history of planning 1898-1930

8/10/2019 History of Planning 1898-1930

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History of Planning

1898-1930s


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1898

About: Landmark Publication Planned Communities

Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, by Ebenezer Howard, a source

Garden City Movement. Reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of Tomor


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1898

Conservation & Environment

Gifford Pinchot becomes Chief Forester of the United States in

Department of Agriculture. From this position he publicizes the cau

forest conservation.


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1901

Housing Landmark Laws

New York State Tenement House Law. The legislative basis for the rev

city codes that outlawed tenements such as the "Dumbbell TenemLawrence Veillerwas the leading reformer.


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1902

Conservation & Environment Landmark Laws Economic Devel

U.S. Reclamation Act. Created fund from sale of public land in the ari

to supply water there through the construction of water storage and irworks.


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1903

Planned Communities

Letchworth constructed. First English Garden City and a stimulus to

Town movement in America (Greenbelt Towns, Columbia, etc.)


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LETCHWORTH (1stGarden City


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LETCHWORTH (1stGarden City


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1903

Conservation & Environment Landmark Laws

President Theodore Roosevelt appoints a Public Lands Commission to

rules for orderly land development and management.


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1906


Antiquities Act of 1906: First law to institute federal protection for pr

archaeological sites. Provided for designation as National Monumentalready in the public domain that contained "historic landmarks, histo

prehistoric structures, and objects of historic or scientific interest.


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1907

Housing

Founding of New York Committee on the Congestion of Population.

movement, led by its secretary, Benjamin Marsh, to decentralize Newdense population.


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1907


President Roosevelt establishes an Inland Waterway Commission to en

multipurpose planning in waterway development: navigation, power, irflood control, water supply.


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1909

Planning Profession

First National Conference on City Planning in Washington, D.C


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1909

Regional Planning

Daniel Burnham's Plan of Chicago published. First metropolitan plan

United States. (Key figures: Frederick A. Delano, Charles Wacke

Charles Dyer Norton.)


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1909

History of Planning Profession

Possibly the first course in city planning in this country is inaugurat

Harvard College's Landscape Architecture Department. Taught

James Sturgis Pray.


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1911

Landmark Publication

Frederick Winslow Taylor publishes The Principles of Scientific Manage

fountainhead of the efficiency movements in this country, including e

in city government.


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1912

Landmark Publication History of Planning Profession

Walter D. Moody's "Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago" is adopt

eight-grade textbook on City Planning by the Chicago Board of Edu

Possibly the first formal instruction in city planning below the college


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1913


A chair in Civic Design, first of its kind in the U.S., is created in the U

of Illinois's Department of Horticulture for Charles Mulford Robinson

the principal promoters of the World's Columbian Exposition.


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1914


Flavel Shurtleff writes Carrying Out the City Plan, the first major textboo

planning.


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1914

Economic Development

Panama Canal completed and opened to world commerce.


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1914

Planning Profession

Harland Bartholomew, eventually the country's best known plann

consultant, becomes the first full-time employee in Newark, New Jers

city planning commission.


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1915

Landmark Publication Regional Planning

Patrick Geddes, "Father of Regional Planning"and

mentor of Lewis Mumford, publishes Cities in Evolution.


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1916


Nelson P. Lewis published Planning of the Modern City.


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1916


Nation's first comprehensive zoning resolution adopted by

New York City Board of Estimatesunder the leadership of

George McAneny and Edward Bassett,known as the "Father of Zoning."


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1916


National Park Service established with sole responsibility for conserv

preserving resources of special value.


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1917


Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. becomes first president of newly foun

American City Planning Institute, forerunner ofAmerican InstitPlanners and American Institute of Certified Planners.


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1918


U.S. Housing Corporation and Emergency Fleet Corporation estInfluenced later endeavors in public housing.

Operated at major shipping centers to provide

housing for World War I workers.


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1919

Three early unifunctional regional authorities

the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission,

the Metropolitan Water Board and

the Metropolitan Park Commission--combined toform the Boston Metropolitan District Commission.


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1921


New Orleans designates theVieux Carre Commission,

the first historic preservation commission in

the U.S.


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1922

History of Planning Profession Regional Planning

Los Angeles County Regional Planning Commissionwascrea

First of its kind in the United States.

(Hugh Pomeroy, head of staff.)


