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Jl­yf­rj­bv­vbu­hf­wbz­csu­hf­kf­ht­ifñ­oeñ­hjkm­yt­njkm­rj­d­cj­plf­ybb­djp­vjé­yjc­ntq­lkz­hfp­db­nbz­Fvt­hb­rb,­yj­b­d­ajh­vb­hj­df­ybb­jc­yjd­tt­jå­ot­cn­dty­yj­uj­cnhjz.­Bc­nj­hbñ­CIF­vjé­yj­ec­kjd­yj­gj­ltkbnm­yf­gznm­jn­ltkm­ysö­gt­hbj­ljd.­D­nt­xt­ybt­änbö­gt­hbj­ljd­yf­åkñ­lf­kbcm­hfp­yst­ntv­gs­vbu­hf­wbb­bp­cj­dth­ity­yj­hfp­ysö­eujk­rjd­vb­hf.­Rfé­lsq­bp­ybö­dj­vyj­ujv­cnfk­jn­hf­ét­yb­tv­jcj­åty­yjc­ntq­fvt­hb­rfy­crj­uj­jå­ot­cn­df­b­ärj­yj­vb­rb­b­jl­yj­dht­vty­yj­jc­nf­dbk­yf­ybö­cdjq­jn­gt­xf­njr.

Gt­ht­ct­kty­ws­d­Yj­djv­Cdt­nt

Gth­dfz­b­cf­vfz­ghj­ljk­éb­ntkm­yfz­ägj­öf­ghj­lkb­kfcm­c­17­uj­dt­rf­lj­yf­xf­kf­19­uj­cnj­kt­nbz.­Bv­vbu­hfy­ns­ghb­ås­df­kb­bp­hfp­ysö­vtcn,­d­njv­xbc­kt­bp­uth­vfy­crj­uj­Gafkm­wf,­bp­Ahfy­wbb­(ghj­ntc­nfy­ns­ue­ut­yj­ns)­b­bp­Yb­lth­kfy­ljd.­Cht­lb­bv­vbu­hfy­njd­ås­kb­be­ltb­bp­Yb­lth­kfy­ljd­b­bp­Gjkm­ib,­jl­yf­rj­åjkm­iby­cn­dj­bv­vbu­

hfy­njd­njq­gj­hs­ås­kb­hj­ljv­c­Åhb­nfy­crbö­jc­nhj­djd,­ghb­xtv­fy­ukb­xf­yt,­ijn­kfy­lws,­dfk­kbq­ws­b­bh­kfy­lws­bp­Jkmc­nt­hf­nz­uj­nt­kb­r­hfp­ysv­rj­kj­yb­zv­(gj­plytt­cnfd­ibv­inf­nf­vb)­b­ht­ubj­yfv.

Änb­bv­vbu­hfy­ns,­rj­nj­hsö­jåsx­yj­yf­ps­df­ñn­gt­ht­ct­kty­wf­vb,­d­jc­yjd­yjv,­ghtl­gj­xb­nf­kb­pf­yb­vfnm­cz­ptv­kt­lt­kb­tv:­jåt­of­ybt­lt­it­djq­ptv­kb­ås­kj­dfé­ysv­cnb­ve­kjv­lkz­jåtl­ytd­ibö­ds­öjl­wtd­bp­ct­dth­yjq­b­pf­gfl­yjq­Td­hj­gs,­rj­nj­hst­yt­vju­kb­dj­cgjkm­pj­dfnm­cz­gkj­lf­vb­vj­lth­yb­pf­wbb­ärj­yj­vb­rb­e­ct­åz­yf­hj­lb­yt.­Jcj­åj­uj­dyb­vf­ybz­pf­cke­éb­df­tn­jn­ltkm­yfz­uheg­gf­bv­vbu­hfy­njd,­gj­crjkm­re­bö­jgsn­dj­vyj­ujv­ghj­kb­df­tn­cdtn­yf­ldb­ée­obt­cb­ks­bv­vbu­hf­wbb.­D­ne­ägj­öe­vyj­ubt­gt­ht­ct­kty­ws­ghb­ås­df­kb­d­Fvt­hb­re­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­gjl­ytdjkm­ysö­hf­åjn­yb­rjd.­Jyb­pf­rkñ­xf­kb­lj­uj­dj­hs­c­hf­åj­nj­lf­nt­kz­vb,­d­rj­nj­hsö­jght­ltkz­kbcm­dht­vz­b­ec­kj­dbz­nhe­lf­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­gkf­ns­pf­gt­ht­tpl­d­Yj­dsq­Cdtn.­Öj­nz­ec­kj­dbz­hf­åj­ns­ås­kb­jxtym­ce­hj­ds­vb,­d­ht­pekm­nf­nt­cdjt­uj­nhe­lf­gjl­ytdjkm­yst­hf­åjn­yb­rb­gj­ke­xf­kb­d­cj­åcn­dty­yjcnm­yt­åjkm­ibt­pt­vtkm­yst­yf­ltks,­rj­nj­hst­jyb­vju­kb­jå­hf­åf­ns­dfnm,­cnfd­yt­pf­db­cb­vs­vb­ath­vt­hf­vb­qj­vt­yf­vb.

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Hjlbkbcm pf uhfybwtq

2000199019801970196019501940193019201910190018901880187018601850

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Ljkz

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Yfctktybt byjcnhfyyjuj ghjbcöjéltybz b tuj ljkz d jåotq xbcktyyjcnb yfctktybz gj ujlfv ghjdtltybz gthtgbctq

Bcnjxybr: Nfåkbwf 1. Vtcnf hjéltybz ghbtpétuj b rjhtyyjuj yfctktybz: 1850–2000 uu.http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0081/twps0081.pdf

Bv­vbu­hf­wbz­d­wba­hfö

Vfc­cj­dfz­vbu­hf­wbz

Xbc­kj­kñ­ltq,­ghb­töfd­ibö­d­äne­lfd­yññ­ägj­öe,­ås­kj­jn­yj­cb­ntkm­yj­yt­åjkm­ibv.­Jl­yf­rj­r­20­v­uj­lfv­19­uj­dt­rf­cb­nef­wbz­bp­vt­yb­kfcm.­Änjn­gt­hb­jl­cnfk­gth­djq­ägj­öjq­vfc­cj­djq­vbu­hf­wbb­yf­ct­kt­ybz.­Cj­dnj­hj­uj­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbz­lj­1880­ö­uj­ljd­d­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­ghb­ås­kj­jrj­kj­15­vbk­kbj­yjd­bv­vbu­hfy­njd.­Vyj­ubt­ghtl­gjx­kb­pf­yznm­cz­ctkmc­rbv­öj­pzq­cn­djv­yf­Chtl­ytv­Pf­gf­lt­b­Ctdt­hj­­djc­nj­rt,­lhe­ubt­yf­ghfd­kz­kbcm­d­nf­rbt­uj­hj­lf,­rfr­Ymñ­Qjhr,­Ab­kf­ltkm­abz,­Åjc­njy­b­Åfk­nb­vjh.

Änjn­gt­ht­öjl­ysq­gt­hb­jl­jåec­kjd­kty­afr­nj­hf­vb,­rj­nj­hst­ltqcn­dj­df­kb­rfr­d­Td­hj­gt,­nfr­b­d­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­nfö.­Gjc­kt­jrjy­xf­ybz­yf­gj­ktj­yjd­crbö­dj­qy­d­Td­hj­gt­vj­kj­lst­kñ­lb­jrf­pf­kbcm­cdj­åjl­ys­vb­jn­dj­ty­yjq­ckeé­ås.­Änj­gj­pdj­kz­kj­bv­dth­yenm­cz­yf­hj­lb­ye,­d­nj­dht­vz­rfr­by­lec­nhbf­kb­pf­wbz­b­ctkmc­rj­öj­pzq­cn­dty­yfz­rjy­cj­kb­lf­wbz­d­Fy­ukbb,­Crfy­lb­yf­dbb­b­cnhf­yfö­wty­nhfkm­yjq­Td­hj­gs­ght­jå­hf­pb­kb­jnt­xt­cn­dty­yeñ­ärj­yj­vb­re.­D­ht­pekm­nf­nt­jå­hf­pj­dfk­cz­rkfcc­vj­kj­lsö­kñ­ltq,­rj­nj­hst­ghb­yj­djv­cnhjt­yt­vju­kb­pf­hf­åj­nfnm­ct­åt­yf­ébpym.­Cghjc­yf­nhel­bv­vbu­hfy­njd­djp­hjc­d­cdz­pb­c­lde­vz­dfé­ys­vb­nty­lty­wbz­vb­d­CIF:­

pf­ct­kt­yb­tv­fvt­hb­rfy­crj­uj­Chtl­yt­uj­Pf­gf­lf­gjc­kt­jn­rhs­nbz­rf­yf­kf­Ähb­d­1825­uj­le­b­cdz­pfy­ysv­c­ybv­cnf­yjd­kt­yb­tv­gjh­nf­d­Ymñ­Qjh­rt,­f­nfr­ét­yf­xf­kjv­ghj­vsi­kty­yj­uj­hfp­db­nbz­d­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­nfö,­jcj­åty­yj­ntr­cnbkm­yjq­jn­hfc­kb,­wtynh­rj­nj­hjq­yf­öj­lbk­cz­d­Yj­djq­Fy­ukbb.

Bv­vbu­hfy­ns,­rfr­ghf­db­kj,­uheg­gb­hj­df­kbcm­d­jght­ltkty­ysö­uj­hj­lfö­b­ht­ubj­yfö.­Fvt­hb­rfy­crbq­Chtl­ybq­Pf­gfl,­cnfd­ibq­d­ct­ht­lb­yt­19­uj­dt­rf­jl­ybv­bp­cf­vsö­gkj­lj­hjl­ysö­ctkmc­rj­öj­pzq­cn­dty­ysö­ht­ubj­yjd­vb­hf,­ghb­dktr­cgkj­xty­yst­b­jn­yj­cb­ntkm­yj­jl­yj­hjl­yst­jå­ob­ys­bv­vbu­hfy­njd­bp­Idt­wbb,­Yjh­dt­ubb,­Lf­ybb,­Åj­ut­vbb­b­hfp­kbx­ysö­nth­hb­nj­hbq,­rj­nj­hst­d­1871­uj­le­cnf­kb­tlb­yjq­Uth­vf­yb­tq.

D­äne­ägj­öe­ghj­bpj­itk­gth­dsq­rheg­yj­vfc­infå­ysq­ghb­njr­bv­vbu­hfy­njd­rf­nj­kb­rjd­d­ght­bve­ot­cn­dty­yj­ghj­ntc­nfyn­crbt­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns.­Änb­kñ­lb­–­d­jc­yjd­yjv,­bh­kfy­lws­–­ds­pdf­kb­gth­deñ­d­bc­nj­hbb­cnhf­ys­ct­hmtp­yeñ­dj­kye­dhfé­ltå­yj­uj­jn­yj­it­ybz­r­bv­vbu­hfy­nfv,­rj­nj­hfz­cj­xt­nf­kf­d­ct­åt­yt­ghbz­nbt­bv­vbu­hfy­njd­d­wt­kjv­c­åj­zpymñ­rf­nj­kb­wbp­vf­b­bh­kfy­lwtd.­D­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbz,­ghtl­it­cn­djdfd­ibt­Uhfé­lfy­crjq­djq­yt­d­CIF­(1861–1865),­ntj­hbz­ght­djc­öjl­cn­df­uhfé­lfy,­

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Pfgfl Ñu Chtlybq Pfgfl

Ctdthj-djcnjr

2000199019801970196019501940193019201910190018901880187018601850

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Ljkz yfctktybz byjcnhfyyjuj ghjbcöjéltybz d hfpkbxysö htubjyfö CIF gj ujlfv ghjdtltybz gthtgbctq

Bcnjxybr: Nfåkbwf 15. Yfctktybt byjcnhfyyjuj ghjbcöjéltybz gj bcnjhbxtcrbv xfcnzv b gjlhfpltktybzv CIF: 1850–2000 uu.http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0081/twps0081.pdf

Bv­vbu­hf­wbz­d­wba­hfö

hj­lbd­ibö­cz­d­cnhf­yt,­yfl­bv­vbu­hfy­nf­vb­ghb­dt­kf­r­djp­ybr­yj­dt­ybñ­vjo­yj­uj­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rj­uj­ldb­ét­ybz­b­lf­ét­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­gfh­nbb­≤ytp­yf­tr≥,­rj­nj­hst­clt­kf­kb­jgjh­ys­vb­gey­rnf­vb­cdj­tq­gkfn­ajh­vs­yt­uf­nbd­yjt­jn­yj­it­ybt­r­bv­vbu­hf­wbb­b­rf­nj­kb­xt­cn­de.­D­änjn­gt­hb­jl­yf­fvt­hb­rfy­crbq­Pf­gfl­nfr­ét­ghb­ås­kb­yt­vyj­uj­xbc­kty­yst­rb­nfq­ws.­Fvt­hb­rfy­ws,­hj­lbd­ibt­cz­d­cnhf­yt,­åeh­yj­b­jn­hb­wf­ntkm­yj­htf­ub­hj­df­kb­yf­bö­ghb­tpl,­xnj­ghb­dt­kj­r­ghb­yz­nbñ­tlby­cn­dty­yj­uj­bv­vbu­hf­wb­jy­yj­uj­pf­rj­yf­CIF,­d­rj­nj­hjv­rjy­rhtn­yfz­uheg­gf­kñ­ltq­ås­kf­yf­pdf­yf­ukfd­ysv­jåütr­njv­ju­hf­yb­xb­ntkm­yjq­gj­kb­nb­rb­–­≤Pf­rj­yf­jå­bc­rkñ­xt­ybb­rb­nfq­wtd≥­1882­uj­lf.

Dj­kyf­cnf­yj­dbn­cz­yf­djl­yt­yb­tv

D­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbz­gjc­kt­Uhfé­lfy­crjq­djq­ys­c­gj­zd­kt­yb­tv­yj­dsö­bc­njx­yb­rjd­bv­vbu­hf­wbb­cnf­kb­cj­dth­ity­cn­dj­dfnm­cz­chtl­cn­df­lkz­ge­nt­it­cn­dbq­xt­htp­jrt­fy.­Tc­kb­ght­éybt­bv­vbu­hfy­ns­ghb­ås­df­kb­d­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­yf­gf­hec­yb­rfö,­nj­yj­djd­dt­lt­ybz­d­gf­hjöjl­yjv­cj­jå­ot­ybb­gj­pdj­kb­kb­åj­ktt­rheg­ysv­vjh­crbv­ce­lfv­ghb­dj­pbnm­d­CIF­åjkm­it­bv­vbu­hfy­njd.­D­ne­ägj­öe­bv­vbu­hfy­ns­ghb­ås­df­kb,­rfr­ghf­db­kj,­bp­ñé­yjq­b­

dj­cnjx­yjq­Td­hj­gs­–­ht­ubj­yjd,­rj­nj­hst­d­rjy­wt­19­uj­b­yf­xf­kt­19­uj­dt­rjd­ght­nth­gt­df­kb­nf­rbt­ét­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbt­ght­jå­hf­pj­df­ybz,­rf­rbt­hf­ytt­ghj­bpji­kb­d­pf­gfl­yjq­b­ct­dth­yjq­Td­hj­gf.

Rfr­b­cht­lb­bv­vbu­hfy­njd­ght­éyt­uj­gt­hbj­lf,­cht­lb­yj­dsö­ghb­ås­dfñ­obö­d­Fvt­hb­re­ght­jå­kf­lf­kf­vj­kj­ltém.­Äne­vbu­hf­wb­jy­yeñ­dj­kye,­cnfd­ieñ­nht­ntq­d­bc­nj­hbb­bv­vbu­hf­wbb­d­CIF,­crj­htt­vjé­yj­yf­pdfnm­yf­djl­yt­yb­tv­bv­vbu­hfy­njd,­nfr­rfr­jrt­fy­gt­ht­ctr­kb­gjx­nb­25­vbk­kbj­yjd­td­hj­gtq­wtd.­Åjkm­iby­cn­dj­änbö­vbu­hfy­njd­cj­cnfd­kz­kb­bnf­kmzy­ws,­uht­rb,­dty­uhs,­gj­kz­rb­b­lhe­ubt­kñ­lb,­uj­dj­hbd­ibt­yf­ckf­dzy­crbö­zps­rfö.­Cht­lb­ybö­ås­kj­jn­2,5­lj­3­vbk­kbj­yjd­td­ht­td.

Rfé­lfz­uheg­gf­jn­kb­xf­kfcm­öf­hfr­nth­ys­vb­vbu­hf­wb­jy­ys­vb­jcj­åty­yjc­nz­vb­gj­cj­jn­yj­it­ybñ­vté­le­veé­xb­yf­vb­b­éty­ob­yf­vb­cht­lb­vbu­hfy­njd,­gj­cnj­zy­cn­de­cdj­tq­vbu­hf­wbb,­ehjd­yñ­uhf­vjn­yjc­nb,­rj­kb­xt­cn­de­dphjc­ksö­b­lt­ntq­b­n.g.­Yj­e­dctö­uhegg­ås­kf­jl­yf­jå­ofz­öf­hfr­nt­hbc­nb­rf:­jyb­cnt­rf­kbcm­d­uj­hj­lf­b­cj­cnfd­kz­kb­åjkm­iby­cn­dj­ghj­vsi­kty­yjq­hf­åj­xtq­cb­ks­d­CIF,­jåtc­gt­xb­dfd­itt­cnf­yjd­kt­ybt­cnf­kt­kb­ntq­yjq,­eujkm­yjq,­fd­nj­vj­åbkm­yjq,­ntr­cnbkm­yjq­b­idtq­yjq­ghj­vsi­kty­yjc­nb.­Änb­kñ­lb­lf­kb­djp­vjé­yjcnm­Cj­tlb­

eJournal USA 6

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Pfgfl Ñu Chtlybq Pfgfl

Ctdthj-djcnjr

2000199019801970196019501940193019201910190018901880187018601850

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Ljkz yfctktybz byjcnhfyyjuj ghjbcöjéltybz d hfpkbxysö htubjyfö CIF gj ujlfv ghjdtltybz gthtgbctq

Bcnjxybr: Nfåkbwf 15. Yfctktybt byjcnhfyyjuj ghjbcöjéltybz gj bcnjhbxtcrbv xfcnzv b gjlhfpltktybzv CIF: 1850–2000 uu.http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0081/twps0081.pdf

Bv­vbu­hf­wbz­d­wba­hfö

yty­ysv­Inf­nfv­jrf­pfnm­cz­d­gth­dsö­hz­lfö­vb­hj­dsö­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbö­ub­ufy­njd.

Bö­nz­uf­r­uj­hj­lfv,­åjkm­ifz­xbc­kty­yjcnm­b­lj­cnf­njx­yj­äkt­vty­nfh­yfz,­cdjq­cn­dty­yfz­kñ­lzv­fy­nb­gf­nbz­r­byj­cnhf­ywfv­ghb­dt­kb­r­djp­ybr­yj­dt­ybñ­dnj­hjq­dj­kys­jh­uf­yb­pj­dfy­yjq­rct­yj­aj­åbb.­R­1890­v­uj­lfv­vyj­ubt­fvt­hb­rfy­ws,­jcj­åty­yj­bp­xbc­kf­pf­éb­njx­ysö­åt­ksö­vtcn­ysö­ehj­éty­wtd,­cxb­nf­kb,­xnj­bv­vbu­hf­wbz­ct­hmtp­yj­eu­hj­éf­tn­plj­hj­dmñ­b­åt­pj­gfc­yjc­nb­cnhf­ys.­D­1893­uj­le­uheg­gf­nf­rbö­fvt­hb­rfy­wtd­cj­plf­kf­Kb­ue­pf­ju­hf­yb­xt­ybt­bv­vbu­hf­wbb.­Yf­hz­le­c­lhe­ub­vb­fyf­kj­ubx­yj­yf­cnhj­ty­ys­vb­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbz­vb,­jyf­yf­xf­kf­lj­åb­dfnm­cz­jn­Rjy­uhtc­cf­htp­rj­uj­cj­rhf­ot­ybz­bv­vbu­hf­wbb­bp­pf­he­åt­éf.

