;ksa
ij vkSj ,d jk”Vª nwljs jk”Vª ij nks”kkjksiu dj jgs gSaA vius lq[k vFkok vgadkj ds
fy;s nwljs dk [kwu dj jgs gSaA dksbZ efUnj rksM+ jgs gSa rks dksbZ efLtnA dksbZ dqN
HkkSfrd lEink ds fy;s nwljs ij vkØe.k dj jgsa gS rks dksbZ jk”Vª dh v[k.Mrk dks
rksM+dj Lora= jk”Vª dh ckrsa dj jgs gSaA lewps fo’o ds fo?kVu vkSj fo[k.Mu dh tks
izfØ;k lu~ 1991 esa ‘kq: gqbZ Fkh] lu~ 1992 esa og vkSj rhoz gks xbZ ,oa vkt og
rhczrj gksrh tk jgh gSA lu~ 1991 ds vUr esa geus ,d egk’kfDr dks [k.M&[k.M
gksdj fc[kjrs ns[kk rks nwljh egk’kfDr dks egkeanh ls ihlrs vkSj lgk;rk ds fy;s
vius vkdkj ls dgha NksVs jk”Vª ¼tkiku vkfn½ ls fxM+fxM+krs ns[kk gSA lksfo;r la?k ds
fc[kjko ls ,d vkSj uohu [krjk eaMjkus yxk gSA vkSj ;g gS& bLykeh lkezkT;okn
dkA vkradokn ds uXu urZu ls ‘kfDr’kkyh jk”Vª vesfjdk Hkh vius dks cpk ugha
ik;kA fc[kjs lksfo;r la?k ds eqlyeku vU; ns’kksa dks Hkh lkFk ysdj ,d u;h
egk’kfDr cukus dh fQØ esa gSaA b/kj yksdrkaf=d ‘kfDr;ksa dk Hkh mn; gks jgk gSA
fQj Hkh lkEiznkf;d rkdrksa ij iw.kZ fu;a=.k djuk vlaHko izrhr gks jgk gSA ,slh
fLFkfr esa lHkh euq”;ksa dks fdlh u fdlh er dks Lohdkj djus ds fy;s etcwj gksuk
iM+k gSA MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~ ds ‘kCnksa esa “yxrk gS ge fdlh Hkh Hkzkafr esa iM+us dks rS;kj gSa]
fQj pkgs og iksi dh gks ;k ckbfcy ;k ekDlZ dhA1 ekuo dh ;g Ågkiksg dh fLFkfr
rHkh lekIr gks ldrh gS tc og foKku ,oa v/;kRe ds deZ ,oa eeZ dks le> ysxkA
oLrqr% fdlh Hkh ckr dk vkSfpR; rFkk vukSfpR; dh tkudkjh izkIr djus ds mijkUr
gh mldk vuqlj.k djuk pkfg, tks diksy dYiuk cuk gqvk gSA
vc iz’ku mBrk gS fd bl rjg dh leL;kvksa dk lkek/kku dSls vkSj fdl
izdkj laHko gksxk\ vkt foKku vkSj v/;kRe dks ,d nwljs dk fojks/kh o foijhr
cryk;k tk jgk gSA dgk tkrk gS fd nksuksa ds chp rkyesy laHko ugha gSA ,d izR;{k
dh iz/kkurk dks Lohdkj djrk gS rks nwljk ijks{k vFkok vn’; ;k vUrcksZ/k dksA rHkh
rks cryk;k x;k gS fd & “In India, like other countries religion has been one
of the greatest factors for unscientific thought. It is always based on faith
which is generally the negation of reason.”2 ijUrq ;g Ågkiksg Hkh LFkwy Lrj ij
lkspusa okyksa ds fnekx dh mit gSA vkt oSKkfudksa ,oa /kkfeZd fpUrdksa vFkok v/;kRe
okfn;ksa us Hkh Øe’k% bl er ds leFkZu esa i;kZIr lcwr twVk fy;k gS fd nksuksa esa
vU;ksU;kJ; laca/k gSA ljtsEl thUl ,oa eSDl Iykad tSls fo}kuksa us ;g tkfgj dj
fn;k gS fd v/;kRe vuq’kkluksa ds lacy dh foKku dks t:jr gS] lkFk gh oSKkfud
euksofr dk vkjksiu v/;kRe ds fy;s vfuok;Z gSA ysfol eeQksMZ vkSj ekfVZu cwcj us
Hkh nksuksa ¼foKku ,oa vk/;kRe½ es lkeatL; ;k ,drk LFkkfir djus dh dksf’k’k dh gSA
MkW- jkeeuksgj yksfg;k us Hkh bl ckr dh iqf”V dh gSA mUgha ds ‘kCnksa esa & “ysfol
eeQksMZ vkSj ekfVZu cwcj tSls yksxksa us lPph ,drk dh vksj egRoiw.kZ izxfr dh gS + + +
vfLrÙo cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s vUrZKku dh ,slh Hkk”kk vkSj ,sls fopkj cukus gksaxs
ftudks ckSf)drk vkSj vk/;kfRedrk vkil esa cnyh tk ldsA”3
ftl izdkj dkUV us lsfUlofyVh ds fy, dkWUlsIV vkSj dkWUlsIV ds fy;s
lsfUlofyVh dks vfuok;Z ekuk gS ¼budh nf”V esa ,d ds vHkko esa nwljk vU/kk gS vkSj
nwljs ds vHkko esa ,d fjDr gSA Hkkjr esa Hkh lf”V ds fy;s egf”kZ dfiy vkfn us izdfr
vkSj iq:”k nksuksa dks vfuok;Z cryk;k gS½ Bhd mlh izdkj foKku ds vHkko esa v/;kRe
n’kZu ek= fo’okluh; egkiq:”kksa dk opu rF; O;k[;k jfgr gksrk tk jgk gSA ‘kk;n
blfy;s vJ)k ,oa vckSf)d nf”Vxr gksrk gSA nwljh vksj v/;kRe ewY;ksa ls jfgr
foKku vukLFkk dks tUe nsrk nh[k iM+rk gSA vkSj vfo’okl vFkok vukLFkk fo/oal dk
dkj.k gSA blfy;s nksuksa esa lkeatL; dk gksuk furkUr vko’;d gSA foKku fu;e
crkrk gS vkSj v/;kRe mu fu;eksa dk fu;Urk ds lkFk laca/k <w<+rk gSA fcuk fu;eksa dk
fu;ark dSlk vkSj fcuk fu;Urk ds fu;e dSls\ vukfn dky ls gh lPph vk/;kfRedrk
,oa foKku ,d nwljs ds lkFk jgs gSaA foKku vkSj v/;kRe esa fojks/k laca/k fl) djus
dk iz;Ru loZizFke if’pe esa] [kkldj ;ksjksi esa bZlkbZ /keZ us fd;k FkkA bZlkb;ksa us
viuh lÙkk dh j{kk ds fy;s /keZ dk vFkZ yxk;k fd iksi dh ok.kh gh lR; gS ;kuh
iksi tks dg ns ogh /keZ gSA blfy;s xSyhfy;ks vkfn dks Lora= fopkjksa vkSj vUos”k.kksa
ds fy, dM+h ;kruk,a nh xbZ vkSj vUr esa mls tku ls Hkh gkFk /kks iM+kA bl djrwr
dks /kkfeZd ;k vk/;kReoknh djrwr ugha dgk tk;xkA vU/kfo’okl vkSj foKku esa oSlk
gh fojks/k gS tSlk fd vk/;kfRedrk vkSj vKku esa gSA izkphu Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa us eks{k
dh izkfIr vFkok bZ’oj dh izkfIr ds fy;s Kku dks gh lk/ku cryk;k gSA nqHkkZZZX;o’k
vkt foKku vkSj v/;kRe dkss ijLij fojks/kh cryk;k tk jgk gSA4
;g dguk fd foKku vkSj v/;kRe esa iwoZ vkSj if’pe dk QdZ gSA ;g nksuksa
bdV~Bs ugha jg ldrs gSA v/;kRe dk tekuk yn pqdk gS ;kuh v/;kRe dk mlh
le; rd ‘kklu Fkk tc foKku ,o oSKkfud tkudkjh dk vHkko FkkA vc foKku dk
;qx vk x;kA blfy;s v/;kReokn ;k vkfLrdokn dks lnk ds fy;s nQuk nsuk
pkfg;sA5
izdk’k esa vU/ksjs dk D;k dke gS\ xEHkhjrkiwoZd fopkj djus ij ;g fopkj
vlaxr izrhr gksrk gSA oLrqr% nksuksa dk ¼foKku ,oa vk/;kRe dk½ mn~ns’; ekuoksa dk
fodkl djuk gSA nksuksa fo’o esa lqUnj O;oLFkk dk;e djus ds fy;s iz;Ru’khy jgs gaSA
foKku vkSj v/;kRe nksuksa dk laca/k txr~ vkSj thou ls gSA Hkkjr esa dHkh Hkh foKku
dks v/;kRe dk fojks/kh ugha ekuk x;k gSA [kkldj oSfnd ;qx esa rks foKku vkSj
v/;kRe dh f’k{kk ,d lkFk gh nh tkrk FkhA osn esa foKku vkSj v/;kRe dks vyx
vyx ugha j[kk x;k gSA pwfd os yksx ,slk ekurs Fks fd nksuksa esa ijLij iwjd dk
lEcU/k gSA vkt iFoh] ok;q] ty] vfXu vkSj vkdk’k dh lqj{kk ,oa ‘kkfUr ds fy;s
foKku iz;Ru’khy gSA iznw”k.k dks jksdus ds fy;s fofHkUu mik;ksa dk btkn fd;k tk
jgk gSA oSfnd _f”k;ksa us Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks igys gh f’k{kk ns nh Fkh fd& “Pure and
peaceful be earth, peaceful ether, peaceful heaven, peaceful water, peaceful
trees. May all gods and environs. Be pure environment and peaceful. May
there be purity, non-pollution and peace through these invocations.”6 ;g
;tqosZn dh ckrsa lalkj ds fy;s vkt Hkh vuqdj.kh; gSA ogka foKku vkSj v/;kRe nksuksa
dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA vkt oSKkfud vkSj v/;kReoknh nksuksa fo’o dh ‘kkafr vkSj
i;kZoj.k dh ‘kqf) ds fy;s fpfUrr gaSA nksuksa blds fy;s o{kkjksi.k] vfXugks=] ty
lap;] tyk’k; dh O;oLFkk ds fy;s iz;Ru’khy gSaA oSfnd ;qx ls ysdj vkt rd
Hkkjr ds vf/kdka’k fo}kuksa us foKku vkSj v/;kRe esa lkeatL; LFkkfir djus dk gh
iz;kl fd;k gSA iqjk.kksa ds v/;;u ls ;g ckr vkSj Li”V gks tkrh gS fd izdfr vkSj
ekuo tkfr ds bfrgkl ds izfr Hkkjrh; nf”Vdks.k leUo;oknh jgk gSA blfy;s mlesa
HkkSfrd txr~ dh LFkwy ?kVukvksa esa Hkh vk/;kfRed rÙoksa o izofr;ksa ds vuqla/kku dh
izofr jgh gSA7
oLrqr% Hkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laLdfr esa oSKkfud rF;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk fpjUru
ewY;ksa ;kuh vk/;kfRed ewY;ksa ds izfr Hkh tkx:drk nf”Vxr gksrh gSA ;gk¡ vU; txgksa
dh rjg v/;kRe’kkL= ds vUrxZr gh foKku dh Hkh ckrsa crykbZ xbZ gS vkSj ckn esa
pydj nksuksa dks iFkd~&iFkd~ ns[kuk ‘kq: fd;k gSA fQj Hkh nksuksa dks ,d nwljs dk
fojks/kh ugha cryk;k x;k gSA nksuksa ds {ks= vo’; vyx&vyx gSaA tgka rd nksuksa esa
vUrj dk iz’u gS fo}kuksa us fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa dh vksj /;ku vkd”V fd;k gS&
¼1½ lalkj dh mRifŸk
foKku lalkj dh mRifŸk dk izdkj crkrh gS vkSj v/;kRe bldk dkj.kA
mnkgj.k ds fy;s eku fy;k tk; fd ,d O;fDr ds ikl ,d ?kM+h gS] og bldh
mRifr dk dkj.k tkuuk pkgrk gSA ,d nwljk le>nkj O;fDr mldk fo’ys”k.k djds
mlls dgrk gS fd igys yksgs ds d.k feV~Vh esa feys gq, iFoh ds Hkhrj fo|eku FksA
[kku ls og d.k yk;s x;s vkSj cM+h&cM+h HkfV~B;ksa esa mudks feV~Vh ls vyx djds
NksVh&NksVh ‘kykdkvksa dk :i fn;k x;k] fQj bu ‘kykdkvksa ds NksVs&NksVs VqdM+sa
xykdj fdlh LFkku esa dekuh] fdlh LFkku esa ifg;k] fdlh LFkku ij <Ddu] fdlh
LFkku ij dkMZ cksMZ] fdlh LFkku ij lqbZ vkfn cukbZ xbZA fQj bu lcds feyus ls
?kM+h cu xbZA rks ;g ?kM+h dh mRifr dk izdkj gS] mldk dkj.k ughaA okLro esa
foKku fo’o dh mRifŸk dk izdkj crkrk gS u fd dkj.kA izdkj dks dkj.k le>uk
cgqr cM+h Hkwy gSA vkeZLVªkax us bl fo”k; ij cgqr vPNk oDrO; fn;k gS fd& “igys
ns[kuk pkfg;s fd lf”V&mRifŸk ds fo”k; esa foKku D;k dgrk gSA
lf”V ¼mRifŸk½ ls iwoZ ,d lw{e nzO; leLr vkdk’k esa QSyk gqvk FkkA
rnUrj ;g nzO; fo’ks”k dsUnz LFkkuksa esa Xkk<+k gks x;k vkSj bu dsUnzksa esa ,d izdkj dh
xfr mRiUu gks x;hA dky&dze esa gjsd dsUnz ,d xksyk cu x;k vkSj vius dhy ij
cgqr cM+s osx ls ?kweus yxkA ?kweus ds dkj.k mu xksyksa esa ls NksVs&NksVs Hkkx VwV dj
vyx gks x;sA igys rks budks ‘kfu’pj xzg dh rjg pwfM+;k¡&lh cu xbZ fQj mlds
ckn muds Hkh NksVs&NksVs xksys cu x;sA ;g xksys Hkh viuh dhy ij ?kweus yxs vkSj
cM+s xksyksa ds pkjksa vksj Hkh bu NksVs&NksVs xksyksa esa ls vyx VqdM+s gq, vkSj bl izdkj
pkan cus] ftuesa rhu izdkj dk xfr;ka gks xbZA ,d viuh dhy ij nwljh mixzgksa ds
pkjksa vksj] rhljh mixzgksa ds lkFk&lkFk dsUnzhHkwr lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj ?kweus yxkA buesa
dqN xksyksa ij izk.kh gS vkSj dqN ij ughaA foKku ;g ugha crk ldrk gS fd nwljs
xksyksa esa izk.kh gS ;k ughaA foKku ;g tkurk gS fd iFoh ij izk.kh gSA bldks ;g irk
gS fd izdfr ds ijek.kq bl izdkj la;qDr gks x;s gSa fd oh;Z dks”B ¼izksVksIykTe½ vFkkZr~
izkf.k;ksa ds ‘kjhj dk ewyk/kkj cu x;kA ijUrq ;g crykuk vHkh rd blls laHko ugha
gks ldk gS fd ;g ijek.kq bl izdkj dSls fey x;s fd loZFkk blls fHkUu oLrq vFkkZr~
psruk ;k vkRek mRiUu gks tk;A8
¼2½ izdfr ds rÙoksa dk foospu vkSj mlds ewyHkwr fu;eksa ,oa laca/kksa dk
mn~?kkVu djuk foKku dk dke gSA ;g ckg~; txr~ ds rF;ksa dks ;Fkkor :i essa xzg.k
djrk gS vkSj lkFk gh lkFk ckg~; vkdkjksa] vUrlZEcU/kksa vkSj fo’ks”krkvksa dk fujh{k.k
djrk gSA ;g txr~ dh fLFkfr;ksa vkSj izfrfd;kvksa dk Hkh fu:i.k djrk gSA foKku
dk mn~ns’; rF;ksa dk laxzg] mudk oxhZdj.k vkSj lkekU; fu;e&fu/kkZj.k gSA ;g
fofo/k inkFkksZa ds vUrxZr ,d lkeU; fopkj lw= dh [kkst djrk gSA vr% foKku ,d
ckSf)d iz;Ru gSA ;g fo’o ds inkFkksZa dh Øec)] fu;fer vkSj ;qfDrlaxr O;k[;k
izLrqr djrk gSA v/;kRe’kkL= dk {ks= Hkko vkSj dYiuk dk gSA v/;kRe ‘kkL= esa Hkh
fopkj&rÙo jgrs gSaA fdUrq v/;kRe ‘kkL= dk fopkj vuqHkwfr dk vax cudj vkrk gSA
bls vUruqZHkwfr vFkok vUrcksZ/k dgk tkrk gSA
¼3½ foKku gesa inkFkksaZ ds ;FkkFkZ :i] xq.k izdfr ,oa fØ;k ls ifjfpr djk
nsrk gSA blds mijkUr v/;kRe ‘kkL= mu inkFkksZa ds izfr gekjh vkReh;rk] Hkkokos’k
mn~cq) djds muds izfr gekjk nf”Vdks.k vksj dÙkZO; cks/k fufnZ”V djrk gSA vuqdwy
;k izfrdwy vkpj.k djuk v/;kRe’kkL= gh crykrk gSA
¼4½ foKku inkFkZ ds cfgjax dks gh ns[krk gSA mldh jpuk] vkdkj] fØ;k
vkfn dk foospu dj larq”V gks tkrk gS] v/;kRe ‘kkL= mlds vkUrfjd jgL; vkSj
lkSUn;Z dk mn~?kkVu djrk gSA foKku dh nf”V esa lw;Z ,d xzg ek= gSA v/;kRe
‘kkL= dh nf”V esa og lcdk firk gS] blh rjg foKku dh nf”V esa pUnzek ,d mixzg
ek= gS] v/;kRe ‘kkL= dh nf”V esa lcdk ekek gS] je.kh ds eq[k&e.My dh Hkkafr
lqUnj vkSj vg~yknd gSA fo’o dk jgL; vkSj lkSUn;Z mldks vUrZlaca/k vuqHkwfr dk
fo”k; jgk gSA lnSo ls ;g euq”; dks eu ds }kjk pfyr djrk gSA blfy;s v/;kRe
‘kkL= dk v/;;u vfuok;Z gSA
¼5½ foKku inkFkZ dks [k.M&:Ik esa fujh{k.k ,oa v/;;u djrk gS] v/;kRe
‘kkL= fo’o ds inkFkksZa esa v[k.Mrk ,oa lf’y”Vrk dk v/;;u djrk gSA inkFkZ dh
lEiw.kZrk esa v/;;u djuk v/;kRe dk dke gS foKku dk ughaA
¼6½ foKku dk {ks= v/;kRe ls ladh.kZ gSA foKku LFkwy dh O;oLFkk vkSj
O;k[;k djrk gSA v/;kRe ‘kkL= esa LFkwy vkSj lw{e nksuksa dh O;oLFkk vkSj O;k[;k dh
tkrh gSA euq”; dk vfLrÙo rhu rÙoksa esa foHkkftr gS&’kjhj] cqf) vkSj gn;A dgk
