history of international code of botanical nomenclature 1

28

Upload: nasira-jaffry

Post on 15-Jul-2015

382 views

Category:

Science


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1
Page 2: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

INTRODUCTION:-

“The nomenclature involves the principle govern by rules

formulated and adopted by international botanical congress

,the rules developed by ibc are listed formally in a code called

international code of botanical nomenclature.”

Page 3: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

HISTORY:-

Pre –Linnaean Practices

Linnaean Practices

Post –Linnaean Practices

Page 4: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

PRE –LINNAEAN PRACTICES:-

Common Names:• Earliest names of plants were common names

• Based on normal language

• EXAMPLES:

1. Clove

2. Pulse

Drawbacks• Local distribution

• Ignorance of relevent biological facts among the lay public• Change with time

• Single coomon name apply to many species• Many species that are rare or lake economic importace don’t

have a common name

Page 5: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

Scientific Names :-

Btanical Nomenclature:

• Art of assignning names.

• Assignning names to plants –botanical

nomenclature

1.Polynomial nomenclature

2.Binomial nomenclature

Page 6: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

Pre –Linnaean Practices:-POLYNOMIAL NAMES:-

Names consisting of multiple terms

Example:-

DRABACKS:

No universality

Not easy to handle

Long and difficult to record

Page 7: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

E.L.Greene:• Reformation of nomenclature.

• Rejects generic names composed of

two words in favour of those consisting

of one generic name.

Drawbacks • Different naming in text and

illusterations

• EXAMPLE:wood sanicle

Sanicula (text) Diapensia (figure)

Page 8: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

Leonard Fcuhs:

• Historia stirpium (1542)

• Proposed new genera includig

Digitalis

• By genera he meant species

Drawbacks:

• Genera contain binary names

• EXAMPLE:Vitis Vinifera

Page 9: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

Targus (1498-1554):• First person to describe plants.

• Generic names could be altered if desired.

EXAMPLE:Plantago aquatica corresponds to German name

Wasser Wegerich

Drawbacks • Did not give importance to Latin

• No permanent name for plants

• Binary generic names

Page 10: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

Euricius Cordus:

• Described many plants in German

• First man to establish many genera

• Many improvements in classification and

nomenclature

• Has some regard for priority of names.

Drawbacks:

• One specie contain many different names.

Page 11: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

Casper bauhin:• Casper Bauhin Pinax

• Order in systematic botany and

nomenclature

• Introduced the concept of binomial

nomenclature

• Projected larger work with description and

figure

• Work was used by Linneaus

Drawbacks :

• Used both polynomial and binomial

names

Page 12: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

Tournefort:

• Uninomial generic name

but some are binomial

EXAMPLE:Ruta

muraria,Carophyllus

aromaticus

Drawbacks • Not advanced

• artificial

Page 13: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

2-Linnaean Practices:-

Binomial Nomenclature:

• Inspired from Bauhin work• Formulated rules for the

nomenclature of plants and animals• Species Plantarum (1753)

Page 14: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

Rules:• Generic name

• Specific epithet

• Origin of generic name

Noun

On the basis of renowned scientist e.g Ahmadiago

Poetic or Methological e.g Nymphea-lovely water nymph

Characteristic features Liniodendron

Land e.g Betula old name of birch

• Origin of specific epithet

In the honour of scientist Clavatia ahmadiana

Geographical locality e.g Rumax nepalensis

Characteristic features Morus alba

• Latin language

Page 15: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

Drawbacks:

• work was not internationally recognized

Page 16: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

3-Post –Linnaean Practices:-

International Code Of

Botanical Nomenclature:

1- Paris Code:

• A.P.de Candolle

• First IBC in 1867 in Paris

• Rules based on Linnaeus work were

discussed

Drawbacks:

• No practicle application.

Page 17: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

B-Index Kewensis:• The Index Kewensis (IK), maintained by the Royal Botanic

Gardens, Kew, is a publication.• hat aims to register all botanical names for seed plants at the

rank of species and genera. It later came to include names of taxonomic families and ranks below that of species.

• Do generic reduction• The original two volumes of Index Kewensis contained nearly

400,000 names. Some 6,000 additional names are added annually and hard-copy supplements are published at 5-yearly intervals. The most recent supplement was the twentieth which was published in 1996.

DRAWBACKS:• Generic reduction no correct name can be identified

Page 18: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

C- Rochester Code (1892):• Modification of Paris code

• Species designated should be based

upon herbarium specimen for the

binomial (type specimen)• Application of rule of priority even if the

name was a tautonym (specific epithet repeating the generic name e.g Malusmalus.

Drawbacks:• Not accepted by Americans as they have

problem with tautonyms

Page 19: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

D-Paris (1900):• first International Botanical Congress

in Paris in 1900

• agreed that a special session on

Nomenclature be held at the second

IBC in Vienna in 1905.

• published in 1906

Drawbacks:

• Congress declined to accept detailed

proposals of the U.S. delegation led by

N.L. Britton, involving the introduction

of the type method (as opposed to a

circumscriptional method),

• Led to a separate Brittonian Code (the

“American Code” of 1907).

Page 20: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

E-Vienna Code:• Linnaeus as the starting point;

• tautonym was not accepted

• latin diagnosis was made

assential for new species In

addition, a list of conserved

names (Nomina generic

conservanda ) was approved

Drawbacks:

• ot accepted by Amaricans as

they did not accept the list of

conserved name.

Page 21: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

F-Amarican code (1907):• did not accept the list of

conserved names and requirement for Latin diagnosis.

• Type method was the characteristic

DRAWBACK:-• Latin word not used. • It was not universal.

Page 22: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

G-BRUSSELS CONGRESS (1910):-

• additions and modifications in Vienna

Code

• E.g :Combretum and Nuphar -

Page 23: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

H-Cambridge:• The type method incorporated

• Latin requirement deferred until 1932

• "absolute homonym rule" accepted, or "once

a later homonym always illegitimate (unless

conserved)", which altered the status of many

names, including many that had previously

been conserved

• The Cambridge Code was not published until

1935.

• This code was accepted by previous

proponents of the American Code, ending a

period of schism

Page 24: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

i-Amsterdam (1935):

• English became the official

language of the Congress,

replacing French.

• No formal Code was

published.

Page 25: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

J-Stockholm (1950):• congresses every five years

(except four years for the next one).

• Adoption of the first International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants

• arbitrary dates defined for some foundational works; decision to hold future

Page 26: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

K-Paris(1954):• was established to find ways to

improve the stability of names.• Two additional principles

added, II and III, dealing with types and with priority.

• Proposals to conserve or reject specific names were rejected, but a committee was established to find ways to improve the stability of names

Page 27: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

Montreal:

• Adoption of a completely

reworked list of conserved

and

• Rejected names

• Necessitated by changes

made at the 1930 congress.

• Decision that rules of priority

do not apply above the rank of

family

Page 28: History of international  code of botanical nomenclature 1

Edinburgh:• No major changes to the code

Seattle:• Established the International

Association of Bryologists