history says, don’t hope on this side of the grave but then, once in a lifetime
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History says, don’t hope On this side of the grave But then, once in a lifetime The longed-for tidal wave Of justice can rise up And hope and history rhyme. Seamus Heaney, 1995 Nobel Laureate in Literature 1996 UNC commencement speaker “Voices from Lemnos”. The dawn of HIV - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
History says, don’t hopeOn this side of the graveBut then, once in a lifetimeThe longed-for tidal waveOf justice can rise upAnd hope and history rhyme.
Seamus Heaney,1995 Nobel Laureate in Literature1996 UNC commencement speaker “Voices from Lemnos”
http://www.avert.org/his81_86.htm
In May 1983: doctors at the Institute Pasteur in France reported that they had isolated a new virus, which they suggested might be the cause of AIDS.Barre-Sinoussi F. … and Montagnier L. (1983), 'Isolation of a T-Lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)', Science, May 20
In May 1983: doctors at the NIH in the US reported that a retrovirus virus related to Human T cell Leukemia virus was present in patients with AIDS.Gelman EP … and Gallo RC. (1983), “Proviral DNA of a retrovirus, human T-cell leukemia virus, in two patients with’AIDS, Science, May 20
January 1985 It becomes clear that LAV and HTLV-III are the same virus andThe FDA licenses the first blood test for AIDS
The dawn of HIVA retrovirus causes AIDS
http://www.avert.org/his81_86.htm
In May 1983: doctors at the Institute Pasteur in France reported that they had isolated a new virus, which they suggested might be the cause of AIDS.Barre-Sinoussi F. … and Montagnier L. (1983), 'Isolation of a T-Lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)', Science, May 20
In May 1983: doctors at the NIH in the US reported that a retrovirus virus related to Human T cell Leukemia virus was present in patients with AIDS.Gelman EP … and Gallo RC. (1983), “Proviral DNA of a retrovirus, human T-cell leukemia virus, in two patients with’AIDS, Science, May 20
January 1985 It becomes clear that LAV and HTLV-III are the same virus andThe FDA licenses the first blood test for AIDS
But what isa retrovirus?
THE BIOLOGY OF HIV, SIV, AND OTHER LENTIVIRUSES: Harrington and Swanstrom
Retroviruses are part of a big family tree!
• Cellular machines are largely made up of proteins.
• Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids.
• The sequence of these amino acids are "encoded" in the cell's DNA. DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.
• When one gene is mutated, one protein (a machine) is affected (usually disabled).
As a general rule, one gene encodes one protein
This information flows requiresmachinery to carry it out
DNA RNA Protein
ReplicationDNA Polymerase
Transcription Translation
RNA Polymerase Ribosome
Process in Black, Enzyme in Blue
Enzymes are machines (most often made of only proteins) that catalyze a specific biochemical reaction
This remarkable reversal of the central dogma wasSimultaneously discovered by David Baltimore and Howard TeminAnd earned them the1975 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology
David Baltimore
Howard Temin