tk; fd deZ] fopkj vkSj Hkko gh euq”; ds fy;s vfLrÙo ds rhu Lrj gSaA bu rhu
ryksa ls Lo;a gh ;k=k gks ldrh gSA LFkwyre ;k=k gksxh deZokn dh nwljk gksxk Kku
dk] fopkj ;k fpUru euu dkA nwljs n~okj dk uke Kku ;ksx gSA ;gka foKku gesa
,d gn rd enn ns ldrk gS]fdUrq rhljs }kj ;kuh HkfDr esa foKku dqN Hkh enn
ugha ns ldrk gSA ;g }kj lw{ekfrlw{e gSA bldh foospuk v/;kRe ‘kkL= esa gS fdUrq
foKku esa ugha gS blfy;s nksuksa ds {ks= foLrkj esa vUrj gSA
¼7½ foKku dk fo”; ,sfrgkfld ¼lkis{k½ psruk gS vkSj v/;kRe dk fo”k;
‘kk’or ¼fujis{k½ vkSj ifjorZu’khy psruk ¼lkis{k½ nksuksa gSA
¼8½ foKku ds ‘kks/kdk;Z gj le; Hk;Hkhr djrk gqvk] {k.k&{k.k ekuo eu
dks O;xz djrk gqvk izrhr gksrk gS] tcfd v/;kRe‘kkL= thou dh lgtrk] fuHkZ;rk
vkSj vejrk dh ekax djrk gqvk izrhr gksrk gSA blls O;xzrk ugha cfYd ‘kkafr feyrh
gSA
¼9½ foKku esa ftKklk] ‘akdk vkSj cqf) rÙo dh iz/kkurk jgrh gS] tcfd
v/;kRe‘kkL= esa fo’okl dh iz/kkurk jgrh gSA gkykafd blesa Hkh ftKklk cqf) vkSj
‘akdk dh ckrsa gSa fdUrq xkS.k :i esaA vur’psruk gh fo’okl dk vk/kkj gSA ;g vk/kkj
v/;kReokn ls izkIr gksrk gSA
vr% lf”V dh O;k[;k ds fy;s foKku i;kZIr ugha gSA mlds fy;s bldks
¼foKku dk½ v/;kRe dh ‘kj.k esa tkuk gh iM+sxkA fo’o dh mRifŸk] fLFkfr vkSj izy;
rhuksa vyx vyx rFkk lc feykdj ;gh fl) djrh gS fd budk dkj.k ,d psru
‘kfDr gSA og oS;fDrd Hkh gS vkSj fuosZ;fDrd HkhA ;kuh ;gh lÙkk dHkh fuxZq.k jgrh gS
vkSj dHkh lxq.k gks tkrh gSA dHkh ,d rks dHkh vusd esa ifj.kr gks tkrh gSA oxZlka
vkfn us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA v/;kReoknh O;kl eqfu us blfy;s cryk;k gS
fd& “rnso izFke lw=s.k ehekalkjEHkeqiikfn~; czg~e ehekalkekjHkrs tUekn~;L; ;r%
¼1A1A2½9 vFkkZr~ lalkj dh mRifŸk] fLFkfr vkSj izy; dk dk.k czg~e gh gSA
vr% uhI’ks vkfn vfLrÙookfn;ksa dk ;g dguk mfpr izrhr ugha gksrk gS fd
foKku ds ;qx esa bZ’oj dh eR;q gks xbZA csdqfuu dk ;g dguk Hkh vuqi;qDr yxrk gS
fd “;fn lpeqp dksbZ bZ’oj ekStwn gS rks mls u”V dj nsuk vko’;d gSA”10 D;ksafd
bZ’oj vkSj v/;kRe O;fDr dks detksj cuk nsrk gSA
oLrqr% v/;kRe vkSj vk/;kfRed ‘kfDr dh t:jr igys Hkh Fkh] vkt Hkh gS
vkSj Hkfo”; esa Hkh jgsxhA tgk¡ rd lerk dk iz’u gS fo}kuksa us fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dh
vksj ldsr fd;k gS&ftl izdkj vk/;kfRed egkiq:”kksa dh nf”V esa vHksn Kku izkIr
djuk gh v/;kRe dk mn~ns’; gS] mlh izdkj oSKkfudksa dk Hkh y{; ;gh vHksn Kku
izkIr djuk gSA QdZ voLFkk vkSj izfØ;k dk gS y{; dk ughaA vkpk;Z jkepUnz ‘kqDy
tSls izfl) vkykspd ,oa leh{kd us Hkh bl ckr dk leFkZu fd;k gSA uhydkUr ds
‘kCnksa esa “;gha vHksn Kku vkSj /keZ dk vkHkkl fey ldrk gSA ;gha vHksn Kku vkSj
/keZ nksuksa dk y{; gSA foKku blh vHksn dh [kkst esa gS] /keZ bl vksj fn[k jgk gSA”11
pwafd nksuksa dk v{; ekuo dY;k.k gSaA
Lokeh foosdkuUn us Hkh bl ckr dh iqf”V dh gSA bUgksaus foKku vkSj v/;kRe
esa lkeatL; LFkkfir djrs gq;s fgUnw /keZ dh rkfdZd ,oa oSKkfud O;k[;k }kjk fgUnw
tkfr dh uSfrd ,oa vk/;kfRed fot; dk ekxZ iz’kLr djus dh dksf’k’k dh gSA budh
nf”V esa v/;kReokn ds }kjk gh fo’o dk dY;k.k laHko gSA blh ds }kjk fo’o vHksn
Kku izkIr dj ldrk gSA tu&tu ds uk;d rFkk ekuork ds iqtkjh Lokehth us pkj
tqykbZ 1902 esa egkiz;k.k fd;k fdUrq v/;kRe lsok] R;kx dh tks T;ksfr mUgksus ml
le; tykbZ Fkh mls vkt Hkh iznhIr j[kus dh vko’;drk gSA v/;kRe dk egRo
n’kkZrs gq;s jkepUnz ‘kqDy us fy[kk gS& “/keZ gh ls euq”; tkfr dh fLFkfr gS] vr%
mlds laca/k esa fdlh izdkj dh :fpHksn] erHksn vkfn ugha gSA”12
budh bl ;qfDr ls tkfgj gksrk gS fd /keZ ;k v/;kRe Lor% izek.k gS] og
bZ’ojdr gS] blfy;s yksdkrhr gSA rdZfordZ ls ijs J)k vkSj vkLFkk dh oLrq gSA
lalkj dk fodkl] mUufr ,oa ,drk ds fy;s Kku] J)k vkSj fo’okl dh furkUr
vko’;drk gSA ‘kqDy th dh nf”V esa vk/;kfRed ‘kfDr ds fcuk txr~ dh ,drk laHko
ugha gSA foKku vkSj vk/;kfRed lÙkk,a ,d gh ije lÙkk esa lefUor vkSj ,dhdr gks
tkrh gSA vkbUlVkbu us U;w;kdZ VkbEl ds 9 uoEcj] 1930 ds vad esa ,d ys[k fy[kk
Fkk] /keZ vkSj foKkuA mlesa mUgksausa /keZ ds rhu Lo:iksa dk ftØ fd;k gS&Hk;ewyd]
uhfrewyd vkSj oSf’od ¼dkWfLed½A vfUre Lo:i dks mUgksaus foKku dh ewy izsj.kk
dgk gSA mUgha ds ‘kCnksa esa& “bl vuqHko ¼fo’o :ih /kkfeZd vuqHko½ dks fdlh ,sls
vkneh dks le>k lduk dfBu gS ftlds ikl ;g fcYdqy gS gh ugha + + + ;g
fo’o:ih /kkfeZd vuqHko] tks euq”; dks bruh ‘kfDr nsrk gSA”13 vr% Hksnksa esa vHksn
nf”V gh lPph rŸo nf”V gSA tgk¡ v/;kReokfn;ksa us ije lR; dks ,d cryk;k gS] tks
fd lr~ + fpr~ + vkuUn gSA nwljh vksj oSKkfudksa us Hkh ije rŸo dks ,d cryk;k gS
¼vkfn ijek.kq½ tks fd ewrZ inkFkZ gSA ewrZ vkSj vewŸkZ ,d gh lÙkk ds nks :i gaSA
blfy;s lÙkk dks tkuus ds fy;s foKku vkSj v/;kRe nksuksa dh vko’;drk gSA MkW
+uUnfd’kksj uoy ds vuqlkj] “‘kqDyth us ;gkW foKku vkSj n’kZu vFkok foKku vkSj
/keZ dks ,d fcUnq ij [kM+k dj fn;k gS] tks rkfŸod nf”V ls xyr gks ldrk gS]
ysfdu lkekftd nf”V ls ughaA”14 fdUrq gekjh nf”V esa ‘kqDyth dk ;g nf”Vdks.k
rkfŸod nf”V ls Hkh mfpr Bgjrk gSA vr% euq”; ek= ds chp ,dRo vkSj lkSgknZiw.kZ
laca/k ds fy;s bl vHksn Kku dh vko’;drk eglwl dh tk jgh gSaA blhfy;s
‘kadjkpk;Z us v}Srokn dh LFkkiuk dh gSA osnkfUr;ksa dh v}Sr fu”Bk ls ge lc
ifjfpr gSaA Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk vkSj czg~elw= dh ewy ekU;rk ,drk gh gS vusdrk ughaA
v}Sr vFkok vHksn Kku ds fy;s fujh{k.k ,oa iz;ksx dk ftruk egRo gS
mlls dgha vf/kd vuqHkwfr dk egRo gSA vuqHkwfr v/;kRe ds fy;s gh izek.k gS blfy;s
‘kqDyth us fy[kk gS& “vuqHkwfr ds }U} ls izk.kh ds thou dk vkjaHk gksrk gS”15
blfy;s foKku ds fy;s Hkh vuqHkwfr dh t:jr gSA vkt bl vuqHkwfr ds vHkko ds
dkj.k gh lalkj nks [kseksa esa cVa x;k gSA ,d dk izfrfuf/kRo fdlh u fdlh izdkj ls
vesfjdk dj jgk gSA rks nwljs rjQ ,d xqV o i{k dk usrRo :l dj jgk gSA
gkykafd ,d rhljh ‘kfDr xqV fujis{k dh Hkh gS fdUrq os Hkh buls izHkkfor gSaA budh
eulk ds eqrkfcd lkjh fØ;k,a lEiUu ugha gks ik jgh gSA vkt ls dqN lky iwoZ
lksfo;r la?k fo’o dk larqyu cuk;s j[kus esa l{ke Fkk fdUrq vkt og VwV x;k gSA
vesfjdk ds lkeus :l detksj fn[kkbZ iM+ jgk gS] fQj Hkh nskuksa esa [khapkrkuh py
jgh gSA nksuksa ns’kksa ds vUrxZr Hkh jktuhfrd] lkekftd] /kkfeZd] vkfFZkd ,oa
lkaLdfrd la?k”kZ py jgs gSaA vc iz’u mBrk gS fd ,slk D;ksa gks jgk gS\ mrj lh/kk gS
;s yksx okLrfod fLFkfr ls ifjfpr ugha gS blfy;s Lor% xqejkg gks jgs gSa vkSj lalkj
ds lkeus ,d migkiksg dh fLFkfr mRiUu dj nh gS ;k vius LokFkZflf) ds fy;s fo’o
dks tkucw> dj xqejkg dj jgs gS] ‘kkafr&’kkafr dk ukjk ,d Hkqykok gSA Lo;a ‘kfDr
c<+kus dh fQØ esa gSa vkSj nwljs dks detksj cukus gsrq izfrcU/k yxk jgs gSaA
bl orZeku leL;k dk lek/kku rHkh laHko gks ldrh gS] tc foKku v/;kRe
ds funsZ’ku esa dke djs vkSj rHkh fo’o dk okLrfod dY;k.k laHko gSA nksuksa dks ,d
nwljs dk fojks/kh ugha cfYd ,d nwljs dk iwjd le>k tk;A oSKkfudksa ds }kjk Kku
dks fud”V vFkok rqPN le> dj cfg”dkj djuk mfpr ugha gSA b/kj tks dsoy
/kkfeZd ekufldrk dk iks”k.k pkgrs gaS] exj oSKkfudrk dks egRo ugha nsrs gaS] muds
fopkj Hkh ,dkaxh ,oa ladh.kZ gSA os v/;kRe dk okLrfod vFkZ ugha tkurs gSaA ,sls
yksxksa ds fy;s jkgqy lkadR;k;u dk dguk Bhd gh gS fd “vkt ge lkbal ds ;qx esa
gSa] fdUrq tc Hkh f’kf{kr yksxksa esa Hkh cgqr ls lkabl ;qx ds igys ds er fopkj py
jgs gSA”16 vr% oSKkfudrk dks utj vUnkt djuk mfpr ugha gSA nq[khZe vkfn ds
oSKkfud uSfrdrk dk [;ky j[kuk vko’;d gSA
¼3½ vkt gesa eglwl djuk pkfg;s fd Kku izkfIr ds fy;s vFkok lR; dh
tkudkjh ds fy;s nks gh jkLrs gSa&,d v/;kReon ls ‘kq: gksdj oSKkfud ekufldrk
rd ys tkus okyk gS rks nwljk foKku ls izkjaHk gksdj n’kZu ij lekIr gksus okyk gSA
nksuksa dk lekIr gksuk ,d gh fcUnw ij gksrk gS vkSj bldh tkudkjh ftlds ek/;e ls
gksrh gS mlh dk uke oSKkfud v/;kReokn gSA vc Li”V gS fd nksuksa ekufldrk
¼oSKkfud ,oa vk/;kfRed½ dk leUo; gksuk vfuok;Z ‘krZ gSA vxj leUo; ugha gqvk
rks nksuksa gh viw.kZ] yaxM+s] vU/ks vkSj vikfgt ds leku gks tk;saxsA
foKku dgrk gS fdlh {ks= fo’ks”k dh tkudkjh t:jh gS vkSj v/;kRe dgrk
gS izR;sd ‘kjhj esa vUrjkRe Hkko dks txk;k tkuk pkfg;sA ‘kadjkpk;Z us v/;kRe dh
ifjHkk”kk nsrs gq;s cryk;k gS fd ^rL; ,o ijL; ckzg~e.k% izfrnsga izR;axkReHkko%A LoHkko%
v/;kRee~ mP;rsA vkRekua nsge~ vf/kdR; izR;xkRear;k izrra ijekFkZ czgkeoklkua oLrq
LoHkko% v/;kRee~ mP;rs v/;kRe’kCnsu vfHk/kh;rs16 vFkkZr~ czg~e dk tks izR;sd ‘kjhj esa
vUrjkRe Hkko gS mldk uke LoHkko gS] og LoHkko gh v/;kRe dgykrk gSA vfHkizk;
;g gS fd vkRek ¼psruk½ ‘kjhj dks vkJ; cukdj tks vUrjkRe Hkko ls mlesa fo|eku
jgus okyk gS vkSj ifj.kke esa tks ijekFkZ czg~e gS ogh rÙo LoHkko gS mls gh v/;kRe
dgrs gS] vFkkZr~ ogh v/;kRe uke ls dgk tkrk gSA
¼4½ oSKkfud v/;kReokn dk ewy ftKklk dh Hkkouk dk gksuk gS] fdlh Hkh
ckr dh fdlh Hkh oLrq dh] ?kVuk Øe dh] peRdkj dh vkfn tks euq”; thou dks
izHkkfor djrk gS dks tkuus ds fy;s D;k] dSls ,oa D;ksa dk iz’u iwNus ds fy;s izsfjr
djsaA ,slh ekufldrk dk gksuk furkUr vko’;d gSA bl izdkj dh ekufldrk gh
v/;kReokn dk ewy izk.k gSA vkSj foKku ds fy;s Hkh] ftKklk dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA
¼5½ nksuksa ds fy;s foKku vkSj v/;kRe bZekunkjh dh vko’;drk gSA Kku dk
fodkl ,oa ;FkkFkZrk dk cks/k lnSo iwoZ /kkj.kkvksa] fl)kUrksa] fu;eksa o fo’oklksa dks xyr
fl) djds vFkok ns’k dky o ifjfLFkfr ds vuqdwy iquZewY;kadu djds gh gksrk gSA
,slh euksofr mi;qZDr ukrksa ds fy;s ck/; dj nsrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd foKku dh
izxfr ds Øfed bfrgkl esa ix&ix ij vusdksa fiNyh ekU;rk,a VwVrh o u;h curh
nf”Vxr gksrh gSA bfrgkl ifjorZu dh izfØ;k gSA18 ;g ek= Hkwrdkyhu ckrksa dh
dgkuh gh ugha cfYd Hkfo”; ds fy;s ekxZn’kZd Hkh gSSA rFkk dfFkr oSKkfudksa dh nf”V
esa Hkys gh bfrgkl ek= Hkwrdkyhu ifjorZuksa dk O;k[;ku gS fdUrq ;FkkFkZ esa bfrgkl
ds vUrxZr mu ifjorZu’khy vrhr esa ls Hkh mu izofr;ksa dk vuqla/kku gksrk jgk gS
tks euq”; dks LFkk;h o vej cukrh gSA MkW +uxsUnz us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd “bfrgklds izfr Hkkjrh; nf”Vdks.k izk;% vkn’kZewyd ,oa v/;kReoknh jgk gS] blfy;s mlesa
HkkSfrd txr~ dh LFkwy ?kVukvksa esa vk/;kfRed rÙoksa o izofr;ksa ds vuqla/kku dh izofr
jgh gSA Hkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laLd`fr esa izk;% lkef;d rÙoksa dh vis{kk fpjUru ewY;ksa
dks vf/kd egRo fn;k tkrk jgk gSA vr% ;gk¡ ds izkphu bfrgkldkjksa us vrhr dh
O;k[;k Hkh blh nf”Vdks.k ls dh] vFkkZr~ os ifjorZu’khy vrhr esa Hkh mu izofr;ksa dk
vuqla/kku djrs jgs gSa tks euq”; dks LFkk;h o vej cukrh gSA”19
vr% ;gk¡a foKku dks v/;kRe ds funsZ’ku esas gh pyus dh btktr feyh vkSj
;g fo’o ds fy;s vuqdj.kh; gSA egku~ oSKkfud vkbZaLVhu us Hkh ekuk gS fd foKku
ds fy;s v/;kRe vko’;d gS] rHkh rks mUgksaus dgk gS fd dsoy foKku ds {ks= esa
xaHkhjrk ls yxs dk;ZdrkZ iw.kZ:is.k v/;kfRed ekus tkus pkfg;sA20 Lokeh foosdkuUn us
Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA bUgksauas Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gS fd vk/kqfud foKku oLrqr%
v/;kRe Hkkouk dh gh vfHkO;fDr gS D;ksafd blesa bZekunkjh ds lkFk lR; dks le>us
dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA vk/;kfRedrk dk vFkZ gh gksrk gS&bZ’oj ds izfr fo’okl]
Js”Brk] vkn’kksZa dh ijkdk”BkA ,slh vkn’kZ ijk;.kofr ds izfr tks >qdus ds fy;s
tu&lk/kkj.k dks vkUnksfyr djs ogh vk/;kfRed ewY;ksa ds ckjs esa dgha vf/kd xgjkbZ
ls lksp ldrk gSA og ijEijkvksa ,oa ‘kk’or ewY;ksa ds cU/ku esa ca/krk ugha gSA blfy;s
,sls yksxksa dh vko’;drk vkt eglwl dh tk jgh gSA oLrqr% foKku vkSj v/;kRe dh
,drk ,oa lkeatL; ls gh gekjk thou O;ofLFkr gks ldsxkA thou dk y{; bfUnz;
rfIr rFkk ekufld ,”k.kvksa dh iwfrZ ek= cu dj ugha cfYd ‘kkafr] larks”k vkSj vkRe
