HISTORY OF ENGLISH HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE AND POETRY.LITERATURE AND POETRY.

©2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers.

LITERATURE AS HISTORYPeople in the past, just as people today, needed to define themselves and their times, and they did so through their writings.

• Gilgamesh

• Homer’s Iliad

©2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers.

POETRYPOETRY

People in the past, just as people today, needed to share thoughts and ideas in a more elevated style than prose offered, and they did so through POETRY.

TWO OF SEVERAL TYPES OF POETRY:

•sonnet

•haiku

©2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers.

THE SHORT STORYTHE SHORT STORYPeople in the past, just as people today, needed a literary form that could be read in one sitting, and the SHORT STORY was developed.

• Edgar Allan Poe defined and wrote classic short stories.

• Shirley Jackson also wrote a classic short story called “The Lottery.”

©2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers.

THE NOVELTHE NOVEL

• A PICARESQUE NOVEL—A PICARESQUE NOVEL—

Cervantes’s Don Quixote

• AN AMERICAN CLASSIC—AN AMERICAN CLASSIC—

Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby

People in the past, just as people today, needed a more complex literary form that was not based in the “real” events of the past or of the present; thus, the fictional NOVEL was developed.

HISTORY OF ENGLISH HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURELITERATURE

Compiled by: Thomas YoumanCompiled by: Thomas Youman

What is Literature?What is Literature? Literature refers to the practice and profession of writing. It comes from Literature refers to the practice and profession of writing. It comes from

human interest in telling a story, in arranging words in artistic forms, in human interest in telling a story, in arranging words in artistic forms, in describing in words some aspects of human experiences.describing in words some aspects of human experiences.

Why we read LiteratureWhy we read Literature?? PleasurePleasure RelaxationRelaxation KnowledgeKnowledge

Old English Period469 AD - 1066 AD Three conquests.Three conquests. The Song of Beowulf:The Song of Beowulf:

Middle English LiteratureBible translations,Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales

Renaissance Literature Renaissance Literature Vernacular Literature.Vernacular Literature. William Caxton.William Caxton. Book of Common Prayer.Book of Common Prayer.

Early Modern PeriodEarly Modern Period Elizabethan EraElizabethan Era Jacobean LiteratureJacobean Literature Caroline and Cromwellian LiteratureCaroline and Cromwellian Literature Restoration LiteratureRestoration Literature Augustan Literature.Augustan Literature.

Elizabethan EraElizabethan Era William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare

Hamlet,Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet,Romeo and Juliet, The Merchant of VeniceThe Merchant of Venice MacbethMacbeth

18th Century18th Century Age of Enlightment.Age of Enlightment. Age of Sensibility.Age of Sensibility. Horace Walpole: Horace Walpole: The Castle of Otranto.The Castle of Otranto.

RomanticismRomanticism Industrialism.Industrialism. William Blake: Romantic AgeWilliam Blake: Romantic Age Oscar WildeOscar Wilde Mary Shelley: Mary Shelley:

Victorian LiteratureVictorian Literature Charles Dickens.Charles Dickens. Arthur Conan Doyle: Arthur Conan Doyle: Sherlok HolmesSherlok Holmes

English Literature since 1900English Literature since 1900 Modernism: Rudyard Kipling, James Joyce, Virginia WoolfModernism: Rudyard Kipling, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf Post-Modern Literature: Truman CapotePost-Modern Literature: Truman Capote Post World War II: J.R.R. TolkienPost World War II: J.R.R. Tolkien

Origins

of

Drama

The Origins of DramaThe Origins of Drama

Humanities 120

Drama

Drama is a type of literature.

Its basic medium is spoken language.

(Medium: the material or technique an artist works with.)

Drama uses the resources of the theater to show human actions in such a way that we gain a deeper

understanding of the human experience.

Drama is such an ancient art form that its origins are beyond human record.