Ghb­yz­nbt­pf­rj­yjd­jå­bv­vbu­hf­wbb

Ju­hf­yb­xt­ybt­gj­cnt­gty­yj­ghj­ljk­éf­kjcm­d­rjy­wt­19­uj­b­yf­xf­kt­20­uj­dt­rjd,­chf­pe­gjc­kt­Gth­djq­vb­hj­djq­djq­ys­(1914–1918)­b­d­yf­xf­kt­1920­ö­uj­ljd­Rjy­uhtcc­bp­vt­ybk­jc­yj­ds­gj­kb­nb­rb­cnhf­ys­d­jn­yj­it­ybb­bv­vbu­hf­wbb.­D­ghb­yz­njv­d­1921­uj­le­Pf­rj­yt­j­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjv­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybb­(d­jrjy­xf­ntkm­yjq­ajh­vt­en­dth­élty­yjv­d­1924­uj­le)­yt­njkm­rj­ju­hf­yb­xb­df­kjcm­xbc­kj­bv­vbu­hfy­njd,­rj­nj­hst­vju­kb­dütp­éfnm­d­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns,­yj­b­ec­nf­yfd­kb­df­kbcm­rdj­ns,­jc­yj­dfy­yst­yf­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjv­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybb.­Änjn­ckjé­ysq­pf­rj­yj­lf­ntkm­ysq­frn,­gj­ce­ot­cn­de,­jn­lf­dfk­ghtl­gjx­nt­ybt­bv­vbu­hfy­nfv­bp­ct­dth­yjq­b­pf­gfl­yjq­Td­hj­gs,­htp­rj­ju­hf­yb­xb­dfz­xbc­kj­ghb­ås­dfñ­obö­bp­dj­cnjx­yjq­

b­ñé­yjq­Td­hj­gs­b­jåüzd­kzz­yt­wt­kt­cj­jå­hfp­ysv­ghb­tv­bv­vbu­hfy­njd­bp­Fpbb­d­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­nfö.

Jl­yf­rj­rdj­ns­yt­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yz­kbcm­yf­Pf­gfl­yjt­gj­ke­if­hbt,­b­d­1920­t­uj­ls­yf­cne­gb­kf­ghtl­gj­cktl­yzz­ägj­öf­d­bc­nj­hbb­fvt­hb­rfy­crjq­bv­vbu­hf­wbb.­Bv­vbu­hfy­ns­lj­djkm­yj­cdjåjl­yj­gt­ht­tp­éf­kb­bp­Vtr­cb­rb,­Rf­hbå­crj­uj­åfc­ctq­yf­(drkñ­xfz­Zvfq­re,­Åfh­åf­ljc­b­Ufb­nb)­b­lhe­ubö­xfc­ntq­Wty­nhfkm­yjq­b­Ñé­yjq­Fvt­hb­rb.­Änf­ägj­öf,­yf­rj­nj­hjq­

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eJournal USA 7

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eJournal USA 8

Xbc­kj­ds­öjl­wtd­bp­hfp­ysö­ht­ubj­yjd­cht­lb­yf­ct­kt­ybz­byj­cnhfy­yj­uj­­

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eJournal USA 9

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Bh­kfyl­crbt­bv­vbu­hfy­ns­ås­kb,­d­jc­yjd­yjv,­yt­rdf­kb­ab­wb­hj­dfy­ys­vb­kñlm­vb,­rj­nj­hst­hf­åj­nf­kb­pf­ybp­reñ­gkf­ne­b­xfc­nj­bc­gjkm­pj­df­kbcm­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­pf­gfc­yjq­hf­åj­xtq­cb­ks­lkz­ght­rhf­ot­ybz­pf­åfc­nj­djr.­Hf­åjn­yb­rb­bp­xbc­kf­vtcn­ysö­ehj­éty­wtd­åtc­gj­rjb­kbcm,­xnj­bp­pf­änj­uj­cyb­pzn­cz­bö­cj­åcn­dty­yst­pf­hf­åjn­rb,­b­pf­djt­df­ybz­ghja­cjñp­yj­uj­ldb­ét­ybz­åe­len­gj­ljhdf­ys.­Vyj­ubt­fvt­hb­rfy­ws­nfr­ét­jgf­cf­kbcm,­xnj­bh­kfy­lws­yb­rju­lf­yt­ghj­ldb­yen­cz­d­jå­ot­cn­dt,­f­dvtc­nj­änj­uj­cnf­yen­gth­dsv­gj­cnj­zy­ysv­hf­åj­xbv­rkfc­cjv­d­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­nfö,­eu­hj­éfñ­obv­jc­yj­dj­gj­kf­ufñ­ot­ve­ghby­wb­ge­ébp­yb­fvt­hb­rfy­wtd­d­19­v­dt­rt­–­gjl­üt­ve­gj­cj­wb­fkm­yjq­ktc­nyb­wt­åkf­uj­lf­hz­egjh­yj­ve­nhe­le.

eJournal USA 10

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D­yt­rj­nj­hsö­uj­hj­lfö­yf­nb­dbc­ns­ghb­åt­uf­kb­r­yf­cb­kbñ­ghj­nbd­rf­nj­kb­rjd.­Djq­crf­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjq­udfh­lbb­cnht­kz­ñn­d­njk­ge­åey­njd­ob­rjd,­yf­cnhj­ty­ysö­ghj­nbd­bh­kfy-lwtd,­d­Ymñ-Qjh­rt­d­1871­uj­le.

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eJournal USA 11

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eJournal USA 12

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Bvtñ­obt­cz­lfy­yst­jl­yj­pyfx­yj­cdb­lt­ntkm­cn­deñn­j­ght­bve­ot­cn­dfö­rju­yb­nbd­yj­uj­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbz.­Änb­ght­bve­ot­cn­df­yf­åkñ­lf­ñn­cz­d­ärj­yj­vb­rt:­d­åjkm­ibö­uj­hj­lfö,­ult­bv­vbu­hfy­njd­åjkm­it,­ghj­bp­dj­lb­ntkm­yjcnm­nhe­lf­cf­vfz­ds­cj­rfz­d­cnhf­yt,­jn­xfc­nb­åkf­uj­lf­hz­hfc­

Db­ltnm­b­vsc­kbnm­gj­-yj­dj­veCrjnn­Gtqlé

eJournal USA 12

Fkm­åthn­Äqyintqy,­cnfd­ibq­uhfé­lf­yb­yjv­CIF­d­1940­uj­le,­åsk­yt­tlby-cn­dty­ysv­bv­vbu­hfy­njv,­rj­nj­hj­ve­ås­kf­ghb­ceé­lt­yf­Yj­åt­ktd­crfz­ght­vbz.

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ghj­cnhf­yt­ybñ­hfp­yj­jå­hfp­ysö­bltq.­Ce­ot­cn­deñn­jyb­b­d­yf­ert:­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybz,­ghj­dj­lb­vst­uheg­gf­vb­ext­ysö­hfp­yj­uj­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybz,­jrf­ps­df­ñn­cz­åj­ktt­äa­atr­nbd­ys­vb,­xtv­hf­åj­ns­jn­ltkm­yj­dpz­nsö­ext­ysö.­Ght­bve­ot­cn­df­jn­vt­xt­ys­b­d­vb­ht­bc­rec­cn­df­b­rekm­ne­hs:­lj­cnb­ét­ybz­d­änbö­jå­kfc­nzö­d­ht­ifñ­otq­cnt­gt­yb­pf­db­czn­jn­ghb­nj­rf­yj­dsö­bltq,­ghb­ås­dfñ­obö­dvtc­nt­c­bv­vbu­hfy­nf­vb.

Hfp­kbx­yst­njx­rb­pht­ybz

Ärj­yj­vbc­ns,­cj­wbj­kj­ub­b­gcb­öj­kj­ub­yf­xf­kb­hfc­rhs­dfnm­vt­öf­ybp­vs,­gj­chtl­cn­djv­rj­nj­hsö­ltqcn­de­tn­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbt.­Gj­xt­ve­hfp­yj­jåhfp­yjt­uhfé­lfy­crjt­jå­ot­cn­dj­gj­hjé­lf­tn­åjkm­it­yj­djd­dt­lt­ybq,­åjkm­it­yf­ex­ysö­jn­rhs­nbq,­åj­ktt­cf­vj­åsn­yjt­bc­rec­cn­dj?­Rj­hjn­rj­vjé­yj­jn­dt­nbnm,­xnj­rekm­neh­yjt­b­än­yb­xtc­rjt­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbt­dj­gkj­of­tn­cz­d­djp­vjé­yjcnm­db­ltnm­b­vsc­kbnm­hfp­ys­vb­cgj­cj­åf­vb.­Jå­ot­cn­djdt­ls­yf­ps­df­ñn­änj­njx­rf­vb­pht­ybz­b­äd­hbc­nb­rjq.

≤Djk­yf­åe­le­ot­uj­–­änj­yt­gj­rj­ht­ybt­vb­hf­jl­yjq­lj­uvf­nb­xtc­rjq­dt­hjq,­f­ds­cdj­åjé­lt­ybt­vyj­uj­jåhfp­yjq­äyth­ubb­cdj­åjl­ysö­cnhfy­b­cdj­åjl­ysö­kñ­ltq≥,­–­uj­dj­hbk­ght­pb­ltyn­Léjy­Rty­yt­lb.

Hfp­yj­jå­hfp­yst­njx­rb­pht­ybz­gj­pdj­kz­ñn­kñ­lzv­gj­­yj­dj­ve­hfc­cvfn­hb­dfnm­ckjé­yeñ­ghj­åkt­ve­b­ght­dhf­ofnm­tt­d­ghj­cneñ.­Yj­dst­bp­lt­kbz,­yf­ex­yst­jn­rhs­nbz­b­yj­dst­ajh­vs­bc­rec­cn­df­–­dct­änj­djp­yb­rf­tn­åkf­uj­lf­hz­jcj­åsv­njx­rfv­pht­ybz.­Edb­ltd­dcgf­öfy­yjt­gj­kt,­bpjå­ht­nf­ntkm­Ab­kj­Afh­yce­jhn­gj­yzk,­rfr­gt­ht­lf­dfnm­bpjå­hf­ét­ybz­gj­djp­le­öe,­b­änj­jpf­ht­ybt­ghb­dt­kj­r­gj­zd­kt­ybñ­nt­kt­db­lt­ybz.­Yb­rju­lf­yt­kmpz­crf­pfnm­pf­hf­ytt,­rf­rfz­bvty­yj­njx­rf­pht­ybz­ghb­dt­ltn­r­ghj­hs­de,­yj­vjé­yj­cnb­ve­kb­hj­dfnm­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbt­dpukz­ljd,­xnj­ås­

ghj­hs­ds­ghj­bc­öj­lb­kb­tc­nt­cn­dty­ysv­ge­ntv.

Yt­nhf­lb­wb­jy­yjcnm­vsi­kt­ybz­gj­hjé­lf­tn­åj­ktt­vtk­rbt,­åj­ktt­gj­dct­lytd­yst­ekex­it­ybz,­xtv­rheg­yst­ghj­hs­ds,­rj­nj­hst­ghj­bc­öj­lzn­åkf­uj­lf­hz­vyj­uj­jå­hfp­ysv­njx­rfv­pht­ybz.­Xkt­ys­kñ­åj­uj­jå­ot­cn­df­ghb­dyj­czn­b­yf­rfg­kb­df­ñn­ju­hjv­yeñ­rjk­ktr­wbñ­ajh­vfkm­ysö­vt­nj­ljd­ht­it­ybz­pf­lfx­b­yt­ajh­vfkm­ysö­äv­gb­hb­xtc­rbö­vt­nj­ljd,­rj­nj­hsv­jyb­exfn­cz­yf­cj­åcn­dty­yjv­jgs­nt,­d­extå­ysö­pf­dt­lt­yb­zö­b­d­ct­vmt.­Nf­rjt­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbt­vsi­kt­ybz­gj­pdj­kz­tn­jå­ot­cn­de­gj­cktl­jdf­ntkm­yj­jce­ot­cn­dkznm­vt­ytt­vfc­infå­yst­yj­djd­dt­lt­

ybz,­åelm­nj­d­kf­åj­hf­nj­hbb­bkb­d­cåj­hjx­yjv­wt­öt.Ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbq­hjcn­b­yf­ex­ysq­ghj­uhtcc­pf­db­czn­

jn­cj­xt­nf­ybz­ghj­hs­djd­c­ec­njq­xb­dsv­yj­df­njh­cn­djv.­Cyf­xf­kf­rnj­nj­ghb­dyj­cbn­yj­deñ­njx­re­pht­ybz­b­ds­ldb­uf­tn­bltñ­dt­kj­cb­gt­lf,­gth­cj­yfkm­yj­uj­rjv­gmñ­nt­hf­bkb­ghj­dt­lt­ybz­fer­wbj­yjd­d­by­nth­yt­nt.­Yf­enjx­yt­ybt­b­cj­dth­ity­cn­djdf­ybt­änjq­bltb,­ghb­vt­yzz­hfp­yst­cgj­cj­ås­vsi­kt­ybz,­eöj­lzn­vyj­ubt­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbz.

Bv­vbu­hf­wbz­jåtc­gt­xb­df­tn­gj­cnj­zy­ysq­ghb­njr­yj­dsö­dpukz­ljd­b­cgj­cj­åjd­vsi­kt­ybz­–­jn­cñ­lf­åjkm­ibt­ec­gt­öb­bv­vbu­hfy­njd­d­cj­plf­ybb­yj­dsö­ghtl­ghbz­nbq,­yf­ert­b­bc­rec­cn­dt.

Bc­gjkm­pj­df­ybt­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbz

Ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbt,­yf­ex­yst­b­rekm­neh­yst­ght­bve­ot­cn­df­bv­vbu­hf­wbb­yt­hfc­rhs­df­ñn­cz­åtp­yfl­kt­éf­otq­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq,­cj­wb­fkm­yjq­b­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rjq­by­ahf­cnher­ne­hs.­Vyj­uj­jå­hfp­yst­jå­ot­cn­df­jn­kb­xf­ñn­cz­jn­jl­yj­hjl­ysö­jå­ot­cnd­gj­nhtv­dfé­ysv­yf­ghfd­kt­yb­zv.­Dj­­gth­dsö,­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbt­ghb­dj­lbn­r­ckjé­yjc­nzv.­Eg­hfd­kznm­rjv­gktr­cys­vb­cbc­nt­vf­vb­dctu­lf­nhel­yj.­Änj­jn­yj­cbn­cz­r­ärj­yj­vb­rt,­jå­ot­cn­de­b­rjk­ktr­nb­dfv.­Dpf­bvj­ltqcn­dbt­dyen­hb­vyj­uj­jå­hfp­ysö­uhegg­b­cj­jå­ot­cnd­gj­hjq­vj­étn­åsnm­cgjh­ysv­b­yt­ghtl­crf­pet­vsv.

Dj­­dnj­hsö,­gt­ht­lf­xf­hfp­kbx­ysö­dpukz­ljd­b­cgj­cj­åjd­vsi­kt­ybz­nht­åe­tn­nth­gt­ybz­b­nj­kt­hfy­nyjc­nb.­Ghb­yz­nbt­b­ec­djt­ybt­hfp­kb­xbq­yt­jå­öj­lb­vj­lkz­ec­gt­öf.­Jå­hf­ofnm­dyb­vf­ybt­yf­lj­yt­yf­dyti­yjcnm­bkb­wdtn­rj­éb­xt­kj­dt­rf,­ckt­le­tn­ghb­cke­ib­dfnm­cz­r­tuj­blt­zv,­f­yt­r­fr­wty­ne.­Åjkm­it­dct­uj­lkz­ec­gt­öf­yt­jå­öj­lb­vj­ghb­pyf­ybt­nj­uj,­rnj­nj­lhe­ujq­cvj­étn­kex­it­jn­dt­nbnm­yf­gj­cnfd­kty­ysq­dj­ghjc.

eJournal USA 14

Hj­lbd­ibq­cz­d­Dt­kb­rj­åhb­nf­ybb­fvt­hb­rf­ytw­Jkb­dth­Cvb­nbc­(d­wty­nht)­cnfk­jl­ybv­bp­kfe­htf­njd­Yj­åt­ktd­crjq­ght­vbb­2007­uj­lf­gj­vt­lb­wb­yt.

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D­nht­nmbö,­vyj­uj­jå­hfp­yst­uheg­gs­kñ­ltq­jn­kb­xf­ñn­cz­yt­njkm­rj­dpukz­lf­vb­b­vsc­kz­vb,­yj­b­cdjb­vb­wt­kz­vb­b­bltf­kf­vb.­Tc­kb­kñ­lb­yt­cöj­lzn­cz­d­cdj­bö­ghby­wb­gb­fkm­ysö­ghtl­gjx­nt­yb­zö­–­yf­ghb­vth,­tc­kb­jyb­ght­ckt­le­ñn­jcj­åst­yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­wt­kb,­–­vj­uen­djp­ybr­yenm­jc­kjé­yt­ybz.­Yt­djp­vjé­yj­ht­ifnm­ghj­åkt­ve­cj­jå­of,­yt­ghb­lz­r­jå­ot­ve­vyt­ybñ­j­njv,­d­xtv­pf­rkñ­xf­tn­cz­ghj­åkt­vf.­Kñ­lzv­ghb­öj­lbn­cz­cj­ukf­cj­ds­dfnm­cdjb­jc­yj­dj­gj­kf­ufñ­obt­wt­kb­b­wty­yjc­nb.­Rf­rb­vb­ås­eåt­lb­ntkm­ys­vb­yb­rf­pf­kbcm­lj­rf­pf­ntkm­cn­df­d­gjkm­pe­nj­uj,­xnj­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbt­dpukz­ljd­b­cgj­cj­åjd­vsi­kt­ybz­cj­plf­tn­ju­hjv­yst­ght­bve­ot­cn­df,­cnjkm­ét­eåt­lb­ntkm­yst­lj­rf­pf­ntkm­cn­df­gjl­hf­pe­vt­df­ñn,­xnj­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbt­wty­yjc­ntq­vj­étn­ghb­dtc­nb­r­ct­hmtp­ysv­ghj­åkt­vfv.

Gjl­öj­lz­ofz­jå­cnf­yjd­rf

D­cdz­pb­c­erf­pfy­ys­vb­ds­it­nht­vz­jcj­åty­yjc­nz­vb,­ght­bve­ot­cn­df­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbz,­djp­yb­rfñ­ot­uj­åkf­uj­lf­hz­bv­vbu­hf­wbb,­yt­kmpz­htf­kb­pj­dfnm­dyt­cj­jn­dtn­cn­deñ­obö­

ec­kj­dbq.­Änb­ec­kj­dbz­djp­yb­rf­ñn­pf­cxtn­yt­ukfc­ysö­yjhv­jå­ot­cn­dty­yj­uj­gj­dt­lt­ybz­–­uj­njd­yjc­nb­ghb­cke­ib­dfnm­cz­r­lhe­ubv­b­nth­gb­vj­jn­yj­cbnm­cz­r­hfp­yj­ukf­cb­zv,­–­hfd­yj­rfr­b­pf­cxtn­pf­rj­yjd,­pf­ght­ofñ­obö­lbc­rhb­vb­yf­wbñ­gj­ghb­pyf­re­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybz.­Jéb­lft­vsv­ht­pekm­nf­njv­zd­kz­tn­cz­yf­wbj­yfkm­yfz­rekm­ne­hf,­rj­nj­hfz,­gj­åeé­lfz­kñ­ltq­vsc­kbnm­gj­­hfp­yj­ve,­jåtc­gt­xb­df­tn­ib­hj­rjt­cj­ukf­cbt­d­jn­yj­it­ybb­jc­yj­dj­gj­kf­ufñ­obö­wty­yjc­ntq­b­ghby­wb­gjd­cnhf­ys.