rqf”V gksxkA fpUrdksa us nksuksa dh ,drk vkSj lkeatL; LFkkfir djus ds fy;s
fuEufyf[kr rdZ dh lgk;rk yh gS&
¼1½ fo’okl dk egRo ftruk v/;kRe ds fy;s gS mruk gh foKku ds fy;s
gSA ,d oSKkfud ofr ls ‘kks/k djus okyk O;fDr ewyr% fo’oklh gq;s fcuk ‘kks/k esa izor
gks gh ugha ldrk gSA uohu fl)kUrksa dh LFkkiuk ds fy;s Hkh rks iwoZ LFkkfir fl)kUrksa
ds Kku dh vis{kk jgrh gS vkSj iwoZ fl)kUrksa ds Kku ds fy;s ftls Hkk”kk vkSj xf.kr
ds Kku dh vis{kk gS] mUgsa xzg.k djus ds fy;s mls fo’okl dk vkJ; ysuk gh iM+sxkA
¼2½ O;fDr&eqfDr] lkewfgd lerk vkSj ekuoh; ,drk ds ewY; ekuork ds
Hkkoh fodkl ds fy;s vfuok;Z :i ls lR; rFkk mi;ksxh gSA bl ;qx esa fofHkUu
fopkjksa] n’kZuksa] jktuhfrd] lkekftd la?k”kksZa ds laidZ esa vkus ds mijkUr ekuo dh
leL;kvksa dk xg.k v/;;u vkSj euu djus ds ckn ge bl ifj.kke ij igq¡prs gaS fd
vkt dh vf/k&HkkSfrd ‘kfDr;ksa ds fodkl ds ;qx esa euq”; dks viuh vkarfjd psruk
dh ‘kfDr;ksa dk Hkh mlh vuqikr ls fodkl djuk gksxk] ugha rks fo’o thou esa
ikjLifjd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lkekftd Li/kkZ ds dkj.k dHkh Hkh ladV mifLFkr gks
ldrk gSA foKku ‘kfDr fuekZ.k djus ds cnys fo’o&thou dks /oal dj ldrh gSA
tSlk fd ‘kfDr lEiUu ns’kksa dh vk.kfod ,oa ijek.kq ‘kfDr;ksa dh fujarj c<+rh gqbZ
gksM+ ls izrhr gks jgk gSA egf”kZ iratfy] egf”kZ je.k] lar nknwn;ky] jfonkl]
dchjnkl] egkRek vjfoUn ?kks”k] egkRek xk¡/kh] lqfe=kuUnu iar] Lokeh foosdkuUn] MkW
+jk/kkd”.ku~ vkfn us Hkh bl rF; dk leFkZu fd;k gS fd vkRek dks ijekRek ds fudV
ykuk ,d v/;kfRed y{; gS ftldh miyfC/k ds fy;s vkReksRFkku ,d vfuok;Z ‘krZ gS
vkSj mikluk bl ‘krZ dh iwfrZ dk ,d ek= ljy] lqxe lk/ku gSA mikluk ewyr%
HkfDr ;ksx dh ,d izeq[k izfØ;k gS] ftls xhrk;ksxksa esa loZJs”B ekurh gSA
bl izfØ;k ds rhu ekSfyd rkfÙod la?kVd gS&Hkkoukvksa dk ifj”dj.k vius
Lora=] ,oa foyx vfLrÙo dh foLefr vkSj fojkV lÙkk ls vkRehdj.k ,oa rknkRE;
LFkkfir djus ds fy;s n<+ ladYi] vVwV fu”Bk vkSj vnE; fo’oklA mikluk dk vFkZ
vius pfj= ,oa O;ogkj dks vk/;kfRed ‘kfDr vFkkZr~ bZ’ojh; fo/kku ,oa vuq’kklu ds
vuqdwy djuk gSA ;g lR;] U;k;] fuHkhZdrk] n;k] {kek] ‘khy] Lusg] ijksidkj vkfn
vk/;kfRed xq.kksa dh of) ls orZeku leL;k dk lek/kku laHko gSA foosdkuUn]
jk/kkd”.ku~ vkfn us Lohdkj fd;k gSA vr% nksuksa ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSA pwafd nksuksa gh
,d nwljs ds v/;;u vkSj xzg.k djus esa lgk;d gksrs gSa vkSj Kku ds lokZaxh.k
leUo; ds fy;s izsj.kk nsrs gSaA jk/kkd”.ku~ dk dguk gS fd “ekuo ds nks nf”Vdks.kksa esa
fojks/k gS&,d vksj os ewY;ksa dk Kku izkIr djuk pkgrs gS vkSj thou esa vlhe dh Hkw[k
Hkh gS] ftlds fy;s mls bZ’oj ;k v/;kRe dks fdlh u fdlh :i esa Lohdkj djuk
iM+rk gS] nwljh rjQ ,d ,sls nf”Vdks.k ftldk vkjEHk iqutkZxj.k dky esa gqvk Fkk]
ftldh ‘kfDr ds Jksr foKku dh egku~ [kksts vkSj rduhdh vkfo”dkj gS; nksuksa
nf”Vdksa.k dk laca/k ekuo dY;k.k ls gSA”21 egkRekxk¡/kh us rks ;gk¡a rd cryk;k gS
fd& “I recognise no God except the God that is to be found in the hearts of
the dumb millions….. and I worship the God that is truth….. through the
service of these millions……22
Lokeh foosdkuUn us Hkh vehj vkSj xjhc] ‘kwnz vkSj czkge.k vkfn ds Hksn dks
feVkdj ,dRo LFkkfir djus dh dksf’k’k dh gSA os oxZ la?k”kZ ds i{kikrh ugha Fks]
fdUrq oxZ vkSj o.kZ ds Hksn dks feVkdj lektoknh O;oLFkk ds iks”kd FksA MkW +fufr’k
lsu xqIrk us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd & “Vivekananda was the first In India to call
himself a socialist. In his remarkable pamplet ‘I am a socialist’ he did not
quite preach an armed struggle between the classes but surely, advocated a
complete fusion of all classes and castes.”23
Lokeh foosdkuUn dk ;g dguk oSfnd ekU;rkvksa ds vuqdwy gh gSA osnksa esa
Hkh cryk;k x;k gS] izFke /keZ gS] lc gksdj lcds fy;s lc lefiZr djuk] gj dke
dh tkap djuk fd ge ;g dke lcdh vksj ls dj jgs gSa ;k ugha] iqjk.kksa esa Hkh bl
ckr dh iqf”V dh x;h gSA fo|kfuokl feJ us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd ^iqjk.kksa esa /keZ dk
lkj dgk x;k fd “loZHkwrksa dk fgr gh ije /keZ gSA” D;ksafd ogh ijekRek gS] fojkV~
esa vius dks LFkkfir djuk gh ije /keZ gS] /keksZa dk /keZ gSA”24
,dukFk egkjkt dk x/ks dks xaxkty fiykuk Hkh blh ckr dh iqf”V djrk
gSA tc Hkxoku dks vfHk”ksd djkus ds fy;s dU/ks ij j[ks xaxkty dks ,dukFk egkjkt
us lM+d ij I;kl ls ejrs x/ks dks ikuh fiyk;k rks mls I;kl esa viuss vkjk/; nso dh
I;kl ns[k jgs FksA vaxhjl us tks Jhd”.k Hkxoku~ dks f’k{kk nh gS mlls Hkh mDr ckrksa
dh lEiqf”V gksrh gSA NkUnksX;ksIfu”kn~ dh ,d dgkuh esa vaxhjl us nsodh iq= Jhdq”.k
dks blh dk mins’k fn;k fd lcdh Hkw[k] lcdh I;kl vkSj lcds vdsysiu dks le>ks]
;g lcdh fpUrk gh vO;;Hkko gSA25
lektoknh vkSj lkE;oknh fopkj okYehfd jkek;.k] jkepfjr ekul vkfn esa
Hkh feyrk gSA ;g Hkkjr ds fy;s uohu ckr ugha gSA Lokeh foosdkuUn] ,dukFk
egkjkt vkfn us ge lcdks ek= Lej.k fnyk;k gSA
mi;qZDr ckrsa ek= /kkfeZd O;[;ku ugha gS cfYd oSKkfud ,oa v/;kReoknh
lkE;okn dh lEiqf”V gSA vr% lR; ls ftruk okLrk foKku dks gS mruk gh okLrk
v/;kRe dks gSA v/;kRe fo’okl ugha cfYd vfHkofr gSA gjoVZ lkgc us Hkh ekuk gS fd
/keZ vkSj uSfrd dÙkZO;ksa ds chp vfo;ksn; lEcU/k gS vkSj blh izkdfrd Kku&T;ksfr
}kjk izR;sd O;fDr vius drZO;ksa dks fuf’pr dj ldrk gSA26
¼4½ foKku ds lkFk&lkFk vk/;kfRedrk dk fodkl gksuk vkSj ,d dk nwljs
ls lEcU/k tkuuk t:jh gSA xaHkhjrkiwoZd fopkj djsa rks ik;saxs fd nksuksa esa vU;ksU;kJ;
lEcU/k gaSA bl lEcU/k dh tkudkjh ds vHkko ds dkj.k gh ,d O;fDr dk nwljs
O;fDr ds lkFk ,d jk”Vª dk nwljs jk”Vª ds lkFk vkUrfjd vkSj ckg~; laca/k fcxM+rk
tk jgk gSaA
dkUV us U;wVu ds oSKkfud cks/k ds lkFk uSfrd vuqHko vksj vk/;kfRed
fo’okl esa lkeatL; LFkkfir djus ds fy;s gh vkRek dh vejrk vkSj bZ’oj esa fo’okl
dks vko’;d cryk;k gSA dkWIlu us Bhd gh fy[kk gS& “Kant is also concerned in
his ethical writing with metaphysical in another sense. For he tries to
establish as postulates of the moral law the great truths of freedom,
imortality and god. Thus the principle of truth which according to the first
critique is incapable of scientific demonstration and later re-introduced as
postulates of moral or practical faith. This theory is not a mere appendix to
the kantian philosophy still less a superfluous excrescence. For it is an
essential part of Kant’s attempt to harmonize the world of Newtonion
science with the moral experience and of religious faith.27
okYVs;j vkSj ekaVsLD;w us Hkh lekt dY;k.k ds fy;s vk/;kfRed ‘kfDr ds
:i esa bZ’oj dh vko’;drk eglwl dh gSA budk dguk gS fd vxj bZ’oj ugha gS rsk
mls LFkkfir fd;k tk;A ,Q- dkWIlu ds ‘kCnksa esa & “In voltaire’s opinion for
instance if god did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him, precissly
for the moral welfare of society.”28
ekWUVsLD;w us Hkh bl rF; dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA blhfy;s dkWIlu ds fy[kk
gS& “Montesquieu also believed in god, so did Voltaire,”29 vr% budh nf”V esa
fo’o O;oLFkk vkSj vuq’kklu ds fy;s vk/;kfRed ‘kfDr dk gksuk ,d vfuok;Z ‘krZ gSA
budh nf”V esa Hkh ekuo dY;k.k ds fy;s vk/;kfRed ‘kfDr dk mRFkku vko’;d gSA
vkt uSfrd iru dk tks flyflyk rS;kj gks jgk gS mldk vUr dgk¡
tkdj gksxk dqN dgk ugha tk ldrk gS] ij ;g rks fuf’pr gS fd euq”; ek=
vk/;kfRedrk ls ;k ek= oSKkfud ekufldrk ls lalkj dh leL;k dk funku ugha dj
ldrk gSA euq”; ds mYVs fpUru dks rFkk izpfyr ekU;rk izkIr ,dkaxh fujFkZd fopkj
dks cnyk u x;k rks ifj.kfr ,d ,slh foHkhf”kdk ds :i esa izLrqr gksxh tks vR;Ur
d”Vnk;h vkSj fo’o fouk’kd fl) gks ldrh gSA vk/kqfud fopkjd iksij rFkk eSSDl
Cykad us euksfoKku dh leh{kk djrs gq;s fy[kk gS fd “ÝkbM ds euksfoKku esa euq”;
dk cfgeqZ[kh O;ogkj] oa’kkuqØe vkSj vuqdwyu }kjk fu/kkZfjr ekuk tkrk gSA blesa
euq”; dh lw{e ‘kfDr;ksa rFkk mldh vlhe laHkkoukvksa dk dgh Hkh mYys[k ugha gSA”30
ladYi ‘kfDr] bPNk ‘kfDr ds izR;sd rFkk vrhfUnz; lkeF;Z ds fdrus gh Jksr ekuo
ds vpsru eu esa fo|eku gSaA bu lkeF;ksZa dh tkudkjh oSKkfudksa dks vkt Hkh vizkI;
gS fd efLr”d dk og dkSu lk dsUnz gS tks tkxr gksdj fdlh dks es/kk lEiUu cuk
nsrk gS vkSj ftlds izlqIr jg tkus ij nwljs O;fDr lkekU; ntsZ dks ftUnxh O;rhr
djrs jg tkrs gSA
;g ckr u euksfoKku crk ldk gSA vkSj u tho foKku gh] fdUrq v/;kRe]
‘kkL= esa vkfndky ls gh bu ckrksa dh tkudkjh jgh gSA Hkkjr dk v/;kRe ‘kkL= vkt
Hkh gesa crk jgk gS fd lk/kuk ds nks i{k gaS&ri vkSj ;ksxA ri dk vFkZ rikuk gSA
fdlh oLrq dks rikus ls tks mlesa vuko’;d rÙo gksrs gSa] os u”V gks tkrs gSa vkSj ‘kq)
fLFkfr dh lqn<+rk mRiUu gksrh gSaA feV~Vh ds cus ik=ksa dks rikus ls ‘kq)rk vkSj
lqn<+rk vkrh gSA mlh rjg ri ls euq”; dk gn; vkSj efLr”d ifo= gks tkrk gSA
;ksx dk vFkZ tksM+uk gksrk gSA ;ksx esa vkRek dks ijekRek ds lkFk ,dkRe gksus dh
f’k{kk nh tkrh gSA ijekRek ds lkFk ,dRo izkIr djus ls vkRek esa ijekRek dh lHkh
fo’ks”krk,¡ vorfjr gksus yxrh gSA ukys dk ikuh tc unh esa fey tkrk gS rks mldk
xank ty Hkh xaxk ty ds ln’; ifo= gks tkrk gSA euq”; ds lkFk Hkh ;gh ckr gSA
,slh fLFkfr esa og vuqHko djus yxrk gS fd lcdh tUenk=h ,d gh v/;kfRed ‘kfDr
gS A mlus leLr ekuo tkfr dks ,d gh leku cuk;k rFkk og lc esa ,d gh leku
fuokl djrh gSA vr% ge lHkh ,d gSA dksbZ NksVk ;k cM+k ugha gSA fQj nq’eu dk
iz’u gh ugha] pwafd lc ,d gh gSA lar jfonkl] dchj nkl vkfn us Hkh bl ckr dh
lEiqf”V dh gSA vr% oSKkfudksa dks bl vk/;kfRed f’k{kk ls lh[k ysuk pkfg;sA dqN
fo}ku tks ekurs gS] fd iwoZ dh vk/;kfRedrk dks if’pe ds foKku ls feykuk fcYdqy
O;FkZ dh dksf’k’k gSA”31 iwoZ iwoZ gS vkSj if’pe if’pe gSaA nksuksa fey ugha ldrs gSaA
mudk ;g ekuuk ladh.kZ ekufldrk dk ifjpk;d gSA ;s yksx ;g ugha
tkurs gSa fd nksuksa dk iFkd~ vFkok vlEc) jguk fo’o ds fy;s fdruk nq%[knk;h gSA
gekjh nf”V esa foKku ¼ftlesa ;FkkFkZ vFkok ewrZ oLrqvksa dh foospuk gksrh gSA½ vkSj
v/;kRe ¼tks fd vkn’kZ thou dh vFkok vewrZ inkFkZ dh foospuk djrk gS rFkk vkn’kZ
thou dh :ijs[kk rS;kj djrk gSA½ ,oa foKku esa lkeatL; LFkkfir djds lc dk
dY;k.k dj ldrs gSaA vxj foKku fdlh vL= vFkok thou ds uohu lk/kuksa dk
btkn djrk gS rks mldk mn~ns’; Hkh ekuo dY;k.k ls gh laHko gks ldrk gSA tSls
vkbUlVhu vkfn oSKkfudksa us tks ijek.kq ‘kfDr dk vkfo”dkj fd;k Fkk] og ekuo
fouk’k ds fy;s ugha cfYd ekuo dks lcy vkSj lqjf{kr cukus ds fy;s gSA ;g ckr
nwljh gS fd jktuhfrK yksx viuh LokFkZijrk ds dkj.k ml ‘kfDr dk nq:i;ksx dj
cSBrs gSaA fgjksf’kek ij ijek.kq ce ds iz;ksx ls vkbUlVhu us nq%[k izdV fd;k gSA os
ugha pkgrs Fks fd bldk iz;ksx fo/oal ds fy;s fd;k tk;A bUgksus lalkj dh ljdkjksa
ls fuosnu fd;k fd ijek.kq tfur vL=ksa dk iz;ksx ugha gksuk pkfg;s vkSj ‘kkafr dk
jkLrk idM+uk pkfg,A vkbUlVhu ds ejus ds rhu ekg ckn muds nk’kZfud fe= ykMZ
cVSZaM jlsy us muds oDrO; dks izdkf’kr fd;kA ml oDrO; ij mUgksaus nqfu;k Hkj ds
pqus pquk;s oSKkfudksa ls gLrk{kj djok;s FksA oDrO; & “fdlh Hkh Hkkoh fo’o ;q) esa
ukfHkdh; ¼ijek.kq&tfur½ vL=ksa dk mi;ksx gksuk ,dne fuf’pr gSa] lalkj dh
ljdkjksa ls gekjk tksjnkj rdktk gS] tks Hkh loky gks dksbZ u dksbZ ‘kkafre; mik;
fudkysaA”32 vU;Fkk fouk’k vo’;EHkkoh gSaA
N% vxLr] 1945 dks fgjksf’kek ij ijek.kq ce fxjk “la 2 “ds lehdj.k us
iwjs ‘kgj dks rokg dj fn;kA vkbUlVhu us ;g lc lquk vkSj dgk vkg] nqfu;k vHkh
blds fy;s rS;kj u Fkh] bl ce dks voS/k ?kksf”kr djus ls bUdkj djuk dHkh ekQ
ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA”33 tkiku ij mldk izHkko vkt Hkh gSaA
vkt Hkh bjkd vkfn txgksa esa fofHkUu oSKkfud vL=ksa ,oa ‘kL=ksa
dk mi;ksx fd;k tk jgk gS dsoy viuk mYyw lh/kk djus ds fy;sA fdlh