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1922

Regional Planning

Inauguration of Regional Plan of New York underThomas Ad


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1922

Landmark Laws

Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon. The first decision to hold that a lrestriction constituted a taking.

The U.S. Supreme Court (Justice Brandeis dissenting) noted

"property may be regulated to a certain extent, [but] if regulation goes too far

be recognized as a taking," thus acknowledging the principle of a "regulatory


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1923

Planned Communities

Ground broken for construction of Mariemont, Ohio, in suburban Ci

Mary Emerywas its founder and benefactor;John Nolen, the plSome of its features (short blocks, mixture of rental and owner-occ

housing) foreshadow the contemporary New Urbanism movem


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1924

Landmark Laws

U.S. Department of Commerce under

Secretary Herbert Hoover

issues a Standard State Zoning Enabling Act.


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1924-28

Planned Communities

Sunnyside Gardens, a planned neighborhood designed by

Clarence Stein and Henry Wright,

is built by City Housing Corporation under

Alexander Bingin Queens, New York.


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1925


Publication of "Regional Plan" issue of Survey Graphic,

influential essays on regional planning by Lewis Mumford and omembers of the Regional Planning Association of America

(e.g., Catherine Bauer).


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1925


Cincinnati, Ohio, becomes first major American city officially to en

comprehensive plan. (Alfred Bettman, Ladislas Segoe).


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1925


Ernest Burgess's "Concentric Zone" model of urban structure ause is published.


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1925


In April,The American City Planning Institute andThe Natio

Conference on City Planningpublish Vol. 1, No. 1 of City Plann

ancestor of present day Journal of the American Planning Associ


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1926

Landmark Laws

Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty.

Constitutionality of zoning upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court

(Case argued by Alfred Bettman.)


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1928

Landmark Laws History of Planning Profession

U.S. Department of Commerce under Secretary Herbert HooverStandard City Planning Enabling Act.


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1928


Robert Murray Haig's monograph "Major Economic Factors in MetroGrowth and Arrangement"is published in Volume I of The Regional Su

New York and Its Environs.

Viewed land use as a function of accessibility.


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1928

Planned Communities

Construction of Radburn, New Jersey, begun.

Planned community inspired by

Howard's Garden City concept and designed by SteinandWrighforerunner of the New Deal's Greenbelt towns.


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1929

Landmark Publication Planned Communities

Clarence Perry's monograph on the Neighborhood Unit is publiVolume VII of The Regional Survey of New York and Its Envi


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1929

Landmark Laws

Wisconsin law, first instance of rural zoning, authorized county b

"to regulate, restrict and determine the areas within which agriculture, forestry and

maybe conducted."


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1929


Stock market crash in October ushers in Great Depression and fosterspublic planning on a national scale.


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1931


National Land Utilization Conference convened in Chicago

Three hundred (300) agricultural experts deliberate on rural recovery pand natural resource conservation.


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1932


Federal Home Loan Bank System established to shore up shaky home institutions. Housing

Reconstruction Finance Corporation established at the outset of theDepression to revive economic activity by extending financial aid to failingindustrial, and agricultural institutions.


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1933

Housing

FDRinaugurated. New Deal begins with a spate of counter-deprmeasures.

Home Owners Loan Corporation established to save homeowne

loss through foreclosure.


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1933

Conservation & Environment History of Planning Profession

The National Planning Board established in the Interior Departmassist in the preparation of a comprehensive plan for public works un

direction of Frederick Delano, Charles Merriam, Wesley Mit

Its last successor agency, the National Resources Planning Board,abolished in 1943.


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1933

Landmark Laws

Civilian Conservation Corps established to provide work for uneyouth and to conserve nation's natural resources. Conservation

Environment

Federal Emergency Relief Administration set up under Harry Hoporganize relief work in urban and rural areas.


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1933

Conservation & Environment Regional Planning Landmark Law


Tennessee Valley Authority created to provide for unified and multirehabilitation and redevelopment of the Tennessee Valley, America's

famous experiment in river-basin planning. Senator George NorNebraska fathered idea, and David Lilienthalwas its most effecimplementer.


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1933

Policies

The Agricultural Adjustment Act is passed to regulate agricultura

practices, production, prices, supply areas (and therefore land us

as a recovery measure.