D­plj­hj­djq­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­cbc­nt­vt­kñ­lb­xfc­nj­hfc­öj­lzn­cz­dj­vyt­ybb­j­njv,­rfr­htf­ub­hj­dfnm­yf­djp­yb­rfñ­obt­ds­pj­ds.­Vs­yf­åkñ­lf­tv­änj­d­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­nfö­dj­dht­vz­lt­åf­njd­j­ab­yfy­cb­hj­df­ybb­ve­yb­wb­gfkm­ysö­irjk­b­gj­kb­nb­rt­d­jå­kfc­nb­ärj­kj­ubb.­Yj­e­ntö­ét­cf­vsö­kñ­ltq­d­wt­kjv­ytn­hfp­yj­ukf­cbq­gj­gj­dj­le­ukfd­ysö­wt­ktq­–­dfé­yjc­nb­jå­hf­pj­df­ybz­b­pf­ob­ns­jr­he­éfñ­otq­cht­ls.

Jn­rhs­nfz­bv­vbu­hf­wb­jy­yfz­gj­kb­nb­rf­cj­plf­tn­rekm­neh­yjt,­än­yb­xtc­rjt­b­ht­kb­ub­jp­yjt­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbt.­Yj­jyf­gj­hjé­lf­tn­b­rju­yb­nbd­yjt­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbt.­D­änjv­rju­yb­nbd­yjv­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbb­pf­rkñ­xf­tn­cz­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rfz,­yf­ex­yfz­b­rekm­neh­yfz­wty­yjcnm­bv­vbu­hfy­njd.­Evt­ybt­gj­­byj­ve­dpukz­yenm­yf­vbh­ghb­dj­lbn­r­yf­ex­ysv­jn­rhs­nb­zv.­Nfq­dfymc­rbq­bv­vbu­hfyn­Lä­dbl­Öj­gth­dsv­ghb­itk­r­ds­dj­le­j­njv,­xnj,­öj­nz­yb­jlby­fy­nb­db­hec­ysq­ght­gf­hfn­yt­vj­étn­jc­nf­yj­dbnm­CGBL,­

änj­djp­vjé­yj­åkf­uj­lf­hz­cj­xt­nf­ybñ­hfp­kbx­ysö­ght­gf­hf­njd.­Ckt­lez­änjq­kj­ub­rt,­jy­cj­plfk­yj­djt­kt­rfh­cn­dj­jn­CGB­Lf,­b­éeh­yfk­≤Nfqv≥­d­1996­uj­le­ds­åhfk­tuj­≤xt­kj­dt­rjv­uj­lf≥.­Jy­cgfc­ébpym­vbk­kbj­yfv­kñ­ltq.

Kj­ub­rf­Öj­d­jåjå­oty­yjv­db­lt­jåüzc­yz­tn­ght­bve­ot­cn­df­bv­vbu­hf­wbb.­E­ghtl­cnf­db­nt­ktq­hfp­ysö­rekm­neh­

ce­ot­cn­deñn­hfp­yst­njx­rb­pht­ybz­yf­ghj­åkt­vs­b­djp­vjé­yjc­nb­d­cnhf­yt.­Ht­ibnm­dct­ghj­åkt­vs­d­jlb­yjx­re­yt­djp­vjé­yj,­yj­gj­cnj­zy­ysq­ghb­njr­yj­dsö­b­vyj­uj­jå­hfp­ysö­dpukz­ljd­b­cgj­cj­åjd­vsi­kt­ybz,­jåtc­gt­xb­dft­vsq­åtc­ght­gzn­cn­dty­yjq­bv­vbu­hf­wb­tq,­ghb­dj­lbn­r­nj­ve,­xnj­vs­vj­étv­änj­clt­kfnm­dvtc­nt.­■

vyt­ybz,­ds­crf­ps­dft­vst­d­änjq­cnf­nmt,­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jn­hf­éf­ñn­

dpukz­ls­bkb­gj­kb­nb­re­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­cIf.

eJournal USA 14

Tot­jl­ybv­kfe­htf­njv­Yj­åt­ktd­crjq­ght­vbb­2007­uj­lf­gj­vt-lb­wb­yt­åsk­fvt­hb­rf­ytw­Vf­hbj­Rf­gtx­xb­–­ehj­ét­ytw­Bnf­kbb.

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eJournal USA 15

Djp­hfcnPf­yt­rj­nj­hs­vb­bc­rkñ­xt­ybz­vb,­pf­zdb­nt­kb­lj­kéys­åsnm­yt­vj­kj­ét­18­ktn.

Vtc­nj­yf­öjé­lt­ybtPf­zdb­ntkm­lj­kéty­åsnm­lj­ge­oty­d­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­yf­gj­cnj­zy­yjt­éb­ntkm­cn­dj­yf­pf­rjy­ysö­jc­yj­df­yb­zö.­Lj­gecr­yf­pf­rjy­ysö­jc­yj­df­yb­zö­gjl­hf­pe­vt­df­tn­jab­wb­fkm­yjt­ght­lj­cnfd­kt­ybt­ghf­df­yf­gj­cnj­zy­yjt­ghj­éb­df­ybt­d­CIF­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­bv­vbu­hfy­nf­d­cj­jn­dtn­cn­dbb­c­bv­vbu­hf­wb­jy­ysv­pf­rj­yj­lf­ntkm­cn­djv.

Ghj­éb­df­ybt­b­ab­pb­xtc­rjt­ghb­cen­cn­dbtPf­zdb­ntkm­bvt­tn­ghf­dj­gj­lfnm­pf­zd­re­yf­yf­ne­hf­kb­pf­wbñ,­tc­kb­yt­gjc­htl­cn­dty­yj­gt­htl­gj­lfxtq­pf­zd­rb­jy:•­ yf­pf­rjy­ysö­jc­yj­df­yb­zö­gj­ke­xbk­hfp­ht­it­ybt­yf­gj­cnj­zy­yjt­éb­ntkm­cn­dj­(cv.­ght­lsle­obq­hfp­ltk);•­ yt­ght­hsd­yj­ghj­éb­df­tn­d­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­nfö­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­gj­cnj­zy­yj­uj­éb­nt­kz­yt­vt­ytt­gz­nb­ktn­yf­vj­vtyn­gj­lfxb­pf­zd­rb,­ghb­xtv­chjr­tuj­jn­cen­cn­dbz­d­CIF­yb­hf­pe­yt­ght­ds­ifk­jl­yj­uj­uj­lf;•­ ab­pb­xtc­rb­ghb­cen­cn­dj­dfk­d­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­nfö­yt­vt­ytt­30­vt­cz­wtd­bp­ght­lsle­obö­gz­nb­ktn;•­ ghj­éb­df­tn­yf­nth­hb­nj­hbb­inf­nf­bkb­jr­he­uf­yt­vt­ytt­nhtö­vt­cz­wtd.

Ds­cj­rbt­vj­hfkm­yst­rf­xt­cn­dfD­wt­kjv­pf­zdb­ntkm­lj­kéty­ghj­lt­vjyc­nhb­hj­dfnm,­xnj­zd­kz­tn­cz­xt­kj­dt­rjv,­jå­kf­lfñ­obv­ds­cj­rb­vb­vj­hfkm­ys­vb­rf­xt­cn­df­vb,­yf­ghj­nz­ét­ybb­ec­nf­yjd­kty­yj­uj­pf­rj­yjv­chj­rf­(rj­nj­hsq­cj­cnfd­kz­tn,­rfr­ghf­db­kj,­gznm­ktn,­yj­nhb­uj­lf­lkz­pf­zdb­nt­kz,­dcne­gbd­it­uj­d­åhfr­c­uhfé­lf­yb­yjv­CIF,­b­jlby­ujl­lkz­pf­zdb­nt­kz,­ghj­öj­lz­ot­uj­ckeé­åe­d­Dj­jhe­éty­ysö­Cb­kfö­CIF)­gt­htl­gj­lfxtq­pf­zd­rb­yf­yf­ne­hf­kb­pf­wbñ.­Yf­ne­hf­kb­pf­wbz­pf­zdb­nt­kz­pf­ght­of­tn­cz­yf­dctu­lf,­tc­kb­jy­jceé­lty­pf­eåbq­cn­dj­bkb­byjt­nzé­rjt­euj­kjd­yjt­ght­cneg­kt­ybt­ghb­jnzu­xfñ­obö­jå­cnjz­ntkm­cn­dfö.­Xt­kj­dtr­nfr­ét­yt­vj­étn­åsnm­ghb­pyfy­kb­wjv,­jå­kf­lfñ­obv­ds­cj­rb­vb­vj­hfkm­ys­vb­rf­xt­cn­df­vb,­tc­kb­d­nt­xt­ybt­gj­cktl­ybö­gz­nb­ktn­jy­åsk­jceé­lty­pf­hzl­lhe­ubö­ght­cneg­kt­ybq.

Ghb­dth­éty­yjcnm­Rjy­cnb­ne­wbbPf­zdb­ntkm­lj­kéty­ghj­lt­vjyc­nhb­hj­dfnm,­xnj­jy­ghb­lth­éb­df­tn­cz­ghby­wb­gjd­Rjy­cnb­ne­wbb­CIF.

zpsrPf­yt­rj­nj­hs­vb­bc­rkñ­xt­ybz­vb,­kb­wf,­gj­lfñ­obt­pf­zd­rb­yf­yf­ne­hf­kb­pf­wbñ,­lj­kéys­evtnm­xb­nfnm,­gb­cfnm,­uj­dj­hbnm­b­gj­yb­vfnm­ckj­df,­jåsx­yj­egj­nhtå­kzt­vst­d­fy­ukbq­crjv­zps­rt.

Pyf­ybt­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yj­uj­ec­nhjq­cn­df­b­bc­nj­hbb­CIFPf­yt­rj­nj­hs­vb­bc­rkñ­xt­ybz­vb,­kb­wj,­gj­lfñ­ott­pf­zd­re­yf­yf­ne­hf­kb­pf­wbñ,­lj­kéyj­ghj­lt­vjyc­nhb­hj­dfnm­pyf­ybt­b­gj­yb­vf­ybt­jc­yjd­bc­nj­hbb,­f­nfr­ét­ghby­wb­gjd­b­ajh­vs­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yj­uj­ec­nhjq­cn­df­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­njd.

Ghb­cz­uf­yf­dth­yjcnmLkz­nj­uj­xnj­ås­cnfnm­uhfé­lf­yb­yjv,­yt­jå­öj­lb­vj­ghb­yznm­ghb­cz­ue­yf­dth­yjcnm.­Ghb­änjv­pf­zdb­ntkm­rkz­ytn­cz:•­ gjl­lth­éb­dfnm­Rjy­cnb­ne­wbñ­b­gjl­xb­yznm­cz­pf­rj­yfv­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­njd;•­ jn­rf­pfnm­cz­jn­dth­yjc­nb­kñ­åjq­lhe­ujq­cnhf­yt­b/b­kb­jn­byj­cnhfy­ysö­nb­ne­kjd;•­ ytc­nb­ckeé­åe­d­Dj­jhe­éty­ysö­Cb­kfö­CIF­bkb­jrf­ps­dfnm­ec­ke­ub­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­de­CIF­d­cke­xft­yt­jå­öj­lb­vjc­nb.­■

Bc­njx­ybr:­Ckeé­åf­CIF­gj­lt­kfv­uhfé­lfy­cn­df­b­bv­vbu­hf­wbb­ghb­Vb­ybc­nth­cn­dt­dyen­hty­ytq­åt­pj­gfc­yjc­nb

Jå­obt­nht­åj­df­ybz­ghb­yf­ne­hf­kb­pf­wbb­lkz­gj­ke­xt­ybz­uhfé­lfy­cn­df­CIF

Lée­vf­Rty­yt­lb­bp­Nfy­pf­ybb­yf­pf­yz­nb­zö­gj­ghf­dj­gb­cf­ybñ­d­Rfy­pfc-Cb­nb,­infn­Vbc­ce­hb

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1.­ Crjkm­rj­gj­ghf­djr­dyt­ct­yj­d­Rjy­cnb­ne­wbñ­CIF?2.­ Bp­rf­rbö­ldeö­xfc­ntq­cj­cnjbn­Rjy­uhtcc­CIF?3.­ D­rf­rjv­vt­cz­wt­vs­bp­åb­hf­tv­ght­pb­lty­nf?4.­ Xtv­pf­yb­vf­tn­cz­ce­ltå­yfz­dkfcnm?5.­ ­Rfr­pj­den­ys­yti­yt­uj­cgb­rt­hf­Gf­kf­ns­ghtl­cnf­db­nt­

ktq?6.­ ­Rju­lf­dct­veé­xb­ys­lj­kéys­ht­ubc­nhb­hj­dfnm­cz­lkz­

lj­åhjdjkm­yj­uj­ghj­öjé­lt­ybz­dj­by­crjq­ckeé­ås?7.­ ­D­≤Pf­gbc­rfö­at­lt­hf­kbc­nf≥­gjl­lth­éb­df­kjcm­­

ghb­yz­nbt­Rjy­cnb­ne­wbb­CIF.­Yf­pj­db­nt­jl­yj­uj­bp­fd­nj­hjd.

8.­ Xtv­pf­yb­vf­kfcm­Cmñ­pfy­Äy­nj­yb?9.­ ­Yf­pj­db­nt­jl­yj­gkt­vz­fvt­hb­rfy­crbö­by­ltq­wtd­d­­

Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­nfö.10.­Gj­xt­ve­yf­akf­ut­CIF­50­pdtpl?

1.­ 272.­ Ct­yfn­b­Gf­kf­nf­ghtl­cnf­db­nt­ktq3.­ D­yj­zå­ht4.­ ­Gt­ht­cvfn­hb­df­tn­pf­rj­ys;­hf­püzc­yz­tn­pf­rj­ys;­ht­if­

tn­cgj­hs;­jght­ltkz­tn,­yt­ghj­nb­dj­ht­xbn­kb­njn­bkb­byjq­pf­rjy­Rjy­cnb­ne­wbb

5.­ Yäy­cb­Gt­kj­cb6.­ Kb­åj­d­djp­hfc­nt­18­ktn,­kb­åj­jn­18­lj­26­ktn7.­ ­Létqvc­Vä­lb­cjy;­Fktr­cfylh­Uf­vbkm­njy;­Léjy­

Létq;­Geå­kbq­(gctd­lj­ybv)8.­ ­Åj­hj­kfcm­pf­ghf­df­éty­oby;­åj­hj­kfcm­pf­uhfé­lfy­

crbt­ghf­df9.­ ­Djp­vjé­ys­vyj­ubt­df­hb­fy­ns­jn­dt­nf,­d­njv­xbc­kt­

xt­hj­rb,­yf­df­öj,­cbe,­xbg­gt­df,­xjr­nj,­ge­äå­kj,­fgf­xb,­bhj­rt­ps,­rhbr,­≤xth­yj­yj­ubt≥,­ct­vb­yj­ks,­if­qt­ys,­fhf­df­rb,­ife­yb,­vj­ub­rf­yt,­ue­hj­ys,­jytq­lf,­kf­rj­nf,­rhje,­nt­njy,­öj­gb,­byeb­ns

10.­­Gj­nj­ve­xnj­rfé­lj­ve­inf­ne­cj­jn­dtn­cn­detn­jl­yf­pdtp­lf

Source: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, Department of Homeland Security

Yj­dfz­ht­lfr­wbz­ntrc­nf­lkz­yf­ne­hf­kb­pf­wbb

eJournal USA 16

Yf­xb­yfz­c­1­jr­nzå­hz­2008­uj­lf,­Ckeé­åf­gj­lt­kfv­uhfé­lfy­cn­df­b­bv­vbu­hf­wbb­CIF­åe­ltn­ghtl­kf­ufnm­ntv,­rnj­öj­xtn­gj­ke­xbnm­fvt­hb­rfy­crjt­uhfé­lfy­cn­dj,­yj­deñ­ht­lfr­wbñ­är­pf­vt­yf.­Ds­vj­ét­nt­ghj­dt­hbnm­cdjb­­pyf­ybz­gj­ckt­leñ­obv­lt­cz­nb­ds­åj­hjx­ysv­dj­ghj­cfv­bp­100:

Jn­dt­ns

Ght­élt­xtv­ghb­yznm­ghb­cz­ue,­rfr­änb­yj­dst­fvt­hb­rfy­ws­d­u.­Åjq­ct,­infn­Fq­lf­öj,­yf­lj­­jn­dt­nbnm­yf­yt­crjkm­rj­dj­ghj­cjd.

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c­vj­vty­nf­jc­yj­df­ybz­cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­njd­d­18­v­

dt­rt­fvt­hb­rfy­ws­jght­ltkz­ñn­ct­åz­yt­gj­cdj­tq­hf­cj­djq,­

ht­kb­ub­jp­yjq­b­än­yb­xtc­rjq­ghb­yfl­kté­yjc­nb,­f­gj­jå­obv­

wty­yjc­nzv­b­dt­ht­d­kbx­yeñ­cdj­åj­le.

vfqrk­létq­ahbl­vfy­–­bc­nj­hbr­b­rjh­htc­gjy­ltyn­

Åñ­hj­vté­le­yf­hjl­ysö­by­ajh­vf­wb­jy­ysö­ghj­uhfvv­Uj­ce­

lfh­cn­dty­yj­uj­lt­gfh­nf­vty­nf­cIf.

≤Yfc­nhjt­ybt­e­vt­yz­ymñ­qjhr­crjt≥.–Åbk­kb­léjäk

D­2000­uj­le­35,9­ghj­wty­nf­éb­nt­ktq­Ymñ­Qjh­rf­cj­cnfd­kz­kb­ds­öjl­ws­bp­lhe­ubö­cnhfy.

–Åñ­hj­gt­ht­gb­ctq­yf­ct­kt­ybz­cIf

D­1782­uj­le,­dct­uj­xt­htp­itcnm­ktn­gjc­kt­nj­uj,­rfr­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­Fvt­hb­rb­ghj­djp­ukf­cb­kb­cdjñ­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yjcnm,­Åty­léf­vby­Ahfy­r­­

kby­yf­gb­cfk­≤Cdt­lt­ybz­lkz­ntö,­rnj­öj­xtn­et­öfnm­d­Fvt­hb­re≥.­Cht­lb­cj­pdtp­lbz­ds­lfñ­obö­cz­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbö­ltz­nt­ktq,­rj­nj­hsö­fvt­hb­rfy­ws­ghb­pyf­kb­cdjb­vb­≤jn­wf­vb­jc­yj­df­nt­kz­vb≥,­Ahfy­rkby­åsk­dj­vyj­ubö­jn­yj­it­yb­zö­cf­vsv­nb­gbx­ysv­fvt­hb­rfy­wtv:­tc­kb­Léjhlé­Df­iby­unjy­åsk­yt­ghbc­neg­yj­dt­kb­xfd,­Nj­vfc­Léta­ath­cjy­gt­lfy­nb­xty,­f­Léjy­Flfvc­ce­hjd,­nj­bvty­yj­Ahfy­rkby­–­bpjå­ht­nf­ntkm,­ghtl­ghb­bv­xb­dsq­åbp­ytc­vty­b­xt­kj­dtr,­gj­cnj­zy­yj­åe­lj­hf­ébd­ibq­jå­ot­cn­dj,­kex­it­dctö­gj­yb­vfk,­xnj­tuj­cj­jnt­xt­cn­dty­yb­rb­ghtl­cnfd­kz­ñn­cj­åjq,­rfr­gj­plytt­yf­pdfk­bö­bc­nj­hbr­Ejk­nth­Vfr­le­ufk,­yf­wbñ­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­nt­ktq.­D­nf­rjq­cnhf­yt,­exbk­Ahfy­rkby­åe­le­obö­bv­vbu­hfy­njd:

Kñ­lb­yt­ds­zc­yz­ñn­j­yt­pyf­rjv­wt,­rnj­jy,­f­cghf­ib­df­ñn,­xnj­jy­evt­tn­lt­kfnm.­Tc­kb­jy­dkf­lt­tn­rf­rbv­nj­gj­ktp­ysv­ht­vtc­kjv,­tuj­ghb­yb­vf­ñn­hf­lei­yj,­f­tc­kb­jy­ltqcn­db­ntkm­yj­vfc­nth­b­evt­tn­ct­åz­dtc­nb,­tuj­åe­len­edf­éfnm­dct,­rnj­tuj­pyf­tn.