It may have developed out of important rituals having to do with:

•Sewing and reaping crops

•Fertility rituals

•Burial rituals

•Diction

•Syntax

•Rhyme

•Rhythm

•Meter

•Metaphor

•Simile

•Symbol

•Action

•Character

•Setting

•Dialogue

Formal elements of drama.

Action generally takes place in a narrative arc:•Introduction

•Development

•Climax

•Conclusion

Action:Action:The dramatic narrative; the plot or on-going business of the characters

Character:Character:The way in which each individual in the drama is portrayed. This includes the history, motivations, personality, and decisions of the individuals.

Setting:Setting:The place(s) where the action occurs; created through the manipulation of sets, lights, scenery, and references.

Dialogue:Dialogue:The spoken words of actors playing characters in the drama. Most dialogue is spoken by one actor to another/others, but there is a form of dialogue called soliloquy and one called monologue.

Soliloquy:Soliloquy:When a character delivers a brief speech to the audience; Generally expresses a character’s inner thoughts; We can generally assume we’re hearing character’s “true thoughts"; Consists of relatively brief break in the action.

Monologue:Monologue:A character speaks at length; Sometimes takes up entire act or play; May be understood as character speaking to self, or directly to audience.

The Structure of DramaThe Structure of DramaPlots are structural principles that govern the shape of the narrativePlots are often worked around archetypes: basic psychological patterns that people react to on a subconscious level.

The Importance of Studying History of English Literature: The Importance of Studying History of English Literature: A Post-Study Reflection by Tienny Makrus.

Literature is part of human life that is passed from generation to generation and describes the culture of a country. If we want to study a language, of course, we must also know the culture of the country. For English education students, studying English literature is very important. We may understand the philosophical movements when studying English literature, different point of views gives us a new way of thinking about the world, capable of bringing about differing emotions and general sense through the various types of literature works, understand today’s culture, and increase vocabulary, grammar and writing ability in English. The following will explain some points why it is important to learn English literature. Firstly, we can find the occurrence of philosophical movements when studying English literature. In great writing from the past we find the England ancestors, and we not only see the country and the people as they were, but we also soak up the climate of the times through the language itself, its vocabulary, grammar, and tone.

We would only have to consider the writing of Chaucer, Shakespeare, Boswell, Milton, Dickens, and Samuel Beckett side by side to see how the way writers use language embodies the cultural atmosphere of their time. English literature allows us to understand the philosophical movements and ideas that permeated a particular culture at a particular time. For example, Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" shows us the ambivalence the British felt toward empiricism. Besides understanding the philosophical movements, English literature gives us a new way of thinking about the world. For example, Jane Austen presents a different writing in her era, because she is interested in the moral, social and psychological behaviour of her characters.

Mary Wollstonecraft, for instance, presents the idea that women should not be subservient to men, giving birth to modern feminist theory. Literature works of Sir Walter Scott in circulation since the eight-tenth century, presents his work with the theme of revolution, historical changes and social and character of all circles in society. Perhaps we see that a certain man's behaviour resembles that of Antony in Antony and Cleopatra through the drama of Shakespeare, or a certain woman is rather like The Wife of Bath in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. Seeing such similarities can help us to understand and accept other people. Therefore, we can find literary scholars write their literary works with a variety of viewpoints.

Therefore, we can find literary scholars write their literary works with a variety of viewpoints.In addition to presenting the different viewpoints of the literary scholar, we can find English literature is a form of English art. It is capable of bringing about differing emotions and a general sense of "spiritual" well-being. Poets William Wordsworth and Percy Shelley write about this power of poetry in "Preface to the Lyrical Ballads" and "A Defence of Poetry," respectively. Shakespeare presents a lot of his work in drama. Then, John Milton presents the genre of religious and politics poetry after Elizabethan period.

