History of History of DivingDiving

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Introduction

PurposePurpose - general history of the development - general history of the development of military diving operationsof military diving operations ScopeScope - outlines the hard work and - outlines the hard work and

dedication dedication of a number of individuals who of a number of individuals who

were were pioneers in the development of pioneers in the development of

diving diving technologytechnology

Role of the ROKNRole of the ROKN

- UDT / Seal - UDT / Seal

- Ship maintenance, search, - Ship maintenance, search,

- Rescue & salvage operation - Rescue & salvage operation

- Inspection & reparing naval vessels- Inspection & reparing naval vessels

- Underwater construction- Underwater construction

- Location & recovering downed aircraft- Location & recovering downed aircraft

Surface-Supplied Air Diving

표면공급 공기잠수

-- ScyllisScyllis · Perscian King, Xerxes· Perscian King, Xerxes 에 의해 고용됨에 의해 고용됨 · B.C. 15C · B.C. 15C · recover sunken treasure· recover sunken treasure

- - Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great · B.C. 332· B.C. 332 · remove obstacles in the Lebanon harbor· remove obstacles in the Lebanon harbor

IntroductionIntroduction

Breathing TubesBreathing Tubes

Breathing Breathing BagBag

Diving Bells (Diving Bells ( 잠수 종잠수 종 ))

15c ~18c 15c ~18c

For hours rather than minutesFor hours rather than minutes

Bell-shaped apparatus with the Bell-shaped apparatus with the

bottom bottom

open to the seaopen to the sea

1690, Edmund Halley1690, Edmund Halley

- 60 ft, 4 divers, 1.5 - 60 ft, 4 divers, 1.5

hourshours

4 hours, 66ft4 hours, 66ft

Diving Dress DesignDiving Dress Design

1. Lethbridge’s Diving Dress1. Lethbridge’s Diving Dress

2. Deane’s Patented Diving Dress2. Deane’s Patented Diving Dress - protection from the cold- protection from the cold - helmet with view port- helmet with view port - hose connections for surface supplied air- hose connections for surface supplied air

3. Siebe’s Improved Diving Dress3. Siebe’s Improved Diving Dress - sealed the helmet to the dress at the collar- sealed the helmet to the dress at the collar - water proof suit- water proof suit - exhaust valve - exhaust valve · MK V standard deep-sea diving dress· MK V standard deep-sea diving dress

CaissonsCaissons

- Engineering technology

Physiological Physiological DiscoveriesDiscoveries생리학적 발견생리학적 발견

1. Caisson Disease (Decompression sickness) 1. Caisson Disease (Decompression sickness) 감압병감압병

- dizzy spell (- dizzy spell ( 일시적인 현기증일시적인 현기증 ))

- Breathing difficulties ( - Breathing difficulties ( 호흡곤란호흡곤란 ))

- Sharp pain in the joint or abdomen - Sharp pain in the joint or abdomen

(( 관절통 혹은 복통관절통 혹은 복통 ))

- “bends”- “bends”

1-1. Causes of DCS1-1. Causes of DCS - 1878- 1878 - Paul Bert (French physiologist)- Paul Bert (French physiologist) - nitrogen into solution in the blood & tissues of - nitrogen into solution in the blood & tissues of the body (under pressure)the body (under pressure) - gas bubbles throughout the body (pressure - gas bubbles throughout the body (pressure

released)released) - symptom- symptom

1-2. Prevention & Treatment of DCS1-2. Prevention & Treatment of DCS - slowly return- slowly return - recompression chamber (1879)- recompression chamber (1879)

2. Inadequate Ventilation2. Inadequate Ventilation - J. S Haldene (English physiologist)- J. S Haldene (English physiologist) - CO2 accumulation - CO2 accumulation inadequate ventilation inadequate ventilation - standard supply rate of flow - standard supply rate of flow 1.5 fpm 1.5 fpm - pumps- pumps3. Nitrogen Narcosis (3. Nitrogen Narcosis ( 질소마취질소마취 )) - 150 ft- 150 ft - euphoric & losing judgment- euphoric & losing judgment - anesthetic properties- anesthetic properties - Heliox- Heliox