Ghb­yfl­kté­yjcnm­r­Fvt­hb­rt:­­bltb,­f­yt­än­yb­xtc­rjt­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybt

eJournal USA 17

Bv­vbu­hfy­ns­ghb­yb­vf­ñn­ghb­cz­ue­uhfé­lfy­CIF­d­Ab­ybr­ct,­infn­Fhb­pj­yf,­d­2007­uj­le,­lt­vjyc­nhb­hez,­xnj­ghb­yfl­kté­yjcnm­r­­Fvt­hb­rt­yt­pf­db­cbn­jn­yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­bkb­än­yb­xtc­rj­uj­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybz.

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Pf­vt­xf­ybt­Ahfy­rkb­yf­jc­yj­ds­df­kjcm­yf­kbx­yjv­yf­åkñ­lt­ybb:­eét­d­1750­uj­le­d­rj­kj­ybb­Gty­cbkm­df­ybz,­ult­jy­ébk,­bv­vbu­hfy­njd­bp­Uth­vf­ybb­ås­kj­åjkm­it,­xtv­fy­ukb­xfy.­Ghb­tp­ébö­cxb­nf­kb­kñlm­vb­nhe­lj­kñ­åb­ds­vb­b­pf­rj­yj­gjc­kei­ys­vb.­Evt­kst­ath­vt­hs,­jyb­edt­kb­xb­kb­gkj­lj­hj­lbt­ptv­kb­b­cnb­ve­kb­hj­df­kb­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbq­hjcn.­D­1790­uj­le,­rju­lf­Rjy­uhtcc­ec­nf­yj­dbk­gth­dst­d­cnhf­yt­nht­åj­df­ybz­lkz­yf­ne­hf­kb­pj­dfy­yj­uj­uhfé­lfy­cn­df,­d­ybö­yb­xt­uj­yt­uj­dj­hb­kjcm­jå­än­yb­xtc­rjv­bkb­ht­kb­ub­jp­yjv­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybb,­uhf­vjn­yjc­nb­b­bve­ot­cn­dt­–­tlby­cn­dty­ys­vb­nht­åj­df­ybz­vb­ås­kb­ghj­éb­df­ybt­d­cnhf­yt­d­nt­xt­ybt­ldeö­ktn,­gj­hz­ljx­yjcnm­b­ghb­cz­uf­yf­dth­yjcnm­Rjy­cnb­ne­wbb.­Gj­crjkm­re­ghb­yfl­kté­yjcnm­r­Fvt­hb­rt­d­gj­yb­vf­ybb­Ahfy­rkb­yf­jc­yj­ds­df­kfcm­yf­ltqcn­db­zö­b­dpukz­lfö,­f­yt­yf­hf­cj­djq,­ht­kb­ub­jp­yjq­bkb­än­yb­xtc­rjq­ghb­yfl­kté­yjc­nb,­fvt­hb­rfy­ws­jn­kb­xf­ñn­cz­jn­vyj­ubö­lhe­ubö­yf­hj­ljd­b­ntv,­rfr­jyb­ct­åz­dj­cghb­yb­vf­ñn,­b­ntv,­rfr­jyb­ghtl­gj­xb­nf­ñn­ébnm.­Xnj­ås­cnfnm­xkt­yjv­yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­cj­jå­ot­cn­df,­rfr­gb­cfk­rekm­ne­hj­kju­Vfhr­Gfö­nth,­≤yeé­yj­njkm­rj­ht­ibnm­cnfnm­fvt­hb­rfy­wtv≥.

Ghb­yfl­kté­yjcnm­r­fvt­hb­rfy­crj­ve­cj­jå­ot­cn­de­ghtl­gj­kf­uf­tn­gkñ­hf­kbpv,­ght­jlj­kt­dfñ­obq­hf­cj­dst,­ht­kb­ub­jp­yst­b­än­yb­xtc­rbt­åf­hmt­hs.­Jyf­nfr­ét­jp­yf­xf­tn­ndth­leñ­uhfé­lfy­creñ­ghb­dth­éty­yjcnm­kbx­yjq­cdj­åj­lt­b­ghtl­cnf­db­ntkm­yjq­dkfc­nb­c­ju­hf­yb­xty­ys­vb­b­xtn­rj­jght­ltkty­ys­vb­gjk­yj­vj­xbz­vb,­rj­nj­hfz­cj­åkñ­lf­tn­äne­cdj­åj­le.

Gkf­dbkm­ysq­rj­ntk

Ghtl­cnfd­kt­ybt­fvt­hb­rfy­wtd­j­cf­vbö­ct­åt­dctu­lf­jgb­hf­kjcm­yf­ndjh­xtc­rbq­rjy­akbrn­vté­le­gkñ­hf­kbp­vjv­b­fc­cb­vb­kz­wb­tq.­C­jl­yjq­cnj­hj­ys,­nhf­lb­wb­jy­yj­ghtl­gj­kf­uf­kjcm,­xnj­bv­vbu­hfy­ns­gj­uhe­pzn­cz­d­fvt­hb­rfy­crbq­≤gkf­dbkm­ysq­rj­ntk≥.­Änf­vt­nf­aj­hf­cnf­kf­gj­ge­kzh­yjq­åkf­uj­lf­hz­ds­it­litq­d­cdtn­d­1908­uj­le­gmt­ct­lhf­vf­neh­uf­Bp­hfä­kz­Pf­yue­bk­kf­≤Gkf­dbkm­ysq­rj­ntk≥,­d­rj­nj­hjq­jlby­bp­ut­hj­td­pf­zd­kz­tn:

Gjq­vb­nt,­Fvt­hb­rf­–­änj­Ujh­yb­kj­Åj­émt,­dt­kb­rbq­Gkf­dbkm­ysq­Rj­ntk,­ult­gkf­dzn­cz­b­gt­ht­dj­gkj­of­ñn­cz­dct­yf­hj­ls­Td­hj­gs^­Notn­ys­df­ib­hfc­ghb­b­dty­ltn­ns^­Yt­vws­b­ahfy­we­ps,­bh­kfy­lws­b­fy­ukb­xf­yt,­td­htb­b­hec­crbt­–­dct­d­Ujh­yb­kj^­Åju­cj­plf­tn­fvt­hb­rfy­wtd.Yf­cnhjt­ybz­Pf­yue­bk­kf­ås­kb­yt­yj­ds.­Tot­d­1782­

uj­le­Utr­njh­Ctyn­Éfy­lt­Rht­dt­rçh,­ahfy­wep­crbq­bv­vbu­hfyn­b­ghj­yb­wf­ntkm­ysq­yf­åkñ­lf­ntkm­pf­ébp­ymñ­d­Fvt­hb­rt,­nfr­öf­hfr­nt­hb­pj­dfk­cdj­bö­yj­dsö­cj­jnt­xt­cn­dty­yb­rjd:

...­cvtcm­fy­ukb­xfy,­ijn­kfy­lwtd,­bh­kfy­lwtd,­ahfy­we­pjd,­ujk­kfy­lwtd,­yt­vwtd­b­idt­ljd...­Nfr­xnj­ét­nf­rjt­fvt­hb­rf­ytw,­änjn­yj­dsq­xt­kj­dtr?­Yb­td­hj­gt­tw,­yb­gj­nj­vjr­td­hj­gtq­wf,­jn­cñ­lf­änf­lb­rj­dby­yfz­cvtcm­rhj­dtq,­rf­rjq­yt­yfq­nb­yb­d­jl­yjq­lhe­ujq­cnhf­yt.­Vj­ue­dfv­gj­rf­pfnm­ct­vmñ,­ult­ltl­åsk­fy­ukb­xf­yby,­ét­yf­–­ujk­kfy­lrjq,­csy­ét­ybk­cz­yf­ahfy­we­éty­rt,­f­ys­yt­e­xtn­dt­hsö­cs­yj­dtq­xt­ns­ht­ét­ys­bp­hfp­ysö­cnhfy.­Ukf­df­ct­vtq­cn­df­–­fvt­hb­rf­ytw...­jn­dth­uibq­dct­cdjb­ås­kst­ghtl­hfc­cel­rb­b­vf­yt­hs...Dghj­xtv,­gkf­dbkm­ysq­rj­ntk­dctu­lf­cj­ce­ot­cn­dj­dfk­

c­ghj­nb­dj­gj­kjé­yjq­tve­vj­lt­kmñ,­gj­rj­nj­hjq­rfé­lfz­gj­cktl­eñ­ofz­bv­vbu­hfyn­crfz­uheg­gf­d­jght­ltkty­yjq­vt­ht­cj­öhf­yz­tn­cdjb­jn­kb­xb­ntkm­yst­xth­ns­b­jåj­uf­of­tn­fvt­hb­rfy­crjt­jå­ot­cn­dj­d­wt­kjv.­D­1918­uj­le­by­ntk­ktr­ne­fk­jå­ot­cn­dty­ybr­Häy­ljka­Åjhy­ghb­ps­dfk­r­≤nhfy­cyf­wbj­yfkm­yjq­Fvt­hb­rt≥.­Gth­dst­fy­ukbq­crbt­rj­kj­ybc­ns,­en­dth­élfk­Åjhy,­≤ghbt­öf­kb­yt­lkz­fc­cb­vb­kz­wbb­d­fvt­hb­rfy­crjv­gkf­dbkm­yjv­rjn­kt...­Jyb­ghb­töf­kb,­xnj­ås­jå­htc­nb­cdj­åj­le­ébnm,­rfr­jyb­öj­nzn...­cnhjb­nm­cdjñ­celm­åe­yf­yj­djq­ptv­kt≥.­Gj­cktl­eñ­obt­bv­vbu­hfy­ns,­ghj­ljk­éfk­jy,­yt­gt­ht­gkfd­kz­kbcm­d­yt­rbq­≤åtp­drec­ysq­b­åtc­wdtn­ysq≥­jl­yj­hjl­ysq­fvt­hb­rf­ybpv,­f­dyj­cb­kb­cdjq­jcj­åsq­drkfl­d­tlb­yjt­wt­kjt.

Åf­kfyc­vté­le­gkf­dbkm­ysv­rjn­kjv­b­nhfyc­yf­wbj­yfkm­ys­vb­bltf­kf­vb­vt­yz­tn­cz­cj­dht­vt­ytv­b­jå­cnjz­ntkm­cn­df­vb,­b­yb­nf,­yb­lhe­ufz­vj­ltkm­yt­lj­åb­df­tn­cz­gjk­yj­uj­gt­ht­dt­cf.­Jl­yf­rj­fvt­hb­rfy­ws,­yt­cjv­ytyyj,­

eJournal USA 18

Bv­vbu­hfy­ns­bp­Bhf­rf,­By­lj­yt­pbb,­By­lbb­b­Neh­wbb­d­nhf­lb-wb­jy­yjq­jlté­lt­cj­åhf­kbcm­dvtc­nt­d­1959­uj­le­gt­htl­cnf­ne­tq­Cdj­åj­ls.

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ec­djb­kb­≤fd­nj­gjh­nhtn≥,­jö­df­ns­dfñ­obq­dtcm­cgtrnh­hfc,­dt­hj­bc­gj­dt­lf­ybq­b­wdt­njd­rj­éb.­Gj­cvjn­hb­nt­gj­ge­kzh­yst­abkm­vs­jå­exfc­nbb­fvt­hb­rfy­crbö­djq­cr­d­chf­ét­yb­zö­Dnj­hjq­vb­hj­djq­djq­ys.­Ujk­kb­del­crbv­infv­gjv­cnf­kj­nj,­xnj­d­rfé­ljv­dpdj­lt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­lj­kéys­cke­ébnm­ctkmc­rbq­gf­htym­bp­Fqj­ds,­åher­kby­crbq­td­htq,­cnj­kzh­gj­kzr­bp­Xb­rf­uj,­kt­cj­heå­c­Fg­gf­kf­xtq­b­lhe­ubt­nb­gs­fvt­hb­rfy­crbö­veé­xby­ct­ht­lb­ys­20­uj­dt­rf.­Cyf­xf­kf­jyb­c­nhe­ljv­ght­jlj­kt­df­ñn­änb­hfp­kb­xbz,­yj­r­rjy­we­abkm­vf­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jå­ht­nf­ñn­tlby­cn­dj­–­rfr­fvt­hb­rfy­ws.­D­ht­fkm­yjq­ébp­yb­dct­ås­df­kj­ckjé­ytt­–­yt­d­gj­cktl­yññ­jxt­htlm­gj­nj­ve,­xnj­cjk­lf­ns­fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­ws­cke­éb­kb­d­jn­ltkm­ysö­gjl­hfp­lt­kt­yb­zö.­Ntv­yt­vt­ytt,­d­abkm­vfö­bpjå­hf­éf­tn­cz­fvt­hb­rfy­crbq­öf­hfr­nth,­d­rj­nj­hsq­fvt­hb­rfy­ws­dt­hb­kb­–­bkb­öj­nt­kb­dt­hbnm.

By­lb­db­lef­kbpv­b­nj­kt­hfy­nyjcnm

Tc­kb­cdjñ­ghb­yfl­kté­yjcnm­r­Fvt­hb­rt­vj­uen­joe­ofnm­kñ­åst­kñ­lb,­nj­jyb­ghb­änjv­gj­ke­xf­ñn­ib­hj­rbq­rheu­djp­vjé­yjc­ntq­cnhjb­nm­b­gt­ht­cnhf­bdfnm­cdjñ­ébpym.­Bc­nj­hb­xtc­rb­fvt­hb­rfy­ws­ght­pb­hf­kb­gj­gsn­rb­dj­cgjkm­pj­dfnm­cz­dhjé­lty­ysv­ght­djc­öjl­cn­djv,­yf­ghb­vth,­eyfc­kt­lj­dfy­ysv­åj­ufn­cn­djv­bkb­cj­wb­fkm­ysv­cnf­ne­cjv.­Cnf­nmz­È­Rjy­cnb­ne­wbb­CIF­pf­ght­of­tn­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­de­éf­kj­dfnm­ldj­hzy­crbt­nb­ne­ks,­b­nt,­rnj­gs­nf­tn­cz­cj­plfnm­leö­ght­djc­öjl­cn­df­gj­jn­yj­it­ybñ­r­lhe­ubv­fvt­hb­rfy­wfv,­jåsx­yj­yt­gjkm­pe­ñn­cz­edf­ét­yb­tv,­gj­crjkm­re­≤pf­lb­hf­ñn­yjc≥,­bkb­b­nj­uj­öe­ét.

Dvtc­nj­änj­uj­fvt­hb­rfy­ws­edf­éf­ñn­kñ­ltq,­rj­nj­hst­≤clt­kf­kb­ct­åz­cf­vb≥,­jcj­åty­yj­rju­lf­yf­ge­nb­r­ec­gt­öe­xt­kj­dtr­ght­jlj­kt­df­tn­ct­hmtp­yst­ght­gzn­cn­dbz.­Fvt­hb­rfy­crbq­gb­cf­ntkm­rjy­wf­19­uj­dt­rf­Öj­häq­ibj­Fkléth,­rj­nj­hj­uj­≤Åhb­nfy­crfz­äy­wbr­kj­gt­lbz≥­cxb­nf­tn­fd­nj­hjv,­jrf­pfd­ibv,­gj­éf­keq,­yf­båjkm­itt­dkbz­ybt­yf­jå­ot­cn­dj­d­cdj­tv­gj­rj­kt­ybb,­pf­gt­xfn­ktk­äne­jn­kb­xb­ntkm­yeñ­xth­ne­d­cdj­bö­vyj­uj­xbc­kty­ysö­hfc­crf­pfö­j­cnht­vb­ntkm­yjv­dpkt­nt,­rju­lf­åtl­yst­xbc­nbkm­ob­rb­åj­nb­yjr­bkb­åtc­ghb­pjh­yb­rb­åkf­uj­lf­hz­cdj­tq­wt­kt­ec­nhtv­kty­yjc­nb,­nf­kfy­ne­b­cb­kt­le­öf­cnf­yj­db­kbcm­d­bnj­ut­åj­uf­ns­vb­b­pyf­vt­yb­ns­vb.

D­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­nfö­kñ­lb­jght­ltkz­ñn­ec­gtö­gj­­cdjt­ve.­Änj­vj­étn­åsnm­ab­yfy­cj­djt­åj­ufn­cn­dj­–­b­vyj­ubt,­åhj­cfz­rjk­kt­léb,­hf­åj­nf­ñn­d­hj­lb­ntkmc­rbö­uf­hf­éfö,­yf­ltzcm­cj­plfnm­yj­dsq­“Ueuk”,­≤Vfq­rhj­cjan≥­bkb­≤Äggk­rjv­gmñ­nth≥.­Lhe­ubt­wt­yzn­nf­rbt­hf­ljc­nb,­rfr­cgjhn,­cj­plf­ybt­ght­rhfc­yjq­ve­ps­rb­bkb­éb­dj­gb­cb,­kb­åj­gj­cnhjt­ybt­cxfc­nkb­dj­uj­ct­vtq­yj­uj­jxf­uf.­Gj­crjkm­re­fvt­hb­rfy­ws­yt­ghb­pyf­ñn­ju­hf­yb­xt­

ybq,­bö­yf­wbj­yfkm­yfz­cf­vj­åsn­yjcnm­yt­crj­ds­df­tn­cz,­lf­b­yt­vj­étn­crj­ds­dfnm­cz­wdt­njv­rj­éb,­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­yb­tv­bkb­dt­hj­bc­gj­dt­lf­yb­tv.

Fvt­hb­rfy­ws­ghb­lth­éb­df­ñn­cz­hfp­ysö­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­eåté­lt­ybq,­dj­cghb­yb­vf­ñn­(xfc­nj­åeh­yj)­cf­vsq­hfp­ysq­cnbkm­ébp­yb­b­yf­cnfb­df­ñn­yf­ib­hj­rbö­kbx­ysö­cdj­åj­lfö,­ghj­zd­kzz­dpf­bv­yeñ­nj­kt­hfy­nyjcnm.­Jl­ybv­bp­rkñ­xt­dsö­afr­nj­hjd­zd­kz­tn­cz­bö­ghtl­cnf­db­ntkm­yfz­ajh­vf­dkfc­nb:­yb­jlby­uhfé­lf­yby­yt­cj­ukf­if­tn­cz­c­rfé­lsv­ht­it­yb­tv­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­CIF;­dct­pyf­ñn,­xnj­jyb­vj­uen­ght­rhf­nbnm­äne­gj­kb­nb­re,­eåt­lbd­cdj­bö­cj­uhfé­lfy­ghj­uj­kj­cj­dfnm­pf­gt­ht­vt­ys­yf­ckt­leñ­obö­ds­åj­hfö.

Lhe­ujq­rkñ­xt­djq­afr­njh­–­vjo­yst­uf­hfy­nbb,­pf­ob­ofñ­obt­ghf­df­dctö­fvt­hb­rfy­wtd­jn­yt­jåjc­yj­dfy­ysö­gj­cz­uf­ntkm­cnd­cj­cnj­hj­ys­jh­uf­yjd­dkfc­nb.­Rjy­cnb­ne­wbz­CIF­ås­kf­hf­nb­ab­wb­hj­df­yf­kbim­nju­lf,­rju­lf­fvt­hb­rfy­ws­gj­nht­åj­df­kb­b­gj­ke­xb­kb­Åbkkm­j­ghf­dfö­–­10­gj­ghf­djr­r­Rjy­cnb­ne­wbb,­pf­ght­ofñ­obö­at­lt­hfkm­yj­ve­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­de­ju­hf­yb­xb­dfnm­cdj­åj­le­ckj­df­bkb­cdj­åj­le­gt­xf­nb,­jåtc­gt­xb­dfñ­obö­ghf­dj­yf­cel­ghb­czé­ysö­b­uf­hfy­nb­heñ­obö­dct­ghj­xbt­cdj­åj­ls,­rj­nj­hst­gj­pdj­kz­ñn­fvt­hb­rfy­wfv­ébnm­cdjåjl­yj,­yt­åj­zcm­bp­åhfy­yj­uj­bvb­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­bkb­cdj­bö­cj­jnt­xt­cn­dty­yb­rjd.