In the romantic period, people incline to like novels. Thus we know that English art is various depending on the political and social situation in each period. When we dip into the rich variety of novels, poems, and plays which constitute English literature, it is possible to understand how contemporary western culture has developed into what it is today. We are reading works which have lasted for generations, or centuries, and they have lasted because they are good. Well, we don't need to visit a country if we want to learn their culture. London, for example, is all the more interesting a city when behind what we see today we see the London known to Dickens, Boswell and Johnson, or Shakespeare. It will save time, money and effort by reading literary works than to visit the country.

Finally, studying English literature can increase our knowledge of new words, new phrases, and English lexicon. Literature is also crucial to learning stylistic and artistic conventions for English communication and writing. It does not mean student need to read every literary work. There may be times when reading a critic can be more interesting than reading the actual work. Reading the work of a good critic can be edifying in itself. Making the effort to shape our own thoughts into an essay is also an edifying experience, and just as good literature lasts, so do the personal benefits that we gain from studying and writing about it. In conclusion, studying English literature allows student to develop new ideas and ethical standpoints, can be an enriching, eye-opening experience, and help them to describe English society. Considering the importance of literature, student can also develop their interest to other literary works. It will be very interesting if student can learn American literature also, because American country is the most advanced country currently, which perhaps student need to understand American culture and learn positive things as well, because by studying literature we become “cultured”.

Poetry (ancient Greek) is an art form in which human language is used for its aesthetic qualities in addition to, or instead of, its notional and semantic content. It consists largely of oral or literary works in which language is used in a manner that is felt by its user and audience to differ from ordinary prose. Poetry is important, It reaches inside people and heals their wounds like nothing else can. It is an escape from reality and a method of coping with reality. It's a certain feeling inside. According to geocities.com, poetry is a form of expression written seeking approval from no one but read and interpreted by anyone and everyone. It reveals your most inner thoughts that may never be spoken forming a deep communication to others and for you, a cherished token that you will always remember.

ELEMENTS OF POETRYELEMENTS OF POETRYPrepared by Miss Jenny Lou C. SasoyFaculty, UE-Caloocan EHSD

POETRYPOETRY It is the art of expressing oneself in verse.It is the art of expressing oneself in verse. It uses few words to convey its message.It uses few words to convey its message. It is meant to be read aloud.It is meant to be read aloud. It uses imagery or figures of speech to express feelings or create a mental It uses imagery or figures of speech to express feelings or create a mental

picture or idea.picture or idea.

LinesLinesA single line in a poem.Often organized into stanzas.

"Chartless“"Chartless“Emily DickinsonEmily Dickinson

1 I never saw a moor,2 I never saw the sea, 3 Yet I know how the heather looks 4 and what a wave must be.5 I never spoke with God,6 nor visited in Heaven,7 Yet I am certain of the spot 8 as if the chart were given.

This poem has 8 lines organized into 2 stanzas

STANZASTANZA

It is the group of lines.Couplet – 2 linesTriplet – 3 linesQuatrain – 4 linesQuinrain – 5 linesSestet – 6 linesOctet – 8 linesIt develops and emphasizes one idea.

““First and Last” First and Last”

by David McCord by David McCord

A tadpole hasn’t a pole at all, A tadpole hasn’t a pole at all,

And he doesn’t live in a hole in the And he doesn’t live in a hole in the wall. wall.

You’ve got it wrong: a polecat’s You’ve got it wrong: a polecat’s not not

A cat on a pole. And I’ll tell you A cat on a pole. And I’ll tell you what: what:

A bullfrog’s never a bull; and how A bullfrog’s never a bull; and how

Could a cowbird possibly be a Could a cowbird possibly be a cow? cow?

A kingbird, though, is a kind of A kingbird, though, is a kind of king, king,

And he chases a crow like And he chases a crow like anythinganything..

RHYME AND RHYME SCHEMERHYME AND RHYME SCHEME

RHYME AND RHYME SCHEMERHYME AND RHYME SCHEME Words rhyme if they Words rhyme if they

sound alike.sound alike. Poems often use Poems often use

rhymes at the end of rhymes at the end of lines.lines.