Armored Diving Armored Diving SuitsSuits

Atmospheric Diving Suit Atmospheric Diving Suit (ADS) = (ADS) = 대기압 잠수복 대기압 잠수복 2000 ft 2000 ft

MK V Deep-sea Diving DressMK V Deep-sea Diving Dress

1905, MK V Diving Helmet1905, MK V Diving Helmet 1916, Communication system1916, Communication system

Regulating valveRegulating valve

Relief valveRelief valve

Exhaust valve (1927)Exhaust valve (1927) 1927, Deep sea dress & 1927, Deep sea dress &

umbilicalumbilical MK 12MK 12 MK 21MK 21

Scuba Diving

S C U B AS C U B A

SCUBA : SCUBA : SSelf – elf – CContained ontained UUnderwater nderwater BBreathing reathing AApparatuspparatus

Open – Circuit ScubaOpen – Circuit Scuba

Closed – Circuit ScubaClosed – Circuit Scuba

Semiclosed – Circuit ScubaSemiclosed – Circuit Scuba

Open-circuit ScubaOpen-circuit Scuba

1.1. Rouquayrol’s Demand RegulatorRouquayrol’s Demand Regulator

2.2. LePrieur’s Open-Circuit Scuba DesignLePrieur’s Open-Circuit Scuba Design

3.3. Cousteau ND Gagnan’s Aqua-LungCousteau ND Gagnan’s Aqua-Lung

4.4. Impact of Scuba on DivingImpact of Scuba on Diving

1.1. Fleuss’ Closed-Circuit ScubaFleuss’ Closed-Circuit Scuba

2.2. Modern Closed-Circuit SystemModern Closed-Circuit System

Closed-Circuit ScubaClosed-Circuit Scuba

Hazards of Using Oxygen in Hazards of Using Oxygen in Scuba Scuba

산소독성산소독성 1878, Paul Bert1878, Paul Bert

VENTIDC (CNS VENTIDC (CNS

toxicity)toxicity)

Pulmonary toxicityPulmonary toxicity

Mixed – Gas Diving

IntroductionIntroduction

Breathing medium, consist of -Breathing medium, consist of -

- N2 & O2 proportions- N2 & O2 proportions

- mixture of other inert gas (helium) with oxygen- mixture of other inert gas (helium) with oxygen Special training, detailed planning, specialized & advanced equipSpecial training, detailed planning, specialized & advanced equip

ment, extensive surface support personnel & facilitiesment, extensive surface support personnel & facilities Qualified diverQualified diver Two CategoriesTwo Categories

- Nonsaturation diving without pressurized bell- Nonsaturation diving without pressurized bell

(max. 300ft)(max. 300ft)

- saturation diving (150 fsw- saturation diving (150 fsw 이상이상 , extended bottom time), extended bottom time)

Non-saturation Non-saturation DivingDiving

1. Helium-Oxygen (Heliox) Diving1. Helium-Oxygen (Heliox) Diving

- Physiological effects- Physiological effects

· high thermal conductivity of helium· high thermal conductivity of helium

· high – pitched distortion or “Donald Duck” effect· high – pitched distortion or “Donald Duck” effect

- MK V MOD 1 helmet - MK V MOD 1 helmet

2. Hydrogen – Oxygen Diving2. Hydrogen – Oxygen Diving

- explosive character- explosive character

- - 산소농도가 산소농도가 4% 4% 이하면 폭발성이 없다이하면 폭발성이 없다

3. Modern surface – supplied Mixed – gas diving3. Modern surface – supplied Mixed – gas diving

Diving BellsDiving Bells

1. SDC(submersible decompression 1. SDC(submersible decompression chamber)chamber)

- 2 men, steel, 2 opening hatches,- 2 men, steel, 2 opening hatches,

- ventilate, gas & communication supply- ventilate, gas & communication supply

2. 1931. DDC(deck decompression 2. 1931. DDC(deck decompression chamber)chamber)

