history of the bible. define: bible “a book considered authoritative in its field: the bible of...
TRANSCRIPT
History of the Bible
define: bible“A book
considered authoritative in
its field: the bible of Kerala cooking”
define: Bibleta biblia
τα βιβλια
Bible Etymology
• Christians started using the term in 223 AD
• John Chrysostom, in 386 AD, was the first writer to use the term for the Old and New Testaments together
Number of Books
How many books in the Old Testament?
Hebrew/Protestant 39
Catholic 46
Eastern Orthodox 51
Number of Books
How many books in the New Testament?
27
The Books
Name all the Old Testament books
Old Testament Books1. Genesis2. Exodus3. Leviticus4. Numbers5. Deuteronomy6. Joshua7. Judges8. Ruth9. 1 Samuel10.2 Samuel11.1 Kings12.2 Kings13.1 Chronicles14.2 Chronicles15.Ezra16.Nehemiah17.Esther18. Job19.Psalms20.Proverbs
21.Ecclesiastes22.Song of Solomon23. Isaiah24. Jeremiah25.Lamentations26.Ezekiel27.Daniel28.Hosea29. Joel30.Amos31.Obadiah32. Jonah33.Micah34.Nahum35.Habakkuk36.Zephaniah37.Haggai38.Zechariah39.Malachi
Pentateuch5 Books of Moses
Historical Books
Wisdom Books
Major Prophets
Twelve Minor Prophets
The Books
Name all the New Testament books in order
New Testament Books1. Matthew2. Mark3. Luke4. John5. Acts6. Romans7. 1 Corinthians8. 2 Corinthians9. Galatians10. Ephesians11. Philippians12. Colossians13. 1 Thessalonians14. 2 Thessalonians
15. 1 Timothy16. 2 Timothy17. Titus18. Philemon19. Hebrews20. James21. 1 Peter22. 2 Peter23. 1 John24. 2 John25. 3 John26. Jude27. Revelation
Gospels
Pauline EpistlesGeneral Epistles
Timing
Over what period was the Old Testament written?
1500 BC to 400 BCSparta vs Persia
Catapult invented
London founded
Rigveda being written
Mexico emerges
Bronze helmet invented
Bible written
Old Testament Chronology4000 BC to 1 AD
Timing
Over what period was the New Testament written?
60 AD to 90 AD
Lions extinctin Western Europe
Pompeii destroyed
Book bindinginvented Buddhism reaches
China
Timing
What happened to scriptural writing between 400 BC to Jesus?
1 Esdras2 Esdras
TobitJudith
Additions to EstherWisdom
Ecclesiasticus (Sirach)Baruch
Letter of JeremiahPsalm 151
Song of the Three Children (Daniel)Story of Susanna (Daniel)
Bel and the Dragon (Daniel)Prayer of Manasses
1 Maccabees2 Maccabees3 Maccabees4 Maccabees
Epistle to the LaodiceansOdes
Deuterocanonical books (Apocrypha)
New Testament Apocrypha
Gospels ActsGospel of the EbionitesGospel of the HebrewsGospel of the NazarenesGospel of MarcionGospel of ManiGospel of ApellesGospel of BardesanesGospel of BasilidesGospel of ThomasGospel of PeterGospel of NicodemusGospel of BartholomewQuestions of BartholomewResurrection of Jesus Christ
Acts of AndrewActs of BarnabasActs of JohnActs of the MartyrsActs of PaulActs of Paul and TheclaActs of PeterActs of Peter and AndrewActs of Peter and PaulActs of Peter and the TwelveActs of PhilipActs of PilateActs of ThomasActs of TimothyActs of Xanthippe, Polyxena, and Rebecca
New Testament ApocryphaEpistles Apocalypses
Epistle of BarnabasEpistles of ClementEpistle of the Corinthians to PaulEpistle of Ignatius to the SmyrnaeansEpistle of Ignatius to the TralliansEpistle of Polycarp to the PhilippiansEpistle to DiognetusEpistle to the LaodiceansEpistle to Seneca the YoungerThird Epistle to the Corinthians
Apocalypse of PaulApocalypse of PeterApocalypse of Pseudo-MethodiusApocalypse of ThomasApocalypse of StephenFirst Apocalypse of JamesSecond Apocalypse of JamesThe Shepherd of Hermas
New Testament ApocryphaMary Miscellaneous
The Home Going of MaryThe Falling asleep of the Mother of GodThe Descent of Mary
Apostolic ConstitutionsBook of NeposCanons of the ApostlesCave of TreasuresClementine literatureDidacheLiturgy of St JamesPenitence of OrigenPrayer of PaulSentences of SextusPhysiologus
Length
What is the longest book in the Bible?
1. Genesis2. Jeremiah3. Psalms4. Ezekiel
38,267 words42,659 words43,743 words39,407 words
Length
What is the shortest book in the Bible?