oSKkfud dk mn~ns’; fdlh O;fDr vFkok jk”Vª ;k ekuo tkfr ds fouk’k
ds fy;s vkfo”dkj djuk ugha gSA vkt oSKkfud ,oa vk/;kfRed O;fDr
vFkok egkiq:”k nksuksa nqfu;k dh O;oLFkk ds fy;s iz;Ru’khy gSaA nksuksa ,d
nwljs dh vko’;drk eglwl dj jgs gSaA vkt ge Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks Lej.k
djuk pkfg;s fd ;g ogh Hkwfe gS tgka ls v/;kRe ,oa oSKkfud rÙoksa us
meM+rh gq;h ck<+ ds leku laiw.kZ lalkj dks Iykfor dj fn;k Fkk vkSj vkt
Hkh ge ,slh rjxs mRiUu djsa fd fuLrst O;fDr] lekt vFkok jk”Vª esa
‘kfDr rFkk m)kr thou dk lalkj gks vkSj ,slk rHkh laHko gksxk] tc ge
foKku vksj v/;kRe dks ,d nwljs dk iwjd le>sa vkSj le>kus esa leFkZ
gksaA vxj ,slk laHko gqvk rks fu’p; gh fo’o ds lHkh ekuo Lohdkj dj
ysaxs fd ge lc ,d gSa vkSj ,d gh jgsaxsA fc[kjko vkSj fo?kVu dh izfØ;k
Lo;a gh cUn gks tk;xhA xzkge csy ¼VsyhQksu ds vkfo”dkjd½ FkkWel vYok
,fM’ku] U;wVu] vkbUlVhu] vczkge fyadu] tktZ okf’kaxVu] csatkfeu
Ýsadfyu] Lokeh foosdkuUn] egkRek xk¡/kh vkfn us vius vkRecy ,oa
yxu’khyrk ds dkj.k O;kid O;fDrÙo dks izkIr fd;k gSA lkeatL; vkSj
leUo; uhfr ds dkj.k gh bUgsa yhtsaM vkWQ fnl vFkZ ekuk tkrk gSA tSu
vkpk;Z duduUnhth (Sagvada, Rajasthan) dh foKku ,oa v/;kRe ¼/keZ½
laca/kh vo/kkj.kk Hkh fpjLe.kh; gSA MkW- jketh flag] MkW- ,l- ds- flag] MkW-
lksgu jkt rkrsM dh fn’kk vkSj n’kk ogh izrhr gksrh gSA jke/kkjh flag
fnudj dh jpuk gkjs dks gfjuke Hkh blh fn’kk dh vksj ladsr gSa djrh
gSA ßfeêh dh vksjÞ uked iqLrd esa Hkh mi;ZqDr rF;ksa dk leFkZu fd;k
x;k gSA
lanHkZ lwph
1 MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~ ¼vuqoknd & jes’k oekZ½ iwoZ vkSj if’pe dqN fopkj] jktiky ,.M lUt]
fnYyh 1970 bZ-]i”B & 118A
2 n- fxfyEilsl vkWQ bafM;u dYpj] iatkc cqd lsUVj] iksLV vkWfQl jksM+] tkyU/kj]
Qjcjh] 1951 bZ-] i”B &5A
3 MkW- jkeeuksgj yksfg;k] bfrgkl pØ] i- 19A
4 ia- xaxk iz +mik/;k;] vkfLrdokn] dyk izsl] iz;kx] 1844 bZ-] i”B&103A
5 ogh] i- &102A
6 n fgUnqLrku VkbEl ¼eSxftu½] Qjojh 14] 1993] bZ-i`- 9
7 MkW +uxsUnz ¼lEiknd½] fgUnh] lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] us’kuy ifCyf’kax gkml] u;h fnYyh]
1976 bZ-] i`- &39
8 mn~/kr] ia +xxk iz +mik/;k;] vkfLrdokn i`- &107A
9 ,l +,l +lw;Zukjk.k ‘kkL=h ¼lEiknd vkSj vuqoknd½] n Hkkerh prqlw=h] n fFk;kslkWfQdy
ifCyf’kax gkml] enzkl] 1933 bZ-] i`- &119
10 mn~/kr] i +xaxk iz +mik/;k;] vkfLrdokn] i`- &3
11 jkepUnz ‘kqDy] fpUrkef.k] Hkkx&3] i- &185] mn~/kr ukeoj flag ¼lEiknd½] vkykspuk
=Sekfld o”kZ&34]vad&64] jktdey izdk’ku izk- fy-] u;h fnYyh] tqykbZ 1985] bZ-] i`-
&66A
12 ogh] i- &67A
13 mn~/kr] ogh i`- &68A
14 [kxsUnz Bkdqj ¼lEiknd½] mrj’kŸkh iw.kkZad 17&18] uokad 3&4 Hkkjrh Hkou] iVuk]
tuojh&ekpZ] 1985 bZ-] i`- &85A
15 mn~/kr] ogh] i`- &109
16 jkgqy lkadR;k;u] oSKkfud HkkSfrdokn] yksd Hkkjrh izdk’ku] bykgkckn] 1982bZ- izkDdFku]
i`- &5
17 ‘kadjkpk;Z] ¼Hkk”;drkZ½] Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk ¼fgUnh vuqokn lfgr] vuqoknd Jh gfjd”.k nkl
xks;Udk½] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj la +&2044] v”Vkeks/;k;] i`- &212
18 Hkxor ‘kj.k mik/;k;] Hkkjrh; laLdfr ds lzksar] ihiqYl ifCyf’kax gkml] ubZ
fnYyh&1983] bZ-izLrkouk] i- &x
19 MkW +uxsUnz ¼lEiknd½] fgUnh] lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] us’kuy ifCyf’kax gkml] u;h fnYyh]
1976 bZ-] i`- &39
20 Hkxorh ‘kj.k ‘kekZ ¼lEiknd½] v[k.M T;ksfr ] o”kZ &47 vad& 11 tu tkxj.k izsl] eFkqjk]
uoEcj 1984] bZ-i”B&26A
21 MkW- loZiYyh jk/kkd”.ku~ ¼vuqoknd] mekifr jk; pUnsy½] izkP; /keZ vkSj ik’pkR; fopkj]
jktiky ,.M lUt] fnYyh] 1970 bZ-] i”B& 7A
22 I;kjs yky] egkRek xka/kh] oksY;we&ou] uothou ifCyf’kax gkml] vgenkckn] 14 vxLr]
1965] i`- &6
23 n fgUnqLrku VkbEl] Qjojh 14] 1993] bZ-i`- 4
24 uo Hkkjr VkbEl] iVuk] 21 Qjojh] 1993] i`- &6A
25 oghA
26 MkW +;kdqc elhg] ledkyhu /keZ n’kZu] fcgkj fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh lEesyu Hkou iVuk&
3] 1972] i- &27&28A
27 QzsMfjd dkWIlu ,l- ts- ,- fgLVªh vkWQ fQykWlkWQh okY;we&6 ikVZ&1] best cqDl xkMZu
flVh] U;w;kdZ] 1959] bZ-] i- &239A
28 ogh] i- &18A
29 ogh] i- &31A
30 mn~/kr] Hkxorh] ‘kj.k ‘kekZ ¼lEiknd½] v[k.M T;ksfr] uoEcj] 1984] i- &34A
31 MkW +jke euksgj yksfg;k] bfrgkl pØ] i`- &19A
32 ;qxthr] uoyiqjh ,ycVZ vkbUlVhu] ihiqYl ifCyf’kax gkml] izk +fyfeVsM] u;h
fnYyh&1959] i- &66A
33 ogh]
v/;k; & 14
Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokn cuke ekDlZoknvkt fo’o dk ekuo vR;Ur ihfM+r ,oa larIr gSA fofHkUu izdkj ds vkStkjksa]
midj.kksa ,oa lq[k ds lk/kuksa ds vkfo”dkj rFkk vuqla/kku ds ckotwn vrIr] vlarq”V
,oa v’kkUr fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA mlds fpj nX/k&nq[kh thou esa lq[k ;k vkuUn ds n’kZu
rd ugha gksrs] og fcYdqy cspSu gS] ‘kkfUr&’kkfUr dk ukjk ek= lM+dksa] eapksa vFkok
iqLrdksa ,oa i=&if=dkvksa rd gh lhfer jg x;k gS vkSj og vf/kdkf/kd oSKkfud
izxfr djus ds mijkUr Hkh v’kkUr ,o O;fFkr thou fcrk jgk gSA vkt mlds ikl
i;kZIr oSHko gS] vikj ‘kfDr gS] vdwV lEifr gS ,oa bl reke lef) dks ,d= o
lqxfBr djus ds fy;s mlds ikl i;kZIr oSKkfud lk/ku gS] fQj Hkh mldk thou
lrr~ fujk’kk] {kksHk] ijLij la?k”kZ bR;kfn dk f’kdkj curk tk jgk gSA og thou dks
vf/kdkf/kd lEiUu ,oa lqfuf’pr cukus ds fy, izpqj ek=k esa HkkSfrd ,oa vkf/kHkkSfrd
lk/kuksa dks tqVk jgk gS vkSj fo’o&dY;k.k ds fy, okLrfod vkuUn] ftls egkiq:”kksa
us ije Js; ;k pje y{; cryk;k gS] vkdk’kiq”Ik cuk gqvk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa lHkh
ekuoksa dks fdlh&u&fdlh er dks Lohkdj djus ds fy, etcwj gksuk iM+rk gSA MkW-
jk/kkd”.ku~ ds ‘kCnksa esa “yxrk gS ge fdlh Hkh Hkzkafr esa iM+us dks rS;kj gS] fQj pkgs
og iksi dks gks ;k ckbfcy ;k ekDlZ dhA” oLrqr% fdlh Hkh er vkSfpR; ;k vukSfpR;
dks le>dj gh mldk vuqlj.k djuk pkfg, tks diksy dYiuk cuk gqvk gSA
vc iz’u gS] bl rjg dh leL;kvksa dk lkek/ku dSls vkSj fdl izdkj laHko
gksxk\ vkt HkkSfrdoknh ,oa v/;kReoknh lek/kku izLrqr fd, tk jgs gSaA fdlh Hkh
leL;k dk funku ns’k] dky ,oa ifjfLFkfr dks /;ku esa j[kdj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ns’k&dky ,oa ifjfLFkfr dh fHkUurk ds dkj.k leL;k,¡ Hkh cnyrh jgrh gaS vkSj
funku djus ds rkSj rjhdksa esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrs jgrs gSaA blfy, ;g dgk tk ldrk
gS fd fdlh Hkh leL;k dk funku fofHkUu rjhdksa] i)fr;ksa vFkok fu;ekofy;ksa ds }kjk
fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftlesa izeq[k :i ls HkkSfrdoknh ,o vkn’kZoknh (v/;kReoknh)
nf”Vdks.k dks cryk;k x;k gSA vc iz’u gS fd HkkSfrdokn D;k gS\ HkkSfrdokn nks
‘kCnksa ds esy ls cuk gS& HkkSfrd+oknA HkkSfrd dk vFkZ gS og futhZo lÙkk ftldk
bfUnz;kuqHko ;k izR;{khdj.k laHko gks rFkk okn dk vFkZ gS fl)kUrA vr% HkkSfrdokn
dk vFkZ og fl)kUr gS] tks HkkSfrd oLrqvksa dh izkFkfedrk dks Lohdkj djrk gS vkSj
lHkh oLrqvksa dh mRifŸk mlh ls izekf.kr djrk gSA tgk¡ rd }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn dk
iz’u gS] tks fd ekDlZ ds }kjk izLrqr fd;k x;k gS ;g og fl)kUr gS] ftlds vuqlkj
xfr inkFkZ dk ckg~; xq.k u gksdj vkarfjd xq.k gS ,oa og mlds vfLrÙo dk rjhdk
gSA vfLrÙo inkFkksZa ls fHkUu ;k ckgj ugha gS cfYd mlesa vUrfuZfgr gSA buds fl)kUr
dks ,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
tgk¡ rd Hkkjrh; ijEijk dk iz’u gS] og ewyr% vk/;kfRed ekuh tkrh gSA
pwafd ;gk¡ vkfFkZd thou ds lkFk lkFk vU; rjg ds lHkh leL;kvksa dk funku /keZ
vkSj v/;kRe n’kZu ds }kjk djus dk iz;Ru fd;k x;k gSA fQj Hkh ;g ugha dgk tk
ldrk gS fd mls utjvUnkt fd;k x;k gS cfYd lp rks ;g gS fd ;gk¡ Hkh
HkkSfrdoknh fopkjksa dk loZFkk vHkko ugha jgk gSA oLrqr% izkphu dky ls gh Hkkjr esa
dqN ,sls Hkh fopkjd gq;s ftUgkasus bZ’oj ds vfLrÙo vFkok vk/;kfRedrk dh HkRlZuk
djrs gq;s cryk;k gS fd ;gh thou lc dqN gS] blls vyx nqfu;k dh dYiuk djuk
loZFkk vlaxr ,oa vrkfdZd gSA bl thou esa gh lq[k vFkok Hkksx ds fy, iz;Ru djuk
pkfg,A ,sls erksa dk tUenkrk nso xq: cgLifr rFkk pkokdZ Fks] bUgsa izR;{koknh]
HkkSfrdoknh ,oa lq[koknh nk’kZfud ds :i esa ij[kk x;k gSA bUgksaus izdfr dh ?kVukvksa
ds fujh{k.k] [kkst rFkk fparu ds vk/kkj ij mlds okLrfod :i dk Kku izLrqr fd;k
gSA ,e- ,u- jk; us Hkh bl ckr dh iqf”V dh gSA2 buds vuqlkj pkokZd dk n’kZu
ß[kkvks fi;ks vkSj ekst djksÞ dk n’kZu ugha gSA Lo;a pkokZd fojksf/k;ksa dk nf”Vdks.k
bl ckr dh vksj b’kkjk djrk gS fd pkokZd n’kZu fdruk lEekfur rFkk izpfyr
Lohdk;Z ,oa O;kid jgk gksxkA bldk mYys[k osnksa] mifu”knksa] Lefr;ksa] iqjk.kksa ds
vykos egkHkkjr ,oa laLdr lkfgR; dk bfrgkl esa miyC/k lk{;ksa ls Hkh ;g fl)
gksrk gS fd pkokZd n’kZu ,d lEekfur n’kZu Fkk] bldk Kku lqlaLdr&Kku dk
izrhd ekuk tkrk FkkA mUgsa ekSfyd fopkjd ds :i esa n’kkZ;k x;k gSA
vkt ;g ,d loZekU; lR; gS fd yksdk;r vFkok pkokZd er (HkkSfrdokn)
Hkkjr dh gh ugha cfYd lEiw.kZ lalkj dh egku~ ‘kfDr’kkyh fopkj/kkjkvksa esa ls ,d gSA
mlds leFkZd vkSj fojks/kh nksuksa gh bl egku ‘kfDr dk vuqHko dj jgs gSaA bl
yksdk;r ds izpkj ,oa izlkj ds lkFk&lkFk ,d uohu thou n’kZu dk vkfoZHkko gqvk
gS] ftlds izdk’k esa gekjh lHkh lkekftd laLFkk;sa ,d u;s lk¡ps esa <yrh tk jgh gSA
bldk izHkko dyk] lkfgR; ,oa laLdfr rd Hkh gSA vkSj nk’kZfud i{k rks mldh ‘kfDr
dk ewyk/kkj gh gSA fdlh Hkh n’kZu esa de ls de rhu ckrksa ij /;ku nsuk vfuok;Z gks
tkrk gS ;Fkk&Kkuehekalk rÙoehekalk vkSj vkpkjehekalkA pkokZd n’kZu esa Hkh bu rhu
vaxkas ij fopkj fd;k x;k gSA
Kkuehekalh; fopkj
pkokZd dks NksM+dj vU; lHkh Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudksa us ;FkkFkZ Kku izkfIr ds
fy, izR;{k ds vfrfjDr vU; izek.kksa ds Lora= vfLrÙo dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA oS’ksf”kd
n’kZu ds vuqlkj izR;{k vkSj vuqeku Kku dk Lora= lk/ku gSA tSu vkSj lka[; ds
vuqlkj izR;{k vkSj vuqeku ds vfrfjDr ‘kCn Hkh Kku izkfIr dk Lora= izek.k gSA U;k;
ds vuqlkj mi;qZDr rhuksa izek.k ds vfrfjDr mieku izek.k Hkh Lora= gSA ehekalk vkSj
osnkUr ds vuqlkj bu izek.kksa ds vykos nks vkSj Lora= izek.k gSa& vFkkZifŸk vkSj
vuqiyfC/kA ysfdu pkokZd us mi;qZDr fopkjksa dk [k.Mu dj izR;{k izek.k dh ;FkkFkZrk
,oa lkFkZdrk dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA blfy, tks izek.k Lor% fl) ugha gS og nwljs dks
fl) ugha dj ldrk gSA vr% os Kkuehekalk ds {ks= esa izR;{koknh Bgjrs gSaA izR;{k ls
budk rkRi;Z bfUnz;kuqHko gh gSA bls ykSfdd izR;{k dgk tkrk gSA bls rhu Hkkxksa esa
ckaVk x;k gS& ckg~; izR;{k] vkUrfjd izR;{k vkSj izY;fHkKk izR;{k pkokZd us blh dh
;FkkFkZrk Lohdkj fd;k gSA
rŸoehekalk
pkokZd dks NksM+dj vU; nk’kZfudksa us nqfu;k dh lf”V ds fy, ik¡p rŸoksa
;Fkk&iFoh] ty] ok;q] vfXu vkSj vkdk’k dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA buds vuqlkj nqfu;k
dh lkjh oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k bUgha ls gqvk gS vkSj fo?kVu vFkok uk’k gksus ij iqu% bUgha
rŸoksa esa budk foy;u gks tkrk gSA pkokZd dk dguk gS fd vkdk’k dksbZ rŸo ugha
gSaA blfy, pkj gh rÙoksa ls lalkj dh mRifŸk gks tkrh gS vkSj fo?kVu gks tkus ij
mlh esa ykSV tkrs gaSA blds fy, fdlh ijk ‘kfDr dh vko’;drk ugha gS] izdfr gh
i;kZIr gSA blds vuqlkj mi;qZDr rÙo fuf”Ø; ,oa vifjorZu’khy gS vkSj fo’o izfd;k
;a=or~ pyrh jgrh gSA vkRek] bZ’oj] LoxZ] ujd vkfn dh ckr djuk O;FkZ gh gS]
bldk vfLrÙo ugha gSA bl izdkj ge ns[krs gaS fd budk rŸo lEcU/kh fopkj
Kkuehekalk ij gks fuHkZj gSA
vkpkjehekalk
vkpkjehekalh; fopkjksa esa Hkh pkokZd vU; Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudksa ls viuk er
fHkUu j[krk gS tgk¡ vU; nk’kZfud vkReizlknoknh ,oa oSjkX;oknh uhfr’kkL= dk
leFkZu djrs gSa] ogk¡ pkokZd us lq[koknh n’kZu dh LFkkiuk dh gSA buds vuqlkj bl
ykSfdd txr~ esa gh lq[k ds fy, iz;kl djuk pkfg,A pw¡fd blls vyx dksbZ lalkj
