history of circuit breaker standards - richmond …engineering.richmondcc.edu/courses/eus...
TRANSCRIPT
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1 IEEE/PES Circuit Breaker Tutorial Pittsburgh , PA 24 July 2008
History of Circuit Breaker Standards
Jeffrey H. Nelson, P.E.Principal Electrical EngineerTennessee Valley Authority
Senior Member, IEEE
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Early Oil Circuit Breaker – 1898Early Oil Circuit Breaker – 1898
• Designed by L.L. Elden in 1898
• Installed at the Boston Electric Light Company L Street Plant (later Boston Edison)
• Open tank with upward motion operation
• Mounted on a panel
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Early Oil Circuit Breaker – 1898Early Oil Circuit Breaker – 1898
Inside view of 1898
oil breaker
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AIEE Committee on Standardization AIEE Committee on Standardization
• Held first committee on standardization in 1898
• “…recognized the importance of standardization in the electrical field.”
• All apparatus standards published in single volume until 1922
• AIEE Std. 19 – AC Power Circuit Breakers
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Power Plant Crew in Early 1900sPower Plant Crew in Early 1900s
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Pickle Barrel Breaker Pickle Barrel Breaker
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Minimum Oil/Puffer BreakerMinimum Oil/Puffer Breaker
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70 kV Circuit Breaker – 1910 70 kV Circuit Breaker – 1910
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Internal View of 70 kV BreakerInternal View of 70 kV Breaker
• One tank per phase• Plain rotary break
contacts• Had a voltage and
continuous current rating
• No stated interrupting rating
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Other Groups Interested in StandardsOther Groups Interested in Standards
• National Electric Light Association
• Electric Power Club (manufacturer’s association)
• Association of Edison Illuminating Companies
(AEIC)
• Many papers submitted to AIEE on circuit breakers
from 1910 to 1920
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1919 Performance Standard1919 Performance Standard
Electric Power Club
• Breaker must be able to make 2
OPEN operations with a 2 MIN interval
• No limit on flame or oil rejected
• JUST INTERRUPT !!!!
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“Skate Wheel” Breaker – 1924 “Skate Wheel” Breaker – 1924
• Multiple breaks to elongate the arc• Some magnetic blow-out effects
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1924 Performance Standard1924 Performance Standard
• Standard now prohibited flame and said that the condition afterwards should be “…substantially the same as before.”
• AIEE 19 was revised to the same requirements
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24 kV Oil Breaker Test at Duquesne Light in 1926
24 kV Oil Breaker Test at Duquesne Light in 1926
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24 kV Oil Breaker Test at Duquesne Light in 1926
24 kV Oil Breaker Test at Duquesne Light in 1926
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24 kV Oil Breaker Test at Duquesne Light in 1926
24 kV Oil Breaker Test at Duquesne Light in 1926
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24 kV Oil Breaker Test at Duquesne Light in 1926
24 kV Oil Breaker Test at Duquesne Light in 1926
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Condit Electrical Mfg. Corporation
Condit Electrical Mfg. Corporation
• Part of 1926 Catalog• Many voltage and
current ratings• 12 to 20 cycles
interrupting time
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1926 Merger1926 Merger
Electric Power Clubmerged with
Associated Manufacturers of Electrical Suppliesto become
NEMA
National Electrical Manufacturers Association
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Condit 34 kV BreakerCondit 34 kV Breaker
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Westinghouse 230 kV BreakerWestinghouse 230 kV Breaker
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General Electric – Oil Blast ChamberGeneral Electric – Oil Blast Chamber
Breaker Closed Breaker Opening Interruption
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Westinghouse – Deion GridWestinghouse – Deion Grid
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Allis Chalmers Ruptor – Baffle PlatesAllis Chalmers Ruptor – Baffle Plates
