history of computer

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History of computer

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BScs (E)1st semester

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Computer

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

“Computer technology” and “computer system” redirect here. For company, see computer technology limited. For other uses, see computer (disambiguation) and computer system (disambiguation).

A Computer is a general-purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically.

HISTORY Main article: History of computing hardware

Pre-Twentieth centuryDevice has been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers.

The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog “computer”, according to Derek J.Sollaa price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in Antikythera wreck off Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa 100 BC.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org wiki/computer#11 story

First general-purpose computing deviceCharles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the “father of computer”, he conceptualized in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navigational calculation, in 1833 he realized that a much more general design, an Analytical Engine, was possible. The input of programs and data was to be provided to machine via punched cards and for output, the machine would have a printer and bell.


Later analog computers

http://en.wikipedia.org/


The first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine, invented by Sir William Thomas in 1872. The differential analog, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equation by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanical, was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson, the brother of the more famous Lord Kelvin.


Digital computer development:The principle of modern computer was first described by mathematician and pioneering computer scientist Alan Turing, who set out the idea in his seminal 1936 paper on “Computable Numbers”. He also introduced the notation of a ‘Universal Machine ’, with the idea that such a could perform the tasks of any other machine, or in other words, it is provable capable of computing anything that is computable by executing a program stored on tape, allowing the machine to be programmable.


Electromechanical:By 1938 the US Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use abroad a submarine. This was the Torpedo Data computer, which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at moving target. During World War 2 similar device were developed in other countries as well. The device had a low operating speed and eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computer, originally using vacuum tubes.


First generation: 1946-1959Vacuum tubes:The first stage of computer development we used vacuum tubes. Colossus was the World’s electronic digital programmable computer. It used a large numbers of values (vacuum tubes).




The US-built ENIAC was the first electronic programmable computer built in US. It was much faster and more flexible. The first generation computers were bigger in size even occupied entire room.

Source:http:www.bankexamstoday.com/2014/12/different-generation of computer-html


Second generation: 1959-1965Transistor:The bipolar transistor was invented in 1947. From 1955 onwards transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computer designs, giving rise to “second generation” of computer. They are smaller than vacuum tubes and require less power, so give off less heat. The first transistorized computer and the first in the World, was operational by 1953, and a second version was completed there in April 1955. Source:http:www.bankexamstoday.com/2014/12/different-generation of computer-html


Third generation: 1964-1971Integrated circuits:The first practical ICs were invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild semiconductor. The IC successfully demonstrating the first working IC example on 12 September 1958. Transistor were miniaturized and put on chip to foam integrated circuit. Which was faster in processing speed, store instruction in memory and reduce size. These extremely small electronic perform calculations and store data using either digital or analog technology. This new development heralded an explosion in the commercial and personal use of computers and led to invention of the microprocessor. The first single-chip microprocessor was Intel 4004.



Fourth generation: 1972-2010Microprocessor:




Crucial stage in development of computer was microprocessor. Intel was first to develop microprocessor. In microprocessor ten of millions of transistor fabricated on single chip which is very small in size and also have very high processing capabilities. Microprocessor support multiple task. This generation saw the development of computer for use developed by IBM. INTEL4004 is example of this.



Fifth generation: 2010-OnwardsArtificial Intelligence:Fifth generation saw the advent of artificial intelligence, features likes voice recognition face recognition and Robboties are made possible with artificial intelligence as machine able to respond in natural language and have capability to learn and organize themselves. Fifth generation is still in development stage.





history of computer

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