1. Jude2. 3 John3. Philemon4. Obadiah
613 words299 words445 words670 words
English Translations
Name as many English translations as possible (either acronym or full name)
English TranslationsAcronym NameAMP Amplified BibleASV American Standard VersionCEB Common English BibleCEV Contemporary English VersionDARBY Darby TranslationDRA Douay-RheimsERV Easy-to-Read VersionESV English Standard VersionGNT Good News Translation/BibleGNV Geneva BibleGW God's WordHCSB Holman Christian Standard BibleKJV King James VersionKNOX Knox BibleLEB Lexham English BibleMSG The Message
English TranslationsAcronym NameNAB New American BibleNASB New American Standard BibleNCV New Century VersionNET New English Translation
NIrVNew International Reader’s Version
NIV New International VersionNJB New Jerusalem BibleNKJV New King James VersionNLT New Living TranslationNLV New Life VersionNRSV New Revised Standard VersionRSV Revised Standard VersionTLB The Living Bible
TNIVToday’s New International Version
WYC Wycliffe’s BibleYLT Young’s Literal Translation
English Translations
Name an English translation before the King James Version
NamePublishe
dWycliffe's Bible 1395Tyndale Bible 1530Cloverdale Bible 1535Matthew Bible 1537Great Bible 1539Taverner's Bible 1539Geneva Bible 1560Bishops' Bible 1568Douay-Rheims 1610King James Version 1611
Reformation (1517)
Non-English Translations
PeshittaSeptuagi
ntTanakhVulgate
GreekHebrewLatinSyriac
Match the language to the translation
Hebrew Bible
TaNaKhTorah
TeachingNevi’imProphets
KetuvimWritings
21.Nahum22.Habakkuk23.Zephaniah24.Haggai25.Zechariah26.Malachi27.Psalms28.Proverbs29. Job30.Song of Solomon31.Ruth32.Lamentations33.Ecclesiastes34.Esther35.Daniel36.Ezra37.Nehemiah38.1 Chronicles39.2 Chronicles
1. Genesis2. Exodus3. Leviticus4. Numbers5. Deuteronomy6. Joshua7. Judges8. 1 Samuel9. 2 Samuel10.1 Kings11.2 Kings12. Isaiah13. Jeremiah14.Ezekiel15.Hosea16. Joel17.Amos18.Obadiah19. Jonah20.Micah
Hebrew Bible
Torah
Nevi’im Ketuvim
Hebrew BibleMasoretic Text
• Created by Masorete Jews between 700 AD to 1000 AD
• Used by Jews today as their scripture
Hebrew BibleMasoretic Text
• Controversy– Used corrupted texts (compared with
DSS and LXX)– Used a different script
– Added vowel points through oral tradition
– Changes to prophecy and doctrine
Paleo-Hebrew(1000 to 500
BC)
Modern Hebrewor Assyrian script(500 BC +)
Hebrew BibleDead Sea Scrolls
• Also called Qumran
• 972 texts discovered between 1946 and 1956
• Found by Bedouinshepherds in jars ina cave
Hebrew BibleDead Sea Scrolls
• Dated between 408 BC and 318 AD
• Written in Hebrew,Aramaic & Greek onparchment/vellum,papyrus and bronze
• Many texts similar (suggesting an ancestor with the Masoretic Text), but some substantially different
Septuagint
• Greek Old Testament dated ~200 BC• Meaning: Translation of the seventy
[interpreters]• LXX is the abbreviation• Commissioned by Ptolemy II
Philadelphus, Greek King of Egypt–Many of the Alexandrian Jews weren’t
fluent in Hebrew but in Greek
Septuagint
• Included some apocryphal books• Early Christians used it and the New
Testament apostles quoted it• Jews started to abandon its use in
around 200 AD because– It was associated with early Christianity– Some translation differences compared
to contemporary Hebrew scriptures
Peshitta
• Means “simple version/straight” in Syriac
Peshitta
• The origins are unknown, but probably translated in 200 AD
• Old Testament translated from Hebrew/Septuagint
• New Testament translated from Greek(?)
Peshitta
• Widely circulated in the East–Manuscripts found in Middle East, Egypt,
India and China
• Originally excluded 2 Peter, 2 & 3 John, Jude and Revelation but included by 500 AD
Vulgate
• Means “commonly used translation”• Translated from 382 AD by St. Jerome
Vulgate
• Commissioned by Pope Damasus I• Was originally intended to be a
revision of existing Latin texts, but scope creep
• Supposedly first translation into Latin from Hebrew, but also used Septuagint among other translations
• Became the definitive version in Western Europe until 1530 AD
Vulgate
• Many Latin words were brought from the Vulgate into English:
CreatioSalvatioJustificatioTetamentumSanctificatioRegeneratio
RapturaPublicanusApostolusEvangeliumAngelus
Vulgate
• Many copy errors until advent of printing in 1400 AD– Usually took around 10 months to copy by
hand– First major book printed in Europe–Many subsequent editions/revisions
• The latest in 1979
• St. Jerome preferred excluding apocrypha, but deferred to church authority
Chapters/Verses
What century were chapters introduced?
Chapters/Verses
• Hebrew Bible (Masoretic & DSS) originally divided into paragraphs– ף, ס <insert text here> פ
• In 1205, Archbishop Stephen Langton devised a system that is used today for chapters
Chapters/Verses
• In 1551, Robert Estiennecame up with themodern versenumbering system
മലയാ�ളം� Translation
1811 Claudius Buchannan and Phillipose Ramban translated the Gospels
1841 Complete Bible printed by Anglican missionary, Benjamin Bailey
1872 Hemann Gundert updated Bailey’s version and also produced the first Malayalam-English dictionary
മലയാ�ളം� Translation
• Prior to 16th century, St. Thomas Christians used a version of the Peshitta
• Official lectionaries of Mar Thoma church exclude the five New Testament books
So which Bible should you use?