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Performance DevelopmentsPerformance Developments
• Interrupting Times: 20 – 12 – 8 cycles later 5 – 3 – and work on 2 cycles
• Operating Duty: 2 Min., then down to 15 sec• Reclosing: 30 to 45 cycles with development of
pneumatic operating mechanisms, later 20 cycles
• Impulse withstand dielectric test requirements were added to the 60 Hz “hipot” withstand requirement
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161kV Breaker Tested in mid-1950s161kV Breaker Tested in mid-1950s
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161kV Breaker Tested in mid-1950s161kV Breaker Tested in mid-1950s
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First American StandardFirst American Standard
• Developed from standards of AIEE, NEMA and AEIC• Issued for “trial use” in 1941 and published in 1945
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First American Standard – ASA C37First American Standard – ASA C37
Designation: C “electrical37 “switchgear” etc. (57 was transformers)
___________________________________________________
Alternating-Current Power Circuit BreakersC37.4-1945
Methods for Determining the Rms Value of a SinusoidalCurrent Wave and a Normal-Frequency Recovery Voltage
C37.5-1945
Schedule of Preferred Ratings for Power Circuit BreakersC37.6-1945
Operating Duty (Duty Cycle) for Standard and Reclosing ServiceC37.7-1945
Rated Control VoltagesC37.8-1945
Test Code for Power Circuit BreakersC37.9-1945
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C37.6-1945 Table 1 Preferred RatingsC37.6-1945 Table 1 Preferred Ratings
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Interrupting Ratings at Various Operating Duties – C37.7-1945 Table 1
Interrupting Ratings at Various Operating Duties – C37.7-1945 Table 1
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Arc extinction in an oil circuit breakerArc extinction in an oil circuit breaker
Gas de-ionizes the arc Arc is extinguished
• Creates perturbations and gas in the oil • Requires reduction in the interrupting rating for some reclosing duty cycles
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ASA C37 RevisionASA C37 Revision
C37.4-1953 Alternating-Current Power Circuit Breakers
C37.5-1953 Methods for Determining the Rms Value of a Sinusoidal Current Wave and a Normal-Frequency Recovery Voltage
C37.6-1953 Schedule of Preferred Ratings for Power Circuit Breakers
C37.7-1952 Operating Duty (Duty Cycle) for Standard and Reclosing Service
C37.8-1952 Rated Control Voltages
C37.9-1953 Test Code for Power Circuit Breakers
C37.12-1952 Guide Specification for Alternating CurrentPower Circuit Breakers
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C37.6-1955 Table 3 Preferred RatingsC37.6-1955 Table 3 Preferred Ratings
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Example from C37.6-1955Example from C37.6-1955
Line No. 26
Voltage RatingsRated kV 138Max Design kV 145Min kV for rated MVA 132
Interrupting Ratings3-Phase Rated MVA 10,000Amperes at Rated Voltage 42,000Max Amperes 44,000
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Relation of Application Voltage and Interrupting Current
Relation of Application Voltage and Interrupting Current
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Short Circuit Current WaveShort Circuit Current Wave
Total rms current at any instant )dc()ac( 22+=
Amount of dc “asymmetry” is a function of the point on the voltage wave when the fault starts
Peak & dc decay: function of L and R in the circuit, stated as X/R ratio
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Asymmetry Application FactorsC37.5-1953
Asymmetry Application FactorsC37.5-1953
1.23 cycle
1.15 cycle
1.08 cycle
MultiplyingFactor
Circuit Breaker Rated Interrupting Time
(60 Hz Basis)
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Interrupting Rating Factors for Reclosing Service (C37.7-1952, Fig. 7-1)
Interrupting Rating Factors for Reclosing Service (C37.7-1952, Fig. 7-1)
• Reclosing Duty Cycle I: O + 15 sec* + CO + 15 sec* + CO + 15 sec* + CO• Reclosing Duty Cycle II: O + 0 sec** + CO• Reclosing Duty Cycle III: O + 0 sec** + CO + 15 sec* + CO + 15 sec* + CO
*15 seconds or longer**Zero seconds shall be interpreted to mean no intentional time delay.
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Symmetrical Rating StandardsSymmetrical Rating Standards
• Simplify application where high speed relaying and fast clearing circuit breakers were used.