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1934


American Society of Planning Officials founded, an organizatioplanners, planning commissioners and planning-related public off


National Housing Act. Established FSLICfor insuring savings dand the FHAfor insuring individual home mortgages.


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1934


Taylor Grazing Act is passed, its purpose to regulate the use of the rangWest for conservation purposes. Conservation & Environment Regional

Landmark Laws

"Final Report" by the National Planning Board on its first year of existencea section entitled "A Plan for Planning" and an account of the "Historical Dof Planning in the United States."The latter views American planning histor

context of U.S. political and economic history.


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1935

Planned Communities Landmark Laws

Resettlement Administration established under Rexford Tugwell, Ro"braintruster," to carry out experiments in land reform and populat

resettlement.

This agency built the three Greenbelt towns (Greenbelt, MarylaGreendale, Wisconsin; Greenhills, Ohio)

forerunners of present day New Towns: Columbia, Maryland; ReVirginia; etc.)


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1935


Publication date of Regional Factors in National Planning by the NResources Committee, a landmark in regional planning literatu

Landmark Publication Conservation & Environment Regional Plan

Soil Conservation Act.Congress moves to make prevention of soia national responsibility.


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1935


The Historic Sites, Buildings and Antiquities Act,

a predecessor of the National Historic Preservation Act, pass

Requires the Secretary of the Interior to identify, acquire, and restore q

historic sites and properties and calls upon federal agencies to conpreservation needs in their programs and plans.


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1935

Economic Development Regional Planning

Social Security Act passed to create a safety net for elderly. Frances PeSecretary of Labor and first woman cabinet member, was a principal pro

Landmark Laws

Congress authorizes construction of the GrandeCoulee Dam in CeWashington State. Finished in 1941, it is the largest concrete structure in ththe heart of the Columbia Basin Project, a regional plan comparable in itsTVA. The project's purposes are irrigation, electric power generation an

control in the Pacific Northwest.


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1936

Economic Development Regional Planning

Hoover Dam on the Colorado River completed. Creates and sustpopulation growth and industrial development in Nevada, Californi

Arizona.


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1937


Our Cities: Their Role in the National Economy.A landmark report

Urbanism Committee of the National Resources Committee. (Ladislas

headed research staff.) Landmark Publication History of Planning Prof

U.S. Housing Act (Wagner-Steagall). Set the stage for future governmeappropriating $500 million in loans for low-cost housing. Tied slum clea

public housing.


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1937

Landmark Laws

Farm Security Administration established, successor to the ResettAdministration and administrator of many programs to aid the rural


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1938


TheAmerican Institute of Planners, the planning field's professorganization, states as its purpose:

"... the planning of the unified developoment of urban communities and their envi

of states, regions and the nation, as expressed through determination of the comparrangement of land uses and land occupancy and the regulation thereof.


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1939

Landmark Publication Housing

HomerHoyt's influential "sector theory" of urban growth appears imonograph,The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborh

American Cities.


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PLANNERS OF

INFLUENCE


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This diagram was published in Howtreatise Garden Cities of To-Morrow

wanted to design an alternativeovercrowded and polluted industrial citurn of the century, and his solution ccreating smaller garden cities (wipeople each) in the country linked by transit and set in a permanent greescheme included vast open space, with giving urban slum-dwellers the best ofand country living. He captioned tdiagram AGroup of smokeless, Sluml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrow


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Le Corbusier was trying to find asame problems of rban pol


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same problems of urban polovercrowding, but unlike Hoenvisioned building up, not out. Hknown as Towers in the Park,

exactly that: numerous high-rise busurrounded by green space. Each bset on what planners today woulrefer to as superblocks,and spacedelineated between different uses (idiagram, this includes housing,thcenter, factories and warehoCorbusiers ideas later reappeared in

of massive public housing projectsin the era of urbanrenewal.Thisof the famous Pruitt-Igoe housingSt. Louis that was demolished juafter it was built.
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CONCLUSION

Planning mainly focused on cities and regions.

Greatly influenced by the City Beautiful Movement that gave inspi

for the creation of the Garden Cities.

Several planning and/or architectural Institutions emerged.

The start of Modern Architecture.


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THE END


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PRESENTED BY:

CASTILLO, Nico

ORENSE, HannahBS ARCHITECTURE 4B

history of planning 1898-1930

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