history of philosophy. what is philosophy? philosophy is what everyone does when they’re not busy...
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History of Philosophy
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What is philosophy?
Philosophy is what everyone does when they’re not busy dealing with their everyday business and get a change simply to wonder what life and the universe are all about.
Philosophy is not so much about coming up with the answers to fundamental questions as it is about the process of trying to find these answers, using reasoning rather than accepting without question conventional views or traditional authority.
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The first ∧ philosophers
Greek and Chinese Unsatisfied with established
explanations provided by religion and custom
documented
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Zeus
Hey, girl.
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Natural Philosophers
Metaphysics
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Farming Technology
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Farming Technology
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Urbanization
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Thales of Miletus – C624-546 BCE
EVERYTHING IS MADE OF WATER
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Pythagoras – c.570-495 BCE
Everything in the universe conforms to mathematical rules and ratios
So if we understand number and mathematical relationships…
… we come to understand the structure of the cosmos
Mathematics is the key model for philosophical thought
Number is the ruler of idea.
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Of what is the world made?
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Metaphysics
Heraclitus
Parmenides
Democritus
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Athens – Urban Expansion
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Café Rational Justification
Discussion amongst friends
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I know a guy who knows a guy…
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You interested in some philosophy?
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Ways of Knowing
“schools” taught both:
Thesis
methods of analysis
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Thinking about Thinking
Debate and dialogue
Existence and knowledge
Morality, art, and politics
Math and Science
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Socrates 469 BCE
Questioning methods of questioning
THE LIFE WHICH IS UNEXAMINED IS NOT WORTH LIVING.
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Q. So you think that the gods know everything?
A. Yes, because they are gods.
Q. Do some gods disagree with others?
A. Yes, of course they do. They are always fighting.
Q. So gods disagree about what is true and right?
A. I suppose they must do.
Q. So some gods can be wrong sometimes?
A. I suppose that is true.
Therefore the gods cannot know everything!
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Plato
EARTHLY KNOWLEDGE IS BUT SHADOW.
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Aristotle
TRUTH RESIDES IN THE WORLD AROUND US.
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Rise of the Roman Empire
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Metaphysics in North Africa
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Medieval Philosophy
Theology and Philosophy
Of what is the soul made?
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Renaissance & Reformation
Sciences and Christianity
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Many philosophical movements
Realism – Machiavelli The end justifies the means.
Humanism – de Montaigne Fame and tranquility can never be
bedfellows
Empiricism – Bacon Knowledge is power.
Physicalism – Hobbes Man is a machine
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Rationalism
I THINK THEREFORE I AM.
Rene Descartes
1596-1650 CE
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An evil demon may be making me believe thingsthat are false.
There is nothing of which I canbe certain.
But when I say “I am. I exist”, I cannot be wrongabout this.
An evil demon could try tomake me believe this onlyif I really do exist.
I am thinking, therefore I exist.
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Rationalism
The belief that knowledge comes from reason alone.
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TOK Moment
Language
Reason
Emotion
Sense Perception
Intuition
Imagination
Memory
Faith
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DIALECTIC PROCESS
Thesis – Antithesis – Synthesis
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Empiricism
All knowledge comes from experience.
John Locke said, “No man’s knowledge here can go beyond his experience.”
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Dialectic Process
Rationalism Empiricism
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Dialectic Process
Physicalism Idealism
Hobbes said, “Man is a machine.”
Physicalism, sometimes called Materialism, stresses that everything is dependent of physical processes.
Berkeley said, “To be is to be perceived.”
Idealism takes a spiritual interpretation of experience.
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The Age of Revolution Scepticism – Voltaire
Doubt is not a pleasant condition, but certainty is absurd.
Empiricism – Hume Custom is the great guide of human life.
Social Contract Theory – Rousseau Man was born free yet everywhere he is
in chains
Transcendental Idealism – Kant There are two worlds: our bodies and the
external world
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The Age of Revolution
Conservatism – Burke Society is indeed a contract.
Feminism – Wollstonecraft Mind has no gender
Idealism – Hegel Reality is a historical process.
Idealism – Schopenhauer Every man takes the limits of his own
field of vision for the limits of the world
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Existentialism
Søren Kierkegaard
ANXIETY IS THE DIZZINESS OF FREEDOM.