• Bring American standards into closer agreement with accepted international standards (IEC-International Electrotechnical Commission) to avoid confusion on rating differences, and
• Require that circuit breakers be proven to demonstrate a definite relationship between asymmetrical interrupting capability and symmetrical ratings
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Symmetrical Rating StandardsSymmetrical Rating Standards
Application Guide (Expansion of material previously in C37.5)
C37.010C37.5
Test CodeC37.09C37.09aC37.9
Control VoltagesIncluded in C37.06C37.8Reclosing FactorsC37.07C37.7
Preferred RatingsC37.06C37.06aC37.6
Measurement of Voltage and Current WavesC37.05C37.5
DefinitionsRating Structure
C37.03C37.04C37.04a
C37.4
SubjectSymmetrical Current Standard
Total Current Standard
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Relation of Application Voltage and Symmetrical Interrupting Current
Relation of Application Voltage and Symmetrical Interrupting Current
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“S Factor”“S Factor”
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C37.06a-1968 Table 3 Preferred RatingsC37.06a-1968 Table 3 Preferred Ratings
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Example from C37.06a-1968Example from C37.06a-1968
Line No. 5CNominal Voltage Class kV 138Nominal MVA Class 10,000
Rated ValuesRated Maximum Voltage kV 145Rated Voltage Range Factor - K 1.10Rated Short Circuit at Rated Max kV 37,000
Related Required CapabilitiesMax Symmetrical Interrupting Capability 41,000Rated Max Voltage Divided by K - kV 132
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Derivation of Rated Symmetrical Short Circuit Current
Derivation of Rated Symmetrical Short Circuit Current
kA371.1
13kV145
MVA000,10I1964 =××
=
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Required Asymmetrical Capability at Nominal 138 kV
Required Asymmetrical Capability at Nominal 138 kV
kA5.462.1kA9.38
kA9.38kV138kV145kA37
=×
=×
S Factor for 3 cycle breaker = 1.2
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Interrupting Rating Factors for Reclosing Service (C37.07-1969, Fig. 2)
Interrupting Rating Factors for Reclosing Service (C37.07-1969, Fig. 2)
• This method of derating originally introduced in C37.7-1960.
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Circuit Breaker Standards Development in the 1970sCircuit Breaker Standards Development in the 1970s
Standards Development Organizations
• IEEE/PES Power Circuit Breaker Subcommittee
• NEMA Switchgear Section
• American National Standards Committee C37
• AEIC Committee on Electric Power Apparatus
• EEI-AEIC-NEMA Joint Committee
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New Interrupting Current RatingsNew Interrupting Current Ratings
• C37.06-1971 introduced new interrupting current ratings for outdoor circuit breakers rated 121 kV and above, Table 4a
• Renard numbers: Set of preferred numbers proposed in the 1870s for use with the metric system
• Factor between two consecutive numbers in a Renardseries is constant (before rounding), namely 5th, 10th, 20th or 40th root of 10 (1.58, 1.26, 1.12 and 1.06)
• R10 Series: 10, 12.5, 16, 20, 25, 31.5, 40, 50, 63, 80, 100
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Other Changes to Table 4a, C37.06-1971Other Changes to Table 4a, C37.06-1971
• The nominal 3-phase MVA Class was removed from the table of preferred ratings since it was no longer directly related to the interrupting current rating
• Voltage Range Factor, K, was changed to 1.0
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Supplementary StandardsSupplementary Standards
C37.071-1969 Requirements for Line-Closing Switching Surge Control
C37.071a-1974 (Added corresponding parameters for 765 kV)
C37.072-1971 Requirements for Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV)
C37.0721-1971 TRV Application Guide
C37.0722-1971 TRV Ratings
C37.073-1972 Requirements for Capacitance Current Switching
C37.0731-1973 Capacitance Current Switching Application Guide
C37.0732-1972 Capacitance Current Switching Ratings
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Supplementary StandardsSupplementary Standards
C37.074-1972 Requirements for Switching Impulse Voltage Insulation Strength
C37.076-1972 Requirements for Pressurized Components
C37.078-1972 Requirements for External Insulation for Outdoor Circuit Breakers
C37.0781-1972 Rated Test Values for External Insulation
C37.079-1973 Method of Testing Circuit Breakers When Rated for Out-of-Phase Switching
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Circuit Breaker Standards ConsolidationCircuit Breaker Standards Consolidation
C37.04-1979 Rating Structure
C37.06-1979 Preferred Ratings and Related Capabilities
C37.09-1979 Test Procedures
C37.010-1979 Application Guide – General
C37.011-1979 Application Guide – Transient Recovery Voltage
C37.012-1979 Application Guide – Capacitance Current Switching
C37.11-1979 Requirements for Electrical Control
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Circuit Breaker Standards Development1980 to 1999
Circuit Breaker Standards Development1980 to 1999
Standards Development Organizations
• IEEE/PES High Voltage Circuit Breaker Subcommittee
• NEMA High Voltage Circuit Breaker Technical Committee
• Accredited Standards Committee C37, Power Switchgear
• AEIC Committee on Electric Power Apparatus
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Standards WithdrawalStandards Withdrawal
Total Current Basis Standards
• In 1986, the original standards for circuit breakers rated on a total current basis were withdrawn
• They continue to be applicable for those circuit breakers designed and built to those standards
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Supplementary StandardsSupplementary Standards
C37.081-1981 Guide for Synthetic Fault Testing
C37.081a-1997 Recovery voltage for terminal faultsAsymmetrical short circuit current
C37.082-1982 Methods for the Measurement of Sound Pressure Levels of AC Power Circuit Breakers
C37.083-1999 Guide for Synthetic Capacitive CurrentSwitching Tests of AC High-VoltageCircuit Breakers
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Standards ConsolidationStandards Consolidation
• Several amendments for C37.04, C37.09 and C37.010 were issued during the 1980s and 1990s.
