history of philosophy science

8/14/2019 History of Philosophy Science

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HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE

A. Background

Today the philosophy of science has become teaching materials for each university,various studies about the nature of life. How is life? And for what this life?, Humanshave a set of knowledge that can distinguish between right and wrong, good and bad.Other people who are able to judge objectively and thoroughly as well as other partiesto assess and give meaning is called the philosophy of knowledge. Philosophy ofscience is divided into two words of Philosophy and Science, Philosophy and Scienceare two words that go together well and historical substantially. The birth of a sciencecan not be separated from the role of philosophy, on the other hand strengthen thedevelopment of science philosophy of existence.

Science or Science is the largest component of which is taught in all educationalstrata. Despite years of studying science, scientific knowledge is not used as areference in everyday life. Regarded as rote science course, not as the knowledge thatdescribe, explain, predict natural phenomena for the welfare and comfort of life. Nowscience has been uprooted from the high values of science, namely for the welfare ofmankind. Not even impossible, science and technology to be a disaster for humanlife, such as global warming and dehumanization. Science and technology have losthis spirit is fundamental, because the science has been to reduce or even eliminate therole of humans, and even unwitting humans have become slaves of science andtechnology

Therefore, the philosophy of science trying to restore the noble spirit and values of

science, that science does not become a boomerang for human life. Philosophy ofscience will ensure that science and technology is instrumental in achievingprosperity is not the goal. Philosophy of science is given as the knowledge for peoplewho want to explore the nature of science and its relationship to other knowledge.Material provided is not intended to be a philosopher. In a religious society, science isseen as an integral part of the divine values, because the ultimate source ofknowledge is God. Human beings think, given the power by God, and with this hethought the man discovered the scientific theories and technologies. The influence ofreligion is rigid and dogmatic sometimes hinder the development of science.Therefore intelligence and carefulness is needed in understanding the scientific truthin the value system of religion, so they are not contradictory. In the philosophy ofscience, science will be explained philosophically and academically so that scienceand technology are not deprived of religious values, humanity and the environment.Thus the philosophy of science will provide value and a clear orientation for eachscience.


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CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE

B. Philosophy and science are known to the western world today comes from ancientGreece. At the age of philosophy and science were interwoven into one and havingpeople not separated as two different things. Both belong to the sense of episteme.Philisophia word is a synonym of the word episteme. According to the conception ofthe ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, episteme is "an organized collection ofrational knowledge itself with the right object." Thus, philosophy and scienceconsidered as rational knowledge, ie knowledge derived from human thought or ratio.In the next Aristotle, episteme or rational knowledge that can be divided into threesections called:

1. Praktike (practical knowledge)2. Poietike (productive knowledge)

3. Theoreitike (theoretical knowledge) heoritike or theoretical knowledge by Aristotlealso distinguished into three groups with the title:

1. Mathematike (mathematical knowledge)

2. Physike (knowledge of physics)


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3. Philosophia protein (First philosophy)

The first philosophy is the knowledge that civilization examine the eternal,

unchanging, and apart from the material. Aristotle defined as the science of firstprinciples or known as metaphysics. Mathematics, physics, and metaphysics havebeen sufficiently developed at the time of Aristotle. About two hundred years earlierhad been born thinker who study these fields. The first thinker known as the Father ofPhilosophy of Thales. Some scholars also later acknowledged as the world's firstscientist. The Greeks said that he was one of the seven wise men of Greece. Thalesdeveloped a cosmology of natural philosophy who question the origin, nature,composition and structure of the universe. According to all come from the water asthe basis for the cosmic matter. As scientist he studied magnetism and electricity thatis the subject matter of physics. He also tried to develop astronomy and mathematicswith, among others expressed the opinion that the moon was shining because ofreflected sunlight, counting the occurrence of solar eclipses, and proving geometrytheorems. One of the theorem is proved that the second point of the base of anisosceles triangle are equal. Thus, it is a Greek mathematician of the first and by awriter who is now declared as the father of deductive reasoning. Next comes thePythagorean. Mathematical thinkers and figures suggest a metaphysical doctrine thatthe numbers are the essence of all things and the main basis of the properties ofobjects. The evidence says, "numbers rule the universe is" According to Pythagoras,the true wisdom that is owned solely by God. Therefore, he did not want to be calleda wise man as well as Thales, but considered himself only a philosophia whichliterally translated is the love of wisdom. Therefore, until now a simple briefetymology and philosophy is still defined as love of wisdom. Pythagoras believedthat mathematics is a means or tool for the knowledge of philosophy. This opinion