Tlb­yj­uj­gjh­nht­nf­≤nb­gbx­yj­uj≥­fvt­hb­rfy­wf­ghj­cnj­ytn.­Jn­jn­wjd­jc­yj­df­nt­ktq­d­yf­gel­hty­ysö­gf­hb­rfö­lj­xtv­gbj­yf­gj­ujkm­ae­Nfq­ut­hf­Del­cf,­ghtl­cnfd­kzñ­ot­uj­chf­pe­yt­crjkm­rj­hfc,­fvt­hb­rfy­ws­hfp­lt­kz­ñn­jå­oeñ­ghb­yfl­kté­yjcnm­r­cnhf­yt,­jc­yj­dfy­yeñ­yf­cdj­åj­lt­–­dctu­lf­ghb­edf­ét­ybb­cdj­åj­ls­lhe­ubö­–­ébnm­gj­cdjt­ve­ec­vjn­ht­ybñ.­Ht­pekm­nf­ns­vj­uen­jit­kjv­kznm,­by­nhb­uj­dfnm­b­dj­jle­itd­kznm.­Ukfd­yfz­pdtp­lf­öbg­öj­gf­bp­Rfv­åj­léb­éb­dtn­d­ñé­yjq­Rf­kb­ajh­ybb­(fvt­hb­rf­ytw­rövth­crj­uj­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybz,­jy­ds­cne­gf­tn­gjl­bvt­ytv­“praCh”).­Ejkn­Ebn­vty,­rj­nj­hj­uj­åjkm­iby­cn­dj­fvt­hb­rfy­wtd­cxb­nf­tn­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysv­gj­änjv,­yt­elb­dbk­cz­ås.­≤Z­åjkm­ifz,­–­gb­cfk­Ebn­vty­jn­bvt­yb­cdj­tq­cnhf­ys,­–­z­dvt­ofñ­vyj­ét­cn­df≥.­■

eJournal USA 19

uhfé­lf­yt­b­éb­nt­kb­CIF,­­jwty­rf­pf­2006­ujl

Jå­ofz­xbc­kty­yjcnm­yf­ct­kt­ybz­ 299­398­485

Uhfé­lf­yt­gj­hjé­lt­ybñ­ 261­850­696Yf­ne­hf­kb­pj­dfy­yst­uhfé­lf­yt­ 15­767­731Éb­nt­kb­ 21­780­058

Bc­njx­ybr:­Åñ­hj­gt­ht­gb­ctq­yf­ct­kt­ybz,­Vb­ybc­nth­cn­dj­njh­ujd­kb­CIF

Bv­vbu­hf­wbz­d­wba­hfö

Hs­yjr­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbz

eJournal USA 20

Ghtl­gj­kj­ébv,­ds­jn­ghf­db­kbcm­gj­jåt­lfnm­yf­hs­yjr­Hb­lbyu­vfh­rtn­d­wty­nht­Ab­kf­ltkm­abb,­rj­nj­hsq­yf­öj­lbn­cz­gjl­yf­dt­cjv­åsd­it­uj­ét­ktp­yj­lj­hjé­yj­uj­nth­vb­yf­kf.­E­dfc­åe­ltn­ib­hj­rbq­ds­åjh­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjq­reö­yb:­vtr­cb­rfy­crjq,­bnf­kmzy­crjq,­nhf­lb­wb­jy­yjq­fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­crjq,­yt­vtw­rjq­bp­Gty­cbkm­df­ybb,­rb­nfq­crjq,­td­htq­

crjq,­åkbé­yt­djc­njx­yjq,­nfq­crjq,­by­lj­gf­rbc­nfy­crjq,­uht­xtc­rjq,­ahfy­wep­crjq,­zgjy­crjq.­F­gj­njv­åe­ltn­lt­cthn.

Ehj­ét­ytw­Zgj­ybb­Lä­dbl­Lby­gj­lftn­yf­jåtl­ce­ib.Cf­åb­yf­Fö­vfl­b­Nf­qz­åf­Öf­yev­uj­nj­dzn­cdt­ébq­yfy­(öktå)­b­lhe­ubt­ñé­yjf­pb­fn­crbt­åkñ­lf.

Rfé­leñ­yt­lt­kñ­åj­ktt­100­000­xt­kj­dtr­gj­re­gf­tn­tle­d­80­­njh­uj­dsö­njx­rfö­yf­hsy­rt­Hb­lbyu-vfh­rtn.

Aj­nju­hf­abb­Lä­db­lf­Cyfq­lt­hf

eJournal USA 21

Hb­lbyu-vfh­rtn­–­vtc­nj,­ult­vjé­yj­edb­ltnm­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbt­Fvt­hb­rb­gjl­jl­yjq­rhs­itq.

Ejn­cjy­Gfhrc­bp­Nhb­yb­lf­lf­b­Nj­åf­uj­ghj­lf­tn­d­cdj­tv­rb­jc­rt­fa­hb­rfy­crbt­er­hf­it­ybz,­jlté­le­b­cnf­ne­än­rb.

Yt­vrf­bp­Gty­cbkm­df­ybb­gj­ke­xf­tn­ltym­ub­pf­nj­dfh.

Hj­lb­nt­kb­fd­nj­hf­etöf­kb­bp­cfq­uj­yf­29­fg­ht­kz­1975­

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infn­fh­rfy­pfc,­jyb­gj­ct­kb­kbcm­d­Uhfyl­Hf­gblc,­infn­

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vbu­hfy­nrf≥.

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njh­dj­cgj­vb­yf­ybq­≤gj­öb­ot­ybt­nhf­gt­ps­Åel­ls≥­(Viking Penguin,­2007).

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lj­vt,­cyfå­lbk­rjt­rf­rb­vb­ghj­ler­nf­vb­–­rj­hjå­rf­vb­hb­cf,­zbx­yjq­kfg­ijq,­åfy­rf­vb­pt­kt­ysö­åj­åjd­–­b­lfk­yfv­gkf­nmz,­bp­rj­nj­hsö­ds­hjc­kb­tuj­lj­xt­hb.­Jy­ecnhjbk­vjt­uj­jn­wf­hf­åj­nfnm­yf­yf­åb­djx­yjq­vf­ib­yt­yf­jl­yjq­bp­cdj­bö­afå­hbr.­Ujcgj­lby­Öfq­lty­uf­yj­cbk­ghj­cnjh­yst­cgjh­nbd­yst­reh­nrb,­dj­kj­cs­e­yt­uj­ås­kb­cj­kj­vty­yj­uj­wdt­nf.­Yfc­c­ctc­nhjq­yf­exb­kb­ghj­bp­yj­cbnm­tuj­bvz­dgjk­uj­kj­cf­d­pyfr­edf­ét­ybz.­Yj­tc­kb­jy­jc­nf­yfd­kb­dfk­cz,­xnj­ås­dpukz­yenm­yf­yfc,­åf­åei­rf­pf­cnfd­kz­kf­yfc­vjk­xfnm,­gj­nj­ve­xnj­bvty­yj­änj­ghtl­gj­kf­uf­tn­öj­hj­itt­gj­dt­lt­ybt.­≤Ghb­dtn,­lt­djx­rb≥,­–­uj­dj­hbk­jy,­yf­rkj­yz­zcm,­xnj­ås­gj­ukf­lbnm­yfc­gj­uj­kjd­rt.

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yf­xf­kfcm­vj­lf­yf­dct­än­yb­xtc­rjt.­Tot­yt­yf­xf­kb­gj­zd­kznm­cz­d­rfé­ljv­uj­hjl­rt­nfq­crbt­htc­nj­hf­ys.­Le­vfz­j­Uhfyl­Hf­gblc,­z­dcgj­vb­yfñ­uj­hjl­crbt­pyf­rb­c­bpjå­hf­ét­ybz­vb­rj­ks­ie­obö­cz­akf­ujd­b­yfl­gb­cz­vb­≤Xbc­nj­fvt­hb­rfy­crbq­uj­hjl≥.­Yf­ghj­nz­ét­ybb­80­ö­ub­ufyn­crbq­gkf­rfn,­yf­db­cfd­ibq­yfl­fd­nj­cnhf­ljq­d­wty­nht­uj­hj­lf,­ujh­lj­lt­vjyc­nhb­hj­dfk­änjn­kj­peyu­dctv,­rnj­ghj­tp­éfk­gj­nhtö­hzl­yjq­S­nhfc­ct.­D­ltn­cn­dt­z­yt­vju­kf­gj­yznm,­xnj­nf­rjt­≤xbc­nj­fvt­hb­rfy­crbq≥.­Jåt­of­ybt,­eu­hj­pf,­ght­le­ght­élt­ybt?

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Z­pyf­kf­vyj­ubö­lt­ntq­bv­vbu­hfy­njd,­rj­nj­hst­cnf­hf­kbcm­cj­dvtc­nbnm­jl­yj­c­lhe­ubv:­lj­vf­b­c­hjl­cn­dty­yb­rf­vb­uj­dj­hb­kb­yf­jl­yjv­zps­rt,­f­d­irj­kt,­c­lhe­pmz­vb­b­d­jc­nfkm­ysö­vtc­nfö­gjkm­pj­df­kbcm­fy­ukbq­crbv.­

Öj­hj­ifz­ext­yb­wf-bv­vbu­hfy­nrfÅbx­Vby­Yue­ty

eJournal USA 22

Åbx­Vby­Yue­ty,­rj­nj­hfz­d­hfy­ytv­ltn­cn­dt­etöf­kf­bp­Cfq­uj­yf,­c­nhe­ljv­cnf­kf­fvt­hb­rfy­rjq­d­Uhfyl-Hf­gblc,­infn­Vb­xb­ufy,­rj­nj­hsq­åsk­yf­pdfy­≤xbc­nj­fvt­hb­rfy­crbv­uj­hj­ljv≥­d­pyfr­ghb­pyf­ybz­lj­åhj­cj­dtcn­yj­uj­eg­hfd­kt­ybz.

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Gj­plytt,­d­cnfh­ibö­rkfc­cfö,­z­yf­exb­kfcm­yt­vyj­uj­pf­ås­dfnm­cz.­Z­ep­yf­kf,­rfr­ghb­zn­yj­bc­gs­ns­dfnm­fgf­nbñ,­yf­vb­ye­ne­pf­ås­dfnm­ghj­cdjñ­rj­ée­b­nt­kj,­gjx­nb­yt­åtc­gj­rj­zcm­j­njv,­xnj­ghj­bpjq­ltn,­tc­kb­z­jgjp­lfñ­yf­ehjr,­b­dct­ec­nf­dzn­cz­yf­vt­yz.­Vyt­cnf­kj­pyf­rj­vj­eljdjkm­cn­dbt,­rj­nj­hjt­ghj­zd­kz­tn­cz­d­en­hf­nt­cf­vj­joe­ot­ybz,­öj­nz­ås­yf­vuyj­dt­ymt.­Änb­dt­ob­ghj­bc­öj­lb­kb,­gj­nj­ve­xnj­z­jc­nf­df­kfcm­öj­hj­itq­ext­yb­wtq­bv­vbu­hfy­nrjq,­yt­xfc­nj­gjl­yb­vfñ­otq­he­re­b­lt­vjyc­nhb­heñ­otq­cdjb­pyf­ybz.­Hf­åj­nf­lt­kf­kfcm­vt­öf­yb­xtc­rb,­b­z­gj­cnt­gty­yj­ghb­dsr­kf.­Z­nfr­lj­rjy­wf­b­yt­bp­åf­db­kfcm­jn­eéf­cf,­rju­lf­yf­lj­ås­kj­uj­dj­hbnm­gt­htl­dctv­rkfc­cjv,­yj­tcnm­njy­rfz­uhfym­vté­le­gj­yz­nbz­vb­≤åsnm­öj­hj­

itq≥­b­≤jc­nf­dfnm­cz­yt­pf­vtn­yjq≥,­b­yf­änjq­gj­kjc­rt­cdj­åj­ls­z­ep­yf­kf,­rf­rj­dj­änj­–­åsnm­yf­db­le.

Z­öj­nt­kf­ås­lfnm­ib­hj­reñ­b­njx­yeñ­öf­hfr­nt­hbc­nb­re­lt­nzv­bv­vbu­hfy­nfv­d­irj­kfö.­Z­öj­nt­kf­ås­ds­crf­pfnm­cz­jn­bö­(yf­it­uj)­bvt­yb.­E­vt­yz­djp­yb­rf­ñn­cjv­ytybz,­z­yt­vj­ue.­Vjz­cj­åcn­dty­yfz­ct­cnhf,­r­ghb­vt­he,­yb­rju­lf­yt­ås­kf­nf­rjq­pf­cnty­xb­djq,­rfr­z.­Vjk­xf­ybñ­jyf­ghtl­gj­xb­nf­kf­åeyn.­E­yfc­åsk­euj­djh:­z­lt­kf­kf­pf­ytt­yt­rj­nj­hst­lj­vfi­ybt­pf­lf­ybz,­f­jyf­gkf­nb­kf­vyt­pf­änj­ltym­uf­vb­bkb­rjy­at­nf­vb.­Jyf­gjl­dj­pbkf­vt­yz­d­irj­ke,­tc­kb­z­jåt­of­kf­yb­rj­ve­yt­hfc­crf­ps­dfnm­ghj­tt­cb­uf­ht­ns.­D­nj­ét­dht­vz­dcgj­vb­yfñ­cdjñ­gjl­he­ue­bp­By­lbb,­rj­nj­hfz­hfc­crf­ps­df­kf,­rfr­tot­d­yf­xfkm­yjq­irj­kt­tt­cdtn­kj­dj­kj­cfz­jl­yj­rkfc­cyb­wf­crf­pf­kf­exb­ntkm­yb­wt:­≤Z­yt­vj­ue­cb­ltnm­c­ytq­hz­ljv.­Vf­vf­crf­pf­kf,­xnj­yt­kmpz­cb­ltnm­hz­ljv­c­xt­kj­dt­rjv,­e­rj­nj­hj­uj­rj­hbx­yt­dfz­rj­éf≥.­F­lhe­ufz­gjl­he­uf,­xmz­ct­vmz­bv­vbu­hb­hj­df­kf­ghb­vth­yj­d­nj­ét­dht­vz,­xnj­b­vjz,­hfc­crf­ps­df­kf,­rfr­dj­dnj­hjv­rkfc­ct­exb­ntkm­yb­wf­ghb­dt­kf­tt­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­ckj­dfh­yj­uj­ghb­vt­hf:­≤Lt­nb,­djn­xnj­nf­rjt­byj­cnhf­ytw≥.­Gj­hjq­z­yf­xb­yfñ­le­vfnm,­xnj­ys­yti­ybt­lt­nb­bvt­ñn­ght­bve­ot­cn­dj­pyf­xb­ntkm­yj­åjkm­itq­rjk­ktr­nbd­yjq­rekm­neh­yjq­vel­hjc­nb,­xnj­d­jå­ot­cn­dty­yj­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjv­cvsc­kt­jyb­uj­hfp­lj­åj­ktt­jc­dt­ljv­kt­ys,­xtv­kñ­åjq­xt­kj­dtr­dj­dht­vt­yf­vj­tq­ext­ås­d­irj­kt.

Yj­vt­yz­nht­dj­ébn,­xnj­z­vj­ue­jib­åfnm­cz,­xnj­yt­rj­nj­hst­lt­nb­dctu­lf­öj­nzn­bc­xtp­yenm­b­bc­xt­pf­ñn­lj­ntö­gjh,­gj­rf­änj­ltqcn­db­ntkm­yj­yt­ghj­bpjq­ltn.­Gj­hjq­vyt­rf­étn­cz,­xnj­z­db­ée­bö­yf­hfp­vs­njv­aj­yt­aj­nju­hf­abb­d­éeh­yf­kt­bkb­d­uj­vj­yt­lt­ntq,­rj­nj­hsö­exb­ntkm­yb­wf­gt­ht­dj­lbn­xt­htp­lj­hj­ue.­E­änbö­lt­ntq­jge­ot­ys­uj­kj­ds,­jyb­lth­éfn­cz­nfr,­åel­nj­jcjp­yf­ñn­lf­ét­cdjt­ls­öf­ybt.­Vf­ktym­rbt,­hjå­rbt,­nb­öbt­–­nf­rbt­öj­hj­ibt,­öj­hj­ibt­lt­nb,­bv­vbu­hfy­ns,­byj­cnhf­yws;­bö­ukf­pf­dyb­vf­ntkm­ys­b­élen­kñ­åj­uj­ghb­uj­dj­hf.­Z­edt­hzñ­ct­åz,­xnj­jyb­ght­rhfc­yj­ds­hfc­nen,­xnj­e­ybö­dct­åe­ltn­öj­hj­ij,­dct­yf­kf­lbn­cz,­rfr­änj­gj­ke­xb­kjcm­e­vt­yz.­Vj­étn­åsnm,­b­z­gt­ht­öj­ée­xt­htp­ne­ét­cf­veñ­ekb­we,­gj­nj­ve­xt­htp­lhe­ueñ,­dht­vz­jn­dht­vt­yb­ju­kz­ls­df­zcm­yf­pfl,­xnj­ås­gj­cvjn­htnm,­re­lf­jyb­blen.

gt­ht­gt­xf­nf­yj­gj­lj­uj­dj­hty­yjc­nb­c­rjv­gf­yb­tq­≤db­rbyu≥­

döj­lz­otq­d­uheg­ge­“Penguin Group (USA) Inc.”­bp­ryb­ub­≤gj­öb­ot­ybt­nhf­gt­ps­Åel­ls≥­Åbx­vby­yue­ty­c­hfp­ht­it­

ybz­fd­nj­hf.­■

vyt­ybz,­ds­crf­ps­dft­vst­d­änjq­cnf­nmt,­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jn­hf­éf­ñn­

dpukz­ls­bkb­gj­kb­nb­re­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­cIf.

eJournal USA 23

Åbx­cj­cdj­bv­vf­ktym­rbv­ldjñ­hjl­ysv­åhf­njv­Lä­db­ljv­cb­lbn­vté­le­cdj­tq­ctc­nhjq­Fy­(ckt­df)­b­cdjl­yjq­ctc­nhjq­Rhbc­nby­yf­aj­nju­hf­abb­1980­uj­lf.

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eJournal USA 24

Vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbt­d­dj­jhe­éty­ysö­cb­kföKfq­pf­Äk­kb

ce­öj­gen­yst­djq­crf­cIf­exfn­cdj­bö­dj­ty­yjc­ke­éf­obö­b­

uhfé­lfy­crbö­hf­åjn­yb­rjd­gj­yb­vfnm­b­edf­éfnm­hfp­

yst­än­yb­xtc­rbt­rekm­ne­hs.­jyb­cj­plf­ñn­äa­atr­nbd­yeñ­

åjt­deñ­cb­ke­bp­kñ­ltq­hfp­kbx­yj­uj­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybz,­wt­yz­

cbkm­yst­cnj­hj­ys­b­jgsn­dctö­b­jåüt­lb­yzz­bö­d­fh­vtq­

creñ­rekm­ne­he.

kfq­pf­Äk­kb­–­cgt­wbf­kbcn­gj­cdz­pzv­c­jå­ot­cn­dty­

yjc­nmñ­d­Rj­vfy­lj­df­ybb­ce­öj­gen­ysö­djq­cr­cIf­gj­

jåe­xt­ybñ­b­ljr­nhb­yt­d­ajhn­vjy­hj,­infn­dbh­léb­ybz.