• At the end of the 1990s work culminated in general revisions which incorporated the amendment requirements and made additional revisions.
C37.04-1999 Rating Structure
C37.06-2000 Preferred Ratings and RelatedRequired Capabilities
C37.09-1999 Test Procedures
C37.010-1999 Application Guide – General
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Rating Structure RevisionsRating Structure Revisions
• Rated standard operating duty (standard duty cycle) was changed and expanded
O - t - CO - t΄ - CO
where, O = OpenCO = Close-Opent΄= 3 mint = 15 s for circuit breakers not rated for
rapid reclosing and= 0.3 s for circuit breakers rated for rapid
reclosing duty
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Rating Structure RevisionsRating Structure Revisions
• The “S” factor for asymmetrical interrupting capability was eliminated. The standard now defines the percent dc component based on a standard time constant of 45 ms (corresponding to X/R of 17 for 60 Hz)
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Rating Structure RevisionsRating Structure Revisions
• Circuit breaker mechanisms to be “trip-free” or “trip-free in any position.”
• TRV first pole-to-clear factor was revised to 1.3 for circuit breakers rated above 100 kV.
• Maximum difference for simultaneity of poles was defined.
Closing 1/4 cycleOpening 1/6 cycle
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Preferred Ratings 1987 Revisions
Preferred Ratings 1987 Revisions
• Table of preferred ratings for indoor oil circuit breakers was deleted and Table 1 now pertained to indoor oilless circuit breakers.
• Table 2 was expanded to include oil and oilless circuit breakers rated 72.5 kV and below, including breakers applied in GIS.
• Preferred ratings for circuit breakers used in GIS were included in Tables 2, 2A, 3 and 3A.
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Preferred Ratings 1987 Revisions
Preferred Ratings 1987 Revisions
• A new Table 5 provided a Schedule of Dielectric Test Values, for Circuit Breakers Applied in Gas Insulated Substations.
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Preferred Ratings 1997 Revisions
Preferred Ratings 1997 Revisions
• The K factor for indoor circuit breakers was set to 1.0 and rated time-to-peak (T2) values for TRV were specified for the first time.
• Rated TRV for outdoor circuit breakers was revised to 2.0 kV/μsec.
• Voltage classes of 121 kV, 169 kV and 242 kV were changed to 123 kV, 170 kV and 245 kV. This completed a harmonization of rated voltages above 100 kV with IEC. IEC adopted 550 kV and 800 kV, replacing 525 kV and 765 kV respectively.
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Preferred Ratings 1997 Revisions
Preferred Ratings 1997 Revisions
Portion of Table 3, C37.06-1997
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Preferred Ratings 1997 Revisions
Preferred Ratings 1997 Revisions
• Trial Use Guide, C37.06.1-1997, “Definite Purpose for Fast Transient Recovery Voltage Rise Times” was published following reports of circuit breaker failures in applications where very fast TRVs were determined to be the cause of the failure.
• Required special fast TRV parameters for:– Test Duty 1 (7% of rated short-circuit current)– Test Duty 2 (30% of rated short-circuit current)
• Published as Full-Use Guide in 2000
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Test Procedure RevisionsTest Procedure Revisions
• Lightning impulse withstand testing included the 3 x 9 method.
• Short-line fault tests were made mandatory for all outdoor breakers rated 15.5 kV and above.
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Application Guide RevisionsApplication Guide Revisions• C37.010b-1985, Standard for Emergency Load Current-
Carrying Capability, established overload current criteria that allowed limits of total temperature for the circuit breaker to be exceeded under specified emergency load currents.