was subsequently obtained confirmation from Plato. He asserted that the philosopheris the lover of view of truth, is a philosophy that is perekaan search of the entire truth.Plato's philosophy is called speculative philosophy. Plato's opinion, the geometry ofthe rational knowledge based on pure reason to be a key towards filasafati knowledgeand truth and for understanding the nature of the final reality. Geometry is a sciencewith pure reason proves abstract positions on matters of abstract rectilinear perfect,perfect circle or a perfect triangle. One of the students of the most brilliant plateau oflearning in the academies is Aristotle. These thinkers figure up his conception of thedivision of rational knowledge as described above. About its role in philosophy ofscience related to Aristotle was a philosopher of science first. He created the branchof knowledge that by analyzing the specific problems that arise in connection withscientific explanations. A glimpse of the development of philosophy and science weredescribed since ancient Greece actually developed not just two but four areas ofknowledge, philosophy, science, mathematics and logic. Each then evolved towards amore widely. 1. Philosophy Philosophy begins with Thales as the philosophy that theuniverse evolved further toward cosmology. This philosophy then leads to thespeculative philosophy of Plato and Aristotle's metaphysics on. After the start switchinto ancient Rome, the thinkers seeking harmony between man and the universe.Harmony can be achieved when people live according to nature in the sense of reason


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to follow the instructions (as the highest principle of human nature) and follow thenatural law of the Logos (as the universe of reason). In the Middle Ages, philosophy

is considered as the highest knowledge. But his position and his role is as a servant oftheology. Truth is received by faith belief by revelation can not be challenged by thetruths of philosophy derived from the human mind. Philosophy is a means to establishthe truth about God kebenran that can be achieved by human reason. In later centuriesphilosophy developed into two lines of natural philosophy and moral philosophy.Continued development of philosophy along with the development of new science.After entering the twentieth century philosophy in outline divided into two kinds,namely the philosophy of critical and speculative philosophy. It's critical philosophyand then by some philosophers called analytic philosophy. Variety discussing analyticphilosophy questions about the meaning (meaning) of terms used in philosophy. Inother words, analytic philosophy primarily focuses on a careful analysis of themeaning diuperbincangkan understanding in philosophy such as substance, existence,

moral, etc. reality. Meanwhile, speculative philosophy is actually another name ofmetaphysics. 2. Science

In ancient Greek episteme or knowledge of rational philosophy and science covers.There are no major problems or needs important to distinguish the two types ofknowledge. Thales as a philosopher also studied astronomy, and topics includingknowledge of physics. Physics is a learned theoretical knowledge of nature. Thisknowledge is then more natural philosophy. However, at the Renaissance XIVcentury until the sixteenth century, new developments occur. Reformer figures andthinkers such as Galileo Galilei, Francis Bacon and in the next century, ReneDescartes, and Isaac Newton introduced the mathematical methods and experimentalmethods for studying nature. Hence. Understanding the philosophy of Nature have a

special meaning as a "systematic explanation of nature through the use of themethods introduced by the reformers of the Renaissance and early seventeenthcentury. Thus, since the seventeenth century natural philosophy philosophy really isnot knowledge, but knowledge which is now known as the Natural Sciences. Thedevelopment of science is to reach the top of glory in the hands of Newton. Britishscientists, among others, formulate a theory of gravity and the rules of mechanics inthe paper entitled Philosophiae Naturalis Principa (mechanical principles of NaturalPhilosophy), published in 1687. In subsequent developments in the eighteenthcentury, naturalists philosophia broke away from philosophy and the experts call itback with the name of physics. Other branches included in the definition of modernscience is also growing rapidly thanks to the application of empirical methods aremore accurate, the use of a more comprehensive scientific, and communicationbetween scientists who constantly increasing. James Conat states that modern sciencereached the stage of walking and talking in the year 1700 and began entering thestage of maturity in about the year 1780. After each adult and then separation ofscience from philosophy as well as physics. Separation carried out by biologists in theearly nineteenth century and by psychology at about the middle of the century.Branches of other sciences such as sociology, anthropology, economics and politicalscience and also strictly separated from philosophy. Onwards according to the


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observations of Henry Aiken, in the twentieth century gave birth to the philosophy ofscience that seems also free of Formal Logic, Linguistics, and the theory of signs. In

the middle of this century could also witnessed the birth of a series of inter-disciplinescience such as behavioral science that combines psychology with various branchesof social sciences such as sociology and anthropology to study human behavior. So inmodern times became necessary to separate clearly the modern sciences ofphilosophy because of differences in characteristics very striking. Philosophy was patterned mostly speculative, while modern science has established methods ofempirical, experimental, and inductive. Now surely all branches of science expressedas empirical sciences. This empirical properties that make up the generalcharacteristics of the modern science and which distinguish it from philosophy. 3.Mathematics