Tc­kb­ås­ds­ås­kb­cth­éfy­njv­bycnher­nj­hjv­gj­cnhjt­djq­gjl­uj­njd­rt,­bpe­xfñ­obv­nb­gbx­ysq­cj­cnfd­yj­djå­hfy­wtd­Ce­öj­gen­ysö­djq­cr­CIF­d­

gth­dsq­ltym­bö­yf­xfkm­yjq­gjl­uj­njd­rb,­ds­ås­pf­ukz­ye­kb­d­kb­wf­veé­xby­b­éty­oby­b­edb­lt­kb­cvtcm­än­yb­xtc­rbö­uhegg,­d­jå­otv­db­lt­jght­ltkzt­vsö­d­fh­vbb­rfr­åt­kst,­fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­ws,­kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­ws,­ds­öjl­ws­c­Fpb­fn­crj­Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crbö­jc­nhj­djd,­rj­hty­yst­fvt­hb­rfy­ws­b­≤ghj­xbt≥.

D­df­itq­extå­yjq­hj­nt,­crf­étv,­bp­100­cjk­lfn­ås­kj­ås­85­veé­xby­b­15­éty­oby.­Cht­lb­änbö­85­veé­xby­d­hj­nt­vj­étn­åsnm­60­åt­ksö,­10­xth­yj­rj­ébö,­10­kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­wtd,­xt­ns­ht­ds­öjl­wf­c­Fpb­fn­crj­Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crbö­jc­nhj­djd­b­jlby­rj­hty­yjq­fvt­hb­rf­ytw.­Cht­lb­15­éty­oby­vj­étn­jrf­pfnm­cz­dj­ctvm­åt­ksö,­xt­ns­ht­fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­rb,­ldt­kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­rb­b­jl­yf­ghtl­cnf­db­ntkm­yb­wf­Fpb­fn­crj­Nb­öjj­rt­fy­crbö­jc­nhj­djd.

Rnj­nj­vj­étn­cxtcnm­änj­cj­xt­nf­ybt­hfp­ysö­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjc­ntq­b­än­yb­xtc­rbö­uhegg­c­nth­hb­nj­hbb­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­njd­yt­fg­gt­nbn­yjq­cvt­cmñ,­ce­kz­otq­yt­cdf­ht­ybt­ét­kel­rf,­yj­Ce­öj­gen­yst­djq­crf­CIF­zd­kz­ñn­cz­jl­yb­vb­bp­cf­vsö­äa­atr­nbd­ysö­d­vb­ht­b­ib­hj­rj­bp­dtcn­ys­rfr­änf­kjy­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbz.­Rf­rbv­nj­jå­hf­pjv­fh­vbz­jåtc­gt­xb­df­tn­bö­lt­tc­gj­cjå­yjcnm.­Rfr?

Ec­gtö­Ce­öj­gen­ysö­djq­cr­pbé­ltn­cz­yf­bö­bycnher­nj­hfö­bp­cth­éfyn­crj­uj­cj­cnf­df:­cth­éfy­nfö­gj­cnhjt­djq­gjl­uj­njd­rt,­bycnher­nj­hfö,­cj­dtn­yb­rfö­gj­jåtc­gt­xt­ybñ­hfd­ysö­djp­vjé­yjc­ntq.­Cth­éfy­ns,­yt­ce­obt­ckeé­åe­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­bycnher­nj­hjd,­hfc­crf­ps­df­ñn­j­njv,­xnj­zd­kz­tn­cz­pf­kj­ujv­ec­gt­öf­Ce­öj­gen­ysö­djq­cr­CIF.

Dj­dht­vz­yf­xfkm­yjq­gjl­uj­njd­rb­d­Ajhn-Létr­cj­yt,­infn­Ñé­yfz­Rf­hj­kb­yf,­yj­djå­hfy­ws,­ghtl­cnfd­kzñ­obt­hfp­yst­rekm­ne­hs,­jc­dfb-df­ñn­rekm­ne­he­Ce­öj­gen­ysö­djq­cr­CIF.

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Gth­dsq­rkñx­–­ltqcn­deñ­ofz­d­Ce­öj­gen­ysö­djq­crfö­ghj­uhfv­vf­≤Hfd­yst­djp­vjé­yjc­nb≥,­d­cj­jn­dtn­cn­dbb­c­rj­nj­hjq­dj­ty­yjc­ke­éf­obt­b­uhfé­lfy­crbt­hf­åjn­yb­rb­exfn­cz­gj­yb­vfnm­b­edf­éfnm­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbt­rekm­neh­b­nj­xtr­pht­ybz­d­Ce­öj­gen­ysö­djq­crfö.

≤Yf­it­jå­ot­cn­dj­tot­yt­gjk­yj­cnmñ­ght­jlj­kt­kj­hf­cj­dst­b­uty­lth­yst­åf­hmt­hs,­b­fh­vbz­d­änjv­jn­yj­it­ybb­yt­bc­rkñ­xt­ybt≥,­–­uj­dj­hbn­cth­éfyn­1­uj­rkfc­cf­Vb­itkm­Ajy­ct­rf,­ehj­éty­rf­Uf­df­qtd.­Ajy­ct­rf­cke­ébn­rjy­cekm­nfy­njv­gj­jåtc­gt­xt­ybñ­hfd­ysö­djp­vjé­yjc­ntq­yf­dj­ty­yjq­åf­pt­Ajhn­Åty­ybyu,­infn­Léjhlébz,­ult­jyf­exbn­kñ­ltq­gj­yb­vfnm­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbt.­≤Jl­yf­rj­yf­if­cbc­nt­vf­pf­yb­vf­tn­d­jå­ot­cn­dt­dt­le­obt­gj­pb­wbb­gj­hf­dty­cn­de­b­cghf­dtl­kb­djc­nb­lkz­dctö.­Vs­lj­åb­df­tv­cz­jc­dt­ljv­kty­yjc­nb­b­ghj­ljk­éf­tv­er­htg­kznm­lj­cnj­by­cn­dj­b­edf­éb­ntkm­yjt­jn­yj­it­ybt­rj­dctv­dj­ty­yjc­ke­éf­obv,­yt­pf­db­cb­vj­jn­bö­hf­cs­bkb­wdt­nf­rj­éb,­ht­kb­ubb,­gj­kf­b­yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybz≥.

Dnj­hjq­rkñx­–­nfr­yf­ps­dft­vjt­≤cnf­yjd­kt­ybt­cjk­lfn≥­d­öj­lt­åf­pj­djq­gjl­uj­njd­rb,­rju­lf­cth­éfy­ns­bycnher­nj­hf­gj­cnhjt­djq­gjl­uj­njd­rt­ght­dhf­of­ñn­yj­djå­hfy­wtd­d­cjk­lfn.­Jyb­ght­gj­lfñn­yj­dsv­cjk­lf­nfv­ctvm­jc­yjd­ysö­wty­yjc­ntq­Ce­öj­gen­ysö­djq­cr­–­dth­yjcnm,­ljku,­edf­ét­ybt,­cf­vj­jn­dth­éty­yeñ­ckeé­åe,­xtcnm,­yt­gjl­reg­yjcnm­b­kbx­yjt­ve­ét­cn­dj.­Änb­wty­yjc­nb­ghb­db­df­ñn­cz­dj­ty­yjc­ke­éf­obv­Ce­öj­gen­ysö­b­dctö­lhe­ubö­hj­ljd­djq­cr.­Dj­ghj­ce­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbz­elt­kz­tn­cz­jcj­åjt­dyb­vf­ybt­d­fh­vtq­crjq­rjy­wtg­wbb­edf­ét­ybz­b­≤Rj­ltr­ct­cjk­lf­nf≥,­cj­ukfc­yj­rj­nj­hj­ve­dj­ty­yjc­ke­éf­obt­jåz­pe­ñn­cz­jn­yj­cbnm­cz­r­lhe­ubv­c­lj­cnj­by­cn­djv­b­edf­ét­yb­tv,­jéb­lfz­jn­lhe­ubö­nj­uj­ét­cf­vj­uj.

≤D­Ce­öj­gen­ysö­djq­crfö­gjl­uj­njd­rf­yj­djå­hfy­wtd­r­ght­dhf­ot­ybñ­d­cjk­lfn­–­gj­nhz­cfñ­obq­jgsn≥,­–­crf­pfk­vfc­nth­cth­éfyn­Nj­yb­Vfr­rkeh,­cnfh­ibq­rjy­cekm­nfyn­gj­jåtc­gt­xt­ybñ­hfd­ysö­djp­vjé­yjc­ntq­d­Rj­vfy­lj­df­ybb­Ce­öj­gen­ysö­djq­cr­CIF­gj­jåe­xt­ybñ­b­ljr­nhb­yt­d­Ajhn­Vjy­hj,­infn­Dbh­léb­ybz.­Vfr­rkeh,­bvtñ­obq­nfq­crbt­b­fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­crbt­rjh­yb,­uj­dj­hbn­c­njx­rb­pht­ybz­åsd­it­uj­cth­éfy­nf­bycnher­nj­hf­gj­cnhjt­djq­gjl­uj­njd­rt,­bycnher­nj­hf­djp­lei­yj­lt­cfy­nyjq­irj­ks,­fvt­hb­rfy­crj­uj­lbg­kj­vf­nf­d­Fa­hb­rt­b­hjn­yj­uj­cth­éfy­nf.

≤Extå­yfz­jå­cnf­yjd­rf­cgkf­xb­df­tn­cjk­lfn­hfp­ysö­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjc­ntq­b­än­yb­xtc­rbö­uhegg,­gj­nj­ve­xnj­cjk­lf­ns­lj­kéys­ébnm­dvtc­nt­b­exb­ns­dfnm­jcj­åty­yjc­nb­lheu­

lhe­uf,­öj­hj­ibt­bkb­gkj­öbt,­–­crf­pfk­Vfr­rkeh.­–­Jcjp­yf­tim,­xnj­fh­vbz­lt­kf­tn­lj­åhjt­lt­kj,­rju­lf­db­lbim,­rf­rbt­gt­ht­vt­ys­ghj­bc­öj­lzn­d­rfé­ljv­cjk­lf­nt­gj­jrjy­xf­ybb­ext­ås,­b­cks­ibim­jn­ps­ds­bö­hj­lb­nt­ktq,­rj­nj­hst­uj­dj­hzn,­xnj­lj­xm­bkb­csy­cnf­kb­yj­ds­vb­kñlm­vb≥.

Jå­obt­cdz­pb

Cgkf­xb­dfz­uheg­gs­cjk­lfn­hfp­yj­uj­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybz,­cth­éfy­ns­lt­kf­ñn­jcj­åsq­egjh­yf­nj,­xnj­jåüt­lb­yz­tn­cjk­lfn,­–­bö­ckeé­åe­d­Ce­öj­gen­ysö­djq­crfö.

Fh­vtq­crfz­rekm­ne­hf­–­änj­jå­ot­cn­dty­yfz­cbc­nt­vf,­rj­nj­hfz­jö­df­ns­df­tn­jå­obt­wty­yjc­nb,­eåté­lt­ybz,­jås­xfb­b­nhf­lb­wbb,­jn­vt­nb­kf­Ajy­ct­rf.

≤Xfc­nj,­dcne­gfz­d­rjy­nfrn­c­kñlm­vb­hfp­yj­uj­hf­cj­dj­uj­bkb­än­yb­xtc­rj­uj­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybz,­vs­elt­kz­tv­ckbi­rjv­vyj­uj­dyb­vf­ybz­hfp­kb­xb­zv­vté­le­yf­vb,­f­yt­nj­ve,­xt­uj­vjé­yj­lj­åbnm­cz­bkb­lj­cnbxm,­jå­vt­yzd­ibcm­yf­ibv­jgs­njv­b­njx­rf­vb­pht­ybz,­–­crf­pf­kf­jyf.­–­Xnj­ås­gj­cnhjb­nm­äa­atr­nbd­yeñ­åjt­deñ­cb­ke,­vs­lj­kéys­jcjp­yfnm,­xnj­rfé­lsq­xkty­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­wt­yty­b­vj­étn­dytc­nb­cj­dth­ity­yj­jcj­åsq­drkfl≥.

Gj­tt­ckj­dfv,­lkz­ec­gt­öf­yt­jå­öj­lb­vj­gj­yznm­ght­bve­ot­cn­df­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbz,­cbkm­yst­cnj­hj­ys­b­jgsn­rfé­lj­uj­dj­ty­yjc­ke­éf­ot­uj.

Ajy­ct­rf­hfc­crf­pf­kf,­xnj,­ghb­lz­d­Ce­öj­gen­yst­djq­crf,­yt­jéb­lf­kf­yb­xt­uj­rhj­vt­gj­tp­ljr,­gj­ke­xt­ybz­jå­hf­pj­df­ybz­b­dcnhtx­c­kñlm­vb.­Pyf­rjv­cn­dj­c­lhe­ub­vb­cjk­lfnf­vb­hfp­kbx­yj­uj­hf­cj­dj­uj­b­än­yb­xtc­rj­uj­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybz­jrf­pf­kjcm­lkz­ytt­rekm­neh­ysv­ij­rjv,­gj­nj­ve­xnj­yf­kbx­yjv­ehjd­yt­e­ybö­yt­ås­kj­yb­xt­uj­jå­ot­uj.

eJournal USA 25

Dj­cgb­nf­ybt­cjk­lfn­yf­åf­pt­Ajhn-Létr­cjy­drkñ­xf­tn­d­ct­åz­jåe­xt­ybt­hf­åj­nt­d­rjk­ktr­nb­dt.

DDC­

CIF/

cth­é

fyn-

ntö­y

br­L

t­ybp

­Htq

­lth

≤Z­yf­exb­kfcm­yf­kf­éb­dfnm­rjy­nfr­ns­c­lhe­ub­vb­dj­ty­yjc­ke­éf­ob­vb,­bc­öj­lz­bp­dpf­bvj­gj­yb­vf­ybz,­rj­nj­hjt­crkf­ls­df­kjcm­e­yfc­pf­dht­vz­cj­dvtcn­yjq­ckeé­ås­d­Ce­öj­gen­ysö­djq­crfö,­–­hfc­crf­pf­kf­Ajy­ct­rf.­–­E­cjk­lfn­tcnm­jå­obt­pyf­vt­yf­nt­kb:­dth­yjcnm,­ljku­b­ght­lfyyjcnm­yf­itq­cnhf­yt.­Dvtc­nt­vs­exbv­cz,­he­rj­dj­lbv,­dj­ñtv­b­xfc­nj­gj­ub­åf­tv≥.

Djp­vjé­yjc­nb­lkz­cj­dth­ity­cn­djdf­ybz

C­njx­rb­pht­ybz­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbz­fh­vbz­yt­blt­fkm­yf,­cxb­nf­ñn­cth­éfy­ns.­≤Vyj­ujt­vjé­yj­ås­kj­ås­clt­kfnm­kex­it≥,­–­crf­pfk­cth­éfyn­1­uj­rkfc­cf­Vänn­He­fy,­bycnher­njh­gj­cnhjt­djq­gjl­uj­njd­rt­d­229­v­åf­nf­kmj­yt­dj­ty­yjq­hfp­dtl­rb­yf­åf­pt­d­Vjy­nt­htt,­infn­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz.­He­fy­ävbu­hb­hj­dfk­d­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­bp­Rb­nfz­d­1992­uj­le,­f­d­1997­uj­le­cnfk­yf­ne­hf­kb­pj­dfy­ysv­fvt­hb­rfy­crbv­uhfé­lf­yb­yjv.

≤Yfg­hb­vth,­vtym­iby­cn­df­cj­cnfd­kz­ñn­pyf­xb­ntkm­yeñ­lj­kñ­d­yf­ibö­dj­jhe­éty­ysö­cb­kfö,­jl­yf­rj­d­dj­ty­yjq­hfp­dtl­rt­jxtym­vf­kj­ghtl­cnf­db­nt­ktq­vtym­iby­cnd,­jcj­åty­yj­yf­he­rj­dj­lz­obö­lj­kéyjc­nzö≥,­–­jn­vt­nbk­jy.­C­lhe­ujq­cnj­hj­ys,­gj­tuj­ckj­dfv,­d­lhe­ubö­hj­lfö­Ce­öj­gen­ysö­djq­cr­yf­he­rj­dj­lz­obö­lj­kéyjc­nzö­åjkm­it­ghtl­cnf­db­nt­ktq­vtym­iby­cnd,­xtv­åt­ksö.­Ghb­vt­hjv­cke­ébn­Ajhn­Létr­cjy­d­Ñé­yjq­Rf­hj­kb­yt­–­jl­yf­bp­ukfd­ysö­extå­ysö­åfp­Ce­öj­gen­ysö­djq­cr,­ult­≤ghtl­cnf­db­nt­ktq­vtym­iby­cnd,­jcj­åty­yj­fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­wtd,­yf­he­rj­dj­lz­obö­lj­kéyjc­nzö­uj­hfp­lj­åjkm­it,­xtv­åt­ksö­fvt­hb­rfy­wtd≥.

Ajy­ct­rf­jn­vt­nb­kf,­xnj­Ce­öj­gen­yst­djq­crf­crkjy­ys­htf­ub­hj­dfnm­yf­ghj­bc­öj­lz­ott,­yt­ét­kb­xtv­pf­hf­ytt­ght­ljndhf­ofnm­lbc­rhb­vb­yf­wbñ­b­ht­ibnm­hf­cj­dst­ghj­åkt­vs.

≤Byju­lf­vs­pf­ås­df­tv,­xnj­cjk­lf­ns­–­änj­kñ­lb,­f­yt­vf­ib­ys,­–­crf­pf­kf­jyf.­–­Xnj­ås­äa­atr­nbd­yj­ltqcn­dj­dfnm­d­åjñ,­vs­lj­kéys­yt­pf­ås­dfnm­j­ntö,­rnj­cke­ébn­d­yf­ibö­dj­jhe­éty­ysö­cb­kfö≥.

Rj­vfy­leñ­obq­Ce­öj­gen­ys­vb­djq­crf­vb­jljå­hz­tn­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbt.­Jy­pf­zdbk,­xnj­ghb­vth­Ce­öj­gen­ysö­djq­cr­CIF­d­Bhf­rt­gj­vju­änjq­åkbé­yt­djc­njx­yjq­cnhf­yt­cgkj­nbnm­cdjñ­fh­vbñ,­d­rj­nj­hjq­cke­éfn­ve­cekm­vf­yt­cey­yb­ns­b­ibb­ns,­reh­ls­b­ghtl­cnf­db­nt­kb­lhe­ubö­uhegg.

≤Z­ndth­lj­eåté­lty,­xnj­cb­kf­yf­itq­fh­vbb­ds­nt­rf­tn­bp­yf­it­uj­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbz≥,­–­crf­pfk­ut­yt­hfk­Léjhlé­Rtq­cb,­yf­xfkm­ybr­inf­åf­Ce­öj­gen­ysö­djq­cr.­Pyf­rjv­cn­dj­c­ntv,­rfr­fvt­hb­rfy­crbt­dj­ty­yjc­ke­éf­obt­hfp­ysö­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjc­ntq­hf­åj­nf­ñn­cj­jå­of,­≤gj­vju­kj­bhfr­crjq­fh­vbb­cj­öhf­ybnm­cdjñ­hjkm­tlby­cn­dty­yjq­yt­hfp­lt­kty­yjq­gj­ht­kb­ub­jp­yj­ve­ghb­pyf­re­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­dj­dctq­cnhf­yt,­–­gjl­xth­ryek­jy,­–­gj­änj­ve,­tc­kb­ds­cnht­vb­ntcm­r­äa­atr­ne­cb­ks,­yeé­yj­lj­åb­dfnm­cz­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbz≥.­■

eJournal USA 26

Hjlbkbcm Hjlbkbcm Hjlbkbcm pfuhfybwtq: pfuhfybwtq: pfuhfybwtq: Ghbtöfkb Ghbtöfkbc1990 Ghbtöfkb d2000u. gj1999u. lj1990u.