- mate DDC-SDC- mate DDC-SDC

- additional space, bunk, food & clothing- additional space, bunk, food & clothing

3. Saturation Diving3. Saturation Diving

- DDS(deep diving system)- DDS(deep diving system)

Saturation DivingSaturation Diving

Extend actual working time at depth Submarine rescue & salvage,

sea bed implantments, construction

scientific testing & observation Extensive bottom time

Saturation Saturation Diving-1 Diving-1

1. Advantage1. Advantage

- decompression is the most time consuming factor- decompression is the most time consuming factor

- - 동일한 압력동일한 압력 (( 수심수심 )) 에 포화된 우리 인체는 해저체류 에 포화된 우리 인체는 해저체류

(( 잠수잠수 )) 시간에 관계없이 감압시간이 일정하다시간에 관계없이 감압시간이 일정하다 ..

- 200 fsw, 40 hrs- 200 fsw, 40 hrs

5 days at bottom pressure5 days at bottom pressure

2 days in decompression 2 days in decompression

2. Bond’s Saturation Theory2. Bond’s Saturation Theory

- 1957, NS Navy Diving Medical Officer- 1957, NS Navy Diving Medical Officer

Captain George F. BondCaptain George F. Bond

- The tissues of the body would eventually - The tissues of the body would eventually become become

saturated with inert gas if exposure time saturated with inert gas if exposure time was long was long

enough enough

3. Genesis Project3. Genesis Project

- theory of saturation diving- theory of saturation diving

- animal & human experiments - animal & human experiments

Saturation Saturation Diving-2 Diving-2

4. Developmental Testing4. Developmental Testing - 1st practical open-sea demonstration Sep. 1962 - 1st practical open-sea demonstration Sep. 1962 by Edward A. Link & Capt. Jacques-Yves Cousteauby Edward A. Link & Capt. Jacques-Yves Cousteau - one man, He-O- one man, He-O22 at 200fsw for 24hrs (Link) at 200fsw for 24hrs (Link) - two men, habitat, 33fsw for 169hrs (Cousteau)- two men, habitat, 33fsw for 169hrs (Cousteau) - Six men, N- Six men, N22-O-O22, 35fsw for 7 days (Cousteau), 35fsw for 7 days (Cousteau) - 1964, Link & Lambertsen, 2-days, 2 men at 430fsw- 1964, Link & Lambertsen, 2-days, 2 men at 430fsw - seven men, 30 days at 36fsw & 90fsw with - seven men, 30 days at 36fsw & 90fsw with excursion dives to 330fswexcursion dives to 330fsw

Saturation Saturation Diving-3Diving-3

5. Sealab Program 5. Sealab Program 1) Sealabs I and II1) Sealabs I and II - 1963. DEC. habitat- 1963. DEC. habitat 2) Sealab III2) Sealab III - 600fsw, habitat, NEDU,- 600fsw, habitat, NEDU, 28 He-Ox, 825fsw(1965-1968)28 He-Ox, 825fsw(1965-1968) - 1968. 825fsw, Sat depth- 1968. 825fsw, Sat depth 1,025fsw excursion diving(NEDU)1,025fsw excursion diving(NEDU) - 31 ATA- 31 ATA 에서 작업가능하다는 것 증명에서 작업가능하다는 것 증명

Saturation Saturation Diving-4 Diving-4

Deep Diving Deep Diving Systems(DDS)Systems(DDS)

Consist of Consist of

- DDC(Deck decompression - DDC(Deck decompression

chamber)chamber)

- PTC(Personal Transfer Capsule)- PTC(Personal Transfer Capsule)