Rhyme scheme is the Rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhymes in a pattern of rhymes in a poem.poem.

Poets use rhymes to Poets use rhymes to add a musical sound to add a musical sound to their poems.their poems.

TYPES OF RHYMETYPES OF RHYME ALLITERATION – repetition of the initial consonant sound.ALLITERATION – repetition of the initial consonant sound.

She sells sea shells by the sea shore.She sells sea shells by the sea shore. CONSONANCE – repetition of the intermediate or final CONSONANCE – repetition of the intermediate or final

consonant sound.consonant sound. Tick tock, flip flop, singing longingTick tock, flip flop, singing longing

ASSONANCE – repetition of vowel sound.ASSONANCE – repetition of vowel sound. Hear the mellow wedding bells,Hear the mellow wedding bells, Golden bells!Golden bells! What a world of happiness their harmony foretells!What a world of happiness their harmony foretells!

RHYTHMRHYTHM   Pattern of beats or a series of stressed and unstressed Pattern of beats or a series of stressed and unstressed

syllables in poem.syllables in poem. Poets create rhythm by using words in which parts are Poets create rhythm by using words in which parts are

emphasized or not emphasized.emphasized or not emphasized.““Windy Nights” By Robert Louis Stevenson Windy Nights” By Robert Louis Stevenson

WhenWhenevever the er the moonmoon and and starsstars are are setset, ,

WhenWhenevever the er the windwind is is highhigh, ,

All night long All night long in the in the darkdark and and wetwet, ,

A A manman goes goes ririding ding byby. .

LateLate in the in the nightnight whenwhen the the fi fires res areare out, out,

WhyWhy does he does he gagallop and llop and gagallop llop aboutabout??

METERMETERIt is the measure of a line in a poetry.

FOOTFOOTIt is the grouping of two or more syllables making up a basic unit of meter.

TYPES OF METRICAL FOOTTYPES OF METRICAL FOOTIAMBIC foot consists of unaccented syllable followed by an accented. It can be heard in such words as "because, hello, Elaine".  TROCHAIC foot consists of an accented syllable followed by an unaccented. These are trochaic words: answer, Tuesday, Albert. DACTYLIC foot consists of an accented syllable followed by two unaccented syllables. You can hear the dactylic beat in these words: beautiful, silently, Saturday. ANAPESTIC foot consists of two unaccented syllables followed by an accented syllable. These words are anapestic: cavalier, tambourine, Marianne. SPONDAIC foot consists of two accented syllables. PYRRHIC foot consists of two unaccented syllables. 

MOODMOODThe feeling that a poem creates in a reader.It can be positive or negative.Mood can be made with the length of the sentences, chosen words, and word sounds.

““Poor” Poor” by Myra Livingston

I heard of poor. It means hungry, no food. No shoes, no place to live, Nothing good. It means winter nights And being cold, It is lonely, alone. Feeling old. Poor is a tired face. Poor is thin. Poor is standing outside Looking in.

Short words and lines create a serious mood.

These words create the feeling of sadness.

TONETONEIt is the attitude a writer takes towards the subject or audience of the poem.

““The Crocodile” The Crocodile” How doth the little crocodileHow doth the little crocodile

Improve his shining tail, Improve his shining tail,

And pour the water of the Nile And pour the water of the Nile

On every golden scale!On every golden scale!

How cheerfully he seems to grin,

How neatly spreads his claws,

And welcomes little fishes in

With gently smiling jaws!

The subject of the poem are crocodiles. The writers attitude towards crocodiles is that they are dangerous.

IMAGERYIMAGERYLanguage that appeals to the 5 senses.Are “word pictures”. Helps the reader to experience familiar things in a fresh way using the senses.

FIGURES OF SPEECHFIGURES OF SPEECHA mode of expression in which words are used out of their literal meaning or out of their ordinary use in order to add beauty or emotional intensity or to transfer the poet's sense impressions by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning familiar to the reader.