Zpsr,­yf­rj­nj­hjv­hfp­uj­df­hb­df­ñn­lj­vf,­d­ghj­wty­nfö

Njkm­rj­­fy­ukbq­crbq­ ­ ­ ­ ­10,3fi­­ ­ ­ ­11,4fi­­ ­ ­ ­ ­21,4fi

Lhe­ujq­zpsr­ ­ ­ ­89,7fi­­ ­ ­ ­88,6fi­­ ­ ­ ­ ­78,6fi

Uj­dj­hzn­gj­­fy­ukbq­crb­öe­ét,­xtv­≤j­xtym­öj­hj­ij≥,­d­ghj­wty­nfö

­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­64,5fi­­ ­ ­ ­55,2fi­­ ­ ­ ­ ­43,7fi

Vt­lb­fy­ysq­lj­öjl­lj­vj­öj­pzq­cn­df­d­2006­uj­le­c­ext­njv­by­akz­wbb,­lj­kk.

­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­35­807­ ­ ­ ­42­649­ ­ ­ ­ ­49­289

Vt­lb­fy­ysq­lj­öjl­kbw­cnfh­it­15­ktn,­rj­nj­hst­pf­hf­åf­ns­df­kb­­d­2006­uj­le,­c­ext­njv­by­akz­wbb,­lj­kk.

Dct­uj­cht­lb­hj­lbd­ibö­cz­d­cnhf­yt­b­pf­uhf­yb­wtq­ ­24­287

Cht­lb­hj­lbd­ibö­cz­pf­uhf­yb­wtq­­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­21­563

Bc­njx­ybr:­Åñ­hj­gt­ht­gb­ctq­yf­ct­kt­ybz­CIF,­Vb­ybc­nth­cn­dj­njh­ujd­kb

zpsr­b­lj­öjl­ehj­éty­wtd­lhe­ubö­cnhfy

Bv­vbu­hf­wbz­d­wba­hfö

Bv­vbu­hfy­ns,­ghb­ytc­ibt­ht­fkm­yeñ­gjkm­pe

Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­b­bö­bv­vbu­hfy­ns­jåj­uf­of­ñn­lheu­lhe­uf.­Hzl­bv­vbu­hfy­njd­dyj­cbn­vt­yzñ­obq­ébpym­drkfl­d­vb­hj­deñ­ärj­yj­vb­re.­J­yt­rj­nj­hsö­bp­ybö­hfc­crf­ps­df­tn­cz­pltcm.

Fq­pt­rf­kf­hbf­yf

Dj­cgj­vb­yf­ybz­Fq­pt­rf­Kf­hbf­yf­j­ltn­cn­dt­d­Bhf­yt­ghjx­yj­cdz­pf­ys­c­≤gjc­nj­zy­ysv­egjh­ysv­nhe­ljv≥,­dtlm­tve­ghb­öj­lb­kjcm­dvtc­nj­ltn­crbö­buh­gj­vj­ufnm­jn­we­dtc­nb­lt­kf­d­ntr­cnbkm­yjq­kfd­rt.­D­1971­uj­le­Kf­hb­fy­ävbu­hb­hj­dfk­d­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns.­Cnfk­by­ét­yt­hjv,­gj­njv­jn­rhsk­yt­crjkm­rj­ghtl­ghbz­nbq.­E­yt­uj­jå­yf­he­éb­kfcm­cgj­cjå­yjcnm­cj­plf­dfnm­bu­hei­rb­b­bu­hs,­rj­nj­hst­yhf­db­kbcm­lt­nzv.­Ct­ujl­yz­Kf­hb­fy­–­ght­pb­ltyn­b­ukfd­ysq­bc­gjk­yb­ntkm­ysq­lb­htr­njh­≤Äv­léb­äq­äy­nth­ntq­yvtyn≥­–­rheg­ytq­itq­d­vb­ht­xfc­nyjq­rjv­gf­ybb,­ghj­bp­dj­lz­otq­ltn­crbt­bu­hei­rb,­cj­infå­rdfh­nb­hjq­d­Dfy­Yfq­ct,­infn­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz.­Dt­le­ofz­åeö­ufk­nth­crfz­abh­vf­yf­pdf­kf­tuj­≤ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­nt­ktv­uj­lf≥.

Äy­lhñ­uhj­ed

Åt­éfd­ibq­jn­yf­wbc­njd­b­cj­dtn­crj­uj­rjv­ve­ybc­nb­xtc­rj­uj­dnjh­ét­ybz­d­tuj­hjl­yeñ­Dty­uhbñ­Fy­lhfi­Uhja­ghb­töfk­d­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­d­1957­uj­le­b­cvt­ybk­bvz­yf­Äy­lhñ­Uhj­ed.­Jy­pf­hf­åj­nfk­yf­ex­yst­cnt­gt­yb­d­jå­kfc­nb­öb­vb­xtc­rj­uj­vf­ib­yjc­nhjt­ybz­b­cnfk­he­rj­dj­lb­nt­ktv­rjh­gj­hf­wbb­≤By­ntk≥­–­dt­le­ot­uj­ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kz­gj­keg­hjdjl­yb­rjd­b­vbr­hjg­hj­wtc­cj­hjd.≤Z­ds­hjc­lj­20­ktn,­b­vyt­dctu­lf­uj­dj­hb­kb,­xnj­z­gj­njq­bkb­byjq­ghb­xb­yt­yt­ye­éty,­–­hfc­crf­ps­dfk­gj­plytt­Uhj­ed.­–­Jrf­pfd­ibcm­d­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­nfö,­élfk,­xnj­b­nfv­åe­ltn­nj­ét­cf­vjt,­gj­nj­ve­xnj­z­bv­vbu­hfyn.­F­ds­ikj­cj­dctv­gj­­lhe­uj­ve≥.

Db­yjl­Öjc­kf

≤Z­lfd­yj­vtx­nfk­gj­gfcnm­d­Cb­kb­rj­yj­deñ­lj­kb­ye≥,­–­uj­dj­hbn­dty­xeh­ysq­by­dtc­njh­Db­yjl­Öjc­kf.­Ghb­töfd­d­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­c­lbg­kj­vjv­gj­äktr­nhj­ntö­yb­rt,­Öjc­kf­ghj­ljk­ébk­ext­åe­d­eyb­dth­cb­nt­nt­Rfh­yt­ub­Vtk­kj­yf­b­d­Cnäy­ajhl­crjv­eyb­dth­cb­nt­nt.­Dvtc­nt­c­yt­crjkm­rb­vb­cdjb­vb­jl­yj­reh­cyb­rf­vb­gj­Cnäy­ajh­le­Öjc­kf­jc­yj­dfk­ys­yt­döj­lz­oeñ­d­cgb­cjr­≤Ajh­xey­500≥­rjv­gf­ybñ­≤Cfy­vfq­rhj­cbc­ntvp≥,­cgt­wbf­kb­pb­heñ­oeñ­cz­yf­ct­nt­dsö­rjv­gmñ­nth­ysö­b­by­ajh­vf­wb­jy­ysö­ntö­yj­kj­ub­zö.Hfc­gj­kf­ufz­dty­xeh­ysv­rf­gb­nf­kjv,­Öjc­kf­ab­yfy­cb­hj­dfk­hzl­ec­gti­ysö­yj­dsö­ghj­tr­njd­d­jå­kfc­nb­ds­cj­rbö­ntö­yj­kj­ubq.­Ct­ujl­yz­jy­hf­åj­nf­tn­yfl­ecj­dth­ity­cn­djdf­yb­tv­åbjby­ét­yth­yj­uj­≤wtk­kñ­kjp­yj­uj≥­änf­yj­kf­–­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rb­xbc­nj­uj­b­äa­atr­nbd­yj­uj­bc­njx­yb­rf­äyth­ubb,­gj­ke­xft­vj­uj­bp­ctkmc­rj­öj­pzq­cn­dty­ysö­jn­öj­ljd.­Rhj­vt­nj­uj,­jy­gjl­lth­éb­df­tn­åkf­ujn­dj­hb­ntkm­yst­ajy­ls,­gj­vj­ufñ­obt­vf­ksv­ghtl­ghbz­nb­zv.­≤Z­dj­jå­ot­yt­hf­åj­nfñ,­–­uj­dj­hbn­jy.­–­Ghj­cnj­bu­hfñ­d­äne­bu­he­b­gj­ke­xfñ­eljdjkm­cn­dbt≥.

eJournal USA 27

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Hj­lbd­ibq­cz­d­1829­uj­le­d­Åf­df­hbb­Ktqå­Inhf­ecc­ävbu­hb­hj­dfk­c­ct­vmtq­d­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­d­djp­hfc­nt­18­ktn,­ghb­yzd­bvz,­rj­nj­hjt­gj­plytt­ghj­ckf­db­kjcm­gj­dct­ve­vb­he.­Gjc­kt­nj­uj­rfr­d­1848­uj­le­d­Rf­kb­ajh­ybb­yf­xf­kfcm­≤pj­kj­nfz­kb­öj­hfl­rf≥,­Cnhjcc,­rfr­nt­gthm­ghj­bp­yj­cb­kfcm­tuj­af­vb­kbz,­jn­ghf­dbk­cz­d­Cfy­Ahfy­wbc­rj­–­cyfå­éfnm­nrf­yz­vb­pj­kj­nj­lj­åsn­xb­rjd,­rj­nj­hsö­cnf­yj­db­kjcm­dct­åjkm­it.­Jl­ybv­bp­cf­vsö­öj­lj­dsö­tuj­nj­df­hjd­jrf­pf­kbcm­ghjx­yst­b­eljå­yst­hf­åj­xbt­åhñ­rb­bp­lt­yb­vf.­D­1873­uj­le­Cnhjcc­b­gjhn­yjq­Létq­rjå­Lä­dbc­pf­gf­nty­nj­df­kb­cgj­cjå­bp­uj­njd­kt­ybz­åhñr­gj­ds­it­yyjq­ghjx­yjc­nb­c­vtl­ys­vb­pf­rktg­rf­vb­yf­rfh­vf­yfö.­Änj­b­ås­kb­gth­dst­léby­cs.­D­1886­uj­le­gj­cktl­jdf­kf­abh­vty­yfz­rj­éf­yfz­pf­gkf­nf­≤ldt­kj­if­lb≥,­f­d­1936­uj­le­åsk­pf­ht­ubc­nhb­hj­dfy­nj­dfh­ysq­pyfr­“red tab”.­Ct­ujl­yz­gj­dct­ve­vb­he­ghj­lf­ñn­cz­vbk­kb­fh­ls­léby­cjd­≤Kb­dfqc≥.

Cth­utq­Åhby­

Hj­lbd­ibq­cz­d­Vjc­rdt­Cth­utq­Åhby­ghb­töfk­d­Fvt­hb­re­dvtc­nt­cj­cdj­tq­ct­vmtq,­rju­lf­tve­ås­kj­itcnm­ktn.­Gj­fc­gb­hfyn­crjq­cnb­gty­lbb­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­yf­ex­yj­uj­ajy­lf­bpe­xfk­d­Cnäy­ajhl­crjv­eyb­dth­cb­nt­nt­ds­xbc­kb­ntkm­yeñ­ntö­yb­re­(≤T­uj­ev­ås­kj­yt­djp­vjé­yj­yt­pf­vt­nbnm­–­jy­zd­yj­åhj­cfk­cz­d­ukf­pf≥,­–­crf­étn­j­ytv­gj­plytt­tuj­rjy­cekm­nfyn­bp­Cnäy­ajh­lf).­Nfv­Åhby­gj­pyf­rj­vbk­cz­c­lhe­ubv­cne­lty­njv­–­Kfh­hb­Gtq­létv.­Dldjtv­jyb­hfp­hf­åj­nf­kb­ght­djc­öjl­ysq­fk­uj­hbnv­lkz­hfy­éb­hj­df­ybz­ht­pekm­nf­njd­gj­bc­rf­d­by­nth­yt­nt.­F­d­1998­uj­le­pf­ht­ubc­nhb­hj­df­kb­cj­åcn­dty­yeñ­gj­bc­rj­deñ­rjv­gf­ybñ­–­Google.­D­2004­uj­le­rjv­gf­ybz­ås­kf­ght­jå­hf­pj­df­yf­d­jn­rhs­njt­fr­wbj­yth­yjt­jå­ot­cn­dj­c­gth­dj­yf­xfkm­yjq­hs­yjx­yjq­rf­gb­nf­kb­pf­wb­tq­cds­it­23­vbk­kb­fh­ljd­lj­kkf­hjd.

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zj­Vby­Åäq

Hj­lbd­ibq­cz­d­cj­cnjz­ntkm­yjq­ct­vmt­d­Rb­nft­Zj­Vby­Åäq­ghb­töfk­d­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­d­1935­uj­le­bpe­xfnm­fh­öb­ntr­ne­he­b­nfr­nfv­b­jc­nfk­cz,­gj­crjkm­re­Dnj­hfz­vb­hj­dfz­djq­yf­yt­gj­pdj­kb­kf­tve­dth­yenm­cz­d­Rb­nfq.­D­cdj­bö­fh­öb­ntr­neh­ysö­ht­it­yb­zö,­rj­nj­hst­ghb­dktr­kb­dyb­vf­ybt­dct­uj­vb­hf­r­tuj­ckjd­yj­cj­plfy­ysv­htp­wjv­crekmg­nj­hf­cj­jhe­ét­yb­zv,­jy­njy­rj­cj­xt­nfk­yt­jåsx­yst­vf­nt­hbf­ks­b­cvt­kst­utj­vtn­hb­xtc­rbt­ajh­vs.­Cht­lb­pyf­vt­yb­nsö­plf­ybq,­djp­dt­lty­ysö­gj­ghj­tr­ne­Gtz,­nth­vb­yfk­fä­hjgjh­nf­bvt­yb­Léj­yf­Rty­yt­lb­d­Ymñ­Qjh­rt,­Dj­cnjx­yjt­rhs­kj­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yjq­öe­lj­ét­cn­dty­yjq­uf­kt­htb­d­Df­iby­unj­yt­b­ds­ps­dfñ­ofz­cgj­hs­cntr­kzy­yfz­gb­hf­vb­lf­dj­dyen­hty­ytv­ldj­hb­rt­Ked­hf­d­Gf­hb­ét.

˘

nt­kt­rjv­ve­yb­rf­wb­jy­ysq­ub­ufyn­≤dt­hfq­pjy­rjv­vmñ­yb­

rtqiyp≥­bc­gjkm­pe­tn­vyj­uj­yf­wbj­yfkm­yeñ­hf­åj­xeñ­cb­ke­

lkz­jå­cke­éb­df­ybz­rkb­ty­njd­hfp­ysö­yf­wbj­yfkm­yjc­ntq.­

Änj­öj­hj­ibq­åbp­ytc,­yj­jy­nht­åe­tn­ecb­kbq­b­ght­lfyyjc­

nb­lt­ke.­Uheg­gs­bv­vbu­hfy­njd­cnf­yj­dzn­cz­xfc­nmñ­

≤jc­yjd­yj­uj­nt­xt­ybz≥,­rju­lf­jyj­hfc­ib­hz­tn­cz­b­bö­gj­

ukj­of­tn.

Dive rs ityInc –­dt­le­ott­bp­lf­ybt­gj­dj­ghj­cfv­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbz­d­rjh­gj­hf­wb­zö.

D­cj­dht­vty­yjq­vb­hj­djq­ärj­yj­vb­rt­cj­nhel­yb­rb­rjv­gf­ybq­b­bö­rkb­ty­ns­ghtl­cnfd­kz­ñn­vyj­ét­cn­dj­hfp­ysö­rekm­neh­b­uj­dj­hzn­yf­vyj­ubö­zps­rfö.­

Rjv­gf­ybb,­rj­nj­hst­cnht­vzn­cz­cj­öhf­ybnm­rjy­re­hty­njc­gj­cjå­yjcnm,­lj­kéys­öj­hj­ij­jhb­ty­nb­hj­dfnm­cz­d­zps­rfö­b­rekm­neh­ysö­jcj­åty­yjc­nzö­hfp­kbx­ysö­uhegg­yf­ct­kt­ybz.

Jl­yjq­bp­fvt­hb­rfy­crbö­rjv­gf­ybq,­d­rj­nj­hjq­änj­exb­ns­df­ñn­ghb­cj­plf­ybb­ghjx­yjq­åf­ps­rkb­ty­njd­b­cj­nhel­yb­rjd,­zd­kz­tn­cz­nt­kt­rjv­ve­yb­rf­wb­jy­ysq­ub­ufyn­≤Dt­hfq­pjy­rjv­vmñ­yb­rtqiyp≥,­pf­yb­vfñ­obq­itc­njt­vtc­nj­d­cj­cnfd­kty­yjv­Dive rs ityInc­cgbc­rt­kex­ibö­50­rjv­gf­ybq­gj­rhb­nt­hb­zv­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbz­pf­2007­ujl.­≤Dt­hfq­pjy≥­cajh­vb­hj­dfk­vjo­yeñ­gj­kb­än­yb­xtc­reñ­hf­åj­xeñ­cb­ke­b­vt­ytlévtyn,­jhb­ty­nb­he­zcm­yf­gj­nht­åb­nt­ktq,­lkz­rj­nj­hsö­fy­ukbq­crbq­zd­kz­tn­cz­dnj­hsv­zps­rjv.

≤Dt­hfq­pjy≥­gj­cnfd­kz­tn­nj­df­hs­b­ec­ke­ub­yf­byj­cnhfy­ysö­zps­rfö.­Yt­rju­lf­änf­byb­wbf­nb­df­jp­yf­xf­kf­yf­tv­vb­yb­vfkm­yj­uj­xbc­kf­nt­kt­ajy­ysö­jgt­hf­nj­hjd,­dkf­ltñ­obö­bc­gfy­crbv­zps­rjv.­Ct­ujl­yz­rjv­gf­ybz­pyf­xb­ntkm­yj­hfc­ib­hb­kf­dyti­ybt­b­dyen­hty­ybt­fc­gtr­ns­cdj­tq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb,­er­htg­kzz­cdz­pb­vté­le­cj­nhel­yb­rf­vb,­ghb­yfl­kt­éf­ob­vb­r­hfp­ysv­rekm­ne­hfv.­C­änjq­

Cj­dht­vty­yfz­ärj­yj­vb­rf­nht­åe­tn­­rjv­gt­ntyn­yjc­nb­d­rekm­ne­ht

Cj­nhel­yb­rb­Dive rs ityInc

Ghtl­cnf­db­ntkm­gj­jå­cke­éb­df­ybñ­gj­re­gf­nt­ktq­Uf­th­Vfh­nb­ytc­(cghf­df)­gj­vj­uf­tn­Jdf­yt­ce­Rt­ib­iz­ye­d­vf­uf­pb­yt­­≤Dt­hfq­pjy≥­d­Kjc-Fylét­kt­ct­d­2005­uj­le.

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wt­kmñ­≤Dt­hfq­pjy≥­cj­plf­tn­uheg­gs­rfl­hj­dsö­ht­ceh­cjd,­rj­nj­hst­wt­yzn­cz­yt­njkm­rj­rfr­cgj­cjå­ghb­dkt­xt­ybz­b­elth­éf­ybz­rfl­hjd­d­rjv­gf­ybb,­yj­b­pf­bö­drkfl­d­yf­kf­éb­df­ybt­jn­yj­it­ybq­c­gj­nht­åb­nt­ktv.