ugha gS blfy, ftruk lq[k izkIr gks lds orZeku thou esa gh Hkksx ysuk pkfg,A
vc ge ik’pkR; ,oa ekDlZ n’kZu vFkok ekDlZokn ij fopkj izLrqr djsaxs%&
ik’pkR; n’kZu esa izeq[k HkkSfrdoknh fopkj
Hkkjr dh rjg ik’pkR; txr~ esa Hkh HkkSfrdoknh fopkjd izkjEHk ls gh
fo’o&’kfDr ,oa O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk fl)kUr esa fo’okl j[krs FksA ik’pkR; n’kZu esa
Fksfyt] ftlus ty dks gh pje rÙo cryk;k gS] n’kZu vkSj HkkSfrdokn nksuksa ds
tUenkrk ekus tkrs gaS] buds ckn ,usfDteSaMj] ,uSfDtesuht] gsjkDyhVl] Y;qfDil]
MseksfØVl] ,ihD;wjl] vk/kqfud dky esa gkWCl] VkWySaM] ykes=h] gSdsy ,oa Qk;jck[k us
HkkSfrd rŸo dks fujis{k ,oa vifjorZu’khy cryk;k gSA gsjkDyhVl] Qk;jck[k vkfn us
}U}kRed rjhds ls lkspus dk iz;Ru rks fd;k ij fuokZg ugha dj lds gSaA vr,o
Qk;jck[k rd ds lHkh HkkSfrdoknh fopkjd fdlh u fdlh :i esa ;kaf=d vFkok
vkf/kHkkSfrdoknh fopkjksa ds ?ksjs ls ckgj ugha fudy lds gSaA
dkyZekDlZ
bUgksaus vius ls iwoZorhZ nk’kZfudksa dh [kkfe;ksa dks le>k vkSj mldk ifjgkj
fd;kA bUgksaus vius ls iwoZorhZ fopkj ;Fkk Dykfldy teZu fQykWlkWQh] vaxzsth
jktuhfrd vFkZ’kkL= ,oa Ýkalhlh lektokn ls lh[k ysdj ,d laxr n’kZu dh
LFkkiuk dhA vius ls iwoZorhZ fl)kUrksa dks fodflr dj mldks pje ijkdk”Bk ij
igq¡pk fn;k gSA mlds izdfr lEcU/kh Kku esa of) dj lEiw.kZ ekuo lekt ds Kku ij
ykxw fd;kA Cyk- b- ysfuu ds ‘kCnksa esa “nk’kZfud inkFkZokn dks vkSj xgjk vkSj
fodflr djds ekDlZ us mls iw.kZrk iznku dh] mlus izdfr ds Kku dks c<+kdj ekuo
lekt ds Kku ij ykxw fd;kA3 vr% vHkh rd ds nk’kZfudks us ek= viuk fopkj
izzLrqr fd;k Fkk] ykxw ugha fd;kA ekDlZ us cryk;k gS fd okLrfod leL;k ;g ugha
gS fd nqfu;k dh O;k[;k dSls dh tk;] cfYd leL;k gS fd nqfu;k dks cnyk dSls
tk;A mUgha ds ‘kCnksa esa “The philosophers have only interpreted the world in
various ways, the point, however is to change it.”4 vkt fo’oO;kih vkUnksyu esa
ekDlZokfn;ksa us tks rgydk epk j[kk gS] ;g ifj.kke ekDlZoknh n’kZu vFkok ekDlZokn
dk gh gSA ,sls egku~ loZgkjk oxZ ds usrRodÙkkZ dk tUe 5 ebZ] 1818 esa izf’k;k ds
f=;sj uxj esa ,d lH;] [kq’kgky ,oa lqlaLdr ifjokj esa gqvkA fdUrq viuh lS)kfUrd
izfrc)rk ds dkj.k budks ihM+kvksa dks lguk iM+k gSA ns’k ls fudkyk x;k vkSj iRuh
,oa lUrku dks Hkh vlg~; ihM+kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k gSA
ekDlZokn
ekDlZ ds nf”Vdks.k ,oa f’k{kkvksa dh O;ofLFkr Ja[kyk dks gh ekDlZokn dgk
tkrk gSA5 ;g fl)kUr fo’o dk og fl)kUr gS ftlesa ge ,oa ekuo lekt dks lalkj
ds vax ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA ,fey cUlZ ds ‘kCnksa esa “ekDlZokn ml
lalkj dk] ftlesa ge jgrs gSa vkSj ekuo lekt dk] tks ml lalkj dk ,d Hkkx gS]
,d lkekU; fl)kUr gSA ekDlZokn dk uke dkyZekDlZ ds uke ij iM+k gSA6 oLrqr%
oSKkfud lektokn ds fl)kUr ds xgjs v/;;u vkSj tks eq[; ckr gS& O;ogkj esa bls
ykxw djus dh ;ksX;rk ls cgqr gh rhoz lkekftd izxfr gksxh vkSj xSj&iw¡thoknh iFk
ij vf/kdkf/kd lQyrk,¡ izkIr gksrh tk;saxhA ekDlZ ds }kjk izLrqr }U}kRed
HkkSfrdokn us lkekftd fopkjksa ds ewy esa iSB cukdj xgjs fo’ys”k.k }kjk ;kaf=d
HkkSfrdoknh fl)kUr dh vlaxfr dks nwj fd;k vkSj bldk fu”d”kZ gS fd fopkjksa dk
Øe phtksa ds Øe ij voyfEcr gS] oSKkfud rF;ksa ds loZFkk vuqdwy gSA buds (ekDlZ
ds) vuqlkj dwi eaMwi ds fy, HkkSfrdokn ‘kCn dk vFkZ gS&isVwiu] fi;DdM+iu]
nqokZluk,¡] naHk] /kufyIlk] r”.kk] yksyqirk] equkQk[kksjh vkSj LVkWd&,Dlpsat dh
Bxckth& la{ksi esa os lHkh dqfRlr nqxqZ.k] ftlesa og insZ dh vkM+ esa Lo;a fyIr jgrk
gSA7
vc Li”V gS fd ekDlZokn dk vk’k; vkfFkZd fopkjksa dh ml iz.kkyh vkSj
O;oLFkk ls gS tks dkyZekDlZ rFkk muds lg;ksxh ,axsYl }kjk 19oh ‘krkCnh ds mrjk)Z
esa pykbZ xbZ FkhA ekDlZokn ,d cgqr O;kid vkSj foLrr fopkj iz.kkyh gSA ;|fi ;g
mudk futh fl)kar gS ijUrq blds vUrxZr n’kZu’kkL=] bfrgkl] jktuhfr rFkk
vFkZ’kkL= ds fl)kar Hkh ,d nwljs ls lEcfU/kr fd;s x;s gSaA ekDlZ ds vuqlkj
lektokn dh LFkkiuk dsoy Jfedksa }kjk gh lEHko gks ldrh gSA lektokn dh
voLFkk fo’ks”k esa ,d ifjorZu gksxk ftlls lkE;oknh O;oLFkk dk;e gksxhA blesa
fdlh izdkj dk ‘kks”k.k ,oa mRihM+u ugha gksxkA bl voLFkk esa jkT; dh lÙkk Lo;a
feV tk;sxh vkSj izR;sd O;fDr viuh {kerk ds vuqlkj dke djsaxs vkSj vko’;drk ds
vuqlkj oLrq izkIr djsaxsA ;gh buds fl)kar o fopkj dk dsUnzh; rÙo gSA ;|fi ,slh
fLFkfr dgha Hkh ns[kus dks ugha feyrh gS fdUrq ysfuu~ Lrkfyu vkSj eksvks dh nf”V esa
;g voLFkk ,d le; vo’; vk;sxhA jkgqy lkdR;k;u] ,l-,u-jk; vkfn us Hkh bl
ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA
lekykspukRed foospu
mi;qZDr foospuksa ls ;g Li”V gks tkrk gS fd Hkkjrh; ;kaf=d HkkSfrdoknh
fopkjd pkokZd vkSj ik’pkR; }U}kRed HkkSfrdoknh fopkjd ekDlZ] nksuksa gh turk dh
HkkSfrd [kq’kgkyh ds fy, iz;Ru’khy jgs gSaA nksuksa ‘kksf”krksa ,oa ihfM+rksa ds fy, vk’kk dh
fdj.k FksA ;fn ekDlZokn lEiw.kZ fo’o ds cgqr cM+s tu lewg ds fy, thoUr vkLFkk
gS rks gesa ;g ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, fd cgqr ls jk”Vªksa us pkokZd ds LQwfrZnk;d usrRo dks
Lohdkj dj izkphu dky ls gh ijEijkoknh] iksaxkiaFkh] /kekZoyafc;ksa ds }kjk jfpr <ksax]
vkMEcj ,oa v/kafo’okl dh txg ij oLrqijd ;FkkFkZoknh fopkj dh lEiqf”V dh gSA
blfy, dky Øe ds vuqlkj nksuksa dk egØo lkekU; gh gSA vUrj voLFkk fo’ks”k dk
gSA rHkh rks nsohizlkn pV~ksik/;k; us crk;k gS fd “oSKkfud HkkSfrdokn vk|HkkSfrdokn
dh LokHkkfod ,oa rkfdZd ifj.kfr gS]”8 oLrqr% Hkkjrh; n’kZu dk bfrgkl vlafnX/k
:i ls blds HkkSfrdoknh :i dk ladsr djrk gS ftldks oSKkfud :i rFkk lgh
fn’kk ekDlZ us nh gSA Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokn dks mlds okLofod y{;&ekDlZokn rd ys
tkuk gh ;qx dh ekax gSA eSDl oscj ;|fi ekDlZokn ds dVq vkykspd Fks fQj Hkh
mudh fu”Bk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, dgk gS & “fdlh Hkh ledkyhu fo}ku vkSj blh
rjg fdlh Hkh ledkyhu nk’kZfud dk ewY;kadu ukbLr vkSj ekDlZ ds lanHkZ esa gh
fd;k tk ldrk gSA os fopkjd ftUgksusa lekt foKkuksa esa dqN Hkh dke fd;k gS] ;fn
os ukbLr o ekDlZ ds ;ksxnku dk lanHkZ ugha nsrs] rks vius vki dks o nwljksa dks /kks[kk
nsrs gSaA ge ftl ckSf)d nqfu;k esa jgrs gSa mlds vkdkj&izdkj dks cgqr vf/kd :i
esa ukbLr vkSj ekDlZ us cuk;k gSA” njvly oscj dk tks Hkh dke gS] tks Hkh dfr;k¡
gSa] os ukbLr o ekDlZ ds fo’kky oVo{k ds uhps fodflr gqbZ gSA ;g vU; ik’pkR;
,oa Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokfn;ksa ds fy;s izsj.kk dk lzksr cu x;k gSA
Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokn [kkldkj pkokZd ;kaf=d HkkSfrdokn dh LFkkiuk djrk
gSA vkSj izR;{k izek.k ij tksj nsrk gSA pkokZd bfUnz;kuqHko ij tksj nsrk gS fdUrq
psruk ds fo”k; esa bldh fØ;kRed Hkqfedk esa vkn’kZokn ds fuxw<+ leFkZu ds izfrjks/k
ds fy, dksbZ Bksl rkfdZd vk/kkj fodflr djus dh vksj /;ku ugha fn;k gSaA ;kuh og
psruk ewyr;k mldh HkkSfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls fu/kkZfjr gksrh gS] bldk ;g vFkZ ugha fd
og bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij viuh izfrfØ;k O;Dr djus dh dksbZ {kerk ugha j[krk] ftlls
fd og mUgsa u;h fn’kkvksa dh vksj eksM+ ldsA psruk dh tM+s ewyr% ;|fi inkFkZ esa gS
rFkkfi inkFkZ ij bldh vU;ksU;fØ;k gksrh gS] vkSj bl rjg ;g Lo;a ltukRed
‘kfDRk dk :i /kkj.k djrh gSA eu ;k psruk fuf”Ø; :i ls izdfr dsk dsoy
izfrfcafor ugha djrh cfYd og izdfr esa f’kjdr Hkh djrh gSA
ekDlZ ds vuqlkj fopkj] dYiuk vkSj psruk dh mRifr loZizFke euq”;ksa ds
HkkSfrd fØ;k dyki vkSj HkkSfrd laidZ ls ;FkkFkZ thou dh ‘kSyh ls izR;{k :i ls
varZxzflr gSA eu ;k psruk ,slh dksbZ pht ugha gks ldrh tks lpsru vfLrÙo ls
fHkUu gksA vkSj ekuo vfLrÙo ekuo thou dh ;FkkFkZ izfØ;k dk lwpd gSA blhfy,
ekDlZ us izkphu dky ds HkkSfrdoknh nk’kZfudksa ls ysdj vc rd ds (ekDlZ ls iwoZ
HkkSfrdoknh fopkj) lkjs HkkSfrdokfn;ksa dh] ftlesa Qk;jck[k dk HkkSfrdokn Hkh ‘kkfey
gS] [kkfe;ksa dks cryk;k gSA muds fl)kar esa tSlk fd mi;qZDr dFku ls Hkh Li”V gks
tkrk gS fd eq[; =qfV ;g gS fd oLrq] okLrfodrk vkSj ,sfUnz;rk dks dsoy fo”k; ;k
vuq/;ku ds :i esa dfYir fd;k tkrk gS] u fd ekuo ds bfUnz;xr fØ;kdyki ;k
O;ogkj ds :i esa] u fd vkReijd :i esaA blfy, ifj.kke ;g fudyk fd fØ;k’khy
i{k HkkSfrdokn }kjk ugha cfYd Hkkookn }kjk fodflr fd;k x;kA nsohizlkn
pV~Vksik/;k; us Hkh mi;qZDr ckrksa dk leFkZu fd;k gSA mUgha ds ‘kCnksa esa “yksdk;r ds
ckjs esa gesa ftruh tkudkjh gS] mlds vuqlkj ge dg ldrs gaS fd yksdk;rksa us
Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa vkn’kZokn ds fuxw<+ leFkZu ds izfrjks/k ds fy, dksbZ Bksl rkfdZd
vk/kkj fodflr djus dh vksj /;ku ugha fn;kA”10 vc Li”V gS fd HkkSfrdoknh
vo/kkj.kkvksa esa Hkh ns’k&dky vkSj ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkj ifjorZu gksrs jgs gaSA Hkkjrh;
HkkSfrdokn (pkokZd) tgk¡ ;kaf=d HkkSfrdokn esa fo’okl djus okys Fks ogk¡ ekDlZokn us
}U}kRed vFkok ,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn dh LFkkiuk dh gSA
;kaf=d HkkSfrdoknh ewy rÙo dks xfrghu ,oa vifjorZu’khy crykrs gSaA
izdfr vkSj lekt dks izHkkfor djus okys fu;ekssa dks HkfyHkk¡fr Li”V djus esa v{ke jgs
gSaA os ekufld izfØ;kvksa ds okLrfod Lo:i dks efLr”d dh jpukRed ‘kfDr;ksa]
dsUnzh; ukM+h O;oLFkk dks] lkFk gh euksoknh] laosnukRed fØ;k’khyrk rFkk lkekftd
ifjos’k ds chp lEcU/k dks Hkh ugha le> lds FksA bruk gh ugha mUgksaus jlk;u’kkL=
vkSj tho foKku dh leqfpr O;k[;k izLrqr ugha dh gSA bl lEcU/k esa ,axsYl u fy[kk
gS& “The materialism of the last century was predominantly mechanical”11
;g ckr Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokfn;ksa ij Hkh ykxw gksrh gSA Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdoknh
tgk¡ inkFkZ dks pje rÙo ds :i esa Lohdkj djrk gS ogk¡ ekDlZokn lHkh oLrqvksa dks
lkis{k djkj nsrk gSA buds fy, ije ;k pje dqN ugha gSA12 vr% }U}kRed
HkkSfrdokn ,d ,slk nk’kZfud foKku gS] tks lkekftd psruk rFkk lkekftd
okLrfodrk ds lEcU/k dk] rFkk lkekftd fodkl ds lcls lkekU; fu;eksa vkSj mldh
izsjd ‘kfDr;ksa dk fu:i.k djrk gSA og lekt ds oSKkfud laKku vkSj mldh
iqujZpuk dk lkekU; fl)kUr rFkk iz.kkyh nksuksa gSA13 Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokfn;ksa dh nf”V
esa xfr dk vFkZ ek= LFkku ifjorZu gS tcfd ekDlZokfn;ksa dh nf”V esa xfr inkFkZ dk
vkUrfjd xq.k vkSj mlds vfLrÙo dk rjhdk gSA
tgk¡ pkokZd ;g ekurs gSa fd fodflr gksus dk vFkZ gS lh/ks&lh/ks c<+ukA
ifj.kke esa ifjorZu gksus ls xq.k esa ifjorZu gksrk gS bruk dg dj pqi gks tkrs gS aA
ogk¡a ekDlZokn fodkl Øe esa vn’; vkSj vfdapu ifj.kke lEcU/kh ifjorZu ls Li”V
vkSj ekSfyd xq.k lEcU/kh ifjorZuksa rd igq¡p tkrk gSA bruk gh ugha pkokZd us izdfr
ds lHkh ckg~; ,oa vkUrfjd vlaxfr;ksa dks Li”V ugha fd;k gS tcfd ekDlZokfn;ksa us
;g fl) dj fn;k gS fd izd`fr ds lHkh ckg~; :iksa vkSj inkFkksZa esa vkUrfjd
vlaxfr;k¡ lgt :i esa fo|eku gSA izdfr ds vUrxZr gh nks fojks/kh va’kksa dk la?k”kZ]
iqjkru vkSj uohu] ej.k’khy vkSj fodklksUeq[k dk vkSj fuokZ.k ,oa fuekZ.k dk la?k”kZ gh
fodkl Øe dh vkUrfjd izfd;k gSA ;g Bhd gS fd Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokfn;ksa us Hkh
izdfr dh O;k[;k djus esa dkYifudokn dk gh lgkjk fy;k FkkA
ekDlZ ls iwoZ lHkh HkkSfrdokfn;ksa (Hkkjrh; vkSj ik’pkR; nksuksa) us vkn’kZokn
dk fojks/k gBiwoZd fd;k gS] os mudh nsu dks Lohdkj ugha djrs FksA muds vuqlkj
lkjk vkn’kZokn O;FkZ gS] ew[kZrkiw.kZ gS] ijUrq ekDlZ ds eqrkfcd ;g dFku o nf”Vdks.k
xyr gSA oLrqr% og ,dkafxrk] fujis{krk ls ihfM+r jgk gSA blhfy;s ekDlZ us gkCl ls
dgha vf/kd ykWd dks vkSj Qk;jckjo ls dgha ghxsy dks vf/kd egRo fn;k gSA budk
}U}okn ghxsy dh gh nsu gSA
vc Li”V gS fd ekDlZokn] lektoknh ,oa dE;qfu”V lekt ds fuekZ.k ls
