History of GIS

Base MapsBase Maps

1600’s linking mathematics and analytic geometry to create coordinate system

1600’s linking mathematics and analytic geometry to create coordinate system

Use of OverlaysUse of OverlaysMaps of the Battle of Yorktown contained hinged overlays to show troop movements

Mid-19th century “Atlas to Accompany the 2nd report of the Irish Railway Commissioners showed pop’n, traffic flow, geology and topography on same base map

Maps of the Battle of Yorktown contained hinged overlays to show troop movements

Mid-19th century “Atlas to Accompany the 2nd report of the Irish Railway Commissioners showed pop’n, traffic flow, geology and topography on same base map

Dot MapsDot Maps

1855 – use of dot map to display epidemiological data, leads to discovery of the source of a cholera epidemic in England

1855 – use of dot map to display epidemiological data, leads to discovery of the source of a cholera epidemic in England

The Five Phases of Development

The Five Phases of Development

The Research FrontierExperimentation and PracticeCommercial PhaseUser-DominanceWeb-Based Internet GI-Science

The Research FrontierExperimentation and PracticeCommercial PhaseUser-DominanceWeb-Based Internet GI-Science

The Research FrontierLate 1950’s to Mid

1970’s

The Research FrontierLate 1950’s to Mid

1970’sIndividual Led Development1958 - NASA - Data Availability1963 – Canada Geographic Information System – created to anyalze data collect by the Canada Land Inventory

1968 - Apollo 8 - Returned 1st Images from Space

Lack of Computing Resources1960’s - Early computer mapping packages

Harvard - SYMAP, IMGRID, CALFORMIsoline Maps

1969 - Jack Dangermond began ESRIArc Info

Individual Led Development1958 - NASA - Data Availability1963 – Canada Geographic Information System – created to anyalze data collect by the Canada Land Inventory

1968 - Apollo 8 - Returned 1st Images from Space

Lack of Computing Resources1960’s - Early computer mapping packages

Harvard - SYMAP, IMGRID, CALFORMIsoline Maps

1969 - Jack Dangermond began ESRIArc Info

Experimentation and Practice

Mid 1970’ s to Early 1980’s

Experimentation and Practice

Mid 1970’ s to Early 1980’sNational Agencies Driving

DevelopmentGovernment Funded ResearchNOAA EstablishedNASA

Huge Data IncreaseSPOT, LandSat

Role of the Individual Diminished

National Agencies Driving Development

Government Funded ResearchNOAA EstablishedNASA

Huge Data IncreaseSPOT, LandSat

Role of the Individual Diminished

Commercial PhaseMid 1980’s

Commercial PhaseMid 1980’s

Corporate Software availableCompetition

PC’s becoming popularIndividual market opening up

Isolated systems running GIS & isolated data setsMinimal sharing of data

GPS becomes fully operational

Corporate Software availableCompetition

PC’s becoming popularIndividual market opening up

Isolated systems running GIS & isolated data setsMinimal sharing of data

GPS becomes fully operational

User Dominance1990’s

User Dominance1990’s

Strong competition among software vendors

Databases began to become distributedInternet becomes operationalNetwork accessibility more common

Development of StandardsQuality controlData tracking (Metadata)

Strong competition among software vendors

Databases began to become distributedInternet becomes operationalNetwork accessibility more common

Development of StandardsQuality controlData tracking (Metadata)

Web-Based Internet GI Services Shift

Late 1990’s - Present

Web-Based Internet GI Services Shift

Late 1990’s - PresentDistributed and Interoperational ArchitectureData resides and is distributed over a networkLimitations - Requires high speed and wide bandwidth (Network Capacity)

Standardized DataData is not platform or program dependent

Google Earth, ArcWeb Explorer, National Map

Distributed and Interoperational ArchitectureData resides and is distributed over a networkLimitations - Requires high speed and wide bandwidth (Network Capacity)

Standardized DataData is not platform or program dependent

Google Earth, ArcWeb Explorer, National Map