The third area of knowledge as philosophy and science developed since the days ofancient Greece is the math. Therefore grove belonging to the same theoreticalknowledge, of course, mathematics has a fairly close relationship with both spheresof knowledge that earlier. Mathematics from earliest times to drive the developmentof philosophy. J.B. Burnet example states that the development of Greek philosophydepends on the progress of scientific discovery, especially mathematics more thananything about astronomy lainnya.3 A famous scientist who talked about connectionwith the philosophy of mathematics is Galileo. Tekenal words which read thus,"written in the book filasafat this great universe lay continuously open to ourobservation. But, book can not be understood if one does not first learn to understandand read the cover letters used in preparing it. The book was written in the languageof mathematics .... "From the beginning until today metematika philosophy andinfluence each other continuously. Philosophy encourages the development of

mathematics and mathematics opposite philosophy also spur growth. Paradoxconversations expressed by the philosopher Zeno example has led to the birth ofmathematics concepts. Since ancient times until the twentieth century, the philosophyand mathematics developed continuously through the thought leaders who once was amathematician, philosopher, too, such as Descartes, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibinz,Auguste Comte, Whitehead and Bertrand Russell. Close connection betweenmathematics with modern sciences would be undisputed. In the XVII centurymetematik a pioneer of the most important part of the natural sciences. Newton outabout nature by using mathematics. In today many mathematicians and naturalscientists claim that mathematics is the language of science.

4. Logic

Logic is the study of knowledge of all principles, rules and procedures of the correctreasoning. Reasoning is a human thought process to arrive at a new statement that iscoherent continuation of the other statements are known. Another statement that isknown is called the base of thought (premise), whereas the new statement called theconclusion derived. Although not mentioned as a rational knowledge included in theepisteme, the logic is totally a kind of rational knowledge. According to Aristotlepioneered this fourth type of knowledge, logic (then still called the analytika) is a


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science instrument (the instrument of science) outside epistemi which was necessaryto study the set of rational knowledge. In the Middle Ages, Aristotle recognized

authority in such a logic high so that the knowledge made compulsory subjects in theeducation for free citizens. The priests and teachers to teach philosophy as the highestknowledge together with the logic of Aristotle. Logic developed by Aristotle and laterfurnished by experts in medieval logic and the next period later known as thetraditional logic. Until the nineteenth century the traditional logic is the onlyknowledge about the true reason for the study and education. However, starting thesecond half of the nineteenth century that later developed logic classified as a modernlogic by mathematical experts such as George Boole, Auguste De Morgan, andGottlob Frege. In today's field of logic has become a very broad knowledge and nolonger be senata-filasafati eyes, but also sounding very technical and scientific. Themore modern logic has grown so rapidly and so diverse that urged traditional logicaside and become a small part of the less significant. Modern logic which was

originally included only the logic of metaphor now include logic duty, dual-valuelogic, logic intusionistik, and various systems of logic standard procedures. Inaddition to close ties with philosophy and mathematics, today's logic also hasdeveloped a variety of logical methods that many use in the sciences. Now in additionto deduction and induction which is the subject methods, also known a variety ofother methods such as logical analysis, abstraction, analogy, and logical division andclassification. For example, the first general method used by science is somethinglogical classification. Sciences that many use graphics in explanation basically setanalogy method. In addition, modern logic (especially the logic of the metaphor) withvarious terms carefully, abstract symbols, and formalized rules for correct reasoningthat not only can handle conversations in a complex field of science, but it has also

application example in the preparation computer programs and settings tiadakelectricity had ties with the argument. Thus the growth of four types of rationalknowledge that has been described briefly above in that ultimately led to today's acomplex area of knowledge called philosophy of science.

CHAPTER III

P E N U T U P


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A. Conclusion

That the development of philosophy of science can not be separated from theinfluence of ancient Greek civilization who created a method for understanding thetrue nature of life. The development philosophy of science is rapidly starting fromAristotle's pupil plateau, but the person who first philosophy that is currently Thalesgive the title of father of philosophy. Forming an intricate knowledge of thePhilosophy of Science. Not only philosophy and science are just forming a thing butLogic and Mathematics in Philosophy and combine it with science to create suchthing as Philosophy of Science. Learning about the philosophy of science began when people started thinking and discussing the situation of nature, the world, and theenvironment around them and not rely to another religion to seek answers toquestions about the meaning of life. In the first element, the philosophy is divided

into two, namely analytic philosophy and speculative philosophy. Analyticphilosophy primarily focuses on a careful analysis of the meaning diuperbincangkanunderstanding in philosophy such as substance, existence, moral, etc. reality.Meanwhile, speculative philosophy is actually another name of metaphysics. ThenSciences set of empirical methods, experimental, and inductive. Mathematics is thelanguage of science. Then the logic is totally a kind of rational knowledge. So thatthese four will be combined to form the name the Philosophy of Science.

B. Advice

In this work the author feels this work is still not perfect for the make useful readingmaterials. Thus the authors intend to invite the reader to be able to give criticism andadvice so that this work can be useful as reading material. Then the authors apologize

to readers if there are problems with writing and other mistakes. Thank you.

history of philosophy science

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