SIMILESIMILEA figure of speech in which two fundamentally unlike things are explicitly compared, usually in a phrase introduced by like or as.

METAPHORMETAPHORA figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made between two unlike things that actually have something in common. PERSONIFICATIONPERSONIFICATIONA figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is given human qualities or abilities.

ONOMATOPOEIAThe use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.

HYPERBOLEHYPERBOLEfigure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect; an

extravagant statement.

April 12, 2023 Poetry and Drama 35

Young Adult Librarian Dewey on poetryYoung Adult Librarian Dewey on poetry

April 12, 2023 Poetry and Drama 36

Dewey and poetry 2Dewey and poetry 2

THE NATURE AND THE NATURE AND FUNCTION OF FUNCTION OF

LITERARY CRITICISMLITERARY CRITICISMProf. Ketan PandyaProf. Ketan Pandya

Prof. V. I. PatelProf. V. I. Patel

The Function of CRITICISMThe Function of CRITICISMJudgement :Judgement :In its strict sense, criticism means judgement. The literary critic, therefore, is primarily an expert who uses his special faculty and training to examine the merits and defects of a piece of literary art or the work of a given author and pronounce a verdict upon it.The primary function of a literary critic is to arrive at and pronounce a meaningful judgement of value.I. A. Richards says : “To set up as a critic is to set up as a judge of values.”Literary criticism, says Rene Wellek, “is judgement of books, reviewing and finally the definition of taste, of the tradition, of what is a classic.”

Evaluation : Evaluation : When a critic attempts to judge the value of a work of art or literature, he can be said to have evaluated the work.“Evaluative, judicial, or normative criticism attempts to judge the merits of the literature in relation to a literary, social, moral, or other, value system.” (Lee T. Lemon : A Glossary for the Study of English, p. 99)

Interpretation :Interpretation :If judgement be the real end of criticism, interpretation may be employed as a means to that end.“To feel the virtue of the poet or the painter, to disengage it, to set it forth – these are the three stages of the critic’s duty.” (Walter Pater)Poetry is a ‘criticism (interpretation) of life’. Criticism is an interpretation of that interpretation. The chief function of criticism is to enlighten and stimulate by the proper interpretation of the works of literature. If a great poet makes us partakers of his larger sense of the meaning of life, a great critic may make us partakers of his larger sense of the meaning of literature.

References.References.

Item Type: Web page.Title: History of English LiteratureAuthor: Thomas youmanURL: http://www.slideshare.net/tomyyou/history-of-english-literatureAccessed: 15th March 2012 09:11:19

Item type: Web page.Title: the nature and functions of literary criticismAuthor: Ketan PandyaURL: http://www.slideshare.net/KetanPandya2/nature-and-function-of-literary-criticismAccessed: 15TH March 2012 01:09:24

Item type: Web pageTitle: The Elements of poetryAuthor: Jenny SasoyURL: http://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=header&q=the+elements+of+poetryAccessed: 15th march 2012 11:00:21

Item Type: Web pageTitle: The importance of studying history of English LiteratureAuthor: Tienny makrusURL:http://www.slideshare.net/tiennymakrus/the-importance-of-studying-history-of-english-literatureAccessed: 14 march 2012 11:22:02

Item Type: Web pageTitle: Poetry and Drama (Dragons)Author: B. RodriguezURL:http://www.slideshare.net/joh5700/poetry-and-drama-and-dragons-presentationAccessed: 15th march 2012 10:28:16

Item type: Web pageTitle: The Romantic EraAuthor: Dr. Christopher SwannURL: http://www.slideshare.net/wiglaf12/the-romantic-era-17981832-presentationAccessed: 15 March 2012 15:03:06

Item type: Web pageTitle: LiteratureAuthor: Julie RodakawskiURL:http://www.slideshare.net/mr1861/literatureAccessed: 15 March 2012 14:29:11