lEcfU/kr foKku gSA bldh tkudkjh ekDlZ ds }kjk feyh blfy, Hkh bls fodflr
fl)kUr ;k oSKkfud HkkSfrdokn dgk tkrk gSA ;g rhu rÙoksa Dykfldy teZu n’kZu]
jktuhfrd vFkZ’kkL= ,oa oSKkfud dE;qfuTe ds fl)kUr dk ,d lefUor foKku gSA14
;g lkE;okfn;ksa ds lHkh O;ogkjksa] rkSj&rjhdksa ,oa izksxzke dk nk’kZfud vk/kkj gSA
blfy, ekDlZoknh fpUru esa vkfFkZd ewyk/kkj vkSj dyk lEcU/kh lqifjxBu ;k
vf/kjpuk ds ikjLifjd lEcU/kksa dk v/;;u visf{kr gSA15 blhfy;s nqfu;kHkj esa buds
er dks ykxw djus ds fy;s buds erkoyafc;ksa us vkUnksyu NsM+ j[kk gSA lkekU; turk
Hkh mudh rjQ eq[kkfrj gSA dqN fo}kuksa us bls ;qx dh ekax cryk;k gSA nsohizlkn
pêksik/;k;] ,e-,u-jk;] jkgqy lkadR;k;u] ds- nkeksnju] MkW- jke foykl ‘kekZ] MkW- jke
‘kj.k ‘kekZ vkfn us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA
lanHkZ lwph
1- MkW- jk/kkd”.ku ¼vuqoknd mekifr jk;½] izkP; /keZ vkSj ik’pkR; fopkj] jktiky ,.M
lUt] d’ehjh xsV] fnYyh 1970 bZ-] i”B&7
2- mn~/kr MkW- ¼Jhefr½ y{eh lDlsuk] ¼lEiknd½] ledkyhu Hkkjrh; n’kZu] fouksn pUnz
ik.Ms; funs’kd mrj izns’k fgUnh laLFkku] y[kuÅ] 1983] bZ-i`- &319A
3- Cyk +b +ysfuu ¼vuqoknd jktho lDlsuk½] laLdfr vkSj lakLdfrd ØkfUr] ihiqYl ifCyf’kax
gkml izk + fy +jkuh >kWalh jksM] ubZ fnYyh] 1967 bZ-] i- &32A
4- dkyZekDlZ] QszMfjd ,axsYl] lysDVVM oDlZ&2] QkWjsu ySaXostst ifCyf’kax gkml ekLdks]
1963 bZ-] i- &405A
5- jsfefulsalst vkWQ ekDlZ ,.M ,axsYl] QkWjsu ysaX;wostst ifCyf’kax gkml] ekLdks] 1970 bZ-]
i`- &32A
6- ,fey cUlZ ¼vuqoknd vkse izdk’k laxy½] eDlZokn D;k gS\] fiiqYl ifCyf’kax gkml izk
+fy +] ubZ fnYyh] 1983 bZ- i`- &1A
7- mn~/kr xsufjl ckydkso ¼vuqoknd nnu mik/;k;½] ;qx iq:”k dk tUe] izxfr izdk’ku
ekLdks] 1982 bZ-] i- &24A
8- mn~/kr MkW- ¼Jhefr½] y{eh lDlsuk] ledkyhu Hkkjrh; n’kZu] fouksnpUnz ik.Ms;] funs’kd
mŸkj izns’k Yk[kuÅ] 1983 bZ-] i`- &370A
9- dkyZekDlZ] Qk;jck[k ij fucU/k] mn~/kr] dkyZekDlZ] QzsMfjd ,xsYl] Cyk +b +ysfuu]
}U}kRed HkkSfrdokn] izxfr izdk’ku ekLdks] 1972] i- &24A
10- nsohizlkn pV~Vksik/;k;] ¼vuqoknd dUgS;k½] Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa D;k thoUr gS vkSj D;k er]
fiiqYl ifCyf’kax gkml ] ubZ fnYyh 1984 bZ-] i`- &289A
11- QzsMfjd ,axsYl] yqMfox Qk;jok[k ,.M n DykflDy teZu fQykWlkWQh] izksxszl ifCy’klZ]
gkml] 1975 bZ-] i`- &27A
12- QzsMfjd ,axsYl] M;wgfjaxer&[k.Mu] mn~/kr fo- vQukL;so ekDlZoknh n’kZu] ihiqYl
ifCyf’kax gkml] fnYyh&1]1967 bZ-] i&14A
13- o- iksnkslsrfud] v +LihfdZu ¼vuqoknd f=Hkwou ukFk½ ,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn ij ,d nf”V]
izxfr izdk’ku] ekLdks] 1970 bZ-] i`- &8A
14- ih- fufdfru] jktuhfrd vFkZ’kkL= ds ewy fl)kUr] ihiqYl ifCyf’kax gkml] izk +fy +] ubZ
fnYyh] 1978 bZ-] i”B&9A
15- ukecj flag ¼lainkd½ vkykspuk =Sekfld] ekDlZ vad] jktdey izdk’ku izk +fy +] fnYyh]
1984 bZ-] i &31A
v/;k; & 15
Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokn vkSj ekDlZokn ,d
rqyukRed ,oa leh{kkRed v/;;ufoKku dh egku~ [kkstsa vkSj rduhdh vkfo”dkj us lalkj ds lHkh ekuoksa dks
;g lkspus ds fy, ck/; dj fn;k gS fd ge ijLij utnhd gksus ds ckotwn
oSeuL;rk dk f’kdkj D;ksa gks jgs gSa bl leL;k dk lek/kku foKku vdsyk ugha <w<+
ldrkA mlds fy, mls n’kZu; ¼tks thus dk <+x o rkSj &rjhdk cryk;k gS½] dk
lgkjk pkfg,A pw¡fd nksuksa dk lEcU/k ekuo dY;k.k ls gSA n’kZu esa Hkh HkkSfrdoknh ,oa
v/;kReoknh n’kZuksa ds chp erkUrj gS] fQj Hkh nksuksa us ekuoksUeq[k fodkl dh izsj.kk
nh gSA
vkt ge fdlh Hkh Hkzkafr esa iM+us dks rS;kj gaS] fQj pkgs og iksi dh gks]
ckbZfcy] iqjk.k vFkok ekDlZ dhA fdlh Hkh fl)kUr dks ns’k] dky vkSj ifjfLFkfr ds
vuqlkj ewY;kadu dj ge viuk thou lqO;ofLFkr dj ldrs gSaA Hkys gh mlesa
thouLrj dk QdZ jgs fdUrq oSeuL;rk nksuksa (vkn’kZoknh ;k v/;kReoknh vkSj
HkkSfrdoknh)] dk lgh ewY;kadu djus ij feVk;h tk ldrh gSA
;gk¡ ge Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokn (fo’ks”k dj pkokZd fl)kar)] vkSj ekDlZokn]
ftls }kU}kRed vFkok ,sfrgkfld ;k oSKkfud HkkSfrdokn dgk tkrk gS dk gh ftØ
djsaxsA nksuksa esa fHkUurk ds lkFk&lkFk ,d:irk Hkh gSA ;g /kkj.kk xyr gS fd nksuksa
,d nwljs dks vO;kogkfjd ,oa rqPN le>rs gSaA ekuo pkgs iwoZ dk gks ;k ik’pkR; dk
gks] lc ,d gSA lcds vUnj vius vfLrÙo dh j{kk djus dk Hkko fo|eku gSA bl
rF; dk mn~?kkVu Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdoknh ,oa ekDlZoknh nksuksa gh djrs gSaA nksuksa gh ekurs
gSa fd lHkh ekuoksa dk mn~xe lzkssr ,d gh gS] og gS tM+ inkFkZA blfy, nksuksa esa
,d:irk dk gksuk t:jh gSA vUrj ns’k] dky o ifjfLFkfr dk gSA nksukas ekuoksa dh
lq[k lqfo/kk dks izkIr djus ds fy, ;FkkFkZoknh nf”Vdks.k dks viukus dh f’k{kk nsrs jgs
gSaA
mi;qZDr ckrksa dh iqf”V rqyukRed v/;;u ls gh laHko gSA ,d dk nwljs ds
lkFk rqyuk djus ij gh ekuo viuh [kkfe;ksa dks le> ikus esa leFkZ gksxkA vius xq.k
o nks”k dh tkudkjh ds fy, fopkjksa dk vknku iznku vko’;d gSA oLrqr% rqyukRed
n’kZu dh vkt ds ;qx esa u dsoy lS)kfUrd cfYd O;kogkfjd nf”Vdks.k ls Hkh
mikns;rk ,oa egŸkk fl) gksrh gSA blls fo}kuksa o fopkjdksa dk nf”Vdks.k vkSj Hkh
O;kid gksrk gSA fo’o cU/kqRo dh Hkkouk c<+rh gSaA Qyr% ge ekuo fo’o dh ‘kkfUr
,oa dY;k.k dh fn’kk esa vkxs c<+rs gSA rqyukRed v/;;u ds dkj.k gh gesa izkP; vkSj
ik’pkR; ds ladh.kZ fopkjksa (tks fd ,d nwljs ls rkyesy djuk laHko ugha ekurs gSa
rFkk ,d nwljs dks rqPN le>rs gSa)] dh tkudkjh feyrh gS] ftlls ge ltx gksdj
O;kid fopkjksa dh LFkkiuk djrs gS ;k tks igys ls gh LFkkfir gS] mldk ns’k] dky
vkSj ifjfLFkfr ds vuqdwy ewY;kadu dj fujUrj fodkl izfd;k esa yxs jgrs gSaA
rqykukRed v/;;u ls gh fdlh fl)kUr o n’kZu dh O;kogkfjdrk ,oa
vO;kogkfjdrk ds lEcU/k esa tkudkjh fey ikrh gSA blh rqyukRed v/;;u ds Øe
esa ge tku ik;s fd Hkkjrh; n’kZu lkekU;r;k O;kogkfjd gS vkSj ik’pkR; n’kZu
vO;kogkfjd vFkok ek= lS)kfUrd gSA lsuxqIrk us Hkh bl ckr dk leFkZu fd;k gS]
fdUrq bUgksaus Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gS fd ik’pkR; n’kZuksa esa ekDlZokn O;ogkj iz/kku
fl)kUr gSA ysfuu vkfn us bls fl) dj fn[kk;k gSA bl rjg Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokn ,oa
ekDlZokn ds chp rqyukRed ,oa leh{kkRed v/;;u dk vkSfpR; fl) gks tkrk gSA
gekjs iwoZ ‘kks/k xzUFk “pkokZd vkSj g~;we ,d rqyukRed nk’kZfud v/;;uÞ lEiUu
djus ds Øe esa ,d vksj rks Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdoknh fopkj esa vfHk:fp txh vkSj nwljh
vksj MsfoM g~;we vkfn dk v/;;u ls ekDlZ ,oa muds vuq;kf;;ksa ds fopkjksa ds izfr
Hkh ftKklk txhA blfy, Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokn vkSj ekDlZokn ds chp rqyukRed
v/;;u djus dh LokHkkfod ckSf)d vko’;drk eglwl gqbZA izLrqr ‘kks/k xzUFk blh
t:jr dh iwfrZ ds fy, gSA
izFke v/;k;
Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokn vkSj ekDlZokn esa HkkSfrd inkFkZ ds Lo:i ds lEcU/k esa
rFkk mldh izfd;k esa vUrj gSA fdUrq nksuksa ;g ekurs gSa fd lHkh lRrkoku oLrqvksa
dk ewy lzksr HkkSfrd nzO; ;k tM+ nzO; gS] vkSj HkkSfrd nzO; ds vfrfjDr vU; fdlh
bfUnz;krhr oLrq dh lÙkk ugha gSA lHkh oLrq,¡ HkkSfrd nzO; ds ifjofrZr :i gSa] vkSj
;g :ikarj.k ;k ifjorZu izdfr iznr gSA og mlesa fufgÙk fu;eksa ls vfuok;Zr%
fu;af=r gksrk gSA nksuksa izdfr dh ?kVukvksa ds fujh{k.k] [kkst ;k vkfo”dkj rFkk fpUru
ds vk/kkj ij HkkSfrd oLrqvksa ,oa psruk ds okLrfod :i dk Kku izLrqr djrs gSaA
bruk gh ugha budk dguk gS fd HkkSfrd inkFkZ iz/kku gS vkSj psruk xkS.kA tho ;k
psruk izdfr dh ,d fo’ks”k voLFkk dk uke gSA tSls pkan ds c<+us ?kVus ls Tokj
mBrk gS] oSls gh euq”; ds thou&fuekZ.k ij u{k=ksa dk izHkko iM+rk gSA ftl _rq]
?kM+h vkSj u{k+=ksa esa chtkjksi.k gksrk gS] mlesa euq”; ds ‘kjhj vkSj cqf) ij mudk izHkko
iM+rk gS vkSj oSlk gh euq”; cu tkrk gSA
Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokn vkSj izkphu ik’pkR; HkkSfrdokn esa ekSfyd vUrj ugha gSA
vUrj gS HkkSfrd oLrqvksa ds LoHkko vkSj fodkl izfd;k dkA Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokn vkSj
ekDlZ ds iwoZorhZ HkkSfrdokn dh eq[; =qfV ;g gS fd mUgksaus okLrfodrk vkSj ,sfUnz;rk
dks dsoy fo”k; ;k vuq/;ku ds :i esa dfYir fd;k gS] u fd ekuo ds bfUnz;xr
fØ;k&dyki vFkok O;ogkj ds :i esaA tgk¡ ;s ;kafa=d izfd;k esa fo’okl djrs gSa ogk¡
ekDlZokn muds (Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokn vkSj izkphu ik’pkR; HkkSfrdokn ds)] ckg~; izHkko
lEcU/kh ?kVuk dk [k.Mu djrk gSA ekDlZokn ds vuqlkj fodkl oLrq dh vkUrfjd
izfd;k ds dkj.k gh gksrk gSA oLrq xfrghu ugha cfYd ifjorZu’khy gSA oLrq ds vUnj
gh la?k”kZ gksrk gSA vkSj mlh la?k”kZ ls fodkl laHko gksrk gSA fodkl izfd;k esa okn]
izfrokn vkSj laokn gksrk jgrk gSA foijhrksa dh ,drk vkSj la?k”kZ dk fu;e }Unokn
dk lkj rŸo gS] mldk cht gSA foijhrksa dk larqyu fujis{k ugha cfYd lkis{k gSA
ekDlZ ds iwoZ lHkh HkkSfrdokfn;ksa us ekuo dks Hkh ;a= ekuk FkkA bruk gh ugha mUgksaus
izdfr dh O;k[;k HkkSfrdoknh vFkZ esa u djds dkYifud vFkZ esa dh gSA vr% ekDlZ us
;a=okn vkSj iqjkus HkkSfrdokn dh rkfRodrk dk ijkHko djkdj }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn
dh izfr”Bkiuk dhA bUgksus iqjkus HkkSfrdokn dh fpUru ijdrk dh ijkt; vkSj
O;ogkj ds vifjfer egRo dks [kkstdj iqjkus HkkSfrdokn dh lkekftd thou fo”k;d
izR;{koknh lekt dk vUr djk;k vkSj ,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn dk ltu fd;k gSA
ekDlZ ds vuqlkj vkfFkZd O;oLFkk gh og cqfu;kn gS ftl ij jktuhfrd]
lkekftd vkSj lkaLdfrd <+kapk [kM+k fd;k x;k gSA foKku ftruh n<+rk vkSj etcwrh
ds lkFk vkxs c<+rk gS] og etnwjksa ds fgrksa vkSj vkdka{kkvksa ds lkFk gh lkeatL;
LFkkfir djrk gSA ekDlZ ds vuqlkj lf”V esa nks rŸo iz/kku gS&LohdkjkRed vkSj
udkjkRedA bUgha nksuksa rŸoksa ds la?k”kZ dk uke thou gSA budk ewy mn~ns’; vkfFkZd
lekurk vkSj oxZghu lekt dh LFkkiuk djuk gSA vr% ;g fl)kUr (ekDlZokn)]
lalkj dh ?kVukvksa dks mudh ijLij lEc)rk esa ns[kus ds fy, dgrk gSA og
lkekftd fodkl ds fu;eksa ls gesa ifjfpr djrk gS vkSj muds izdk’k esa vius ;qx
dh xfrfof/k dks igpkuus esa gekjh lgk;rk djrk gSA
bl rjg ekDlZokn us Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokn vkSj ik’pkR; HkkSfrdokn dks
ijkdk”Bk ij igq¡pk fn;k gSA ;gk¡ bldh Øfed foospuk djus ds fy, mi;qZDr
foospuksa esa izLrkouk ,oa izFke v/;k; ds lkj&la{ksi dks izLrqr djus dk Hkjld iz;kl
fd;k x;k gSA
f}rh; v/;k;
blesa Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa HkkSfrdoknh fopkj dh ,sfrgkfld foospuk izLrqr dh
x;h gSA osn] vkj.;d] mifu”kn~] iqjk.k] Lefr jkek;.k] Jhen~Hkxonxhrk] jkepfjr
ekul ,oa vU; Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ,oa n’kZu’kkL= esa HkkSfrdoknh izofr;k¡
ekStwn gSaA dkyØe esa fodflr gksdj ;kaf=d HkkSfrdokn dk :i ys fy;k gS vkSj vkt
ogh }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn ds :i esa nf”Vxr gks jgk gSA ;gk¡ ek= gesa bruk ladsr dj
nsuk mfpr izrhr gksrk gS fd HkkSfrdokfn;ksa us vkMEcj] vU/kfo’okl ds LFkku ij
foKku vkSj Kku dks izJ; fn;k gSA LoxZ] ujd] iqutZUe] nsoh&nsorkvksa dh] ,oa /keZ
vkSj bZ’oj dh vo/kkj.kk dk [k.Mu dj ykSfdd txr~ dk leFkZu fd;k gSaA ik’pkR;
txr esa ykWd] gkWCl vkSj :lksa us Hkh nSoh fl)kUr dh txg lkekftd le>kSrs dk
fl)kUr izLrqr fd;k gSA ;g pkokZd ds izdfroknh fl)kUr dk gh fodflr :i izrhr
gksrk gSA
rrh; v/;k;
pkokZd n’kZu dk laf{kIr ,oa leh{kkRed foospu&blesa pkokZd n’kZu dh
Kkuehekalk] rÙoehekalk] uhfr’kkL=] vFkZ’kkL= ,oa jktuhfr’kkL= lEcU/kh /kkj.kkvksa dh
foospuk dh xbZ gSA Kkuehekalk ds vUrxZr izR;{koknh n’kZu dh LFkkiuk dh x;h vkSj
vuqeku] mieku] ‘kCn vkfn dks Lora= izek.k ds :i esa vLohdkj vFkok fu”ks/k fd;k
x;k gS vkSj izR;{k izek.k dks gh ekSfyd izek.k fl) fd;k x;k gSA
rÙoehekalk ds vUrxZr HkkSfrd rÙoksa dks eksSfyd cryk;k x;k gSA i`Foh]
ty] ok;q ,oa vkx ¼vfXu½] tks fd HkkSfrd inkFkZ gS] ogh fo’o dk dkj.k gSA blh ls