Submarine Salvage

& Rescue

USS F-4USS F-4

1915, Honolulu, 21 crews died1915, Honolulu, 21 crews died Lifting pontoonsLifting pontoons 304 fsw, air as breathing mixture304 fsw, air as breathing mixture Bottom time-10minutesBottom time-10minutes Nitrogen narcosisNitrogen narcosis Physiological problems Physiological problems – – new breathing mediumnew breathing medium US diving manualUS diving manual

USS S-51USS S-51

1925. 132fsw, Block Island, Rhode 1925. 132fsw, Block Island, Rhode

IslandIsland

1927. Diving & Salvage School1927. Diving & Salvage School

Experimental Diving Unit(NEDU)Experimental Diving Unit(NEDU)

US Navy Air Decompression US Navy Air Decompression

TablesTables

Diving ability Diving ability 증강하는 요인으로 작용증강하는 요인으로 작용

USS S-4USS S-4

1927. Coast guard1927. Coast guard 와 충돌와 충돌

102fsw, 22102fsw, 22 시간후에 외부접촉시간후에 외부접촉

모두 사망모두 사망 (( 공기공급공기공급 , , 폭풍폭풍 ))

LT C.B. Momsen escape lung LT C.B. Momsen escape lung 발명발명

: 1929. 26: 1929. 26 장교가 실험하여 성공장교가 실험하여 성공

USS SqualusUSS Squalus

Mc Cann-Erickson Rescue chamberMc Cann-Erickson Rescue chamber

1939. 501939. 50 명중 명중 3333 명을 명을 243fsw243fsw 에서 에서 구출구출

1st salvage operation with He-Ox1st salvage operation with He-Ox

USS ThresherUSS Thresher

핵 잠수함핵 잠수함 8,400fsw, 8,400fsw, 전 승조원 사망전 승조원 사망 최초로 사고조사 위원회를 구성해서 침몰원인규명최초로 사고조사 위원회를 구성해서 침몰원인규명

- Deep Submergence Rewiew Group (DSRG) - Deep Submergence Rewiew Group (DSRG) 구성구성

하여 하여 Deep Submergence Systems ProjectDeep Submergence Systems Project

전 미해군내에 잠수 및 수중 활동에 관심 촉발전 미해군내에 잠수 및 수중 활동에 관심 촉발 1972. DSRV (Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle) 1972. DSRV (Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle)

- 5000 fsw - 5000 fsw 까지 까지 diving diving 가능가능

- 2500 fsw - 2500 fsw 까지 까지 rescue rescue 가능가능

Salvage Diving(Salvage

Operation)

1. 21. 2 차 세계대전차 세계대전 2. 2. 월남전월남전 3. 3. 우리해군의 우리해군의 Salvage operationSalvage operation

- - 북한 반 잠수정 인양북한 반 잠수정 인양 - 150msw, saturation (He – O2) - 150msw, saturation (He – O2)

DivingDiving

HistoryHistory

Open Sea Diving Records

History of History of Open Sea Diving Open Sea Diving RecordsRecords

1915, USN 304fsw MK V dress1915, USN 304fsw MK V dress

1972, MK2 MOD O DDS, 1,010fsw1972, MK2 MOD O DDS, 1,010fsw

1975, MK1 DDS, 1,148fsw1975, MK1 DDS, 1,148fsw

1977, French Dive Team, 1,643fsw1977, French Dive Team, 1,643fsw

1981, British divers, The deepest salvage 1981, British divers, The deepest salvage

operation 803fsw, operation 803fsw, 금괴금괴 1999, 2~3. ROKN, The 11999, 2~3. ROKN, The 1stst Salvage operation Salvage operation

withwith

Saturation Diving, 150msw(500fsw)Saturation Diving, 150msw(500fsw)

현재현재 , 300fsw (1000fsw), 300fsw (1000fsw) 이상 가능이상 가능

Summary