Änb­uheg­gs­cj­nhel­yb­rjd­ajh­vb­he­ñn­cz­yf­jc­yj­dt­ghb­yfl­kté­yjc­nb­r­jght­ltkty­yjq­hf­ct,­än­yj­ce­bkb­fkm­nth­yf­nbd­ysv­ckj­zv­yf­ct­kt­ybz.­Rjv­gf­ybz­jrf­ps­df­tn­bv­ab­yfy­cj­deñ­gjl­lth­ére,­gj­pdj­kzz­bv­cj­åb­hfnm­cz­d­nt­xt­ybt­hf­åj­xt­uj­lyz,­r­rfé­ljq­uheg­gt­ghb­rhtg­kty­he­rj­dj­lb­ntkm­ds­cj­rj­uj­ehjd­yz.­Uheg­gs­gj­ljåyj­uj­hj­lf­cgj­cjå­cn­deñn­ndjh­xtc­rj­ve­gj­bc­re­bltq­b­bc­gs­nf­ybñ­yj­dsö­ec­keu,­ghtl­kf­uft­vsö­rkb­ty­nfv.

≤Ä­njn­genm­ghj­öj­lbn­yt­njkm­rj­åbp­ytc,­yj­b­rfé­lsq­xt­kj­dtr,­rj­nj­hsq­d­ytv­exf­cn­detn,­–­hfc­crf­pf­kf­Vfu­lf­Bhb­pfh­hb,­db­wt­ght­pb­ltyn­rjv­gf­ybb­≤Dt­hfq­pjy≥­gj­rekm­ne­ht­cj­nhel­yb­rjd,­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbñ­b­ds­gjk­yt­ybñ­pf­rj­yj­lf­ntkm­cn­df.­–­Tc­kb­ds­pf­vt­xft­nt­lf­hj­df­ybt­njkm­rj­nju­lf,­rju­lf­jyj­d­nf­rjq­ét­egf­rjd­rt,­rfr­e­dfc,­dfv­åe­ltn­nhel­yj,­gj­nj­ve­xnj­e­yfc­xhtp­ds­xfq­yj­hfp­yj­jå­hfp­yfz­åf­pf­rkb­ty­njd≥.

Ghb­vt­hjv­rfl­hj­dj­uj­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbz­rjv­gf­ybb­cke­ébn­nj,­xnj­bp­ytt­yt­eöj­lzn­cj­nhel­yb­rb­fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­crj­uj,­fpb­fn­crj­uj­b­kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­crj­uj­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybz.­Dct­jyb­jc­nf­ñn­cz­d­rjv­gf­ybb­nfr­ét­xfc­nj,­rfr­b­åt­kst­cj­nhel­yb­rb,­bkb­lf­ét­xf­ot.­Rjv­gf­ybz­cj­jå­ob­kf,­xnj­d­2006­uj­le­39­ghj­wty­njd­tt­vt­yt­lét­hjd­ås­kb­fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­crj­uj,­fpb­fn­crj­uj­bkb­kf­nb­yj­f­vt­hb­rfy­crj­uj­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybz.

Lt­kfz­egjh­yf­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbt,­abh­vf­≤Dt­hfq­pjy≥­cj­plf­kf­12­wty­nhjd­nt­kt­ajy­yj­uj­jå­cke­éb­df­ybz­gj­nht­åb­nt­ktq,­rj­nj­hst­jrf­ps­df­ñn­ec­ke­ub­yf­bc­gfy­crjv,­rj­htq­crjv,­rb­nfq­crjv,­rfy­njy­crjv,­dmtn­yfv­crjv­b­hec­crjv­zps­rfö.­Dkf­ltkm­wtd­vf­ksö­ghtl­ghbz­nbq,­≤Dt­hfq­pjy≥­jå­cke­éb­df­tn­yf­bc­gfy­crjv,­rj­htq­crjv,­rb­nfq­crjv,­rfy­njy­crjv­b­dmtn­yfv­crjv­zps­rfö.

≤Ä­nf­hf­åj­nf­dt­ltn­cz­c­yf­xf­kf­1970­ö­uj­ljd,­yj­nju­lf­d­ukfd­yjv­wty­nht­jå­cke­éb­df­ybz­rkb­ty­njd­ås­kj,­yf­dth­yjt,­gznm­itcnm­xt­kj­dtr,­ghb­yb­vfd­ibö­pdjy­rb­yf­hfp­ysö­zps­rfö≥,­–­uj­dj­hbn­Gtl­hj­Rjh­htf,­db­wt­ght­pb­ltyn­gj­vyj­uj­zpsx­yj­ve­jå­cke­éb­df­ybñ­gj­nht­åb­nt­ktq­b­cås­ne­d­hjp­ybx­ysö­vf­uf­pb­yfö­≤Dt­hfq­pjy≥.

Ct­ujl­yz­d­wty­nhfö­nt­kt­ajy­yj­uj­jå­cke­éb­df­ybz­≤Dt­hfq­pjy≥­hf­åj­nf­tn­åj­ktt­1500­xt­kj­dtr,­rj­nj­hst­jå­cke­éb­df­ñn­rkb­ty­njd­yf­hfp­ysö­zps­rfö,­gj­vb­vj­fy­ukbq­crj­uj.­≤Ä­nj­gj­rf­ps­df­tn,­rf­rjq­genm­ghji­kb­hs­yjr­b­dcz­cnhf­yf,­–­jn­vt­nbk­Rjh­htf.­–­Rju­lf­nj­änj­ås­kj­dj­ghj­cjv­ds­éb­df­ybz.­Ct­ujl­yz­e­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbz­tcnm­lt­kj­dst­jc­yj­df­ybz.­By­dtc­nb­hj­df­ybt­chtl­cnd­d­änjv­yf­ghfd­kt­ybb­jre­gf­tn­cz≥.

Gj­jwty­rt­≤Dt­hfq­pjy≥,­vyj­uj­zpsx­ysq­gj­nht­åb­ntkmc­rbq­ctu­vtyn­rjv­gf­ybb­djp­hfc­nf­tn­tétujl­yj­yf­9­ghj­wty­njd.­Ds­öjl­ws­bp­Kf­nby­crjq­Fvt­hb­rb­cj­cnfd­kz­ñn­11,2­ghj­wty­nf­rkb­ty­njd­d­CIF,­f­fvt­hb­rfy­ws­fpb­fn­crj­uj­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybz­–­6,7­ghj­wty­nf.

Pf­cxtn­jå­cke­éb­df­ybz­yf­hfp­ysö­zps­rfö­lj­öj­ls­≤Dt­hfq­pjy≥­djp­hjc­kb­yf­10–20­ghj­wty­njd.­≤Jåj­uf­ot­ybt­gj­nht­åb­ntkmc­rj­uj­jgs­nf­jå­cke­éb­df­yb­tv­yf­hjl­yjv­zps­rt­gj­vj­uf­tn­rjv­gty­cb­hj­dfnm­gj­nt­hb,­båj­gj­nht­åb­nt­kb­öj­nzn­jc­nf­dfnm­cz­rkb­ty­nf­vb­rjv­gf­ybb,­xnj­cnb­ve­kb­he­tn­hjcn≥,­–­erf­pfk­Rjh­htf.­Jy­nfr­ét­jn­dt­xf­tn­pf­62­abh­vty­ysö­vf­uf­pb­yf­≤Dt­hfq­pjy­gkñc≥.­Vf­uf­pb­ys,­rj­nj­hst­jå­cke­éb­df­ñn­gj­re­gf­nt­ktq­yf­hfp­ysö­zps­rfö,­ghb­yj­czn­yf­20­ghj­wty­njd­åjkm­it­ghb­ås­kb­jn­cås­nf,­xtv­vf­uf­pb­ys,­d­rj­nj­hsö­änj­uj­yt­lt­kf­ñn.­Bp­660­cj­nhel­yb­rjd,­hf­åj­nfñ­obö­d­vf­uf­pb­yfö­≤Dt­hfq­pjy≥,­jrj­kj­gj­kj­db­ys­cj­cnfd­kz­ñn­kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­ws,­fvt­hb­rfy­ws­fpb­fn­crj­uj­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybz,­fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­ws­bkb­fvt­hb­rfy­crbt­by­ltq­ws,­b­jrj­kj­gj­kj­db­ys­åtu­kj­dkf­lt­ñn­byj­cnhfy­ysv­zps­rjv,­yf­rj­nj­hjv­hfp­uj­df­hb­df­ñn­gj­re­gf­nt­kb.

≤Gj­re­gf­nt­kb­kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­crj­uj­b­fpb­fn­crj­uj­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybz­ghtl­gj­xb­nf­ñn­kbx­ysq­rjy­nfrn,­vs­ght­lj­cnfd­kz­tv­bv­nf­reñ­djp­vjé­yjcnm­d­yf­ibö­vf­uf­pb­yfö,­f­pf­ntv­ghtl­kf­uf­tv­b­jå­cke­éb­df­ybt­yf­bö­hjl­yjv­zps­rt≥,­–­hfc­crf­pfk­Rjh­htf.

Lkz­rjv­gf­ybb­≤Dt­hfq­pjy≥,­e­rj­nj­hjq­tcnm­nf­rbt­vjo­yst­rjy­re­hty­ns,­rfr­≤Äq­nb­äyl­nb≥,­≤Rdtcn≥,­≤Cghbyn­yt­rcntk≥,­≤Rjv­rfcn≥­b­≤Nfqv­Ejh­yth≥,­jåtc­gt­xt­ybt­ght­lfyyjc­nb­åhty­le­hfd­yjp­yfx­yj­ds­éb­df­ybñ.

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Bhb­pfh­hb­lj­åfd­kz­tn:­≤Cjp­lf­ybt­b­gjl­lth­éf­ybt­rekm­ne­hs,­rj­nj­hfz­wt­ybn­b­äa­atr­nbd­yj­bc­gjkm­pe­tn­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbt­lkz­lj­cnb­ét­ybz­kex­ibö­ht­pekm­nf­njd,­ghj­bc­öj­lbn­yt­cf­vj­gj­ct­åt­–­lkz­änj­uj­yeé­ys­ecb­kbz­b­ht­ib­vjcnm.­R­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbñ­yf­lj­gjl­öj­lbnm­nfr­ét­wt­kt­ec­nhtv­kty­yj­b­ht­ib­ntkm­yj,­rfr­r­kñ­åj­ve­lhe­uj­ve­lt­kj­dj­ve­bv­gt­hf­nb­de≥.­■

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eJournal USA 30

Alba, Richard D. Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.

Barkan, Elliott R. And Still They Come: Immigrants and American Society, 1920 to the 1990s. Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1996.

Brotherton, David C., and Philip Kretsedemas, eds. Keeping Out the Other: A Critical Introduction to Immigration Enforcement Today. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2008.

Brownstone, David M., and Irene M. Franck and Douglass Brownstone, eds. Island of Hope, Island of Tears: The Story of Those Who Entered the New World through Ellis Island in Their Own Words. New York, NY: Metro Books, 2002. d’Appollonia, Ariane Chebel, and Simon Reich, eds. Immigration, Integration, and Security: America and Europe in Comparative Perspective. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2008. Daniels, Roger. Guarding the Golden Door: American Immigration Policy and Immigrants since 1882. New York, NY: Hill and Wang, 2004.

Daniels, Roger, and Otis Graham. Debating American Immigration, 1882-Present. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001. Dinnerstein, Leonard, Roger L. Nichols and David M. Reimers, eds. Natives and Strangers: A Multicultural History of Americans. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2003. Foner, Nancy. From Ellis Island to JFK: New York’s Two Great Waves of Immigration. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.

Graham, Otis L. Unguarded Gates: A History of America’s Immigration Crisis. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2004.

Guskin, Jane and David L. Wilson. The Politics of Immigration: Questions and Answers. New York, NY: Monthly Review Press, 2007.

Handlin, Oscar. The Uprooted: The Epic Story of the Great Migrations That Made the American People. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.

Higham, John. Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002.

Immigrants: The New Americans. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1999. Jacoby, Tamar, ed. Reinventing the Melting Pot: The New Immigrants and What It Means to Be American. New York, NY: Basic Books, 2004.

Michaels, Walter B. Our America: Nativism, Modernism and Pluralism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995.

Renshon, Stanley A. The 50% American: Immigration and National Identity in an Age of Terror. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2005.

Swain, Carol M., ed. Debating Immigration. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Tanner, Helen Hornbeck. The Settling of North America: Atlas of the Great Migrations from the Ice Age to the Present. New York, NY: MacMillan, 1995.

Åbå­kb­ju­hf­abzLj­gjk­yb­ntkm­yfz­kb­nt­hf­ne­hf­gj­dj­ghj­cfv­bv­vbu­hf­wbb­b­vyj­uj­jå­hf­pbz

eJournal USA 31

Jgsn­fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­crjq­vbu­hf­wbbCfqn­Wty­nhf­Itv­åth­uf­gj­bc­ckt­lj­df­yb­zv­d­jå­kfc­nb­rekm­ne­hs­xth­yj­rj­ébö­gj­cdz­oty­13­vbu­hf­wb­jy­ysv­­dj­kyfv,­rj­nj­hst­cajh­vb­hj­df­kb­b­ght­jå­hf­pj­df­kb­­fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­creñ­rekm­ne­he.ht tp://www.inmoti onf ame.org/home.cam

Rfr­cnfnm­fvt­hb­rfy­wtv:­rb­nfq­crbq­jgsnLhf­vf­nb­xtc­rfz­bc­nj­hbz­j­åjhm­åt­b­nhb­ev­at,­dpkt­nfö­b­gf­lt­yb­zö,­lbc­rhb­vb­yf­wbb­b­fc­cb­vb­kz­wbb­yf­jc­yj­dt­kbx­ysö­hfc­crf­pjd.ht tp://www.pbs.org/becomingamerican/index.html

Xb­rf­uj,­uj­hjl­dt­rf:­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbz­bv­vbu­hf­wbb­ht tp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/chicago/sfe atu re/sf_nati ons.html

Vtc­nj­yf­pyf­xt­ybz­–­Fvt­hb­rfYf­änjv­by­ajh­vf­nbd­yjv­cfq­nt­ghtl­kf­uf­ñn­cz­eåt­lb­ntkm­yst­hfc­crf­ps­jå­bv­vbu­hf­wbb,­bc­nj­hbz­bv­vbu­hf­wbb­d­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns,­dj­ghjc­yb­rb­b­ghj­xbt­ht­ceh­cs.ht tp://www.pbs.org/desti nationamerica/index.html

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Bv­vbu­hf­wbz­d­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns,­1789–1930Gjl­åjh­rf­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rbö­vf­nt­hbf­kjd­bp­cj­åhf­ybq­Ufh­dfhl­crj­uj­eyb­dth­cb­nt­nf­öf­hfr­nt­hb­pe­tn­lj­åhjdjkm­yeñ­bv­vbu­hf­wbñ­d­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns.ht tp://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/immigration/

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Pf­ct­kt­ybt­Ct­dth­yjq­Fvt­hb­rb:­gt­ht­vt­ot­ybt­b­­vbu­hf­wbz­yf­ct­kt­ybzht tp://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_his tory/t utor/migrati ons/Fhome.html

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eJournal USA 32

Jlby­bp­vyj­ubö:­ajh­vs­bv­vbu­hf­wbb­b­än­yb­xtc­rbq­cj­cnfd­yf­ct­kt­ybz­CIFht tp://usi nfo.st ate.gov/journals/it sv/0699/ijse/portr ait.htm

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AbkmvjuhfabzFdfkjy­(1990)http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099073/Htébccth:­Åfhhb­KtdbycjyGhjljkébntkmyjcnm:­126­vbyenCñétn:­Tdhtqcrfz­ctvmz­bp­Gjkmib­botn­kexituj­åeleotuj­d­≤ptvkt­jåtnjdfyyjq≥­­­CIF.

Cnjkryjdtybt­(2005)http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0375679/Htébccth:­Gjk­ÖäuubcGhjljkébntkmyjcnm:­113­vbyenCñétn:­D­ntxtybt­ldeö­lytq­d­Kjc­Fylétktct­cnfkrbdfñncz­b­gthtgktnfñncz­celmås­ytcrjkmrbö­gthcjyfétq­bp­hfpysö­änybxtcrbö­uhegg­b­cnhfy.

Åfyls­Ymñ-Qjhrf­(2002)http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0217505/Htébccth:­Vfhnby­CrjhctptGhjljkébntkmyjcnm:­167­vbyenCñétn:­D­1863­ujle­Fvcnthlfv­Däkkjy­éféltn­jnjvcnbnm­eåbqwt­cdjtuj­jnwf­d­gtxfkmyj­bpdtcnyjv­ymñ­qjhrcrjv­hfqjyt­Afqd­Gjqync,­ult­ytyfdbcnm­vtcnysö­ébntktq­r­bhkfylcrbv­bvvbuhfynfv­ghbdjlbn­r­ubåtkb­kñltq.

Rhtcnysq­jntw­ÈÈ­(1974)http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0071562/Htébccth:­Ahäycbc­Ajhl­RjggjkfGhjljkébntkmyjcnm:­200­vbyenCñétn:­Hjåthn­lt­Ybhj­vfcnthcrb­bpjåhféftn­yfxfkj­rfhmths­Dbnj­Rjhktjyt­d­Bnfkbb­b­Ymñ­Qjhrt­d­gthdst­ltcznbktnbz­20­uj­dtrf.

Rkeå­≤Cxfcnkbdxbr≥­(1993)http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0107282/Htébccth:­Eäqy­EäyuGhjljkébntkmyjcnm:­139­vbyenCñétn:­Xtnsht­étyobys­bp­Fpbb­b­bö­hjlbdibtcz­

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Rjhjkb­Vfvåj­(1992)http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0104802/Htébccth:­Fhyb­UkbvxthGhjljkébntkmyjcnm:­104­vbyensCñétn:­Åhfnmz­vepsrfyns­Wtpfhm­b­Ytcnjh­d­1950­t­ujls­etpéfñn­c­Reås­d­Fvthbre,­vtxnfz­cnfnm­pdtplfvb­kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjq­äcnhfls.

Vbccbcbgb­Vfcfkf­(1992)http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0102456/Htébccth:­Vbhf­YfbhGhjljkébntkmyjcnm:­118­vbyenCñétn:­Bylbqcrfz­ctvmz,­dsckfyyfz­bp­Eufyls­gjckt­ghböjlf­Fvbyf­r­dkfcnb,­gthtåbhftncz­yf­Vbccbcbgb,­ult­ljxm­dkñåkztncz­d­xthyjrjétuj.

Vjz­åjkmifz­uhtxtcrfz­cdflmåf­(2002)http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0259446/Htébccth:­Léjäk­WdbrGhjljkébntkmyjcnm:­95­vbyenCñétn:­Vjkjlfz­uhtxfyrf­dkñåkztncz­d­xtkjdtrf­lheujq­yfwbjyfkmyjcnb.­Ljåbdfzcm­cjukfcbz­ctvmb­c­tt­dsåjhjv,­jyf­gjcntgtyyj­yfxbyftn­kexit­jcjpyfdfnm­cdjb­rjhyb­b­rekmnehyeñ­cfvjåsnyjcnm.

Cgfcnb­hzljdjuj­Hfqfyf­(1998)http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120815/Htébccth:­Cnbdty­CgbkåthuGhjljkébntkmyjcnm:­170­vbyenCñétn:­D­änjq­lhfvt,­hfpdjhfxbdfñotqcz­dj­dhtvz­Dnjhjq­vbhjdjq­djqys,­fvthbrfycrbt­cjklfns­c­hfpkbxysvb­änybxtcrbvb,­ärjyjvbxtcrbvb­b­utjuhfabxtcrbvb­rjhyzvb­jåütlbyzñn­cbks­hflb­cgfctybz­ltcfynybrf­Hfqfyf,­gjgfdituj­d­hfcgjkjétybt­ghjnbdybrf.

Pfdjhjétyysq­(2002)http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0334405/Htébccth:­Létaahb­ÅkbnwGhjljkébntkmyjcnm:­97­vbyenCñétn:­Djctvm­gjlhjcnrjd,­ytrjnjhst­bp­bvvbuhfyncrbö­ctvtq,­cnhtvzncz­r­gjåtlt­d­Yfwbjyfkmyjv­rjyrehct­ghfdjgbcfybz.

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eJournal USA 33

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