psru ,oa vpsru inkFkZ mRiUu gq, gSa vkSj fo?kVu ds ckn os mlh esa fey tkrs gSaA
vkpkjehekalh; fopkj blesa pkokZd ds lq[koknh fopkjksa dh foospuk dh xbZ
gSA ;g uSfrd vkSj euskoSKkfud lq[kokn ds lkFk&lkFk fud”V lq[koknh Hkh gS vkSj
lqf’kf{kr pkokZd mRd”V lq[koknh gSA ik’pkR; txr~ esa csUFke vkSj ts- ,l- fey ls
rqyuk dh tk ldrh gSA vFkZ’kkL=& ;gk¡ futh lEifr dk leFkZu fd;k x;k gSA
buds vFkZ’kkL=h; fopkjksa dh rqyuk MsfoM g~;we] ,Me fLeFk vkSj gkWCl ds vkfFkZd
fopkjksa ls dh tk ldrh gSA jktuSfrd {ks= esa loZizFke lkE;okn vkSj dky&Øe esa
jktra= dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA jktk ij vadq’k j[kus dk funsZ’k Hkh fn;k x;k gSA
prqFkZ v/;k;
ik’pkR; n’kZu esa izeq[k HkkSfrdoknh fopkjksa dk ,sfrgkfld foospu&blesa
ik’pkR; txr~ dh HkkSfrdoknh izofr;ksa ,oa fopkjksa dh foospuk dh xbZ gSA ;gk¡ Fksfyt
ls Qk;jck[k rd ds HkkSfrdoknh /kkj.kkvksa dh foospuk dh x;h gSA Fksfyt dks n’kZu
vkSj HkkSfrdokn nksuksa dk tUenkrk cryk;k x;k gSA Fksfyt us ty dks gh pje rÙo
cryk;k gSA buds ckn ,usfDtesaMj] ,usfDtesuht] gsjk DykbVl] Y;qfdil] MseksfØVl]
,ihD;wjl vkfn] vk/kqfud dky esa gkWCl] VkySaM] ykes=h] gSdsy] Qk;jck[k ,oa ekDlZ
vkfn izeq[k gSaA blesa ekDlZ dks NksM+dj lHkh fopkjdksa us HkkSfrd rÙo dks fujis{k ,oa
vifjorZu’khy cryk;k gSA gsjkDykbVl vkfn us }U}kRed rjhds ls lkspus dk iz;Ru
rks fd;k ij fuokZg ugha fd;k gSA vr,o Qk;jck[k dh rjg lHkh HkkSfrdoknh fopkjd
fdlh u fdlh :i esa ;kaf=d vFkok vkf/k HkkSfrdoknh fopkjksa ds ?ksjs ls ckgj ugha
fudy ik;s gaSA fQj Hkh bruk rks ekuuk vko’;d gS gh fd MseksfØVl] ,ihD;wjl]
gsjkDykbVl] Qk;jck[k bR;kfn ds fopkjksa esa HkkSfrdoknh fl)kar dk mrjksrj fodkl
gqvk gSA
iape v/;k;
ekDlZokn dk ,sfrgkfld ,oa nk’kZfud foospu&ekDlZ dks loZgkjk dk elhgk
cryk;k x;k gSA bUgksaus vius ls iwoZorhZ HkkSfrdoknh fl)kUrksa dks fodflr dj mldh
ijkdk”Bk ij igqWpk fn;k gSA mlds LoHkko vFkok izdfr laca/kh Kku esa of) dj
lEiw.kZ ekuo lekt ds Kku ij ykxw fd;k gSA Cyk- bZ- ysfuu ds ‘kCnksa “nk’kZfudinkFkZokn dks vkSj xgjk vkSj fodflr djds ekDlZ us mls iw.kZrk iznku dh] izdfr ds
Kku dks c<+kdj ekuo lekt ds Kku ij ykxw fd;kA”1 vr% vHkh rd ds nk’kZfudksa
us ek= viuk fopkj izLrqr fd;k Fkk] ykxw ugha fd;kA ekDlZ us cryk;k gS fd
okLrfod leL;k ;g ugha gS fd nqfu;k dh O;k[;k dSls dh tk; cfYd leL;k gS fd
nqfu;k dks cnyk dSls tk;\ mUgh ds ‘kCnksa esa “The philosophers have only
interpreted the world in various ways, the point, however, is to change it.”2
vkt fo’oO;kih vkUnksyu esa ekDlZokfn;ksa us tks rgydk epk j[kk gS] ;g ifj.kke
ekDlZoknh n’kZu vFkok ekDlZokn dk gh gSA ,d lH;] [kq’kgky ,oa lqlaLdr ifjokj
esa tUe ysus ds ckotqn loZgkjk vkUnksyu dh lQyrk ds fy, bUgksaus vkfFkZd nfjnzrk]
‘kkjhfjd d”V ,o ifjokfjd nq%[k dks >syk gSA blesa ,axsYl vkSj tsuh dk R;kx
Lej.kh; gSA
ekDlZokn
ekDlZ ds nf”Vdks.k ,oa f’k{kkvksa dh O;ofLFkr Ja[kyk dks gh ekDlZokn dgk
tkrk gSA”3 ekDlZokn dk vk’k; vkfFkZd fopkjksa dh ml iz.kkyh vkSj O;oLFkk ls gS tks
ekDlZ rFkk muds lg;ksxh ,axsYl }kjk 19 oha ‘krkCnh ds mrjk)Z esa pykbZ x;h FkhA
ekDlZokn ,d O;kid vkSj foLrr fopkj iz.kkyh gSA bls fo’o ekuork n’kZu dgk tk
ldrk gSA buds fl)kUr ds vUrxZr n’kZu’kkL=] bfrgkl] jktuhfr vkSj vFkZ’kkL= ds
fl)kUr Hkh ,d nwljs ls lEcfU/kr fd;s x;s gSaA ;|fi budk ;g futh fl)kUr gS
ijUrq ;g O;fDr fo’ks”k dk ;k jk”Vª fo’ks”k dk fl)kUr u gksdj mlus fo’o n’kZu o
fl)kUr dk :i ys fy;k gSA ekDlZ ds vuqlkj lektokn dh LFkkiuk dsoy Jfedksa
ds }kjk gh laHko gks ldrh gSA lektokn dh voLFkk fo’ks”k esa ,d ifjorZu gksxk
ftlls lkE;oknh O;oLFkk dk;e gksxhA blesa fdlh izdkj dk ‘kks”k.k ,oa mRihM+u ugha
gksxkA bl voLFkk esa jkT; dh lÙkk Lo;a feV tk;xh vkSj izR;sd O;fDr viuh {kerk
ds vuqlkj dke djsaxs vkSj vko’;drk ds vuqlkj oLrq dk mi;ksx djsaxsA ;gh buds
fl)kUr dk dsUnzh; rŸo gSA blfy, nqfu;k ds etnwjksa dks ,d gksdj vkUnksyu djus
rFkk lÙkk dks gkfly djus dh lh[k nh gSA ,l-,y- nks”kh ,oa ih-lh- tSu us budh
¼ekDlZ dh½ nsu dk Lej.k fnykrs gq, cryk;k gS fd “ge dkYkZ ekDlZ ls vlger gks
ldrs gSa] mlds fopkjksa dh vkykspuk dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu in&nfyr lekt ds fy,
mUgksaus tks dqN fd;k gS mls udkjk ugha tk ldrk gSA vkt Hkh ekDlZ dk dFku
de&ls&de rhljh nqfu;k ds fiNM+s ns’kksa ds fy, ,d cgqr cM+k lans’k (Message)
gSA” bUgsa nfyr ,oa ihfM+r dk elhgk ekuk tkrk gSA
“k”B v/;k;
pkokZd vkSj ekDlZokn dk rqyukRed v/;;u & Hkkjrh; ;kaf=d HkkSfrdoknh
fopkjd pkokZd vkSj }kU}kRed HkkSfrdoknh ekDlZ] nksuksa us gh turk dh HkkSfrd
[kq’kgkyh ds fy, dksf’k’k dh gSA nksuksa ‘kksf”krksa ,oa ihfM+rksa ds fy, vk’kk dh fdj.k
FksA nksuksa us ijEijkoknh O;oLFkk iksaxkiaFkh /kekZoyfEc;ksa ds }kjk jfpr <+ksax vkMEcj ,oa
va/kfo’okl ds LFkku ij oLrq ijd ;FkkFkZoknh fopkj dh lEiqf”V dh gSA nksuksa esa
voLFkk fo’ks”k dk vUrj gSA ekDlZokn ;kaf=d HkkSfrdokn dk fodflr :i gSA nsoh
izlkn pV~Vksik/;k; us Hkh ekuk gS fd “oSKkfud HkkSfrdokn vk|&HkkSfrdokn dh
LokHkkfod ,oa rkfdZd ifj.kfr gSA”5 oLrqr% Hkkjrh; n’kZu dk bfrgkl vlafnX/k :i
ls blds HkkSfrdoknh :i dk ladsr djrk gS ftldks oSKkfud :i rFkk lgh fn’kk
ekDlZ us nh gSA Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokn dks mlds okLrfod y{; ekDlZokn rd ys tkuk
gh vk/kqfud HkkSfrdokfn;ksa dk vHkh”V gS tks vkt ds ;qx dh ekax gSA
Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokn [kkldj pkokZd ;kaf=d HkkSfrdokn dh LFkkiuk djrk gS
vkSj izR;{k izek.k ij tksj nsrk gsSA fdUrq psruk ds fo”k; esa bldh fØ;kRed Hkwfedk esa
vkn’kZokn ;k v/;kReokn ds fuxw<+ leFkZu ds izfrjks/k ds fy, pkokZd us dksbZ Bksl
rkfdZd vk/kkj fodflr djus dh vksj /;ku ugha fn;k gSA ;kuh og psruk dh
fd;kRed Hkwfedk dks le>us esa foQy jgk gSA ;g ckr ek= HkkSfrdokfn;ksa ij gh ykxw
ugha gksrh cfYd ekDlZ ds iwoZ reke HkkSfrdoknh fopkjksa ij Hkh ykxw gksrh gSA euq”;
dh psruk ewyr% mldh HkkSfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls fu/kkZfjr] viuh izfrfØ;k O;Dr djus
dh dksbZ {kerk ugha j[krh] ftlls fd og mUgaas u;h fn’kkvksa dh vksj eksM+ ldsA psruk
dh tM+s ewyr% inkFkZ esa gS] rFkkfi inkFkZ ij bldh vU;ksU;fØ;k gksrh gSA vkSj bl
rjg ;g Lo;a ltukRed ‘kfDr dk :i /kkj.k djrh gSA eu vFkok psruk fuf”Ø;
:i esa izdfr dks dsoy izfrfcfEcr ugha djrh cfYd og izdfr esa f’kjdr Hkh djrh
gSaA
vr% ekDlZ ds vuqlkj fopkj] dYiuk vkSj psruk dh mRifr loZizFke euq”;kasa
ds HkkSfrd fØ;kdyki HkkSfrd lEidZ ls ;FkkFkZ thou dh ‘kSyh ls izR;{k :i ls
vUrZxzafFkr gSA vkRek vFkok eu ;k psruk dksbZ ,slh pht ugha gks ldrh gS tks lpsru
vfLrÙo ls fHkUu gksA vkSj ekuo vfLrÙo ekuo&thou dh ;FkkFkZ izfØ;k dk lwpd
gSA blhfy, ekDlZ vkSj ,axsYl us izkphu dky ds HkkSfrdoknh nk’kZfudksa ls ysdj vc
rd ds ¼ekDlZ ds iwoZ Hkksfrdoknh fopkj½ lkjs HkkSfrdoknh fl)kUr dh&ftlesa
Qk;jck[k dk HkkSfrdokn Hkh ‘kkfey gS] [kkfe;ksa dks cryk;k gSA muds fl)kUr esa
tSlk fd mi;qZDr dFku ls Li”V gS fd euq”; dh =qfV gS fd oLrq] okLrfodrk vkSj
,sfUnz;rk dks dsoy fo”k; ;k vuq/;ku ds :i esa dfYir fd;k tkrk gS] u fd ekuo
ds bfUnz;xr fØ;kdyki vFkok O;ogkj ds :i esaA blfy, ifj.kke ;g fudyk fd
fØ;k’khy i{k HkkSfrdokn }kjk ugha] cfYd Hkkookn ds }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k gSA
nsohizlkn pV~Vksik/;k; vkfn us Hkh mDr ckrska dk leFkZu fd;k gSA pV~Vksik/;k; ds gh
‘kCnksa esa “yksdk;r ds ckjs esa gesa ftruh tkudkjh gS] mlds vuqlkj ge dg ldrs gSa
fd yksdk;frdksa us Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa vkn’kZokn ds fuxw<+ leFkZu ds izfrjks/k ds fy,
dksbZ Bksl rfdZd vk/kkj fodflr djus dh vksj /;ku ugha fn;kA”6 vc Li”V gS fd
HkkSfrdoknh vo/kj.kkvksa esa Hkh ns’k] dky vkSj ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkj ifjorZu gksrs jgs
gSaA Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdoknh pkokZd us tgkW ;kaf=d HkkSfrdokn esa fo’okl fd;k Fkk] ogk¡
ekDlZ us }U}kRed vFkok ,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn dh LFkkiuk dh gSA
;kaf=d HkkSfrdokn ewy rÙo dks xfrghu ,oa vifjorZu’khy cryk;k gSA
izdfr vkSj lekt dks izHkkfor djus okys fu;eksa dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr Li”V djus esa os v{ke
jgs gSaA os ekufld izfØ;kvksa ds okLrfod Lo:i dks efLr”d dh jpukRed ‘kfDr;ksa]
dkjZokbZ;ksa ,oa dsUnzh; ukM+h O;oLFkk dks] lkFk gh euksoknh laosnukRed fØ;k’khyrk
rFkk lkekftd ifjos’k ds chp lEcU/k dks os ugha le> lds FksaA bruk gh ugha mUgksaus
jlk;u ‘kkL= vkSj tho foKku dh leqfpr O;k[;k izLrqr ugha dh gS] pwfd mudk
HkkSfrdokn ;kaf=d FkkA
mi;qZDr ckrsa Hkkjrh; vkSj ik’pkR; HkkSfrdokn nksuksa ds fy, ykxw gksrh gSA
;kaf=d HkkSfrdoknh tgk¡ inkFkZ dks pje rÙo ds :i esa Lohdkj djrk gS ogk¡
ekDlZokn lHkh oLrqvksa dks lkis{k ,oa ifjorZu’khy djkj nsrk gSA blds fy, fuR;
vFkok ‘kk’or dqN Hkh ugha gSA7 vr% }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn ,d ,slk nk’kZfud foKku
gS] tks lkekftd psruk rFkk lkekftd okLrfodrk ds lEcU/k dk] rFkk lkekftd
fodkl ds lkekU; fu;eksa vkSj mldh izsjd ‘kfDr;ksa dk fu:i.k djrk gSA og lekt
ds oSKkfud laKku vkSj mldh iqujZpuk dk lkekU; fl)kUr rFkk iz.kkyh nksuksa gSA8
Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokfn;ksa dh nf”V esa xfr dk vFkZ ek= LFkku ifjorZu gS] tcfd
ekDlZokfn;ksa dh nf”V esa xfr inkFkZ dk vkUrfjd xq.k vkSj mlds vfLrÙo dk rjhdk
gSA
ekDlZ ds iwoZ lHkh HkkSfrdokfn;ksa us vkn’kZokn dk fojks/k gB iwoZd fd;k gS]
os mudh nsu }U} fu;e dks Lohdkj ugha djrs FksA muds vuqlkj lkjk vkn’kZokn
O;FkZ gS] ew[kZrkiw.Zk gS] ijUrq ekDlZ ds eqrkfcd ;g dFku o nf”Vdks.k xyr gSA og
,dkafxrk ,oa fujis{krk ls ihfM+r jgk gSA ekDlZ us vius ls iwoZ reke fopkjksa dks og
pkgs HkkSfrdoknh gks ;k v/;kReoknh gks] mldh lkjxfHkZr ckrksa dks Lohdkj dj ,d
uohu fl)kUr dh LFkkiuk dh gSA ;gh uohu fl)kUr ekDlZokn gSA
izkphudky esa Hkh lkE;oknh fopkj dks ikrs gSa fdUrq og voSKkfud lk izrhr
gksrk gSA ekDlZ ds }kjk izLrqr lektokn vkSj fQj lkE;okn dh LFkkiuk ,d oSKkfud
O;oLFkk gSA ;g lkE;okfn;ksa ds lHkh O;ogkjksa] rkSj&rjhdksa ,oa izksxzke dk oSKkfud
vkSj nk’kZfud vk/kkj izLrqr djrk gSA
pkokZd ds }kjk izLrqr jktk dh /kkj.kk fdlh Hkh dky esa lekIr ugha gksrh
gS] fdUrq ekDlZ ds }kjk foosfpr loZgkjk dk rkuk’kkg ,d voLFkk fo’ks”k esa lEkkIr gks
tk;xk vkSj lkE;okn dh voLFkk esa dksbZ jktk vkSj rkuk’kkg ugha gksxk] lc leku
gksaxsA fo”kerk dk ukeksfu’kku ugha jgsxk] lerk gh nf”Vxr gksxhA lS)kfUrd nf”V ls
ekDlZ dk fl)kUr vo’; fodflr ,oa izkS<+ izrhr gksrk gS fdUrq O;kogkfjd nf”V ls
pkokZd }kjk izLrqr jktk vkSj jkT; dh /kkj.kk izkekf.kd ,oa mi;qDr izrhr gksrh gSA
vFkkZr~ jktk vkSj rkuk’kkg dks rks yksxksa us ns[kk gS fdUrq lkE;okn vHkh dkYifud gh
nh[krk gSA
lIre~ v/;k;
fu”d”kZ dh Hkk”kk esa pkokZd vkSj ekDlZ ds fopkjksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u
djus ls ;g tkfgj gks tkrk gS fd dkSulk fopkj o fl)kUr fdl {ks= esa izkS<+]
fodflr] lelkef;d ,oa csgrj gS vkSj dkSu cn ls cnrj gSA
Kkuehekalk
bl nf”V ls ekDlZ dk n’kZu pkokZd n’kZu ls fodflr] lqlaxr ,o
lelkef;d gSA ekDlZ ds Kkuehekalh; fopkjksa ds vUrxZr cqf)] vuqHko] fujh{k.k]
izkd~dYiuk vkSj iz;ksx vFkok O;ogkj Hkh vk tkrs gaSA fdUrq pkokZd ds fopkjksa esa ughaA
pkokZd dk Kkuehekalh; fopkj Hkh ;kaf=d gS vkSj ekDlZ dk }U}kRed gSA blfy, Hkh
pkokZd dh rqyuk esa ekDlZ dks csgrj cryk;k x;k gSA
rÙo eheaklk
inkFkZ ls psruk dh mRifr ,oa fodkl lEcU/kh fopkjksa dk fo’ys”k.k vkSj
O;k[;k pkokZd dh vis{kk ekDlZ us vf/kd lehphu ,oa ;qfDrlaxr <+x ls izLrqr fd;k
gSA pkokZd us inkFkZ ls psruk dh mRifr vo’; crykbZ gS fdUrq inkFkZ ls psruk dSls
mRiUu gksrh gS&bl lEcU/k dks pkokZd us ;kaf=d fo’ys”k.k djds tokc nsus dh
