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History of Atomic Structure

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Page 1: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

History of Atomic Structure

Page 2: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

Democritus

Page 3: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

Ancient Philosophy• Who: Democritus

• When: 400 B.C.

• Where: Greece

• What: Democritus believed that matter was made of small, indivisible particles he named “atoms”.

• Why: Democritus used observation and inference to explain the existence of everything.

Page 4: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

At this time in history, science was:

“What you see is what you get.”

Page 5: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

John Dalton

Page 6: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

Particle Theory• Who: John Dalton• When: 1803-1808• Where: England• What: Described atoms as tiny particles that

could not be divided (like billiard balls). Thought each atom of a given substance were identical.

• Why: Building on the ideas of Democritus in ancient Greece.

Solid Spheres

Page 7: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

Dalton’s Atomic Theory1. All matter is composed of atoms

2. Atoms of same element are identical AND atoms of different elements are different

3. Atoms can’t be divided, created, or destroyed

4. Atoms of different elements combine to form compounds

5. In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged.

Page 8: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

Does Dalton’s Atomic Theory Still Hold True Today???

Page 9: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

• Dalton didn’t know about isotopes. All identical atoms are NOT identical because we have different forms of them.

• Dalton didn’t know about parts of an atom! They CAN be divided into parts! We now know about proton, neutron, electrons, nucleus etc.

Page 10: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

J. J. Thompson

Page 11: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

Discovery of Electrons• Who: J. J. Thompson

• When: 1904

• Where: England

• What: Thompson used Cathode Rays to discover that electrons were smaller particles of an atom and were negatively charged.

• Why: theorized that the neutral particles called atoms have no charge because it is actually made up of two types of charged parts, one positive and one negative so the charge cancels out.

Page 12: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

J.J. Thompson’s Plum Pudding Model

NOTICE: NO nucleus!

Page 13: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

Cathode Ray Tube

J.J. Thomson

Discovered mass/charge of e-

1906 Nobel Prize in Physics

                 

Page 14: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

Ernest Rutherford

Page 15: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

Atomic Structure I• Who: Ernest Rutherford

• When: 1909

• Where: England

• What: Conducted a Gold Foil experiment to isolate the positive particles in an atom. Decided that the atoms were mostly empty space, but had a dense central core.

• Why: He knew that atoms had positive and negative particles, but could not decide how they were arranged.

Page 16: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

• Rutherford’s Results:1.Most of the large positive particles went straight

through! (hit nothing)

2. Some were totally bounced back, hit something very hard and dense.

3. Some were deflected. In entirely different directions from each other!

Meant there were positive

AND negative particles/areas

inside!

Page 17: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

The Nuclear Model: Extremely small, dense and positively charged nucleus surrounded by empty space sparsely occupied by electrons.

Page 18: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

Niels Bohr

Page 19: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

Atomic Structure II• Who: Niels Bohr

• When: 1913

• Where: England

• What: Proposed that electrons traveled in fixed paths around the nucleus. Scientists still use the Bohr model to show the number of electrons in each orbit around the nucleus.

• Why: Bohr was trying to show why the negative electrons were not sucked into the nucleus of the atom.

Page 20: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

Planetary Model

• Electrons travel around the nucleus in orbits of that have a set energy level

• Scientists cannot predict where they will be at any given moment.

Page 21: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

Planetary Model of Bohr’s atom

Page 22: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

Bohr’s Atom

electrons in orbits

nucleus

Page 23: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

• James Chadwick

Page 24: History of Atomic Structure. Democritus Ancient Philosophy Who: Democritus When: 400 B.C. Where: Greece What: Democritus believed that matter was made

• Who: James Chadwick

• When: 1932

• Where: England

• What: Identified third subatomic particle= the neutron

• Why: The earlier atomic models were missing mass


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