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Generator Circuit BreakersGenerator Circuit Breakers
• A new standard for AC High-Voltage Generator Circuit Breakers, C37.013-1989
– Established rating capabilities and test requirements for circuit breakers applied between the generator and the step-up transformer
– Voltage ratings typically up to 38 kV– Continuous current ratings up to 20 kA– Symmetrical interrupting current ratings up to
160 kA or more• C37.013-1993 clarified meaning of rated
maximum voltage and added an application guide clause
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Generator Circuit BreakersGenerator Circuit Breakers
• No other national or international standard on generator circuit breakers
• IEEE Working Group with members from IEC developed C37.013-1997
• The 1997 revision made the standard acceptable to IEC and as a result the IEC Technical Committee 17A on High-Voltage Switchgear has not developed it’s own generator circuit breaker standard
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Application GuidesApplication Guides
• C37.011-1994, Guide for Transient Recovery Voltage for AC High Voltage Circuit Breakers
• C37.015-1993, Application Guide for Shunt Reactor Current Switching
• C37.10-1995, Guide for Diagnostics and Failure Investigation
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Circuit Breaker Standards Development2000 to Present
Circuit Breaker Standards Development2000 to Present
Standards Development Organizations• 2002 – IEEE Standards Association BOD terminated the
Memorandum of Understanding with NEMA and it’s Co-Secretariat relationship with ASC C37
• As a result, ASC C37 and NEMA turned over control of several documents which covered dimensions, preferred ratings, construction, manufacturing, installation and maintenance to theIEEE
• NEMA retained control of documents covering conformance testing for metal enclosed and metal-clad switchgear
• Since 2002, the IEEE High Voltage Circuit Breaker Subcommittee controls all technical areas of C37 circuit breaker standards development, except for conformance testing
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Capacitance Current SwitchingCapacitance Current Switching
• IEEE C37.04a, Standard Rating Structure Amendment 1: Capacitance Current Switching
• IEEE C37.09a, Standard Test Procedure Amendment 1: Capacitance Current Switching
– Capacitance current switching ratings unbundled– A “basic” circuit breaker has either an overhead line
switching or a cable switching rating– Capacitor bank ratings or additional overhead line
or cable ratings must be specified separately
• C37.012-2005 reflected changes made to the capacitive current switching requirements and test procedures
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Capacitance Current SwitchingCapacitance Current Switching
Three Classes of Restrike Performance
• C0 – Has a probability of restrike up to one restrike per operation. Similar to the old “general purpose circuit breaker.”
• C1 – “Low Probability of Restrike”: Restrike performance similar to the old “definite purpose circuit breaker.”
• C2 – “Very Low Probability of Restrike”: Approximately 1/10 or less than that of a Class C1 circuit breaker.
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Transient Recovery VoltageTransient Recovery Voltage
• C37.04b and C37.09b amendments being developed to redefine transient recovery voltage requirements
• C37.011-2005 addressed the application of the new TRV requirements
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Preferred Ratings – C37.06Preferred Ratings – C37.06
• C37.06.1 ratings for fast TRV rise times will be incorporated
• Adjusting ratings tables to coordinate with new requirements for TRV and capacitance current switching
• Two new terms being introduced– Class S1 – Circuit breakers for cable systems– Class S2 – Circuit breakers for line systems
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Application GuidesApplication Guides
• C37.10.1-2000, Guide for the Selection of Monitoring for Circuit Breakers
• PC37.12 – Specification Guide revision addressing latest revisions to ratings, requirements and test procedure documents
• C37.12.1-2007, Guide for High-Voltage Circuit Breaker Instruction Manual Content
• PC37.015 – Revision started to address some terminology, current chopping phenomena, arrester protection and controlled switching
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Circuit SwitchersCircuit Switchers• C37.016-2006, Standard for AC High-Voltage Circuit
Switchers Rated 15.5 kV through 245 kV
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Joint Working GroupsJoint Working Groups
• PC57.142 – Guide to Describe The Occurrence and Mitigation of Switching Transients Induced by Transformer, Switching Device, and System Interaction
• PC37.122 – Standard for Gas Insulated Substations
• PC37.122.2 – Guide for the Application of Medium Voltage Gas-Insulated Substations 1kV to 52kV
• Guide for SF6 Gas Handling for High Voltage Equipment
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Future ActivitiesFuture Activities
• C37.04 revision
• C37.09 revision
• Application guides as required
• C37.082 – Sound Pressure Levels
• Long Line Fault TRV
• Gas Bushings for HV Breakers and GIS
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FINALQUESTIONS?