dksf’k’k dh gS tks fd oSKkfudksa dh nf”V esa mi;qDr ugha BgjrkA ekDlZ us }U}kRed
i)fr ls fo’o dh O;k[;k izLrqr dh gS] tks dh oSKkfud] rkfdZd] ;qfDrlaxr ,oa izk S<+
izrhr gksrk gSA psruk lEcU/kh fopkj Hkh ekDlZ dk pkokZd ls csgrj gSA
pkokZd us vius rŸoekalh; fopkjkas ds vUrxZr pkj rÙoksa ;Fkk&vfXu] ty]
iFoh vkSj ok;q dks gh vfUre] fujis{k] vifjorZu’khy ,oa pje ?kksf”kr fd;k gSA ekDlZ
dh nf”V esa loZizFke pkokZd }kjk izLrqr rÙo] rÙo gS gh ughaA ftls os rÙo dgrs gSa
ekDlZ dh nf”V esa og ;kSfxd gSA nwljk pje dqN Hkh ugha gSA lHkh phtsa cnyus okyh
gSA lHkh lkis{k gSaA vkt tks rÙoksa dh la[;k 108 ls Hkh vf/kd crykbZ tk jgh gS og
ekDlZ dks ekU; gS pwafd os oSKkfud ekU;rkvksa ds lkFk gSaA vkt tks bysDVªkWu] izksVªkWu]
U;wVªkWu dks ekSfyd rFkk lcdk dkj.k cryk;k tkrk gS] og Hkh ekDlZ dks ekU; gSA
blfy, ekDlZ dk rÙoehekalh; fopkj pkokZd dh rÙoehekalk ls fodflr ,oa izkS<+ gS
bUgaas ;kaf=d HkkSfrdokn dk ifjgkjdrkZ Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA bUgksaus HkkSfrdokfn;ksa dh
fu”Bk dks ijkdk”Bk ij igq¡pk fn;k gSA
vkpkjehekalh; fopkj
ekDlZ dk vkpkjehekalh; fopkj Hkh pkokZd dh vis{kk izkS<+ ,oa lehpku
izrhr gksrk gSA pkokZd dk uhfr’kkL=h; foospu Hkh ;kaf=d gS vkSj ekDlZ dk }U}kRed
gSA blfy, ekDlZ dk n’kZu fo’oO;kih gks pqdk gSA ekDlZ us nqfu;k dks O;k[;k gh
ugha dh] cfYd mls cnyus dh rjdhc Hkh nh gSA ekDlZ dk uhfr’kkL=h; foospu
pkokZd dh vis{kk O;kid ,oa fodflr gSA ;|fi pkokZd vkSj ekDlZ nksuksa us turk dh
HkkSfrd [kq’kgkyh ds fy, iz;Ru fd;k gS] fdUrq pkokZd dh vis{kk ekDlZ dk ;FkkFkZoknh
,oa lq[koknh n’kZu vf/kd ;qfDr laxr ,oa izkS<+ izrhr gksrk gSA
vFkZ’kkL=
pkokZd vkSj ekDlZ nksuksa us ns’k o lekt dh vkfFkZd n’kk lq/kkjus dh
dksf’k’k dh gS fdUrq pkokZd dh vis{kk ekDlZ dk foospu }U}kRed gksus ds dkj.k
fodflr gSA ekDlZ us ftl rjg ls lekt vkSj jk”Vª dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk foospu
izLrqr fd;k gS mlh rjg ls pkokZd ds fopkjksa esa nf”V ugha gksrk gS] pw¡fd pkokZd ds
le; esa vFkZ’kkL= vfodflr voLFkk esa FkkA blfy, ekDlZ dh vFkZuhfr pkokZd dh
vis{kk vf/kd lehphu ,oa csgrj gSA os O;fDr dh lEifr ds fy, vf/kd iz;Ru’khy
FksA tcfd ekDlZ ,oa muds leFkZdksa jk”Vªh; vkSj lkekftd lEifr ij vR;f/kd /;ku
fn;k gSaA phu bldk ToyUr mnkgj.k gSA
jktuhfr
euq”; vius thou esa vf/kd ls vf/kd LorU=rk izkIr djuk pkgrk gSA
ekDlZ ds }kjk izLrqr lektokn vkSj lkE;okn dh voLFkk esa lHkh ekuoksa dks iw.kZ
Lora=rk dh ckr crykbZ xbZ gSA bl rjg dh ckrsa pkokZd ds fopkjksa esa ugha ikrs gSaA
gkaykfd lkE;okn vHkh rd nf”Vxr ugha gks ik;k gS fQj Hkh ;g dgk tk ldrk gS
fd lS)kfUrd nf”V ls ekDlZ dk jktuhfrd fopkj pkokZd dh vis{kk fodflr ,oa izkS<+
gSA pkokZd dh nf”V esa O;fDr vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gS] tcfd ekDlZ ,oa muds leFkZdksa dh
nf”V esa lekt ,oa lkekftd lEifr vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA
/keZ
pkokZd us /keZ lEcU/kh vo/kkj.kkvksa dk fu”ks/k rks fd;k gS ij mldh /kkj.kk,¡
dSlh curh gS bldk foospu izLrqr ugha fd;k gS] tcfd ekDlZ us fd;k gSA ekDlZ dh
nf”V esa vYi cqf) vkSj vKku ds dkj.k /keZ vkSj bZ’oj dh vo/kkj.kk cuh gSA blfy,
ekDlZ ds fopkjksa dks pkokZd dh vis{kk fodflr ,oa lehphu dgk tk ldrk gSA fdUrq
O;kogkfjd nf”V ls pkokZd dk /keZ lEcU/kh fopkj dkjxj Bgjk gSA pkokZd n’kZu esa
fl)kar vkSj O;ogkj dk lkeatL; gS fdUrq ekDlZ esa ughaA pkokZd us fdlh Hkh rjg /keZ
dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k gSA ysfuu us cryk;k gS fd tgk¡ rd jkT; dk lEcU/k gS] /keZ
dks O;fDrxr ekeyk Lohdkj dj ysuk pkfg,A ekDlZ vkSj ysfuu us bZ’oj dk fu”ks/k
fd;k fdUrq ekDlZokfn;ksa us bZ’oj dh rjg mUgsa ¼ekDlZ] ,axsYl vkfn dks½ iq”Ik ekyk,¡
vfiZr djrs gSa] rks fQj fojks/k dSlk\ blhfy, fojksf/k;ksa us cryk;k gS fd /keZ ds
ftrus Hkh izrhd gSa os lkjs dE;qfuTe esa gSA ekDlZ bl /keZ dk eksgEen gS] dSfiVy
bldh dqjku gS] lkE;okn dk mPpre~ pj.k bldk lkrok¡ lxZ gS vkSj }U}okn bldk
vYykg gSA dqN yksx dSfiVy dh rqyuk ckbZfcy ls Hkh djrs gSaA fQj Hkh lS)kfUrd
:i esa ekDlZ dk fl)kUr pkokZd dh vis{kk izkS<+ ,oa fodflr vo’; gS fdUrq
O;kogkfjd nf”V ls dqN ekeyksa esa pkokZd dk fl)kUr Bksl ,oa dkjxj izrhr gskrk gSA
v/;kRe dh nf”V ls nksuksa gh fl)kUr vifjiDo gSaA tgk¡ rd fodfr dk
iz’u gS] ftruh fodfr;k¡ pkokZd n’kZu esa vkbZ mlls dgha vf/kd fodfr;k¡ ekDlZokn
esa mRiUu gks xbZ gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k muds vuq;k;h gh gSa] tSlk fd vU;
laLFkkidksa ds lkFk gqvk oSlk gh pkokZd vkSj ekDlZ ds lkFk Hkh gqvk gSA vc iz’u gS
fd bl rjg dh fodfr;k¡ D;ksa mRiUu gqbZ\ vkSj bu fodfr;ksa dk funku dSls laHko
gksxk\ loZizFke nksuksa n’kZuksa dk /;s; vf/kd ls vf/kd lq[k izkIr djuk gSA nksuksa ds
n’kZu esa gBokfnrk Hkh gS lkFk gh lkFk vk/;kfRed fo’okl vFkok Kku dk vHkko Hkh
gSA ge tkurs gSa fd fdlh Hkh laLFkk vFkok ikVhZ dk vfLrÙo ewY;ksa dh mnkrrk ij
fuHkZj djrk gSA ftl O;fDr vFkok laxBu dk ewY;ksa ds izfr ftruk leiZ.k gksxk og
ikVhZ] O;fDr ] laxBu vFkok laLFkk mruk gh laiUu fl) gksxhA mldk foLrkj mruk
gh vf/kd gksxkA mlesa fodfr;k¡ mruh gh de vk;sxhA nwljh ckr ;g gS fd viuh
vkLFkk ,oa fl)kUr vFkok dk;Z dk flagkoyksdu djrs jguk pkfg, ugha rks ns’k] dky
vkSj ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkj mlesa mfpr ifjorZu ds lkFk dqN nqxqZ.k Hkh vk tk;saxs
ftlds fy, ltxrk dh t:jr gSaA
mi;qZDr foospuksa ds vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd nksuksa n’kZuksa dks
izkjfEHkd :i esa Lohdkj djuk vuqfpr ugha gksxkA tc euq”; dh cqf) vifjiDo ,oa
vfodflr jgrh gS rc mldk /;ku ckg~; oLrq ;k ckg~; oLrqvksa dh vksj vkd”V gksrk
gS vkSj tc mldh cqf) fodflr ,oa ifjiDo gksus yxrh gS rc og vkUrfjd ‘kfDr
vFkok v/;kRe dh vksj eqM+rk gSaA jk/kkd”.ku~ us Hkh bl rF; dk leFkZu fd;k gsSA
vks’kks jtuh’k us Hkh bl ckr dh lEiqf”V dh gSA
/keZ ds fodkl ds bfrgkl ij /;ku nsus ds i’pkr~ gh bl rF; dk leFkZu
feyrk gSA loZO;fDrokn fd fLFkfr esa euq”; lw;Z] pUnzek] vfXu] igkM+] o{k vkfn dh
iwtk djrk FkkA bu oLrqvksa dks ltho ugha ekuk tkrk FkkA os yksx ltho vkSj futhZo
esa vUrj ugha djrs Fks fdUrq ckn esa pydj ltho vkSj futhZo esa Hksn djus yxsA bl
voLFkk dks thookn dgk tkrk gS fQj Øekuqlkj izsrkReokn (tho dks Hkwr ls vyx
gksus dh {kerk esa fo’okl) izdfrokn] vusds’ojokn] ,dkf/knSookn] bZ’ojokn vFkok
czg~eokn vFkok v}Srokn vkrk gS ;kuh ‘kq) v/;kRe vUr esa vkrk gSA blls fl) gksrk
gS fd cqf) dk vfodflr gksuk HkkSfrdokn dh i”BHkwfe gS vkSj v/;kRe mlh dh
fodflr voLFkk gSA gkykafd vkt Hkh HkkSfrdoknh izofr;kW¡ vkSj fl)kUr tksjksa ij gSA
;kaf=d HkkSfrdokn dh txg }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn dk izpkj o izlkj gks jgk gSA bldk
eryc ;g ugha fd ;g ckr mi;qZDr rF;ksa dk [k.Mu dj nsrh gS cfYd mldh iqf”V
gh djrh gSA D;ksafd mi;qZDr foospu fdlh dky fo’ks”k vFkok O;fDr fo’ks”k ij ugha
?kfVr gS cfYd voLFkk fo’ks”k dk |ksrd gSA fdlh Hkh dky esa euq”; dh cqf)
vfodflr vFkok fodflr gks ldrh gS] ,d gh euq”; vifjiDo cqf) ds dkj.k
HkkSfrdokn vFkok la’k;okn ds xrZ esa iM+ ldrk gS vkSj ifjiDo cqf) dh izkfIr ds
i’pkr~ vuqHko dj ldrk gS fd HkkSfrdokn esa iw.kZ ekuo dk cuuk laHko ugh gSa ;kuh
iw.kZrk v/;kRe ls gh laHko gksxh rc og vk/;kReokn dks Lohdkj dj ysxkA
vr% Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokn vkSj ekDlZokn nksuksa dk ewY;kadu vU; fl)kUrksa
tSls vk/;kReokn ls fd;k tkrk gS rks oSlh fLFkfr esa nksuksa gh fopkj mlls fuEu
fn[krs gSaA vkSj vk/;kReokn HkkSfrdokn dh mPpre~ voLFkk izekf.kr gks tkrh gSA
vkpk;Z Jh jtuh’k us Hkh ekuk gS fd pkokZd n’kZu ijekRek dk izFke lksiku gSA budh
nf”V esa ‘kjhj ds ry ij v}Sr dk Kku izkIr djus ds i’pkr~ gh vkRek ds ry ij
v}Sr dks le>k tk ldrk gSA pkokZd vkSj ekDlZ v/;kRe n’kZu ds chp dM+h dk dke
fd;k gSA ekDlZ dk }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn (lektokn vkSj lkE;okn) pkokZd ds ;kaf=d
HkkSfrdokn (vk| lkE;okn vkSj fQj jktra=kRed fl)kUr) dh vis{kk v/;kRe ds
vf/kd utnhd gSA pkokZd vkfn ;kaf=d HkkSfrdokfn;ksa us inkFkZ dks fLFkj ;k xfrghu
cryk;k gS vkSj ekDlZ ,oa muds vuq;kf;;ksa us inkFkZ dks fuR; cnyus okyh oLrq ds
:i esa n’kkZ;k gSA xfrghu inkFkZ ls dgha xfr’khy inkFkZ v/;kRe ds djhc gSA tM+rk
;k xfrghurk inkFkZ esa mij vkSj uhps dh vksj xeu djus dh {kerk gSA ekDlZ dh
nf”V esa ;g xfr’khyrk fodkl dk i;kZ; gSA fodkl ds Øe esa gh cqf) vkSj vkRek]
tks fd lw{e] vewrZ ,oa ‘kfDr :i gS] mldk vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Hkxw us Hkh igys vUu dks czg~e ekuk Fkk tks fd tM+ nzO; gS fdUrq rhoz
vuqHko ds ckn czg~e ds vlyh Lo:i dks le> fy;k Fkk] mlh izdkj ekDlZoknh
fopkjd Hkh fodkl izfØ;k esa bfUnz;kuqHko dh txg vuqHkwfr dk lgkjk ysdj fuR;
vkRek] tks fd ‘kfDr :i gS] le>s gaSA ;kuh xfrghurk ls xfr’khyrk dk foospu
v/;kRe ds djhc gaSA ghxsy vkfn us Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gSA
HkkSfrdokn vk/;kfRed thou ds foijhr ugha cfYd vUue; dks’k] eukse;
dks’k] izk.ke; dks’k bR;kfn voLFkkvksa dk |ksrd gS vkSj bu voLFkkvkssa dks ikj djus
ds ckn gh v/;kRe dh mPpre~ voLFkk vkuUne; dks’k dks izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
bl voLFkk esa foKku vkSj n’kZu] dyk vkSj foKku] HkkSfrdokn ,oa vk/;kReokn
lEcU/kh oSpkfjd la?k”kZ dk Hksn lekIr gks tkrk gS vkSj mlesa okLrfod lEcU/kksa dh
tkudkjh gks tkrh gSA rc og vHksn iw.kZ fLFkfr dks izkIr djrk gSA vHksniw.kZ fLFkfr esa
igq¡pdj euq”; dks loZ= lejlÙkk dh izrhr gksrh gS] loZ= ,d psruk foykl djrh
gqbZ nf”Vxkspj gksrh gSA ;g euq”; dh rqjh;koLFkk dgykrh gSA vr% Hkkjrh;
HkkSfrdokn vkSj ekDlZokn v/;kRe dk fojks/kh u gksdj mlh dh voLFkk fo’ks”k dk
|ksrd gSA lqfe=kuUnu iar us Hkh ekuk gS fd ekDlZ ds HkkSfrdokn vkSj Hkkjrh;
v/;kReokn esa leUo; LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA mudh nf”V esa ,sfrgkfld
HkkSfrdokn vkSj Hkkjrh; v/;kRe n’kZu esa fdlh izdkj dk fojks/k ugha tku iM+rk gSA
oLrqr% vk/kqfud HkkSfrdokn dk fo”k; ,sfrgkfld (lkis{k) psruk gS vkSj v/;kRe dk
fo”k; ‘kk’or (fujis{k) psruk] nksuksa gh ,d nwljs ds v/;;u vkSj xzg.k djus esa
lgk;d gksrs gSa vkSj Kku ds lokZaxh.k leUo; ds fy, iszj.kk nsrs gSaA t; ‘akdj izlkn
us Hkh ekuk gS fd lq[k vkSj ‘kkfUr HkkSfrd nf”V rFkk vk/;kfRed nf”V ds lkeatL; ls
gh laHko gSA MkW- jk/kkd”.ku~] mes’kfeJ] lqjs’ojkpk;Z vkfn us Hkh HkkSfrdokn vkSj
vk/;kReokn dks ,d nwljs dk fojks/kh ugha cfYd iwjd ekuk gSA vr% Hkkjrh;
HkkSfrdokn vkSj ekDlZokn vk/;kReokn dh i”BHkwfe gS vkSj vk/;kReokn mldh
(Hkkjrh; HkkSfrdokn vkSj ekDlZokn dh) mPpre~ voLFkk gSA
lanHkZ lwph
1 Cyk +b +ysfuu ¼vuqoknd jktho lDlsuk½] laLdfr vkSj lakLd`frd ØkfUr] ihiqYl ifCyf’kax
gkml izk- fy- jkuh >k¡alh jksM] ubZ fnYyh 1] 1967 bZ-] i- &32A
2 dkyZ ekDlZ] ÝsMfjd ,aftYl] lysDVsM oDlZ oksY;we&2] Qksjsu ysaxostst ifCyf’kax gkml
ekLdks] 1963] i”B 405
3 ysfuu] yQkxZ ,ao vU;] jsfefulasl vkWQ ekDlZ ,.M ,aftYl] QkWjsu ysaxostst ifCyf’kax
gkml ekLdks] 1980] i”B&32
4 ,fey cUlZ ¼vuqoknd vkseizdk’k laxy½] ekDlZokn D;k gS\ ihiqYl ifCyf’kax gkml ¼izk-
fy½ fnYyh] 1983] i”B&1
5 m)r] MkW- ¼Jhefr½ y{eh lDlsuk ¼lEiknd½] ledkyhu Hkkjrh; n’kZu] mrj izns’k laLFkku
¼xzUFk vdkneh iz;kx½ y[kuÅ] 1983] i”B&370
6 nsoh izlkn pV~Bksik/;k;] ¼vuqoknd dUgS;k½] Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa D;k thoUr gS vkSj D;k
er\ fiiqYl ifCyf’kx gkml] ubZ fnYyh] 1984] i”B&289
7 fo- vQukL;sc ¼vuqoknd fxjtk dqekj flUgk½] ekDlZoknh n’kZu] ihiqYl ifCyf’kax gkml
¼izk +fy½ jkuh >k¡lh jksM] ubZ fnYyh flrEcj] 1966] i”B&14A
8 o- iksnkslsrfud] v- LihfdZu ¼vuqoknd f=HkwouukFk½ ,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn ij ,d nf”V]
i”B&8A